Mathata a Inthanete-puisano: Ke taba ea likarolo tsa sechaba, ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho sebelisa marang-rang (2016)

. 2016; 7: 1747.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2016 Nov 10. doi:  10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.01747

PMCID: PMC5102883

inahaneloang

Likopo tsa puisano ka inthanete joalo ka Facebook, WhatsApp, le Twitter ke tse ling tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e sebelisoang khafetsa. Ho na le palo e ntseng e hola ea batho ba nang le taolo e fokotsehileng ts'ebelisong ea bona ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e lebisang liphellong tse mpe tse fapaneng bophelong ba kantle ho naha. Sena se ka bitsoa lefu la puisano ka inthanete (ICD). Boithuto ba hajoale bo fuputsa karolo ea litšobotsi tsa motho ka mong (mohlala, matšoao a psychopathological, maikutlo a bolutu) le likhetho tse ikhethileng. Mohlala oa barupeluoa ba 485 ho ile ha lekoa sebopeho sa tekano ea sebopeho ho batlisisa likhakanyo le babuelli tse ka bolelang tšebeliso e fetelletseng. Liphetho li hatisa hore boemo bo phahameng ba bolutu sechabeng le ts'ehetso e sa lemohuoeng ea boiketlo ba sechaba li eketsa kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea mafu. Litlamorao tsa matšoao a psychopathological (khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng) hammoho le litšobotsi tsa motho ka mong (boitšepo, boits'oaro bo botle le khatello ea maikutlo) ho matšoao a ICD a buelloa ke litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le mekhoa e sa sebetseng ea ho sebetsana le boemo. Liphetho li bonts'a litlamorao tsa bonamoli tse tsamaellanang le mofuta oa thuto ea maikutlo oa Brand et al. (). Joalokaha ho khothalelitsoe ho mohlala oa maemo a sechaba ho bonahala e le litlhahiso tsa mantlha tsa matšoao a ICD. Liphuputso tse ling li lokela ho batlisisa lintho tse fetohang le tse fapaneng tsa mefuta e meng ea mathata a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.

Keywords: Bokhoba ba inthanete, libaka tsa marang-rang, litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, psychopathology, botho, ho sebetsana ka katleho le puisano ka inthanete

Selelekela

Bophelong ba letsatsi le leng le le leng, Inthanete ke sesebelisoa se thusang ho batla tlhaiso-leseling, ho reka marang-rang le ho feta moo, e sebeletsa ho buisana le batho ka bomong lefats'eng ka bophara. Ho fihlella habonolo le ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea li-smartphones ho ntlafatsa botumo ba libaka tsa marang-rang tsa sechaba (SNS), joalo ka Facebook, le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa puisano, joalo ka Instagram, Twitter, le WhatsApp (Wu et al., ). Lisebelisoa tsena kaofela li thusa ho sebelisana le batho ba bang, ho sebelisana hantle ke tšobotsi e ka sehloohong ea lisebelisoa tsena e le karolo ea litaba tsa sechaba. Leha ho le joalo, tlhaloso ea litaba tsa sechaba e pharalletse haholo:Likanale tse thehiloeng marang-rang tse lumellang basebelisi ho sebelisana ka boiketlo le ho itlhahisa ka boikhethelo, ekaba ka nako ea 'nete kapa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ka bamameli ba pharalletseng le ba moqotetsane ba fumanang boleng ho se hlahisitsoeng ke basebelisi le maikutlo a ho sebelisana le ba bang”(Carr le Hayes, , leq. 50). Tlhaloso ena e na le lintlha tsa bohlokoa joalo ka boleng bo hlahisitsoeng ke mosebelisi kapa puisano ea batho ba bangata, eo hape e leng likarolo tsa libaka tsa marang-rang tsa litsebi, liboto tsa meqoqo kapa liforamo tsa lipuisano (Carr le Hayes, ). Bakeng sa boithuto bona, re hlalositse puisano ka marang-rang e le ts'ebeliso ea libaka tsa marang-rang (mohlala, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram), li-microblogs le li-blog, hammoho le man messengersosa a marang-rang (mohlala, WhatsApp). Ts'ebeliso ea libaka tsena tsa marang-rang e kenyelletsa mesebetsi e lumellang phapanyetsano le basebelisi ba bang joalo ka ho beha litaba tsa kahare kapa ho bala lintlha. Tlhaloso ha e kenyeletse lintlha tse ling tsa libaka tsa marang-rang tse kang lipapali kapa ho batla tlhaiso-leseling.

A mang a mabaka a mantlha ao lisebelisoa tsena li fihletseng botumo bo bongata ntle le monyetla oa ho lula o kopana le metsoalle ke taolo ea maikutlo le ho ithabisa (Krämer le Mariha, ; Neubaum le Krämer, ). Kuss le Griffiths () ba fumane lintlha tsa kahisano tse kang ho khetholla sehlopha le boitlhompho ba sehlopha e le sebali se ka sehloohong sa ho nka karolo ho SNS. SNS ke sechaba se thehiloeng marang-rang moo ho ka etsoang lifaele tsa motho ka mong ho arolelana tlhaiso-leseling ea hae le ho hokahana le basebelisi ba bang. Likopo tsa puisano ka inthanete li shebana haholo le puisano lipakeng tsa batho ba fapaneng. Ho fapana le SNS, lipapali tsa sechaba le patlo ea tlhaiso-leseling ha se likarolo tsa mantlha tsa lits'ebetso tsa puisano. (Amichai-Hamburger le Vinitzky, ; Kuss le Griffiths, ; Floros le Siomos, ; Guedes et al., ). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le palo e ntseng e hola ea batho ba nang le litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete kapa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa inthanete, joalo ka puisano ka inthanete. Ts'ebeliso ena e fetelletseng e bitsoa bokhoba ba inthanete kapa bothata bo itseng ba ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Litlamorao tse ka bang teng ke ho se sebetse hantle mosebetsing, sekolong kapa kolecheng, likhohlano le ba lelapa le metsoalle, kapa maikutlo a mabe (Brand et al., ). Sekhahla se atileng sa bokhoba ba inthanete se tlalehoa e le 1% Jeremane (Rumpf et al., ).

Boloetse bo ikhethang ba ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang bo hlalosa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e itseng, mohlala, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete, lipapali tsa inthanete, kapa puisano ka marang-rang (bakeng sa kakaretso, sheba Young, ; Mocha et al., ; Griffiths, ; Monghali Davis, ; Kuss le Griffiths, ;; Brand et al., ). Tšebeliso e lemalloang ea inthanete-puisano hangata e bitsoa SNS-temallo, ts'ebeliso ea mafu a SNS, hammoho le ho lemalla Facebook, kapa ho lemalla li-smartphone (Griffiths et al., ; Ryan et al., ; Choi et al., ; Wegmann et al., ). Mantsoe ana kaofela a sebetsa ts'ebelisong e fetelletseng ea likhokahano tsa marang-rang, marang-rang a sechaba, kapa lits'ebeletso tse ling tsa puisano ka marang-rang, eseng likarolo tse ling tse joalo ka lipapali tsa libaka tsa marang-rang (Kuss le Griffiths, ; Casale et al., ). Ka kakaretso, lintlha tsa mantlha tsa mahlale ana ke puisano le tšebelisano le ba bang, ntle le likarolo tse ikhethileng. Batho ba bang ba na le litlamorao tse mpe, joalo ka maikutlo a ho jeoa ke bolutu, mathata a boiketlo ba sechaba, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, boiketlo, likamano tsa batho ba bang, mathata a taolo ea maikutlo, le phihlello e fokolang ea maano a ho sebetsana ka katleho, ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea mefuta ena ea likopo tsa inthanete. (Andreassen le Pallesen, ; Hormes et al., ). Ho latela poleloana e latelang ho tla sebelisoa lentsoe Internet-communication disorder (ICD) le lumellanang le poleloana ea DSM-5 ea boloetse ba lipapali tsa inthanete (American Psychiatric Association, ) mme hape ho kgothaletswa ke Brand et al. (). Ho ipapisitsoe le matšoao a boitšoaro bo hlephileng ka kakaretso le tlhophiso ea boloetse ba papali ea inthanete karolong ea III ea DSM-5 ka ho khetheha, matšoao a ICD ke botsitso, phetoho ea maikutlo, mamello, matšoao a ho tlohela, tahlehelo ea taolo, ho tsepamisa mohopolo le litlamorao tse mpe mosebetsing, sekolong, tšebetsong ea thuto, kapa likamanong tsa sechaba (Griffiths et al., ).

Brand et al. () fana ka maikutlo a mofuta oa ts'ebetso oa mohopolo o bitsoang I-PACE mofuta (I-PACE e emetse Ts'ebelisano ea Motho-Affect-Cognition-Execution) e shebaneng le lits'ebetso le mekhoa e ka bang teng nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea bothata bo itseng ba ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang joalo ka ICD. Moetso ona o shebana haholo le tšebelisano lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho, likarabo tse amang maikutlo le kutloisiso, le qeto ea ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso e itseng. Mekhoa ena e ka lebisa ho khotsofatsong le phelisong eo mohlomong e ka bakang bothata bo itseng ba ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang. Moralo oa khopolo o khetholla pakeng tsa lintho tse rerang pele le ho lekanyetsa hammoho le lipakeng tse fapaneng. Bangoli ba pheha khang ea hore batho ka bomong ba na le litšobotsi tse itseng, joalo ka botho, litsobotsi sechabeng, mabaka a ikhethileng a ts'ebeliso, ts'ebeliso ea kelello le molao-motheo oa bio-psychology. Litšobotsi tsena li susumetsa likarabo tse matla le tse nang le ts'ebeliso ea kelello joalo ka setaele sa ho sebetsana le maemo le khethollo e amanang le inthanete, mohlala litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Mefuta-futa ena e hlalosoa e le ho lekanyetsa / ho lekanyetsa mefuta ea mofuta oa I-PACE. Litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete li hlalosoa e le litebello tseo mosebelisi a nang le tsona ts'ebelisong ea inthanete kapa ts'ebeliso e ikhethileng. Mohlala, basebelisi ba ka lebella hore ho sebelisa Marang-rang ho thusa ho imoloha mathateng a bophelo, ho qoba bolutu, kapa ho natefeloa le ho ba le maikutlo a matle ha o le marang-rang (Brand et al., ). Litebello tsena li ka ama boits'oaro ba motho le qeto ea ho sebelisa kapa ho se sebelise ts'ebeliso e itseng. Mofuteng oa I-PACE, Brand et al. () nahana hore haholo-holo litlamorao tsa litšobotsi tsa motho kholisong le tlhokomelong ea bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang li kopantsoe ke setaele sa ho sebetsana le boits'oaro bo amanang le inthanete. Mabaka a ikhethileng le mabaka a rerang pele a matlafatsoa ke khotsofalo e nang le boiphihlelo le ho baleha maikutlo a mabe. Ka lebaka leo, ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea ts'ebeliso e ratoang e ka eketsoa, ​​ea baka taolo e fokotsehileng le botsitso bo fokotsehileng ba semelo sa motho (Brand et al., ). Likarolo tse ling tsa mofuta oa theoretical process le mofuta oa eona oa pejana (Brand et al., ) li se li lekile ka matla mabapi le bokhoba ba cybersex ke Laier le Brand (), ts'ebeliso e lemalloang ea SNS ke Wegmann et al. (), le lithethefatsi tse akaretsang tsa inthanete ke Brand et al. () ho sebelisa mokhoa oa sebopeho sa equation. Liphetho tsa bokhoba ba inthanete ka kakaretso li bontšitse hore setaele sa ho sebetsana le maemo le litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang li sebetsana ka botlalo le litlamorao tsa semelo le likarolo tsa psychopathological ho lemalletseng inthanete ka kakaretso (Brand et al., ).

Litlamorao tse ling tsa bonamoli lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho le mekhoa ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le likhethollo tse amanang le inthanete, tse nahanoang ka mofuta oa I-PACE, li hloka ho batlisisoa bakeng sa mathata a fapaneng a ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang. Phuputso ea hajoale e lekile bahlahlobi le babuelli ba mathata a puisano ka inthanete. Ha re nahana ka ho khetholloa ha mekhoa e fetohang le e fapaneng ea mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang mokhoa oa boits'oaro o kenyeletsang ts'ebetso e ts'oanang le ea Brand et al. () e sebelisitsoe ho bapisa litlamorao tse tobileng le tse sa tobang tsa bonamoli boemong ba thuto.

Ho tse latelang, ho tla tšohloa karolo ea batho bao e ka bang likhakanyo le babuelli ba tlhokomelo le nts'etsopele ea ICD. Bohle ba bolelang esale pele bao re buang le bona ba fupulitsoe phuputsong ea pejana mabapi le bokhoba ba inthanete bo akaretsang (Brand et al., ). Re boetse re bua ka lithuto tse ling, tse senolang bivariate kapa litlamorao tse tobileng lipakeng tsa likhakanyo tse inahaneloang le matšoao a ICD.

Boithuto ba pejana ka mohlala bo bontšitse kamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a ICD le khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho a sechaba (De Cock et al., ; Panek et al., ; Hong et al., ; Bodroza le Jovanovic, ; Laconi et al., ; Moreau et al., ; Guedes et al., ). Ho hlajoa ke lihlong le boitlhompho ho boetse ho hokahane le matšoao a ICD ka kakaretso kapa ho lemalla Facebook ka ho khetheha (Chak le Leung, ; Steinfield et al., ; Omar le Subramanian, ; Panek et al., ; Bhagat, ; Laconi et al., ; Guedes et al., ). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Jelenchick et al. () ha ea fumana phello e tobileng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea SNS le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo.

Liphuputso tse ling li batlile karolo ea mantlha ea bolutu bokhobeng ba inthanete le ICD. Hardie le Tee () e bontšitse hore ts'ebeliso e thata ea Marang-rang e amahanngoa le bolutu bo boholo, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng le ts'ehetso e sa lemohuoeng ea sechaba (Hardie le Tee, ). Kim le al. () o ile a pheha khang ea hore batho ba jeoang ke bolutu ba lefella likhaello bophelong ba sebele ha ba le marang-rang. Sena se tsamaellana le lithuto moo kamano pakeng tsa bolutu le ICD e fumanoeng (Baker le Oswald, ; De Cock le al., ; Omar le Subramanian, ; Pina et al., ). Baker le Oswald () o hlalositse hore tikoloho ea lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka inthanete e bonahala e le sebaka se sireletsehileng bakeng sa batho ba lihlong ba lumelloang ho sebelisana le batho ba bang. Sena se ka ba bohlokoa haholo haeba ts'ehetso e fokolang ea sechaba le bolutu bo phahameng li nkuoa. Ho bonahala eka ts'ebeliso ea SNS e ka fokotsa bolutu, e lebisang ts'ebelisong e ntseng e eketseha ea inthanete ho khotsofatsa tlhoko ea likamano tsa sechaba (Song et al., ). Liphetho li hatisa hore bolutu ba sechaba ho fapana le bolutu ba maikutlo bo ntlafatsa ts'ebeliso ea puisano ka inthanete (Ryan le Xenos, ; Jin, ). Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsena kaofela li batlisisa phello e tobileng lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa motho le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa puisano. Leha ho le joalo, litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa ho kena lipakeng ka setaele sa ho sebetsana le maemo kapa khethollo e amanang le inthanete, e ngotsoeng ka mokhoa oa thuto ke Brand et al. (), ha li so fuputsoe ho fihlela joale. Feela Wegmann et al. () e bontšitse hore litlamorao tsa matšoao a psychopathological, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng, ts'ebelisong e mpe ea SNS li ne li buelloa ke litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Sena se tumellanong le Hormes et al. (Bao ho thoeng ke likhang, hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea SNS e etsoa ke mekhoa e fapaneng ea matlafatso (bona le Kuss le Griffiths, ).

Ho ea kamoo re ka bolelang, ho na le lithuto tse 'maloa feela tse ileng tsa fuputsa karolo ea boits'oaro le ts'ebeliso ea SNS. Thutong ea bona, Wang J.-L. et al. () e bontšitse hore boits'ebetso ba inthanete e ne e le selelekela sa tšebeliso ea SNS mabapi le tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea SNS joalo ka mesebetsi ea sechaba le boithabiso. Sena se lumellana le Gangadharbatla () ea bonts'ang hore ts'ebetso ea inthanete e na le phello e ntle ho maikutlo mabapi le SNS. Kamano lipakeng tsa boits'ebetso bo akaretsang le ICD ha e so fuputsoe ho fihlela joale.

Ka kakaretso, ho na le lithuto tse ngata mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa matšoao a psychopathological, boitšepo kapa bolutu le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea puisano ka inthanete. Phuputso e fetileng mabapi le ts'oaetso ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho itšebetsa joaloka lihlahlobi tsa ICD, mohlala, ha li so fumanehe. Leha ho le joalo, boithutong ba hajoale ho sebelisitsoe likhakanyo tse tšoanang tse nang le ts'oaetso ea khatello ea maikutlo le boits'oaro molemong oa sebopeho sa equation ho ba haufi haholo kamoo ho ka khonehang le mofuta oa mantlha oa Brand et al. (). Ts'ebetso ena e lumella ho bapisa litlamorao tse otlolohileng le tse sa tobang tsa ICD le litlamorao tse seng li fumanoe ho lemalletseng inthanete ka kakaretso.

Boemong ba thuto ho ka nahanoa hore batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo le kutloisiso ea batho ba bang ba na le litebello ho Internet ho ikutloa ba le betere kapa ho baleha mathata a bophelo ba 'nete. Batho bana ba kanna ba sebetsana ka katleho le mathata ka ho hana kapa ho sebelisa lithethefatsi. Ke karolo ea leano le sa sebetseng la ho sebetsana le mathata. Re nahana ka litlamorao tse ts'oanang le tsa batho ba itšepileng, ba sa sebetseng hantle, ba nang le ts'oaetso e phahameng le batho ba ikutloang ba jeoa ke bolutu ebile ba sa tšehetsoe ke sechaba. Lintlha tsena tsa kahisano le botho li ka lebisa ho litebello tse holimo tsa hore inthanete ke sesebelisoa se thusang ho itebatsa maikutlo a mabe kapa ho ba le monyaka le monate ha o le inthaneteng. Hape ho ka nahanoa hore litsobotsi tsena le tsona li lebisa ho maqheka a ho sebetsana ka katleho le bothata. Batho ka bomong ba ka hana boitšepo ba bona bo tlase kapa ba hlokomoloha maikutlo a ts'ehetso e sa lemohuoeng ho fapana le ho sebetsana le eona. Maano ana kaofela a ho sebetsana le maemo a nang le mathata a ka baka likeletso tse ikhethileng tse hlokomolohang likhohlano kapa maikutlo a mabe. Eaba re nahana hore batho ba nang le litebello le mohopolo oa ho rarolla mathata marang-rang ba ka lebisa ts'ebelisong e sa laoleheng ea lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka inthanete.

Lits'ebollo tsena li ipapisitse le mofuta oa thuto ea maikutlo oa Brand et al. () e buang ka li-predictors tsena (matšoao a psychopathological, likarolo tsa botho) li buelloa ke mokhoa o sa sebetseng oa ho sebetsana le maemo le likamano tse amanang le inthanete joalo ka litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Ha ho fanoa ka lingoliloeng tse mabapi le bohlokoa ba likakanyo tsa sechaba bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea SNS joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ke Brand et al. (), re pheha khang ea hore litlamorao tsa likamano tsa sechaba le matšoao a ICD li arotsoe ka mokhoa o itseng ka setaele le litebello. Moetso o sebelisitsoeng o bonts'oa ho Setšoantšo Figure11.

Setšoantšo sa 1  

Moetso o sebelisitsoeng oa ho sekaseka likhopolo-taba tsa mantlha ho kenyeletsoa le mefuta-futa ea ICD.

Method

barupeluoa ba

Barupeluoa ba makholo a mane le mashome a robeli a metso e mehlano ba lilemo tse pakeng tsa 14 le 55M = 23.95, SD = 4.96 lilemo) ba nkile karolo phuputsong. Makholo a mararo le mashome a mahlano a metso e robeli e ne e le basali, ba 125 e le banna, mme ba babeli ha ba fane ka leseli ka bong. Mabapi le tlhaiso-leseling e amanang le litaba tsa kahisano, barupeluoa ba 252 ba tlalehile hore ba ratana kapa ba nyalane, ba 366 ke baithuti, ba 115 ba na le mosebetsi o tloaelehileng. Barupeluoa bohle ba nkile karolo pele ho thuto ea Brand et al. (), moo sampole ea barupeluoa ba 1019 e sebelisitsoeng ho leka mofuta oa sebopeho sa equation ka bokhoba ba inthanete ka kakaretso. Sampole ea hajoale e khethiloe motheong oa barupeluoa khetho ea pele ea tšebeliso ea inthanete. Re kopile bankakarolo ho khetha ts'ebeliso e ikhethileng ea inthanete eo ba e sebelisang ka bo bona le hore e hohela haholo. Kamora hore qeto e nkuoe, bankakarolo ba ile ba fana ka mofuta o le mong oa Teko e Khutšoanyane ea Tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang e neng e totobetse ts'ebetsong ea bona ea khetho ea pele. Re kenyelelitse feela bankakarolo ba sebelisang marang-rang haholo bakeng sa puisano ka inthanete. Litlhahlobo tse sebelisang bothata ba puisano ka marang-rang joalo ka ha bo fapana e ne e se karolo ea boithuto ba pele ba Brand et al. (). Barupeluoa ba sebelisa karolelano ea metsotso e 562.10 (SD = 709.03) ka beke ho sebelisoa lits'ebetso tsa puisano inthaneteng. Mohlala o ile oa hiroa Univesithing ea Duisburg-Essen ka lethathamo la mangolo, lipampiri le likhothaletso tsa mantsoe a molomo. Tekolo e entsoe ke tlhahlobo ea inthanete mme bankakarolo ba ka nka karolo ho raffle moo ba nang le monyetla oa ho hapa iPad, iPad mini, iPod nano, iPod shuffle, kapa likarete tsa limpho tsa Amazon. Komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro ea lehae e amohetse thuto.

Lisebelisoa

Mofuta o fetotsoeng oa tlhahlobo e khuts'oane ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete (s-IAT-com)

Matšoao a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete joalo ka SNS kapa li-blog li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka mofuta o fetotsoeng oa Teko e khuts'oane ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete, e boletsoeng bakeng sa puisano ea inthanete (s-IAT-com; Wegmann et al., ). Ho lekola litletlebo tse ikemetseng bophelong ba letsatsi le leng le le leng ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka inthanete, lentsoe "Internet" phetolelong ea mantlha le ile la nkeloa sebaka ke "libaka tsa puisano tsa inthanete" linthong tsohle. Thupelo e ne e kenyelletsa tlhaloso ea puisano ka marang-rang, e hlalositseng hore poleloana ea marang-rang ea marang-rang e kenyelletsa SNS, blogs le microblogs, imeile le melaetsa. Ho s-IAT-com, bankakarolo ba tlameha ho araba lintho tse 12 (mohlala: “Ke hangata hakae u fumanang hore u lula libakeng tsa puisano tsa inthanete nako e telele ho feta kamoo u neng u rerile? ”) Sekaleng sa lintlha tse hlano-Likert ho tloha 1 (= ha ho mohla) ho isa ho 5 (= khafetsa). E ipapisitse le patlisiso ea Pawlikowski et al. () kakaretso ea lipalo ho tloha ho tse 12 ho isa ho tse 60. Ka hare ho moeli ona, lintlha> 30 li bonts'a ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata mme lintlha> 37 e bonts'a ts'ebeliso ea ts'oaetso ea lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka inthanete. S-IAT-com e na le lintlha tse peli: tahlehelo ea taolo (lintho tse tšeletseng) le takatso / mathata a sechaba (lintho tse tšeletseng). Sekala se na le botsitso bo phahameng ba kahare (Cronbach's α). Bakeng sa sekala sohle α e ne e le 0.861 (tahlehelo ea taolo / taolo ea nako α = 0.842, takatso / mathata a sechaba α = 0.774). Sekala se ne se sebelisetsoa ho emela bothata ba marang-rang ba puisano ka inthanete.

Tekanyo ea litebello tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete

Tekanyetso ea tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea inthanete (IUES; Brand et al., ) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekola sepheo sa mantlha sa bankakarolo bakeng sa ho sebelisa marang-rang kapa ho sebelisa marang-rang. Lenane la lipotso le hlahloba tebello e akaretsang ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang e le sesebelisoa se thusang ho natefeloa kapa ho baleha nnete. Wegmann et al. () o se a ntse a totobalitse sekala sena e le sesosa sa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea SNS. Lenane la lipotso le na le liphallelo tse peli: matlafatso a nepahetseng (lintho tse 'ne, mohlala:Ke sebelisa marang-rang, hobane e etsa hore e khonehe / e nolofalletsa ho fumana monate ”le tebello ea ho qoba (lintho tse 'ne, mohlala:Ke sebelisa marang-rang, hobane e etsa hore e khone / e thusa ho khelosa mathata "). Likarabo li tlameha ho fanoa ka sekala sa lintlha tse tšeletseng-Likert ho tloha ho 1 (= ha ke lumellane ka ho felletseng) ho isa ho 6 (= ke lumela ka botlalo). Mohlala oa hajoale, ho tsitsisa kahare ho matlafatso e ntle e ne e le α = 0.775, ea litebello tsa ho qoba α = 0.745. Liphetoho tse peli tse bonts'itsoeng li emetse maemo a morao-rao a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Bakeng sa tlhaloso e qaqileng haholoanyane bona Brand et al. ().

COPE CHELE

COPE e Khuts'oane (Carver, ) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekola setaele sa ho sebetsana le maemo libakeng tse 'maloa tse tlase. Bakeng sa boithuto ba hajoale, re sebelisitse li-subscales tse tharo tsa mofuta oa Sejeremane (Knoll et al., ho hana (mohlala: “Ke ne ke ntse ke ipolella ke re, 'hona ha se' nete.), tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (mohlala: “Ke ntse ke sebelisa joala kapa lithethefatsi tse ling ho intlafatsa ”), le boits'oaro bo hlephileng (mohlala: "Haesale ke tela ho leka ho sebetsana le eona ”). Sekala se seng le se seng se na le lintho tse peli, tse lokelang ho arajoa ka sekala sa likoto tse nne-Likert ho tloha 1 (= Ha ke so etse sena ho hang) ho isa ho 4 (= esale ke etsa sena haholo). Ts'ebetsong e kahare e ne e le bakeng sa ho hana ho latela maemo a tlase α = 0.495, ts'ebeliso e tlase ea lithethefatsi α = 0.883, le boits'oaro bo tlase ba boits'oaro α = 0.548, e ka bapisoang haholo le Carver (). Re nka hore ts'epahalo e ne e amoheleha ho fanoe ka hore liphallelo li na le lintho tse peli feela le hore ho na le lithuto tse 'maloa tsa netefatso ho kenyeletsoa ho ts'epahala hape (Brand et al., ). Litekanyetso tse tharo tse boletsoeng li sebelisitsoe ho emela boemo ba morao-rao.

Lethathamo la matšoao a makhutšoanyane

Lenane le Khuts'oane la Letšoao le sebelisitsoe ho lekola boemo ba kelello ba bankakarolo ka ho itlaleha (BSI; Derogatis, ). Re sebelisitse khatello ea maikutlo e 'meli (lintho tse tšeletseng, ka mohlala: “Matsatsing a supileng a fetileng, o utloile bohloko bo bokae ka lebaka la ho se thahaselle lintho. ”) le kutloisiso ea batho (lintho tse 'ne, mohlala:Matsatsing a supileng a fetileng, o utloile bohloko bo bokae ka ho ikutloa u le tlase ho ba bang. ”) ea mofuta oa Sejeremane (Franke, ). Likarabo li tlameha ho fanoa ka sekala sa lintlha tse hlano-Likert ho tloha ho 0 (= ho hang) ho isa ho 4 (= haholo). Ts'ebetso e ka hare ea sampole ea rona e ne e le α = 0.863 (subscale depress) le α = 0.798 (subscale interactional sensitivity). Karolo ea morao ea matšoao a psychopathological e ne e emetsoe ke liphallelo ka bobeli.

Sekala sa boitlhompho

Ho lekola boitšepo, re sebelisitse Sekhahla sa Boitlhompho se fetotsoeng ke Collani le Herzberg () e ipapisitse le sekala sa mantlha sa Rosenberg (). E na le lintho tse leshome (mohlala: “Ke itšoara hantle. ”), Tse lokelang ho arajoa sekaleng sa lintlha tse 'ne-Likert ho tloha ho 0 (= ha ke lumellane ka matla) ho isa ho 3 (= ke lumela ka matla). Ts'ebetso e kahare e ne e le α = 0.904.

Tekanyo ea boipheliso

Boikarabello bo akaretsang bo ile ba hlahlojoa ke Tekanyo ea Boiketsetso (Schwarzer le Jerusalema, ) e nang le lintho tse leshome (mohlala: “Hangata ke khona ho sebetsana le eng kapa eng eo ke e fumanang. ”). Barupeluoa ba arabela ka sekala sa lintlha tse 'ne-Likert ho tloha 1 (= ha se' nete) ho isa ho 4 (= ha se nnete hantle). Ts'ebetso e kahare e ne e le α = 0.860.

Lethathamo la liteko tsa khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng

Re lekantse ho ba kotsing ea khatello ea maikutlo likhoeling tse 3 tse fetileng ka Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress (TICS) ea Schulz et al. (). Lintho tse XNUMX (mohlala: “Tšaba hore ho tla etsahala ntho e sa thabiseng. ”) e tlameha ho lekantsoe sekaleng sa lintlha tse hlano-Likert ho tloha ho 0 (= ha ho mohla) ho isa ho 4 (= khafetsa). Ho tsitsa ha kahare e ne e le α = 0.910.

Mefuta e sa bonahaleng ea Boithati, Boiphihlelo, le Trier Inventory bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo e sa foleng li ne li emela likarolo tsa botho ba morao-rao.

Ho jeoa ke bolutu

Re sebelisitse mofuta o khuts'oane oa Boemo ba Bolutu (De Jong Gierveld le Van Tilburg, ) ho lekanya boikutlo ba bolutu. Lenane lena la lipotso le na le liphallelo tse peli: bolutu ba maikutlo (lintho tse tharo, mohlala:Ka kakaretso ke ikutloa ke se na thuso. ”) le bolutu ba sechaba/ts'ehetso ea sechaba (lintho tse tharo, mohlala:Ke hloloheloa ho ba har'a batho. ”). Thutong ea hajoale re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho bolutu ba sechaba/ts'ehetso ea sechaba. Ho subscale ena lintho li lokela ho lekanyetsoa ka sekala sa lintlha tse hlano-Likert ho tloha 1 (= che!) Ho isa ho 5 (= e!). Ts'ebetsong ea kahare ea bolutu ba maikutlo was α = 0.755 le bakeng sa bolutu ba sechaba/ts'ehetso ea sechaba α = 0.865.

Lenane la lipotso tsa tšehetso ea sechaba

Re lekantse tšehetso ea sechaba e fumanoeng ka Lenaneo la Lipotso la Ts'ehetso ea Sechaba (F-SozU; Fydrich et al. ) e nang le lintho tse 14 (mohlala: “Ke na le motsoalle ea haufi eo kamehla a ikemiselitseng ho nthusa. ”), tse lokelang ho lekantsoe sekaleng sa Likert tse ntlha tse hlano ho tloha 1 (= ha se nnete) ho (5 = 'nete ka botlalo). Ho tsitsa ha kahare e ne e le α = 0.924.

Mofuta o hlakileng oa bolutu ba sechaba ba Boemo ba Bolutu le lintlha tse bolelang tsa Potso ea Ts'ehetso ea Sechaba li ne li emela likarolo tsa boemo ba sechaba.

Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo

Litlhahlobo tsa lipalo-palo li entsoe ho sebelisoa SPSS 23.0 bakeng sa Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics, e lokollotsoeng 2014). Ho leka likamano tsa bivariate lipakeng tsa mefuta e 'meli re balile likamano tsa Pearson. Litlhahlobo tsa netefatso ea lintlha (CFA) le sebopeho sa sebopeho sa equation (SEM) li ile tsa sebetsoa le Mplus 6 (Muthén le Muthén, ). Ho ne ho se na data e haellang. Re ile ra lekola mofuta o lumellanang le litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng: motso o lekantsoeng o bolela masala a lisekoere (SRMR; litekanyetso <0.08 li bonts'a ho lekana hantle le data), li-indices tse lekanang tse lekanang (CFI / TLI; litekanyetso> 0.90 li bontša ho amoheleha le> 0.95 ho lekana hantle le data), 'me motso o bolela phoso e lekanang ea ho lekanya (RMSEA; litekanyetso <0.08 li bonts'a se setle le 0.08-0.10 mohlala o amohelehang o loketseng) (Hu le Bentler, , ). The χ2 teko e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hlahloba, haeba data e tsoa mofuteng o hlalositsoeng. Ho bapisa mefuta e fapaneng, re ile ra nahana ka Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) ha litekanyetso tse tlase tse leshome li bontša ho lekana hantle le data (Kass le Raftery, ). Lintho tsohle tse hlokahalang bakeng sa bonamoli li ne li hlokoa hore li hokahane (Baron le Kenny, ).

Results

Tlhaloso le likamano

Palo ea sampole e bolelang ho s-IAT-com le lintlha tse ngata tsa lipotso tse sebelisitsoeng mme likamano tsa bivariate li ka fumanoa ho Lethathamo Lethathamo1.1. Ha e bapisoa le lintlha tse tlalehiloeng tsa khaolo ea Pawlikowski et al. (Barupeluoa ba 39 (8.04%) ba bonts'itse ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata empa e seng ea mafu (lintlha tse khaotsoeng> 30 empa -37) le bankakarolo ba 15 (3.09%) ts'ebeliso ea mafu (likhaolo tse khaotsoeng> 37) tsa mesebetsi ea puisano ka inthanete.

Lethathamo 1  

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang le likamano tse pakeng tsa bongata ba tlhahlobo e khuts'oane ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete le sekala se sebelisitsoeng.

Moetso oa equation ea meaho

Moetso o hlophisitsoeng oa sebopeho sa equation ho phapano ea latent le matšoao a ICD (s-IAT-com) joalo ka phapano e itšetlehileng ka eona e bonts'a ho lekana hantle le data. RMSEA e ne e le 0.060 (p = 0.054), CFI e ne e le 0.957, TLI e ne e le 0.938, mme SRMR e ne e le 0.040, BIC e ne e le 15072.15. The χ2-Teko e ne e le bohlokoa, χ2 e ne e le 174.17 (p <0.001) le χ2/ df e ne e le 2.76.

Ka kakaretso, 50.8% ea phapang lipontšo tsa ICD e ka hlalosoa ka mofuta o sisintsweng (R2 = 0.508, p <0.001). Moetso oa equation o nang le lintlha tse behiloeng le boima ba β bo emetsoe ho Setšoantšo Figure22.

Setšoantšo sa 2  

Liphetho tsa sebopeho sa equation ea sebopeho ho kenyelletsa le ho beha lintho linthong tse hlalositsoeng tsa morao-rao le litekanyo tse tsamaeang le β, plitekanyetso, le masalla.

Likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sechaba tse fapaneng li bile le tšusumetso e tobileng ho ICD e ipapisitseng le latent ha mefuta e meng ea morao e sa bontše phello e tobileng (kaofela β's <0.169, kaofela p's> 0.263). Leha ho le joalo, ka bobeli mefuta e fapaneng ea babuelli e lebelletseng ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le ho sebetsana le eona e ne e le likhakanyo tsa bohlokoa tsa ICD. Ntle le moo, likarolo tsa botho e ne e le selelekela sa bohlokoa sa ho sebetsana le boima bo boima ba β. Kameho e sa tobang e tsoang litšobotsing tsa botho mabapi le ho sebetsana ka katleho le ICD e ne e le bohlokoa (β = -0.166, SE = 0.077, p = 0.031). Kameho e sa tobang e tsoang matšoao a psychopathological ho isa ho matšoao a ICD ho feta litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le eona e ne e le ea bohlokoa (β = 0.199, SE = 0.070, p = 0.005). Liphetho ka bobeli li bonts'itse litlamorao tsa bonamoli.

Tlhahlobo e eketsehileng

Ho utloisisa hamolemo mekhoa ea mantlha ea ICD mefuta e meng ea tlatsetso kapa likarolo tsa mofuta ona li ile tsa lekoa.

Khatiso ea pele eo re buileng ka eona e bile le phello ea likarolo tsa sechaba ho ICD. Ha e bapisoa le mofuta oa boqapi oa Brand et al. (), likarolo tsa morao-rao tsa sechaba li ile tsa nahanoa ka mefuta e bonahatsang ts'ehetso ea sechaba le phapano ea latent bolutu ba sechaba ya Boemo ba ho Jeoa ke Bolutu ke De Jong Gierveld le Van Tilburg () sebakeng sa subscale bolutu ba maikutlo thutong ea hajoale. Ha o sebelisa mefuta e tšoanang ea ponaletso bakeng sa phapano ea latent likarolo tsa sechaba, joalo ka ha e entsoe ho Brand et al. (), Ho ne ho na le mofuta o amohelehang oa mofuta (CFI = 0.955, TLI = 0.936, RMSEA 0.063, SRMR = 0.040, BIC = 15142.03). Leha ho le joalo, phapang lipakeng tsa mofuta ona le mofuta o ka sehloohong oa boithuto ba hajoale ke hore ho ne ho se na tšusumetso e tobileng ea likarolo tsa sechaba kapa phelisano ea likarolo tsa botho le ICD ka ho sebetsana ka katleho. Mefuta e fapaneng ea palo ea batho le eona e ne e nkuoa e le mefuta e ka bang teng e ka bang le phello ho sebopeho sa equation ea sebopeho. Re ile ra qala ka ho lekanya likamano tse pakeng tsa lipapatso le lilemo mme ra fumana likhokahano tse nang le boholo bo tlase ba phello (Cohen, ) lipakeng tsa lilemo le boitšepo, boits'oaro bo botle, ho ba tlokotsing ea khatello ea maikutlo, ho sebetsana le maemo a fapaneng, le litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (r's <| 0.212 |). Ka kakaretso, litlhoko tsa ho kenyelletsa lilemo molemong oa mofuta o reriloeng ha lia ka tsa phethahala (Baron le Kenny, ). Ho laola khethollo ea bong, papiso ea sehlopha e ile ea baloa ka mefuta eohle le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa bankakarolo ba banna le basali li fumanoe mabapi le kutloisiso ea boits'oaro ba batho, boits'ebetso, ho ba tlokotsing ea khatello ea maikutlo, ho sebetsana le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, le lintlha tse peli tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (t = | 0.06-4.32 |, p = 0.035- <0.001). Kamora sena, ho ile ha sekasekoa sebopeho sa equation se nang le phapang e eketsehileng ka bong bo sebelisang tlhahlobo ea sebopeho. Mokhoa ona oa ho tsoelapele o sebelisoa khafetsa ho bapisa se boleloang ke sehlopha (banna le basali) ho tse hlophiloeng (Dimitrov, ). Li-indices tse loketseng li ne li amoheleha (CFI = 0.942, TLI = 0.926, RMSEA 0.066, SRMR = 0.070, BIC = 15179.13). Ka kakaretso, re fumane likamano tse tšoanang lipakeng tsa ho sebetsana ka katleho, litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, le ICD bakeng sa bankakarolo ba banna le basali. Bakeng sa basali phello e tobileng ho tloha likarolong tsa sechaba ho ea ICD e ne e se bohlokoa (β = -0.148, p = 0.087) kapa bakeng sa banna (β = -0.067, p = 0.661), leha boholo ba phello bo ne bo phahame ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Phello ea matšoao a psychopathological ho ICD e buelletsoeng ke litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e fumanoe feela bakeng sa basali (β = 0.192, SE = 0.086, p = 0.025). Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la boholo bo nyane ba mehlala ea sebopeho sa equation liphetho li lokela ho tšohloa ka hloko. Mefuta e fapaneng ea sebopeho sa equation bakeng sa sampole ea basali le ea banna e nang le li-loadings le li-ights-boima li emetsoe ho Setšoantšo Figure33.

Setšoantšo sa 3  

Liphetho tsa sebopeho sa equation se arohaneng bakeng sa sampole ea basali le ea banna ho kenyeletsoa le ho beha lintho linthong tse hlalositsoeng tsa morao-rao le litekanyo tsa β tse tsamaeang le tsona, plitekanyetso, le masalla.

Puisano

Puisano e akaretsang ea liphetho

Boithuto ba hajoale bo hlahlobile mekhoa e ka bang teng joalo ka litšobotsi tsa motho, setaele sa ho sebetsana le boemo, le khethollo e amanang le inthanete e amanang le matšoao a ICD. Moetso o hlophisitsoeng oa sebopeho sa equation o ne o ipapisitse le mofuta oa thuto ea bothata bo itseng bo sebelisang marang-rang ke Brand et al. () le mohlala o matla oa bokhoba bo akaretsang ba inthanete ke Brand et al. (). Ka kakaretso, ea mohlala e nang le ICD joalo ka phetoho e itšetlehileng ka eona e hlahisitse boemo bo nepahetseng le data. Moetso o ikhethileng o hlalositse 50.8% ea phapang ea matšoao a ICD. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore kamano lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa motho le ICD e ne e le lipakeng ka mokhoa o itseng oa ho sebetsana le maemo le litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Ntle le moo, phello e tobileng ea likarolo tsa sechaba tse kang bolutu ba sechaba le ts'ehetso ea ts'ehetso ea sechaba ho matšoao a ICD e fumanoe.

Qalong, re ile ra bala khokahano ea bivariate lipakeng tsa mefuta eohle le lintlha tsa s-IAT-puisano, tse neng li le bohlokoa. Sena se tumellanong le lipatlisiso tsa pele ho ICD. Liphuputso li boetse li tiisa khopolo-taba, hore ts'oaetso ea khatello ea maikutlo le boits'oaro bo amanang le ICD (lekhetlo la pele).

Taba ea bobeli, ho ile ha hlahlojoa mofuta oa equation oa sebopeho. Phuputso e fumane hore likarolo tsa sechaba li bapala karolo ea mantlha ho ICD. Bolutu bo phahameng sechabeng le tšehetso e fokolang ea sechaba li ile tsa bolela esale pele matšoao a ICD. Batho ba nkang hore ba jeoe ke bolutu sechabeng ebile ha ba tšehetsoe hakaalo sechabeng ba ba le litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la boits'oaro ba bona ba puisano inthaneteng, bo tsamaellanang le lipatlisiso tsa pele (Baker le Oswald, ; De Cock le al., ; Omar le Subramanian, ; Pina et al., ). Batho ba khethileng likopo tsa puisano inthaneteng e le tšebetso ea bona ea mantlha ea inthaneteng ba bonahala ba khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa sechaba marang-rang ho feta maemong a nnete (Song et al., ). Sena se supa hore lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka inthanete li phethahatsa ts'ebetso ea sechaba 'me mohlomong li buseletsa likhaello tse lemohuoeng tsa bophelo, tse bonahalang e le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bakeng sa boits'oaro bo bobe ba puisano (Kim et al., ; Yadav et al., ; Huang et al., ). Ho khahlisang ke hore phello ena e ne e sa buelloa ke maano a ho sebetsana le maemo kapa litebello mabapi le thuso ea inthanete bakeng sa ho rarolla mathata kapa ho baleha nnete. Kahoo, khotsofalo e nang le boiphihlelo kapa puseletso ea likhaello sechabeng, e lebisang ts'ebelisong e fetelletseng ea inthanete, e hlalosa phello e tobileng ntle le ts'usumetso ea leeme le eketsehileng la kutloisiso.

Boithuto ba hajoale bo reretsoe ho supa litlamorao tsa bonamoli le ho lekola liphetho ka liphetho tse fetileng tsa boqhetseke mabapi le mekhoa ea bokhoba ba inthanete bo akaretsang (Brand et al., ). Ho ne ho se na tšusumetso e tobileng kapa e kenelletseng ea maemo a sechaba ka ho lemalla Inthanete ka kakaretso. Ka hona, ho ka nahanoa hore ts'ebeliso e lemalloang ea Facebook, WhatsApp, kapa Twitter e amahanngoa le likhaello tsa bophelo ba 'nete, joalo ka bolutu ba sechaba le tšehetso e tlase ea sechaba. Hona ha ho joalo ka tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete ha ho sa sebelisoe kopo e ikhethileng. Ka hona, khetho ea lits'ebetso tsa puisano ea inthanete joalo ka tikoloho e bolokehileng, e sa tsejoeng, e laoloang bakeng sa puisano e amahanngoa le khokahano e nyane mananeong a bophelo a nnete, a tlamehang ho lebisa ts'ebelisong e sa sebetseng.

Phuputso e boetse e bontšitse hore mokhoa o sa sebetseng oa ho sebetsana ka katleho le litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang ke litlhahiso tsa bohlokoa tsa ICD, e lumellanang le lithuto tse ling mabapi le bosholu ba bokhoba ba inthanete (Tonioni et al., ; Turel le Serenko, ; Xu et al., ; Tang et al., ;; Brand et al., ; Kardefelt-Winther, ; Lee et al., ). Batho ba nang le tebello e kholo ea marang-rang e le sesebelisoa se thusang ho khelosa mesebetsi e tenang kapa ho natefeloa hammoho le maano a sa sebetseng a ho sebetsana le maemo a joalo ka ho hana kapa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba na le kotsi e kholo ea ho theha ICD. Bohlokoa ba matšoao a psychopathological joalo ka matšoenyeho a kahisano le khatello ea maikutlo bakeng sa ICD e tšehetsoa ke mohlala o khothalelitsoeng mme o tsamaellana le lipatlisiso tse ling mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa likarolo tsa psychopathological le ts'ebeliso ea SNS (De Cock et al., ; Panek et al., ; Hong et al., ; Bhagat, ; Bodroza le Jovanovic, ; Laconi et al., ; Moreau et al., ; Guedes et al., ). Phello ea matšoao a psychopathological ho ICD e ile ea buelloa ke litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang tse lumellanang le boithuto ba Wegmann et al. (). Batho ba nang le matšoao a tepelletsang, matšoenyeho a sechaba, le litebello ho Marang-rang e le sesebelisoa se thusang ho phonyoha maikutlo a mabe le ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa sechaba, ba na le kotsi e kholo ea ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso e thata ea lits'ebeletso tsa puisano ka inthanete (Wegmann et al., ). Joalo ka matšoao a psychopathological, litlamorao tsa likarolo tsa botho joalo ka boitšepo, boits'oaro le khatello ea khatello ho ICD li ile tsa buelloa ke likhetla tse ikhethileng, ntlheng ena mokhoa o sa sebetseng oa ho sebetsana le boemo. Ho itšepa ho tlase, ho sebetsa hantle, le ho ba kotsing ea khatello ea maikutlo ho lebisa ho haneng kapa mathata, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le boits'oaro bo hlephileng. Batho bana ha ba na maano a mang a ho sebetsana le boits'epo bo tlase kapa maikutlo a bolutu kapa khatello ea maikutlo. Mokhatlo ona o ka susumetsa batho ka bomong ho kena marang-rang molemong oa ho baleha mathata a bophelo. Phuputso ea mehleng e ne e se e bonts'a kamano lipakeng tsa boitšepo le khetho ea puisano ka inthanete (Chak le Leung, ; Steinfield et al., ; Panek et al., ; Bhagat, ; Laconi et al., ; Guedes et al., ). Tumellanong le mohopolo oa mohopolo oa Brand et al. (), Ho nahanoa hore batho ba nang le ts'oaetso e phahameng ea khatello ea maikutlo le likhaello tse mabapi le boits'epo ba bona hammoho le maano a sa sebetseng / a ho sebetsana ka katleho le khatello ba na le tlhoko e phahameng ea taolo ea maikutlo (Whang et al., ; Tonioni et al., ;; Brand et al., ). Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa motho enoa le tsela eo motho ka mong a itšoarang ka eona maemong a thata e ka baka ts'ebeliso ea "khetho ea pele" - ts'ebeliso, ke hore, likopo tsa puisano, moo batho ba buisanang le ba bang. Boitšoaro bona e ka ba leano le thusang haholo hobane batho ba buisana ka mathata a bona le ba bang marang-rang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, boits'oaro bona bo ka ba mathata haeba maano a mang a tharollo ea mathata a sa tsotelloe mme ho ikopanya le batho ba nnete ho sa tsotelloe, ho ka fella ka ho itšehla thajana sechabeng. Liphetho li bonts'a hore maano a ho rarolla mathata a nnete a bophelo a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa inthaneteng. Ho hlahisa maano a ts'ebetsong a ho sebetsana le mathata, joalo ka ho sebetsana ka katleho le mathata, ho bonahala e le mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa ho thibela ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho sebelisa marang-rang kapa "khetho ea pele" e le leano le sa sebetseng la ho sebetsana le mathata (Kardefelt-Winther, ).

Ho laola liphetho kamora ho batla leeme la bong, re fumane liphapang liphethong tsa banna le basali. Liphetho li senotse feela hore ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka inthanete ha u jeoa ke bolutu kapa maikutlo a ts'ehetso e nyane ea sechaba a ne a khetholla basali haholo. Liphapang lipakeng tsa bankakarolo ba banna le ba basali bakeng sa mathata a fapaneng a ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang kapa mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso ea SNS li tlalehiloe pejana (Ko et al., ; Meerkerk et al., ; Kuss le Griffiths, ; Laconi et al., ). Ang (mohlala, o hatelletse hore basali ba nang le tloaelo e matla ea inthanete ba na le monyetla oa ho kena lipuisanong ka inthanete ho feta banna ba nkang karolo. Liphapang tse ka bang teng bakeng sa ICD li tlameha ho fuputsoa lithutong tse ling.

Ka kakaretso, liphetho li tsamaellana le mofuta oa thuto ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (Brand et al., ) e bontšang hore kamano lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa motho le matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e hokahantsoe ke likhetho tse itseng. Ntle le moo, litlamorao tsa bonamoli tse fumanoeng thutong ena li se li ntse li nahanoa hore e ka ba lithethefatsi tse akaretsang tsa inthanete (Brand et al., ) le bokhoba ba cybersex (Laier le Brand, ). Leha ho le joalo, bohlokoa ba likarolo tsa motho ka mong tse kang psychopathological, botho, le maemo a sechaba li fapane. Le ha likarolo tsa botho le matšoao a psychopathological li ne li kopantsoe ke litekanyo tsa kutloisiso tse lekolang bokhoba ba inthanete le ICD, likamano tsa sechaba ha lia ka tsa nka karolo ho nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Thutong ea hajoale, likarolo tsa sechaba li bile le phello e tobileng matšoao a ICD.

Ka lebaka leo, thuto ea hajoale e totobatsa mekhoa e fetohang le e fapaneng ea mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke Montag et al. (), Laconi et al. (), Pawlikowski et al. (le Wang CW le al. (). Le ha ho bonahala ho na le phapang lipakeng tsa mekhoa e ka sebelisoang ea tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea marang-rang le boits'oaro ba inthanete, bopaki bo fumanoe bo lumellang ho khetholla lipakeng tsa mathata a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Ka hona, ho ka fihlela qeto ea hore lithethefatsi tse akaretsang tsa inthanete le ICD li arolelana mekhoa e tloaelehileng empa ha li tšoane (Hormes et al., ). Liphuputso tse ling li bonts'a bopaki bo hōlang bo bonts'ang ho ts'oana lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lits'ebeliso tsa inthanete le likhokahano tse ling tsa boitšoaro. Lithuto tsena li bonts'a bohlokoa ba mekhoa ea matlafatso hammoho le bopaki ba litekanyetso tse 'maloa tsa tlhahlobo, tse hatisang kaho ea ICD (Kuss le Griffiths, ; Andreassen le Pallesen, ; Hormes et al., ).

Sephetho sa mantlha ke hore mofuta oa thuto ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (Brand et al., ) e ka fetisetsoa ho ICD, e ts'oanang le nyeoe ea bokhoba ba cybersex (Laier le Brand, ). Ho fetoloa ha mofuta ona oa thuto ho ba bothata bo itseng ba ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang, bo hatisang ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse ikhethileng, tse ratoang, ho ka thusa ho utloisisa mekhoa e ikemetseng. Moetso o fetotsoeng oa ICD o lokela ho shebana le karolo ea likarolo tsa sechaba le mohopolo oa hore batho ba nang le bofokoli ba sechaba ba sebelisa likopo tsa puisano inthaneteng ho lefella likhaello tsena ka kotloloho. Sena se fapana le litšobotsi tsa motho ea tsoelang pele, tse lumellanang le likakanyo tse ikhethileng. Ntle le moo, mofuta oa boithuto ba hajoale o lokela ho laoloa bakeng sa mefuta e meng e joalo ka boloetse ba ho bapala Inthaneteng, bootsoa-ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​kapa boits'oaro ba ho reka inthaneteng. Bakeng sa bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete, batho ka bomong ba ka sebelisa ts'ebetso ho buisana marang-rang le ho lula ba kopana le libapali tse ling ha ba ntse ba bapala. Ka hona, ntlheng ena, karolo e ka bang teng ea likarolo tsa sechaba le eona e lokela ho tšohloa.

sheba mefokolo ea

Qetellong, ho na le meeli e meng e lokelang ho boleloa. Taba ea mantlha, thuto e ipapisitse le patlisiso e fumanehang marang-rang ka sampole e seng ea bongaka. Le ha data e ne e laoloa ka hloko le ho tlosoa bankakarolo, ba arabang lipotso ka nako e telele haholo kapa e khuts'oane, re sitoa ho khetholla leeme le ka bang teng ka lebaka la kamano pakeng tsa tikoloho ea inthanete ea patlisiso le litaba tsa eona. Ea bobeli, COPE e Khuts'oane ea Carver () e bontšitse ts'epahalo e tlase, e ntseng e ka bapisoa le lithuto tsa pele (Carver, ;; Brand et al., ). Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho nahana ka ho sebelisa lenane le leng la lipotso kapa ho laola data le liphallelo mabapi le ho ts'epahala ha tsona. Leha ho le joalo, re sebelisitse li-subscales tsena ho etsa mohlala oa ho sebetsana ka katleho le sekhahla sa morao, ho bolelang hore litlamorao ho sebopeho sa equation li ne li se na liphoso tsa litekanyo, leha ts'epahalo ea sekala se le seng e lekanyang ho sebetsana le boemo e ne e se hantle. Mabapi le puisano ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa leeme, matla a thuto ea hajoale ke ho se ts'oane ha sekala sa Likert. Podsakoff et al. () hatisa hore ho sebelisa lifomate tsa sekala se tloaelehileng ho ka bolela ho kopanya ha maiketsetso. Ba khothaletsa ts'ebeliso ea sekala se fapaneng mme ba aha ho ntlafatsa phapang le ho fokotsa leano le tloaelehileng. Taba ea boraro, boithutong ba hajoale ho sebelisitsoe lentsoe "ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ea puisano" kapa "lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka inthanete". Kaha lentsoe lena le kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea mahlale a fapaneng, phello ea mahlale a fapaneng e ka rarolloa ha ho etsoa lipatlisiso tse ling. Leha ho le joalo, ho fokotsa taba ena, bankakarolo bohle ba thuto ba fuoe tlhaloso e hlakileng, ea lentsoe "ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ea puisano." Ntle le moo, mefuta-futa e kang ho itšebetsa e ka hlalosoa bakeng sa mefuta e itšetlehileng ka eona le lits'ebetso tse ipatileng, mohlala ho sebelisa boits'ebetso ba inthanete kapa boits'oaro mabapi le lits'ebetso tsena tse fapaneng tsa puisano inthaneteng.

Patlisiso e tlang

Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho batlisisa mekhoa e tobileng ea ho fetolela le ho fapanya mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Thutong ea hajoale ho sebelisitsoe mofuta oa sebopeho sa equation mme liphetho li bapisoa le liphuputso tse ling tse matlafatsang lingoliloeng. Leha ho le joalo, papiso e tobileng ea matla e lokela ho holisa tsebo ea rona mabapi le menehelo e fapaneng ea likarolo tsa sechaba ho nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea mefuta e fapaneng ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

EW: O ngotse moralo oa pele oa pampiri, a hlokomela ho hlophisoa ha buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho, mme a kenya letsoho mosebetsing oa mahlale le o sebetsang ho eona; MB: O hlophisitse moralo, o o ntlafalitse ka mokhoa o hlakileng, mme o kentse letsoho tsebong le molemong oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Qetellong bangoli ka bobeli ba amohela sengoloa seo. Bangoli ka bobeli ba ikarabella bakeng sa likarolo tsohle tsa mosebetsi.

Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

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