Inthaneteng, Hikikomori Syndrome, le Prodromal Phase ea Psychosis (2016)

inahaneloang

Likhomphutha, lipapali tsa video le lisebelisoa tsa mahlale ke karolo ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba bacha. Hikikomori ke lentsoe la Majapane le hlalosang boemo bo amang haholo bacha kapa batho ba baholo ba lulang hole le lefatše, ba koaletsoe malapeng a batsoali ba bona, ba koaletsoe ka likamoreng tsa bona tsa matsatsi, likhoeli, kapa lilemo, ebile ba hana ho buisana le bona. ba lelapa la bona. Bakuli bana ba sebelisa marang-rang haholo, 'me ke bona feela ba itlhokisang ka litlhoko tsa bona tsa' mele tse hlokahalang haholo. Le hoja e hlalositsoe pele Japane, linyeoe li 'nile tsa hlalosoa ho tsoa lefats'e ho pota. Ena ke tlaleho ea pele e phatlalalitsoeng ho tsoa Canada. Boloetse bona bo arolelana litšobotsi le "psychosis" ea "psychosis", matšoao a fosahetseng a lefu la kelello, kapa ho lemalla ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, tseo e leng liphatlalatso tse tloaelehileng tse khetholloang kapa tsa comorbid. Leha ho le joalo, linyeoe tse ling ha li tsamaisane le bokuli ba kelello. Psychotherapy ke kalafo ea khetho le ha maemo a mangata a le leqe ho hlahisa. Sebaka se tobileng sa hikikomori ho saense ea mafu a kelello ha se sa tla tsejoa. Re batlile medline ho fihlela 12th Mots'eanong, 2015 e tlatselitsoeng ke patlo ea letsoho ea li-bibliographies tsa lingoliloeng tsohle tse khutlisitsoeng. Re sebelisitse mantsoe a morao-rao a ho batla: Hikikomori OR (e nkile nako e telele ebile e le ea boithabiso). Re fumane lipampiri tse ka bang 97. Ho tsena 42 li ne li le ka Sejapane, le 1 ka Sekorea. Le ha ho le joalo, tse ngata tsa tsona li ile tsa qotsoa ke lipampiri tsa puo ea Senyesemane tse ileng tsa kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong. Kamora ho hlahlobisisa lihlooho le litlolo, 29 e ahlotsoe e le bohlokoa. Ho hlokahala patlisiso e eketsehileng ho khetholla pakeng tsa mantlha le hikikomori ea mantlha le ho fumana hore na ke setheo se secha sa tlhahlobo ea mafu, kapa lipontšo tse itseng tsa setso kapa tsa sechaba tsa tlhahlobo e netefalitsoeng.

Keywords: hikikomori, bokhoba ba marang-rang, schizophrenia, ho ikarola sechabeng, karolo ea bophelo ba batho

Selelekela

Nako ea bocha ke nako ea phetoho le lilemo tsa ho qaleha ha mathata a mangata a kelello. Ka tloaelo, matšoao a pele a bohlanya ebile ha a ikhethang, joalo ka ho ikarola sechabeng le ho itšehla thajana. Nakong eo mahlale a macha a sitisang bophelo ba batho le mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho sebelisana le batho ba bang, ho ka ba thata ho khetholla pakeng tsa se tloaelehileng le se emelang ho qaleha ha mafu a mangata, ho kenyeletsa khatello ea maikutlo, phobia ea sechaba, mathata a botho, schizophrenia , Bokhoba ba marang-rang, kapa hikikomori. Ho tloha nakong ea li-1970, Japane e bone ho hlaha ha mofuta o itseng oa ho khaotsa ho tebileng sechabeng ho felisitsoeng hikikomori, lentsoe la Sejapane le hlalosang ts'ebetso ea kelello le ea malapa (, ). Hikikomori tsoa ho leetsi hona, e bolelang ho khutlela morao, hape komoru, ho bolelang ho tla ho (). Boloetse bona bo ama bacha kapa batho ba baholo ba seng ba sa phele lefatšeng, ba ipaletse malapeng a batsoali ba bona, ba koaletsoe ka likamoreng tsa bona tsa matsatsi, likhoeli, kapa lilemo. Ba hana ho buisana le ba malapa a bona, ba sebelisa marang-rang haholo, 'me ba ithaopa feela ho sebetsana le litlhoko tsa bona tsa' mele tse hlokahalang haholo. Bongata hikikomori bulela marang-rang, 'me ka linako tse ling u qete nako e fetang ea 12 ha u le kapela khomphutha. Ka lebaka leo, bakuli ba fetang halofo ba kotsing ea ho lemalla Internet, 'me hoo e ka bang karolo e le' ngoe ho tse leshome e ka lekana le mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea tahi e joalo ().

Khopolo ea hikikomori e likhang. Taba e kholo ke ho ba sieo ha tlhaloso e hlakileng le ho se lumellane ka mekhoa ea tlhahlobo litlhahlobong tsohle (). Ho na le khang ea hore na lefu lena le tšoaea karabelo e ikhethileng ea phetoho phetohong ea sechaba Japane () kapa hore na ke lefu le hlahang la kelello le ka hlahang kae kapa kae (). E boetse e khothaletsoa hore hikikomori li ka ba molemo ho batho bana bao ho ka ba thusang ho ba le boits'oaro le khokahano ea sechaba ka mekhoa e mecha e ba loketseng.). Sebaka se seng sa phehisano ke hore hikikomori e lokela ho fumanoa haeba lefu le leng la kelello le ka baka matšoao. Bangoli ba bang ba pheha khang ea hore poleloana ea "bobeli hikikomori"E lokela ho sebelisoa haeba comorbidity e le teng 'me bonyane e hlalosa lefu lena, ha ho sa sebelisoe tlhahlobo ea kelello ea mafu a kelello," lentsoe "hikikomori" le lokela ho sebelisoa ().

Le hoja e hlalositsoe pele Japane, linyeoe li 'nile tsa hlalosoa ho tsoa lefats'e ho pota. Ena ke tlaleho ea pele e phatlalalitsoeng ho tsoa Canada.

Tlhaloso ea taba

Ena ke taba ea mohlankana ea neng a lula Montréal ea lilemo li 21, Caucasian, ntle le litlatsetso tsa bongaka ntle le litloaelo tsa ho robala ka mofuta oa ramatiki ea ramatiki (rocking) eo a neng a batlile kalafo ea boits'ebetso a le lilemo li 13. Ho tšoenyeha ha hae ka mmele ho ne ho tloaelehile. O ne a tsuba pakete e le 'ngoe ea lisakerete ka letsatsi' me a sa sebelise lithethefatsi tse ling. O ne a ithuta boenjiniere univesithing; kamehla e ne e le seithuti se khanyang. O ne a bapala lipapali.

Mathata a qalile ha a lahleheloa ke tlholisano ea thuto ea 1 selemo, kamora ho lula a tloaetse ho atleha lithutong tsa hae. Le ha a ne a sa sithabetse maikutlo, mohlankana eo o ile a qeta nako a le mong ka kamoreng ea hae. Ha a ka a hlola a ikopanya le ba lelapa la hae joalo ka tloaelo, a khetha ho nka ho hong ho tsoa sehatsetsing ebe o khutlela kamoreng ea hae hanghang, moo a neng a qeta boholo ba letsatsi a le komporong. Selemong sa pele, o ile a lula ka kamoreng e nang le marulelo a lekaneng, a hlometseng hantle, a ja lijo tse mo phehetseng empa a hana ho ikopanya le lelapa tafoleng. Leha ho le joalo, hamorao o ile a siea lelapa la hae ho ea lula a le mong ka foleteng e nyane. Ha a le moo, o ile a qeta ho khaotsa ho kopana le ba lelapa labo ntle le ho hlatsoa liaparo le ho fumana cheke kapa ho ja nako le nako. Leha ho le joalo, o ne a itlhatsoa khafetsa.

O qetile nako ea hae a le Inthaneteng kapa a bapala lipapali tsa video a ikhethile sechabeng, leha a ne a re o ntse a ea lihlopheng tsa hae tsa univesithi. Boemo bo ne bo tšoenya ba lelapa la hae le metsoalle, ba neng ba lekile ho nka khomphutha ea hae libeke tse 'maloa, hobane o ne a qeta nako e fetang ea 12 ha a le pela khomphutha, a hlile a bapala lipapali kapa ho shebella livideo. Ho koeteloa hona ha hoa ka ha ba le phello ea ho itšehla thajana le ho iketla setulong. Lelapa labo le ile la mo kopa hore a ee tlhahlobisong, empa a hana ho etsa joalo, mme ke litho tsa lelapa feela tse batlang thuso. Mokuli ha a ka a hlonama kapa a ipolaea 'me a hana ho batla thuso.

Joale, o ile a ba le bothata bo bong hape univesithing. Ho ile ha etsoa qeto, ka tumellano ea monna eo e mocha - ehlile a batla ho mo kopa, hore o tla phela hape le setho sa lelapa la hae. Boitšoaro ba hae bo ile ba ntlafala hanyane ka hanyane, empa ka selemo sa bobeli, a boela a qala ho qeta letsatsi ho feta 15 ha letsatsi ka har'a komporo. O ile a khaotsa ho ea sehlopheng le ha a hlokomela hore sena se tla lebisa ho se atleheng. O ile a ba mabifi le ho teneha khafetsa ha ba lelapa la hae ba leka ho bua ka boitšoaro ba hae mme a hana likopo tsa hore a batle kalafo. Sena sohle se ile sa fella ka karohano e felletseng le ba lelapa la hae, 'me ka mor'a moo ba latela mehato e meng ea bolaoli.

Kamora hore a tlohele sekolo mme a se ke a tsotella chelete, mohlankana eo o ile a bula monyetla o moholo oa ho fetoha. Tlhahlobo ea hae ea kelello e kanna ea hlalosoa e le ntho e tloaelehileng, ntle le litšobotsi tse ling tse bonts'ang maikutlo, matšoao a ho ferekana maikutlong le ho iketla setjhabeng, le likarolo tsa phobia ea sechaba le letsoalo ka lintho tse ncha. Ho ne ho se na bopaki ba khatello ea maikutlo, maikutlo a ho ipolaea, liketsahalo tsa psycho-sensory, kapa delirium. Kelello ea hae e ne e tloaelehile, 'me o ne a e-na le temohisiso e fokolang mabapi le mabaka a ho tlohela. O e hlalositse joalo ka mokhoa oa ho lokoloha mme a bolela ho se utloisisane. Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea hae ea methapo li ne li tloaelehile, ho kenyeletsa le MRI. Ka taolo, o ile a qalella mosebetsi oa hae le lithuto ntle le tlhoko ea meriana kapa kalafo ea kelello e hlophisitsoeng.

Kakaretso ea lingoliloeng

Re batlile medline ho fihlela 12th Mots'eanong, 2015 e tlatselitsoeng ke patlo ea letsoho ea li-bibliographies tsa lingoliloeng tsohle tse khutlisitsoeng. Re sebelisitse mantsoe a morao-rao a ho batla: Hikikomori OR (e nkile nako e telele ebile e le ea boithabiso). Re fumane lipampiri tse ka bang 97. Ho tsena 42 li ne li le ka Sejapane, le 1 ka Sekorea. Le ha ho le joalo, tse ngata tsa tsona li ile tsa qotsoa ke lipampiri tsa puo ea Senyesemane tse ileng tsa kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong. Kamora ho hlahlobisisa lihlooho le litlolo, 29 e ahlotsoe e le bohlokoa. Ha rea ​​khona ho fumana tse tšeletseng tsa lipampiri tsena. Hape re fumane buka e nepahetseng ka Sefora ().

Ho ata

Hikikomori e hlalositsoe ke sehlopha sa setsebi sa Japane e le se nang le litšobotsi tse latelang: (1) e qeta boholo ba nako hae; (2) ha ho na thahasello ea ho ea sekolong kapa ho sebetsa; (3) ho phehella ho tlosoa ha khoeli e fetang likhoeli tsa 6; (4) ho qheleloa ka thōko ho schizophrenia, ho khutla hoa kelello, le lefu la ho ferekana kelellong; le (5) khethollo ea ba bolokang likamano tsa motho ka mong (mohlala, metsoalle) (, ). Mekhoa e meng e phehisana khang le ho feta. Tsena li kenyelletsa ho kenyelletsoa kapa ho qheleloa ka thoko ho kelello le kelello hikikomori), nako ea ho ikarola sechabeng, le ho ba teng kapa ho se be teng ha khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ilafalo e sebetsang.).

Hoo e ka bang 1-2% ea bacha le batho ba baholo ba joalo hikikomori linaheng tsa Asia, joalo ka Japane, Hong Kong le Korea (, , ). Maemo a mangata ke a batona (-) ka nako e hlalosang nako ea ho fetoha hape ha maemo ho tloha ho 1 ho isa lilemong tsa 4, ho latela moralo oa thuto le litlhophiso (, , , ). Comorbidity le mofuta o mong oa tlhahlobo ea kelello le eona e fapana haholo, ho tloha ho e seng (), halofo ea linyeoe (), hoo e batlang e le maemong ohle, ). Phapang ena e ka hlalosoa ke ho haella ha tumellano mabapi le tlhaloso ea hikikomori hape hobane mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho hira e ne e sebelisoa lithutong tsohle. Empa, ho bonahala ho na le tumellano e hlahang eo boholo ba eona e hikikomori linyeoe li na le li-diagnost tsa kelello tsa "comorbid").

Hikikomori e ne e hlalositsoe pele Japane, empa linyeoe li tlalehiloe hamorao ho Oman (), Spain (, , ), Italy (), Korea Boroa (, ), Hong Kong (), India (), Fora (, ), le United States (, ). Ntle le litlaleho tsa linyeoe, lipatlisiso tsa lingaka tsa mafu a kelello tse tsoang linaheng tse fapaneng joaloka Australia, Bangladesh, Iran, Taiwan le Thailand li fana ka maikutlo. hikikomori linyeoe li bonoa linaheng tsohle tse hlahlojoang, haholo-holo libakeng tsa litoropo ().

Ho na le lithuto tse fokolang tse hlophisitsoeng hantle tsa hikikomori. Boholo ba se tsejoang bo nkiloe lithutong tse nyane tse nang le sampole eo e seng moemeli. Habohlokoa le ho feta, ho na le tlhaiso-leseling e fokolang mabapi le ho ata kapa litšobotsi tsa hikikomori kantle ho linaha tse 'maloa Asia.

Ntle le ho haelloa ke tlhaloso e hlakileng ea lefu lena, karohano e bang teng sechabeng () mme lihlong le molato oa lelapa, kaofela ke litšitiso ho khethollo le semelo sa batho bana. Taba ke hore mabaka a tšoanang a boetse a baka ho lieha ho fumana kalafo (, , , , ).

Etiology ea Hikikomori le Lihokela tsa Ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang

Ho lumellana ho etiology ea hikikomori ha e so fihletsoe, 'me ho na le litlhaloso tse' maloa tse ka khonehang. Boemong ba kelello, litlaleho tse ngata le lingoliloeng li bua ka setsoalle pakeng tsa hikikomori le liphihlelo tse khopisang, esita le tse bohloko, tsa bongoana. Ho bonahala maemo a mangata a khethiloe sechabeng joalo ka bana, hangata e le bahlaseluoa ba bompoli sekolong kapa mekhoa e meng ea ho khesoa ke lithaka (-, , , , , , ). Ho ka ba le botho bo hlephileng, ho ba lihlong le ho tloaela ho hokahana kapa ho qoba mokhoa o hokahaneng. hikikomori (, , ).

Boemong ba lelapa le tikoloho, ho ka ba le khokahano lipakeng tsa ho hlaha ha boteng le tšebeliso ea litheko tse bobebe tsa lelapa (, , , , ), ho lahloa ke motsoali (kapa ho sireletsa haholo (), le psychopathology ea motsoali (, ). Katleho e tlase ea borutehi, e kopantsoe le litebello tse phahameng, mme ka linako tse ling ho hana sekolo, le eona e bonahala e le mabaka ntlafatsong ea hikikomori (-).

Litlhaloso tsa sechaba le sechaba, ho kenyelletsa le ho senyeha ha kopanelo ea sechaba, bophelo ba litoropong, tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji, ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše le ho thefuleha hoa sechaba le tsona li ka ba le karolo ho hlaheng ha hikikomori (, , , , , ). Liphetoho tsena li ka lebisa ho khetholloeng kapa ho arohaneng le sechaba ho batho ba reriloeng e le karabelo ea kelello maikutlong a bohloko. Ka hona boemo bo bopa karolo e 'ngoe ea mathata a khethollo ea kahisano ho tloha ho khetholloang ka lebaka la likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa sechaba (make) ho hana sekolo (futoko) mme qetellong ke tlatse ho tlosoa ha sechaba (hikikomori).

Ho qaptjoa ha inthanete le liphetoho tse tlang ho latela tsela eo batho ba sebelisanang le batho ka hare ho sechaba le tsona e ka ba mabaka a maholo a tlatsetsang ho ona hikikomori (). Mohlala, khetho ea puisano e fumanehang marang-rang e ka bapala karolo ea kholo ho nts'etsopele ea boithabiso ho batho ba itseng ().

Khethollo e Khethollang ea Hikikomori

Phapang pakeng tsa hikikomori mme methati ea pele ea mafu a mang a kelello e ka ba thata hoba matšoao a mangata ha a hlalosoe ebile a ka fumanoa maemong a fapakaneng (, ). Tsena li kenyelletsa ho itšehla thajana, ho senyeha ha sechaba, ho lahleheloa ke ho khanna, ho ferekana kelellong, mathata a ho robala, le ho fokotsa khatello ea kelello (, , ). Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, le ha ho kopane le lefu la kelello ho fapana ho latela mokhoa oa ho ithuta le sampole, lithuto tse fokolang tsa ho shebella le litlaleho tsa morao-rao ka har'a lingoliloeng li bonahala li lumellana ka karolo e kholo ea tlhahlobo e joalo. Tsena ke hangata li-schizophrenia, mafu a mang a kelello, mathata a maikutlo kapa a ho tšoenyeha, a joalo ka khatello e kholo ea maikutlo le phobia ea sechaba (, , , , , ). Ba bang ba khothalelitse bofokoli ba Autism spectrum disorder, mathata a botho, joalo ka lefu la schizoid kapa la ho qoba, kapa ho hlekefetsoa ha batho ba bang ka matšoao a amotivational syndrome, kapa le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete (, -, ). Likarolong tse latelang, hikikomori e tla bapisoa le bokhoba ba marang-rang le psychosis.

Ho bapisoa pakeng tsa Hikikomori le Phallo ea Marang-rang

joaloka hikikomori, Temallo ea inthanete ke tlhahlobo ea mafu a kelello e hlahang, mme tlhaloso le likarolo tsa bongaka e ntse e le taba ea ngangisano. Tafole Lethathamo11 e hlahisa litlhahiso tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo tse netefalitsoeng mohlaleng o moholo oa bankakarolo ba China (n = 405) ().

Lethathamo 1 

Mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea tahi ea inthanete ().

Mekhoa ena e ntse e le ntho e bohlokoa haholo kaha ha ho na tsamaiso e kholo ea nalographical e ba amohetseng ho tla fihlela joale. DSM-5 e hlahisitse tlhahlobo e ts'oanang ea tlhahlobo ea lipapali tsa marang-rang, e le boemo bo hlokang thuto e eketsehileng. Boloetse ba lipapali bo arolelana lintlha tsa pele tse tšeletseng tse boletsoeng kaholimo, empa bo eketsa lintlha tse 'ne tse latelang: Tšebeliso e tsoelang pele le ha mokuli a tseba hore ho thata, ho thetsa lelapa ka tšebeliso, ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ho baleha moea o mobe, le mathata a boiketlo ba sechaba / motho / mosebetsi ho isa bofutsaneng (). Phapang e ngoe ke hore ha ho na mokhoa oa ho khetholla mokhatlong oa DSM, nako ke likhoeli tsa 12 sebakeng sa likhoeli tsa 3, bakuli ba lokela ho kopana le mekhoa e mehlano ea ho fumana tlhahlobo mme, ho bohlokoa le ho feta, tlhahlobo eo e lekantsoe ho papali ea marang-rang ebile ha e nahana ka mesebetsi e meng ea inthanete.

Pherekano ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ha e hlake hobane mekhoa e ntse e phehisanoa, lithuto tse amanang le lefu la seoa ha li na seoelo, mme ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e eketsehile haholo ho tloha ha e ne e hlalosoa la pele. Tao et al. () e tlaleha ho ata ho tloha ho 1 ho 14%, e qotsitseng lithuto tse entsoeng ho 2008 le 2009. Ho tloha ka nako eo, ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba ea sechaba (Instagram, Facebook, jj.) le YouTube e atile 'me e ka baka keketseho e eketsehileng ea tšebeliso ea mathata a Marang-rang. Shek et al. () o fumane ho ata ha 17-26.8% ho bacha ba Hong Kong. Sena se feta hole hikikomori e hakanyetsoang ho ama 1-2% ea baahi ba Asia (bona kaholimo). Ho thata ho tseba hore na lilemo tsa ho qala li hokae hobane lithuto tse ngata li entsoe le bacha kapa batho ba baholo mme bana ba se ba buletsoe marang-rang ho tloha ba le banyenyane haholo. Tšebeliso ea mathata e ka qala pele ho nako ea bocha. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho fapana le sena hikikomori tse atisang ho hlaha hamorao bohlankeng ba botona ba banyane lilemong tse mahareng tsa lilemo tsa 22.3 ho Ref. ()]. Tlhahlobo ea naha naheng ea Korea e fumane hore bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ne ba ka lemalla ho feta banana (3.6 bapisoa le 1.9%) (), e lumellanang le hikikomori. Maemong ana ka bobeli, linaha tsa Asia li bonahala li le sehlohlolong sa lipatlisiso.

Khetho ea lentsoe "bokhoba" e totobatsa khokahano e nkoang e le lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea Inthanete le bokhoba bo itseng ba boitšoaro (bo kang ho becha) le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang ba ka ba le menyetla e meraro ea ho feta eo e seng makhoba a ho lemalla joala.). Brand le Laier () e lekole lithuto tse seng li le teng tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete mme ea fumana mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ho eketseha ha li-nucleus / orbitof Pambal cortex ho feta ho batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi. Mefuta e tloahelehileng ea temallo ea Inthanete e susumetsoa ke ho tšoana ho joalo. Ka Ref. (), Meetso e mene ea mantlha e nkuoe ho lingoliloeng: mohlala oa thuto ea ho ithuta (li-khothaletso tse ntle le tse mpe), mohlala oa boits'oaro, mohlala oa bofokoli ba bokhoni ba sechaba, le tšibollo ea tlhaelo-leseling (inthanete e ne e tla tlisa tšusumetso e matla ho feta bophelo ba 'nete, ho hohela batho ba hlokang ho susumetsoa haholo). Lintho tse amanang le motho (mohlala, ho itšepa, mathata a maikutlo, taolo ea tšusumetso, joalo-joalo) li kotsi haholo ho feta tsa batho ba bang (mohlala, matšoenyeho sechabeng, likamano tse mpe tsa lithaka, mathata a kamano ea motsoali, ts'ebetso ea lelapa, joalo-joalo) ho latela bongata le tlhahlobo ea meta ea haufinyane (). Ho fanoe ka maikutlo a hore maemo ana ka bobeli a emela karabelo e sa amaneng le maemo a bohloko a maikutlo (, ). Le ha matlafatso a ka bapala karolo ea hikikomori le eona, lintlha tse amehang pakeng tsa batho li tlalehiloe ka mokhoa o tsitsitseng ho hikikomori, e fapaneng le liphihlelo tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang. Phapang ena e ka hlalosoa ke phapang e matla linthong tsena tse peli kapa e ka ba ntho e epistemological e hlahisitsoeng ke a priori Tlhaloso ea hikikomori e le lefu la sechaba ho lingoliloeng tsa Majapane. Leha ho le joalo, taba ea hore hikikomori e sebelisitse marang-rang a atileng hohle ka lilemo tse ling tse leshome e bonahala e supa phapang ea nnete lipakeng tsa mekhatlo ena e 'meli. Ho tsebo ea lingoli, ha ho na neanoimagery e kileng ea etsoa ho etsa lipatlisiso hikikomori.

Bokhoba ba Hikikomori le marang-rang bo na le ho hongata ho feta ka mekhoa ea bona e reriloeng. Ka bobeli ba arolelana ho lahleheloa ke thahasello sekolong kapa ho sebetsa le mathata a kamano ea batho. Phapang lipakeng hikikomori le temallo ea Inthanete ntle le tlhaloso e ka ba ho tsitlella matšoao a ho amohela le ho tlohela nakong e tlang le khopolo ea hore ho senyeha hoa ts'ebetso ho tsoa bothateng ba ho lemalla eseng mokhoa o mong o potileng. Li-syndromes tsena ka kotloloho li lula maemong a mang, joalo ka ho lahleheloa ke thahasello bakeng sa mesebetsi e meng, ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho baleha moea oa ho hlaseloa ke dysphoric mood le ho senyeha hoa tšebetso (, , ). Ho fihlela 56% ea hikikomori batho ka bomong ba ka ba kotsing ea ho lemalla Inthanete le 9% e lemaletseng Korea Boroa). Mohlala, phuputso e 'ngoe ea Korea Boroa e tlalehile hore lingaka tse' maloa tsa mafu a kelello li fumane ho lemalla ha Inthanete ka videti ea mokuli oa Mojapane ea nang le hikikomori (). Ho fapana le linyeoe tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang, marang-rang a kanna a ba le molemo bakeng sa bophelo ba hikikomori ka ho mo fa mokhoa oa ho kopana le batho ba nang le lithahasello tse tloaelehileng le mathata a tšoanang (). Tsoelo-pele e joalo e ka ba sesupo sa ntlafatso eseng mokokotlo (kapa comorbidity). Ka lebaka leo, libaka tse ngata tsa kalafo li sebelisa Marang-rang ho tsamaisa hikikomori hobane hangata ke eona feela tsela e amohelehang ea ho sebelisana le litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle (). Tabeng ea bokhoba ba marang-rang, litekanyetso li fana ka maikutlo a hore boits'oaro bo na le mohlala mme kahoo bo lebisa mahlomoleng, e seng joalo bakeng sa hikikomori ba ka bonang boits'oaro ba bona e le karolo ea boitsebahatso ba bona (egosyntonic).

Hoa khoneha maemong a mangata a hikikomori ho fumana ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea tahi ea inthanete e le comorbid. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana, ba bangata hikikomori sebelisa marang-rang ka tsela e lumellanang bakeng sa litšebelisano tsa sechaba () kaha e ba nolofalletsa ho khetholla le ba bang maemong a ts'oanang 'me kahoo ba ipoloke ba hokahane le lefatše le kantle (). Ho latela pono e makatsang, potso e ka ba hore na tlhahlobo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete e eketsa eng taolong ea hikikomori. E kanna ea ba molemo ha e fa bakuli monyetla oa ho fumana litšebeletso tse eketsehileng, empa ba fuoe tlhoko ea lipatlisiso tsa kalafo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete () hape ke ntho e makatsang ha lefu lena le hlaha. Joale e tla ba bohlale hore o seke oa pheta-pheta boitšoaro bo joalo ho latela moelelo, haholoholo ka libata tse se nang likhang le tse hatellang ().

Ha re nahana ka tsela e 'ngoe ho potoloha, ho bonahala eka ho na le monyetla o fokolang oa hore mokuli ea hlahisang lekhoba la marang-rang ka ntle ho Asia a ka fumana tlhahlobo ea hikikomori hobane ho na le ntho eo a iketselitseng eona ea tsebahatsang hikikomori eo ho bonahalang eka e felletse kontinenteng ena. Leha ho le joalo, ho eketsa lintlha tsa ts'ebetso tseo ho nahanoang hore li ikarabella ho hikikomori (lintoa tsa lelapa, phetoho sechabeng, lihlong mabapi le ho se atlehe, joalo-joalo) li ka thusa bakuli ba bang ba lemaletseng marang-rang bao mabaka ana a bonahalang a phetha karolo e kholo ho lemeng ha bona.

Tlhahlobo e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ea ho khetholla ke psychosis, e ka amanang le bona ka bobeli hikikomori () le bokhoba ba marang-rang (). Schizophrenia e tletseng moea o atisang ho hlaha hangata e etelletsoa pele ke karolo ea "prodrome", e ka tšoanang hikikomori (, ). Matšoao a tloaelehileng maemong ana ka bobeli a kenyelletsa ho ikarola sechabeng, ho senyeha ha mesebetsi e amanang le karolo ea sechaba, ho senyeha ha bohloeki, ho lahleheloa ke khang, ho tšoenyeha, ho se tšepe, ho hloka kutloelo-bohloko, ho sithabela ha maikutlo, ho hloka boroko le ho lahleheloa ke khatello ea maikutlo (, , ). Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho khetheha ke ICD-10 subtype ea schizophrenia e bonolo (), e hlahisang hantle matšoao a fosahetseng le boits'oaro bo sa utloahaleng ntle le ho qhekella kapa ho etsa liqeto tse itseng (), leha tlhahlobo ena e le phehisano ebile e se e theotsoe mokhatlong oa DSM ka lebaka la ts'epahalo e mpe le ho hloka ts'ebeliso ().

Lintlha tse peli li ka thusa ho khetholla pakeng tsa tsena tse peli. Taba ea pele, boits'oaro bo bobebe ha bo hlile ha bo teng kahare hikikomori ea bobeli, mokuli ea nang le hikikomori e kanna ea se be le matšoao a mang a mabe ho kenyelletsa ho itšehla thajana, joalo ka bofokoli ba kelello. Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, matšoao a seng matle ha a bue ka psychosis mme a ka fana ka maikutlo a ho tsebahatsa mafu a mang a joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo kapa lefu la amotivational syndrome ho ts'ebeliso ea cannabis ().

Ho nyelisoa ka letsoalo ho hikikomori ba lutseng nako e telele kamoreng ea bona ba sebelisa marang-rang ba ka etsa tlhahiso e tšoanang le psychology. Leha e le ho bongata ka kakaretso, 13.2-28.4% ea batho e kanna ea ba le matšoao a kang a kelello bophelong ba bona bohle (, ), tlaleho ea morao-rao e bonts'itse hore sehlopheng sa 170 liithuti tse nang le matšoao a kelello joalo ka nako ea likhoeli tsa 2 li ne li amana le tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang (). Bangoli ba pheha khang ea hore tšebeliso ea marang-rang e ka ba khatello e tebileng ea ho pepeseha ts'oaetso kapa, ka mokhoa o mong, hore batho ba tlokotsing ba nang le bofokoli ba motho ba ka qeta nako e ngata inthaneteng ho kopana le batho (, ). Tlhaloso ena ea morao e tšoana le se boletsoeng pejana hikikomori le tšebeliso ea inthanete (). Hape, ho haelloa ke maikutlo ho hokahane le matšoao a psychotic ka mashome a lilemo esita le ho batho ba tloaelehileng (). Ho nyahama ha maikutlo ho bakoang ke ho tlohela sechaba ho ka eketsa matšoao a kelello ho hikikomori hape, blurring mola pakeng tsa tlhahlobo e 'meli. Ha ho na matšoao a boloi a felletseng a hlalosang ketsahalo e bohloko ea psychosis, ho fetola tikoloho (ho fokotsa ts'abo ea maikutlo le tšebeliso ea inthanete) ho ka thusa ho khetholla lipakeng hikikomori, psychosis, le bokhoba ba marang-rang. Khōlo ea tatellano ea matšoao e ka ba letšoao le leng leo maemo a ileng a tla pele 'me a "baka" e mong.

Boemong ba bongaka ba e mong oa bangoli (Emmanuel Stip), bakuli ba 'maloa ba na le nako e itseng ketsahalo e hlakileng ka sehlooho se amanang le likhomphutha kapa pherekano mabapi le lefatše la lipapali tsa nnete (). Ba bang ba na le litšobotsi tse bonoang ka thata. Bongata bo boetse bo bonts'a matšoao a mabe a matla likalaleng tsa kelello tse netefalitsoeng joalo ka PANSS e nang le "60" e nang le lintlha tse tlase tsa subscale e mpe, e hananang le kalafo (). Ho felisa liphatlalatso tsa comorbid ke ka hona ho leng bohlokoa haholo. Leha ho le joalo, ha se linyeoe tsohle tse tsamaeang le bokuli bo bong ba kelello kapa haeba bokuli bo bonoa, tlhahlobo ea maikutlo ea comorbid ha e hlalose ka ho lekaneng ho tlosoa hoa nako e telele le ho koalloa sechabeng ().

Tsamaiso ea Hikikomori

Puisano e atisa ho hlaha kamora nako nakong ea hikikomori, karolo e le 'ngoe ka lebaka la lefu lena - boitšoaro ba ho tlosa setjhaba - mme karolo e' ngoe e le ka lebaka la ho hana ha lelapa ho rarolla bothata ka mabaka a molato, lihlong, tšabo, sekhobo sechabeng le ho hloka tsebo. Ho fihlella ka litlhophiso tsa kalafo ea setso ho ka ipaka ho le thata mme ho bolela hore kalafo e hikikomori linyeoe hangata ke e 'ngoe ea litšitiso tse kholo ho taolo e lekaneng (, , , , ).

Hona le mefuta e meraro e pharalletseng ea bafani ba litšebeletso ho thusa hikikomori Japane: ((1) litsi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello tse sebelisang mekhoa ea kelello / ea bongaka; (2) litlhophiso tsa sechaba tse sebelisang mekhoa eo e seng ea bongaka kapa ea kelello; le (3) mefuta e meng e fapaneng e fanang ka kalafo e fapaneng (mohlala, kalafo e thusitsoeng ke pere, ho pheha ka bongata polasing, le sethala sa inthanete) (). Hangata litšebeletso li itšetleha ka hore na joang hikikomori ea hlalosoa ebile ea utloisisoa empa moralo o akaretsang oa taolo o lokela ho kenyelletsa kalafo ea bongaka le ea sechaba (). Morero oa batsamaisi ke ho khaola ho itšehla thajana ea bona (ke ho ba hula kamoreng ea bona kapa tikolohong e 'ngoe) le ho itšehla thajana, ebe o ba phehella ho nka karolo e mafolofolo sechabeng, ekaba ho khutlela sekolong kapa ho hokahanya mmaraka oa basebetsi ().

Boemong ba pele, tsamaiso ea hikikomori ho kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e felletseng ea bongaka ho khetholla boteng ba comorbidity ea kelello. Haeba comorbidity e le teng, kalafo e loketseng ea kliniki e lokela ho fanoa. Ho kena sepetlele ho ka hlokahala maemong a mang a ho senyeha ho matla ha ts'ebetso, le pharmacotherapy e nepahetseng le / kapa psychotherapy bakeng sa maloetse a amanang le nako, joalo ka schizophrenia, khatello ea maikutlo le phobia ea sechaba. Ts'ebetso ea kelello le kelello le ts'ebeliso ea kelello le tsona li ka hlokahala bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea ho holofala kapa ea botho. Batho ba bangata, leha ho le joalo, ha ba na tlhahlobo ea mafu a kelello 'me ba nkuoa e le "mantlha." ho kenella, le kalafo ea lelapa kapa ea sehlopha e bonts'a ts'episo e ngata leha ho na le mathata a teng ka bopaki bo teng (, , , , ). Psychodynamic psychotherapy le nidotherapy, thetso e hlophisehileng ea tikoloho ea 'mele le ea sechaba ho thusa ho fihlela boemo bo nepahetseng bakeng sa bakuli, le tsona li sebelisitsoe (, , ). Ho na le bopaki bo ka fokolisang bopaki ba meriana ea litlhare. Paroxetine e sebelisitsoe ka katleho ho mokuli a le mong ea nang le bothata ba botona kapa ba botšehali bo tlohileng kamoreng ea hae bakeng sa lilemo tsa 10 empa ha ho hlake hore na sena ke 'nete ea mantlha hikikomori ().

Phekolo e ka nka nako e telele, kaha ho nka karolo e felletseng le e tsitsitseng ts'ebetsong ea kalafo ha ho sa tloaeleha mme ke maemo a fokolang feela a atlehang ho nka karolo ka botlalo sechabeng (, , , ).

Ka kakaretso, bopaki bo mabapi le kalafo bo thehiloe haholo letotong la linyeoe tse fokolang kapa tlalehong ea linyeoe, ka lebaka la ho hloka liteko tse laoloang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng (). Mohlomong ho bolokehile ho bolela hore kalafo ea bongaka e lokela ho fanoa haeba comorbidity ea kelello e teng, empa ha ho na lebaka la hore e tlameha ho behelletsoe ka thoko mefuta e meng ea kalafo, ha feela e sa kena-kenane le eona. Ho sebelisa paradigm ea eclectic ka kalafo ea bongaka ka bobeli (ka tsebo e tebileng ka lefu la bophelo bo botle ba kelello) le kalafo ea kelello (ka ho totobatsa ho kopanngoa ha sechaba, ho fihlela le setso sa batho) e ka ba molemo ho hikikomori ka komorbidity (). Pele hikikomori linyeoe li kanna tsa rua molemo haholo kalafong ea kelello, empa tlhahlobo e ntlafalitsoeng ke ngaka ka mor'a nako e itseng e ka netefatsa hore mokuli ha a sa bonts'a matšoao a kelello.

Ho phatloha

Hape, sena se bonts'a moferefere oa motheo kapa oa comorbid. Phuputso e 'ngoe e bontšitse hore bakuli ba nang le bothata ba ho tšoenyeha ka bobeli sechabeng le hikikomori ba ne ba bile le ts'oaetso e mpe ho feta ba nang le phobia ea setjhaba ba le bang, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore hikikomori e ne e le phapang e fetisisang ea pele.

Ha eba hikikomori qetellong o khutlela setulong ka boithaopo - hangata kamora lilemo tse 'maloa - o tobana le bothata bo tebileng: ho fihlela lilemo tse lahlehileng tsa ho kena sekolo kapa mosebetsing. Sena se etsa hore ho be thata le ho feta ho khutlela sechabeng. Liphello tsa batho ka bomong hikikomori ba hobe le ho feta haeba ba sa batle thuso, le haeba litho tsa malapa a bona li ka ba tšehetsa.).

Litlhaloso tse qetellang

Nyeoe ena e bonahala e lumellana le tlhaloso ea "hikikomori syndrome ”kapa" nako e telele ea ho khaola sechaba "mme re lumela hore ke tlaleho ea pele e phatlalalitsoeng ho tsoa Canada. Mokuli ha a ka a kopana ka ho hlaka le tlhahlobo efe kapa efe ea mafu a kelello, joalo ka ketsahalo e kholo ea khatello ea maikutlo, bokuli ba ho tšoenyeha kapa bothata bofe kapa bofe ba motho, ho latela litekanyetso tsa DSM-5. Ho ka etsahala hore matšoao a hae a ne a le ka lebaka la karolo ea "psychosis" ea "psychosis" kapa matšoao a mabe a lefu la kelello le hoja ho ne ho sena bopaki bo fokolang ba tlhahlobo ena mabapi le tlhahlobo kapa ka morao ho moo. Ho lemalla tahi ea inthanete ho ile ha boela ha nahanoa le ha ho le joalo, ketsahalong ena e sebelisang nako e telele le e telele ea inthanete ho bonahala e bile teng ka mor'a nakoana ho tloheng ha hae sechabeng nako e telele. Ntle le moo, ho tlosoa ha khomphutha ea hae le phihlello ea Marang-rang ha hoa ka ha baka phetoho mokhoeng oa hae kapa ho tlohela ha hae sechabeng. Habohlokoa, o ile a khona ho qalella mosebetsing le lithuto tsa hae ntle le tlhoko ea meriana kapa psychotherapy.

Sebaka se nepahetseng sa hikikomori ho nalology ea mafu a kelello ha e sa tlameha ho tsejoa. E 'ngoe ea lipotso tse hlahisitsoeng ke hore na ke lefu le ikhethileng le amanang le setso. Bangoli ba bang ba re ha se sesosa, empa ke sebopeho sa mahlomola, se ka hlalosang ho ba sieo ha tlhaiso-leseling e amohelehang le e amoheloang ea kliniki ho lingoliloeng tsohle tsa mahlale., ). Ba bang ba bile ba pheha khang ea hore hikikomori e kanna ea ba karabelo e se nang mabaka kapa ea karohano ho mahlomola (le ho ba le thuso ho latela maemo a ntlafatso ea sechaba le boits'oaro ba boitsebahatso (). Boitšoaro bo hlahang joalo ka hikikomori e ka bonts'a kamano e fetohileng ea bacha le tikoloho le lelapa, haholoholo ka lebaka la ho khaotsa ho ba teng sechabeng le mahlomoleng a lelapa le ho hloka matla. Ha ho ntse ho na le ngangisano ea hore na hikikomori e lokela ho ba tlhahlobo ea mafu a kelello kapa che, hikikomori hangata e nkuoa e le "pherekano" ke lingaka tsa Japane (). Empa, ha ho na bonnete ba hore na hikikomori ke bokuli ba mantlha kapa ba bobeli (ho ikarola sechabeng ho sa amaneng le bothata bofe kapa bofe ba kelello), kapa ke tlhahiso ea bongaka ea bobeli moo ho ikarolloang sechabeng ho amanang le maemo a mang a kelello. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha e totobalitsoe haufinyane ho lingoliloeng (), ho nka pono e theotsoeng kapa sebopeho sa theory e kanna ea ba phoso e se nang kelello le ea kelello, haholoholo ha ho nahaneloa tlhahiso-leseling e ngotsoeng le lingoliloeng tse fokolang tse se nang kamano e hlakileng ea kamano le tlholeho efe kapa efe ea kelello. Tloaelo ea bongaka mananeong a liketsahalo tsa pele kapa ka ho rerisana mabapi le tlhahlobo ea methapo ea kelello e ka re lebisang ho nahana ka litlatsetso tse fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa le tse ikhethang ho bacha ba moloko oo rafilosofi Michel Serres a ileng a mo reha lebitso la "Thumbelina": phetoho e ncha ea motho e tlisitseng bokhoni. ho ngola ka marang-rang a bona (). Bana ba sekolo le baithuti kajeno ba tobane le tsunami ea phetoho mme ba qetella ba qetile nako e ngata ba le ho feta lefatšeng la 'nete.

Kahoo, leha ho le joalo hikikomori mohlomong e ka hlalosoa e le tšebelisano e teng lipakeng tsa maikutlo, tsa tlhaho le tsa maemo a bophelo, lipatlisiso tse ling li ntse li hlokahala ho khetholla lipakeng tsa mantlha le tsa bobeli hikikomori le ho netefatsa hore na ke setheo se secha sa tlhahlobo ea mafu a tšoaetsitsoeng, kapa lipontšo tse itseng tsa setso kapa tsa sechaba tsa tlhahlobo e netefalitsoeng. Lithuto tsa Cohort li ka thusa ho theha mabaka a kotsi a tikoloho kapa a liphatsa tsa lefutso, athe liteko tse laoletsoeng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng li ka ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ka kalafo e sebetsang. Khabareng, litlaleho tsa linyeoe tse tsoang lefats'eng ka bophara li ka thusa kutloisiso ea rona ea boemo bona 'me kahoo ba thusa ho kenya tšebetsong mohopolo.

Boitšoaro ba Melao

Ho ile ha fumanoa tumello e ngotsoeng ho tsoa taba eo ka mor'a hore ho fanoe ka litlhaloso tse felletseng tsa thuto, ho kenyelletsa le monahano oa Brain. Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro ea Fernand Seguin Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada. Boithuto bo hlahisitsoeng bukeng e ngotsoeng ka letsoho bo ne bo ama taba ea motho.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

ES ke mongoli oa pele le mongoli ea tsamaellanang. AC, AT, le SK ba nkile karolo ho ngolla karolo ka karolo mme ba lekola moralo oa pele.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

ES e ne e le molulasetulo oa lipatlisiso tsa schizophrenia Univesithing ea Montreal mme a sebelisa chelete ho tsoa ho eona.

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