Mathata a lipapali tsa Inthanete lilemong tsa bocha tse nang le lefu la Psychiatric: Litlaleho tse peli tsa mekhoa e sebelisang moralo oa nts'etsopele (2019)

Front Psychiatry. 2019; 10: 336.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2019 May 10. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyt.2019.00336

PMCID: PMC6524313

PMID: 31133904

Xavier Benarous, 1, 2, * Pierre Morales, 3 Hanna Mayer, 1 Cosmin Iancu, 1 Yves Edel, 3 'me David Cohen 1, 4

inahaneloang

Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) e bile karolo e hanyetsanang e nang le maikutlo a fapaneng mabapi le bohlokoa ba eona ba bongaka e le bothata ba kelello bo ikemetseng. Phehisano ena e kenyellelitse lipuisano mabapi le likamano lipakeng tsa papali e nang le mathata, mathata a fapa-fapaneng a kelello, le litšobotsi tsa botho le boholo. Pampiri ena e bontša mohlala oa tšebeliso e mpe ea kelello ea tšebeliso e mpe ea papali ea inthanete e bululetsoeng ke kalafo ea bakuli ba babeli ba lilemong tsa bocha. Li-vignette tse peli tsa kliniki li bontša litsela tse ikhethang tsa ntlafatso: "tsela e ka hare" dessyecik nts'etsopele ea matšoenyeho a sechaba, ho qoba maikutlo le boitšoaro; le "tsela e kantle" e nang le maano a tlase a ho laola maikutlo le ho hloka matla. Maemong ka bobeli a kliniki, litaba tsa sehokelo li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho utloisisa mekhatlo e meng ea kotsi le ho boloka lintlha tsa IGD, le mekhoa ea lipapali e ka bonoa e le mefuta e ikhethileng ea maano a ho itaola a bacha bana ba babeli. Tlhahlobo ena ea bongaka e ts'ehetsa monahano oa hore tšebeliso ea papali ea chelete ho bacha e lokela ho shejoa ka mokhoa oa nts'etsopele, ho kenyelletsa lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa nts'etsopele ea maikutlo tse bonts'ang lipheo tsa bohlokoa tsa ho kena lipakeng kalafo.

Keywords: Boloetse ba papali ea inthanete, tšebeliso e mpe ea papali, lits'ila tse kenang kahare, mathata a kantle ho naha, ts'ebetso ea litekanyetso tsa boitsoaro, khatello ea maikutlo, khokahano e sa sireletsehang, bacha

Background

Mathata a Papali ea Inthanete

Ho 2013 Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiatric Association o kenyelelitse Bothata ba ho bapala Inthanete (IGD) sehlomathisong sa lipatlisiso tsa Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea litlhahlobo, Khatiso ea Bohlano (DSM-5) e khothaletsa hore ho etsoe lithuto tse ling hape (). Kamora litlhahiso tsa DSM-5, boloetse ba lipapali (GD) bo sa tsoa kenyelletsoa e le mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa tlhahlobo ea semolao khatisong ea 11th ea International Classification of maloetse () e bua ka lipapali tsa inthanete le tsa inthaneteng le ho taka phapang lipakeng tsa GD le lipapali tse kotsi. Ho ata ha IGD / GD ho hakanngoa pakeng tsa 1.2% le 5.5% ho bacha, mme ts'ebeliso ea mathata a lipapali e ne e tla tšoenyeha ka 1 ho tsoa bacha ba 10 ba bapalang lipapali tsa video ().

Ho hlahisitsoe matšoenyeho a mangata mabapi le ho tsebahatsoa ha DSM-5 IGD kapa CIM-11 GD e le mekhatlo ea bongaka ea discrete (-). Bangoli ba thathamisitse mathata a 'maloa a shebaneng le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo le litaba tsa bona tsa maikutlo le boiphetetso. Tsena li kenyeletsa ho nepahala ha mekhoa ea hona joale ea ho hlahloba, ho pharalla ha bothata ho kenyelletsa mesebetsi eo e seng ea papali ea inthanete (mohlala, mecha ea litaba ea sechaba) le kotsi ea ho fetisa ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng., , ). Tsohle tse ka thoko, lithuto tse susumetsang li bonts'itse hore boits'oaro bo phehellang kapa bo etsahalang khafetsa bo amahanngoa le maikutlo a mangata a kelello ho bacha ba joalo ka matšoenyeho a sechaba, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, ho hloka taolo, litlamorao tse amanang le lithethefatsi, le litloaelo tsa botho., ). Liphumano tsena li tsamaisana hantle lipatlisisong tse entsoeng mehlaleng ea sechaba (-), Bacha ba hiriloeng ke inthanete (), le lipalo tse batlang thuso (, ).

Boithuto ba nako e telele bo tšehelitse kamano ea ho batla maikutlo pakeng tsa IGD le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho bacha (-), mohlala, mekhoa ea psychopathological, joalo ka ho ts'oaroa, e eketsa kotsi ho IGD; hape, nako ea ho pepesetsoa papali e bolela ho teba ha matšoao a sithabetsang 2 lilemo hamorao ho bacha ().

Mohlala o Ntle o Tsoetseng Pele oa Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Lipapali Inthaneteng ho Bacha

Nako ea bocha e bonts'a nako ea ho ba kotsing ea ho hlaha boits'oaro bo bobebe ka tlhalo ea liketsahalo nakong ea phetoho ea ho ba motho e moholo ea lilemong tsa bocha (). Nts'etsopele, bacha ba shebile ho theha boipuso le boitsebahatso ka boiphihlelo ba liphihlelo tsa kahara lihlopha tsa lithaka. Tlhokahalo ea ho kopanya lintho tse ngata, le tse ling tse loantšanang, litlhoko le litlhoko tsa nts'etsopele li ka baka likhohlano pakeng tsa batho le khatello ea maikutlo (). Moelelong ona, litloaelo tse lemalloang li ka hlaha e le mokhoa oa ho theha boits'oaro bo boits'oaro ho sehlopha sa lithaka le ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo (). Leha sebaka sa ho qala ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla hangata se le lilemong tsa bocha, lintlha tsa kelello li thehiloe bongoaneng, haholo-holo maemo a pele a tikoloho le ho se sebetse hantle kelellong le maikutlong (, , ).

Joalo ka ts'ebetso ho DSM-5, Tlhaloso ea IGD ha e kenye maikutlo a ntlafatso. Bohlokoa ba tliliniki, 'nete ea tlhaho le mekhoa ea phekolo ea IGD e fapana joang le ho lilemo? Ehlile motho a ka nahana hore tšusumetso ea tšebeliso e mpe ea papali e tla latela hore na boitšoaro bona bo kenella joang le liphetoho tse tloaelehileng tsa ntlafatso tse bonoang ho biological (mohlala, mats'oao a kelello), tlhalohanyo (mohlala, molawana oa maikutlo, tšibeliso ea koloi), kelello (mohlala, boitsebahatso moralo oa mesebetsi ea kaho le tikoloho), le tikoloho (mohlala, katleho ea thuto / boiphihlelo, maemo a lelapa le kamano ea lelapa) ka fensetere e ikhethileng ea nako. Pono ea nts'etsopele e shebile haholo neng 'me kamoo lintlha tse tlisoang ke ho ba maemong a tšoaetsanoang li kena-kenana 'me li ka baka litsela tse khethollang tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea papali le / kapa psychopathology.

Bacha ba nang le Mathata a Manganga a kelello

Boholo ba lingoliloeng tse sebelisoang tšebeliso e mpe ea lipapali ho batjha li tsoa liphuputsong tse etsoang ka bongata, disampole tse fuoeng inthanete, kapa litleliniking tsa kantle ho nako. Ke litlaleho tsa anecdotal feela tse teng mabapi le bacha ba nang le mafu a tebileng a kelello (, ). Leha ho le joalo, sehlopheng sena sa ho qetela, ho bokellana ha mathata a thuto, ho ikarola sechabeng, le ho teba ha matšoao a kahare li ba beha kotsing e kholo ea ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lipapali. Ho feta moo, haeba papali ea marang-rang e sebelisa hampe ts'ebeliso ea matšoao a kelello ho bacha ba nang le mathata a mangata a kelello, ho lemoha le ho phekola mafu a mabeli ho ka hlahisa kopo e loketseng.

Merero

Mo pampiring ena, re ikemiselitse ho hlalosa litlaleho tse peli tsa linyeoe tsa IGD ho bacha ba nang le bothata bo matla ba kelello ba kelello ba sebelisa mokhoa oa nts'etsopele. Re batlile ho hlahisa lipapatso tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa boitšoaro ba papali, psychopathology le tikoloho. Litsela tsa nts'etsopele tse tlisang kopanyo ea kotsi le ho boloka mabaka li tšohloa bakeng sa vignette ka 'ngoe mabapi le lingoliloeng tse teng mabapi le tšebeliso e mpe ea lipapali tsa inthanete ho bacha.

mekhoa

Boithuto bona ke karolo ea lipatlisiso tse kholo mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa mafu a lemalloang le khatello ea kelello ho bacha ba nang le lefu la kelello le matla (). Barupeluoa ke ba lilemong tsa bocha (12-18 ea lilemo li) ba sepetlele Lefapheng la Bana le Bacha ba Psychology Sepetleleng sa Univesithi sa Pitié-Salpêtrière. Li-Vignette li khethiloe ke sehlopha sa mafu a kelello le lefapha la ts'ebeliso ea likamano tsa bongaka sepetlele. Karolong e setseng ea sengolo sena, re sebelisitse karohano ea DSM-5 ho bua ka mathata a GD le mafu a kelello. Ho ile ha fumanoa tumello e ngotsoeng e tsoang ho batsoali / bahlokomeli ba molao bakeng sa phatlalatso ea linyeoe tsena. Tlhahiso ea litlaleho tsa nyeoe e latela Tataiso ea CARE ().

Case Presentation 1

Tlhahisoleseling ea mokuli le Lipatlisiso tsa Clinical

A e ne e le moshemane ea lilemo li 13 ea neng a isoa inpatient unit bakeng sa ho tlohela ka matla sechabeng ka ho tlohela sekolo ho tloha selemo le halofo. O ne a se na nalane ea kelello kapa ea bongaka ea pele. O ne a lula le ausi oa hae ea tšoanang le 'm'ae. Ntate o ne a hlokahalletse 2 lilemong tse fetileng ka lebaka la mofets'e oa matšoafo. Ba mafahla ba hlahile pele ho nako libekeng tsa 34, empa ha ho na ho lieha ho fumanoeng ho psychomotor.

Kamora lefu la ntate oa hae, A o ile a qala ho itšehla thajana le ho ikhula sechabeng. Ka nako e ts'oanang, o ile a qala ho bapala papaling ea kaho khomphuteng ea hae. Nako e sebelisitsoeng mosebetsing ona e ile ea eketseha, 'me mokuli a tlohela sekolo le mesebetsi e meng. Selemong se fetileng, A e ile ea bapala 10 ho isa ho 12 h ka letsatsi ho se na nako ea ho bapala nako e telele ho feta letsatsi le le leng. Ha a sa bapala, A o ne a halefa, a iphetetsa hape a le mabifi. Ntle le moo, papali e ne e sa kenyeletse likarolo tsa boithabiso (mohlala, seboka kapa tlholisano ea inthaneteng). Likhoeling tse 1 tse fetileng, o ne a koalletsoe ka kamoreng ea hae (ntle le bohloeki) a qeta nako eohle motšehare a bapala papali ea video. Boiteko bohle ba lelapa ba ho mo thusa ho fokotsa papali bo ile ba hloleha. Mokuli o ile a hana ka matla ho kopana le litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, mme nakong ea maeto a ho etela hae, o ne a lula a notletsoe ka kamoreng ea hae.

Tlhahlobo ea Tlhahlobo le Psychopathological

Ha a amoheloa, mokuli o ile a bonahala e le moshanyana ea sa utloeng letho. O ne a shebahala a soabile mme a ikarola ha a bua haholo. Puo e ne e le ea bohlokoa ebile e le bonolo haholo ka likhefu tse ngata, haholo-holo, a tsilatsila ho bua ka menahano ea hae. O ne a le hlokolosi haholo ho khetha lentsoe le nepahetseng ho araba lipotso. O bontšitse maikutlo a atileng a ho hloka kelello le ho lahleheloa ke thahasello tikolohong ea hae. Boemo ba hae ba maikutlo bo ne bo sa susumetsoe hantle ke maemo a kantle. O hlalositse maikutlo a hore o holofetse maikutlong ho fapana le ho hlonama. Ha hoa tlaleha menahano kapa maikutlo a ho hloka tšepo; leha ho le joalo, o ne a sa khone ho itlhahisa nakong e tlang mme o ne a sena tšusumetso ea ho etsa mesebetsi e meng ntle le papali. Boroko le takatso ea lijo li ile tsa bolokoa 'me ha ho tlaleho ea thetso e tlalehiloeng. Ho fumanoe hore na ho na le khatello ea khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng (F34.1) ().

Pele ho pherekano ea khatello ea maikutlo e teng hona joale, Ho bile le mathata a bophelo le maikutlo pakeng tsa batho. O arolelana liphihlelo tsa hae tsa maikutlo feela liketsahalong tse sa tloaelehang mme o ne a le leqe ho batla tšehetso bakeng sa litlhoko tsa mantlha kapa tsa maikutlo. Ha a le ngoana o hlalosoa a le lihlong khafetsa maemong a macha le a sa tloaelehang, a nang le mekhoa e fokolang ea ho laola maikutlo. Thibelo ea sefahleho le lentsoe e ama, eo pele e neng e hlalosoa e le sesupo sa khatello ea maikutlo, e tlalehiloe ho tloha bonyenyaneng.

Nakong ea lipuisano tsa bongaka, 'm'a A o ile a fana ka temohisiso e mpe ea maikutlo. Mantsoe a hae le sefahleho sa hae li ne li bontša ho hlonama ho hoholo, empa o ne a le leqe ho bua ka maikutlo a hae. Lipotso mabapi le likamano lipakeng tsa mesarelo ea lelapa, tšusumetso ho setho se seng le se seng sa lelapa, le matšoao a kelello a A li ile tsa qojoa. Ha a ka a bua ka phobia ea hae ea bophelo eo re e fumaneng nako e telele kamora ho kena sepetlele. Ha e le hantle, ho ile ha fumaneha hore likhetho tsa beke le beke tsa tšebeletso ea tlhokomelo ea bana ba lilemong tsa bocha ke eena feela mohloli oa mabitso a amanang. Mabapi le papali, o ile a ikutloa a se na thuso ho lekola tšebeliso ea lipapali. O ile a lumela ho amohela tataiso ea boits'oaro empa ha a ka a khona ho sebelisa litlhahiso. Khothatso ea hae ea ho fetola maemo a teng lapeng e ne e bonahala e fokola.

Ho kenella ka kalafo, ho latela le litlamorao

E ne e phekoloa ka antidepressant, selebinake e khethiloeng ea serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), sertraline ho fihlela 75 mg / ka letsatsi. Ka teropong, o ile a kenya letsoho liketsong tse fapaneng le li-inpatient tse ling ka sepheo sa ho khothaletsa liphihlelo tse ntle le batho ba baholo le lithaka. O ne a bonahala a bulehile haholoanyane a bile a bua le basebeletsi ba bongaka ba bongaka le bacha ba bang ho feta nakong ea lipuisano tsa bongaka. O ne a e-na le sehlopha sa ts'ehetso sa beke le sehlopha bakeng sa mathata a amanang le boitšoaro le lithethefatsi. Mokuli o ile a qala ho bala 'mele oa sekolo ka lihora tse' maloa ka letsatsi.

Kamora libeke tsa 4, mokuli o ile a ikutloa a le betere hanyane ka hanyane. Nakong ea tumello lapeng, A e hlalosoa e le matla ebile e sebetsa hantle maikutlong. O ile a qala ho natefeloa ke lithahasello tse tloaelehileng le litho tse ling tsa lelapa mme a batla setsoalle ka mafolofolo ha a rera lijo tsa mots'eare mafelong a beke le bacha ba kopaneng sepetlele. Butle-butle, o ile a qeta nako e nyane a bapala lipapali tsa video (ho pota 2 h ka letsatsi) a sa tšoenyehe ha a sa bapala.

Leha ho bile le ntlafatso ea bongaka le ts'ebetso, bobeli ba A le mme oa hae ba ne ba bonahala ba sa khone ho khetholla mabaka a kantle kapa a ka hare a bakileng pherekano e nyahamisang ea A le tšebeliso e mpe ea lipapali. Ha baa ka ba hlahisa matšoenyeho leha e le afe mabapi le ho khutla hape. Ho bona ka bobeli, ho nahanisisa ka se etsahetseng nakong e fetileng kapa bokamoso ho ne ho batla ho le thata, kapa ho sa utloahaleng. Mohlala, leha a sa qeta selemo le halofo a le sieo sekolong, 'm'ae le' m'ae o ile a hana lithuto tsohle tsa sekolo. Mokuli o ne a nka ho pheta-pheta sehlopheng e le sesosa sa khethollo mme o hanne ho khutlela sekolong. Ho feta moo, litlhahiso tsa kalafo tse kang ho kenella ha tlhokomelo ea letsatsi le letsatsi kapa kalafo ea kelello ea motho ka mong li ile tsa fokotsoa ke tumello ke mokuli.

Kamora ho senyeha, mokuli o ile a khethoa khafetsa mohahong oa tlhokomelo ea bana ba kantle mme o qalile sekolong se secha. Kamora libeke tsa 10, mme o ile a ikopanya le rona ho re hlalosetsa hore mora oa hae o hana ho latela tlhokomelo ea bana, ha a sa kena sekolo hape, hape o ile a tlohela setjhaba ka tšebeliso e mpe ea papali.

Phetoho ea bongaka

Tšoaetso lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lipapali

Tlalehong ena, matšoao a ho tšoenyeha / ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo le tšebeliso e mpe ea papali ea marang-rang e hokahane haholo: ho fokotseha ho teba ha matšoao a ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ho ne ho amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo fokolang ba papali, mme "ho khutlela hape" ho papali e matla ho etsahetse ka ho qaleha ha khatello ea maikutlo. Mokhatlo o joalo o bontšitsoe hantle (, , ). Lithutong tse telele, tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological e boleloa esale pele ke matšoenyeho (ho kenyeletsoa phobia ea sechaba) le matšoao a sithabetsang (, , ). Phokotso e joalo pakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea papali le matšoao a ho tšoenyeha / butle-butle li ka hlahisa mohato o sa khaotseng oa matšoao a ho kenella kahare ().

Khokahano e sa sireletsoang e le Morero oa Kotsi e Kopaneng

Mona, re entse tlhahlobo ea mafu a amanang le ho ikamahanya le maemo (F94.1) () mabapi le mathata a A ho qala le ho arabela litšebelisanong tse ngata tsa sechaba ka tsela e tloaelehileng e ntseng e bonoa ho tloha bongoaneng ba hae. Ntle le moo, moelelo oa ho hlonepha maikutlo ho ne ho ka etsahala hore a nahane ka mathata a mme a ho lemoha le ho utloisisa maikutlo a hae le a bana ba hae.

Har'a bana ba nang le setaele sa ho ikamahanya le tšireletso, ho fumanoe sehlotshana sa ho qoba ho tšoenyeha (). Bana bana ha ba bonts'e khatello ea karohano mme ba hlokomoloha mohlokomeli kapa ba mo furalla. Boholo () o khothalelitse bana bana ka matla ho qoba mohlokomeli ea sa tsotelleng ea sa tsotelleng ka lebaka la ho qoba boemo ba tlokotsi ebe qetellong ba boloka taolo. Ho qoba boemo bofe kapa bofe bo bocha ba bana ho bana ba nang le mofuta oa ho ikamahanya le maemo, ho ka lebisa ho se itšepe le ho bonts'a matšoao a kahare dessyecik ho hloka menyetla ea ho ithuta mahlale a setjhaba le mohlokomeli oa hae ().

Bacha le bacha ba nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ba na le menyetla e mengata ea ho ikamahanya le maemo (-). Phuputso ea Mataliana e fumane hore mekhoa ea ho ikamahanya e kenya letsoho bakeng sa karolo e kholo (13%) phapusing ea litloaelo tse ngata tsa boits'oaro baithuti ba koleche (). Litšobotsi tse ling tsa kelello tse tlalehiloeng vignette ena ea bongaka, joalo ka boemo bo phahameng ba khatello ea kelello, taolo ea kelello le boits'oaro, le ho fetoha hoa maemo, le tsona li tlalehiloe e le lebaka le behang likotsi bakeng sa ho qala le ho boloka tšebeliso e mpe ea papali ea papali lilemong tsa bocha., ). Phuputso e le 'ngoe e ts'ehetsa pono ena ea nts'etsopele, joalo ka ha bangoli ba fumane hore khokahano / litšobotsi tsa botho ho batho ba baholo li buella tšusumetso ea likamano tsa malapa tse sa sebetseng ho hlaha hoa IGD (). Puisanong, re qaqisa kamoo ho qoba le ho itšehla thajana e le karabelo e sa khaotseng ea mokuli ea nang le bothata ba ho se sireletsehe ho itšireletsang ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlaheng le ho phehelleng ha bothata ba maikutlo le papali ho leng thata.

Case Presentation 2

Tlhahisoleseling ea mokuli le Lipatlisiso tsa Clinical

B e ne e le moshanyana ea lilemo li 15 ea isitsoeng sebakeng sa liphallelo bakeng sa boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho senyeha kamora ho lelekoa sekolong sa hae. O ne a lula le Abuti oa hae ea lilemo li 10 ea lilemo li peli le banab'abo ba babeli ba lilemo (20 ea lilemo li le 30). Batsoali ba ile ba arohana le hoja ba lula hammoho. B o ne a tloaetse ho pepesetsoa liqhoebeshano tse matla le likhohlano pakeng tsa bona. Batsoali ka bobeli ba ne ba sa sebetse. Ntate o ne a lemaletse joala bo sa phekoloang mme 'm'ae a se na nalane e ikhethang ea kelello. Lelapa le ne le latetsoe ke lits'ebeletso tsa boiketlo ba sechaba ho tloha ha B e ne e le 3.

Boimana ba mokuli bo ne bo thatafatsoa ke lefu la tsoekere la setho sa botona le tšebeliso e mpe ea bo-mme ka linako tse ling. B o hlahile pele ho nako ho libeke tsa 35 tsa boimana. O ile a lieha ho qala ho bua (mantsoe a pele ho lilemo tsa 2) le mathata a koloi e ntle. Ha a fihla sehlopheng sa pele, o ne a thatafalloa ke ho utloisisa litaelo tse boletsoeng ka ho hlaka le ho etsa mesebetsi ea graphomotor. Ho phasoloha le khatello ea maikutlo le tsona li hlokometsoe. Ha a le lilemo 6, tlhahlobo ea Wechsler Preschool le Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) e fumane tšebetso e tsoileng matsoho maemong a tloaelehileng (Verbal IQ = 100, Performance IQ = 75). Ha a le lilemo tsa 7, mokuli o ile a lebisoa ho lelapa la tlhokomelo ea bana ba se nang bana ka nako eohle setsing sa thuto bakeng sa bacha ba nang le mathata a boitšoaro. Ntlafatso ea taolo ea maikutlo e ile ea bonoa.

Ha a le lilemo 13, B o ile a tobana le liketsahalo tse fapaneng tse fapaneng tsa bophelo (ho koalloa mor'abo ka halofo, a tlohela tlhokomelo ea bana hore a khutlele hae, 'me a fetohe sehlopheng sa pedagogic). O ile a ba mabifi 'meleng khahlanong le lithaka le batho ba baholo ka ho phatloha ho hongata ka khalefo ka letsatsi. Meriana e fapaneng e ile ea lekoa ntle le ntlafatso ea karohano kapa karolo: tiapridum (setho sa pele sa antipsychotic) ho fihlela 15 mg / ka letsatsi, carbamazepine ho fihlela 200 mg / ka letsatsi, butle-butle risperidone e ile ea eketseha ho 4 mg / letsatsi. B o ile a qheleloa ka thoko ho setsi sa hae sa thuto kamora hore ho be le pefo ea setho sa basebetsi ba thuto. Ho tloha ka nako eo, mokuli o lutse hae letsatsi lohle. O ile a hlalosoa a sa halefe haholo ka lebaka la khalefo e sa laoleheng ea letsatsi le letsatsi. O ne a hlekefetsa batsoali ba hae ka mantsoe le ka mmele ha a bua ka pherekano mme o ile a leka ho qholotsa moahelani ka mor'a polelo ea banali. Nakong ena, B o ile a boloka lithahasello tsa hae mesebetsing ea hae e tloaelehileng, mohlala, ho hlokomela liphoofolo kapa ho pheha.

O ile a eketsa nako haholo khomphuteng ea hae kamora ho lelekoa sekolong. O ne a bapala haholo-holo Lipapali Tse Bapalang Karolo ea Motho le Motho oa Pele oa ho Thunya, ka maemo a mabifi. Mananeo a ho bapala a letsatsi le letsatsi a ne a nka 2-6 h, ka linako tse ling bosiu. O ne a khona ho shebella livideo tsa inthanete ka lihora tse 'maloa, ekaba litšoantšo tsa bongoana kapa livideo tse mabifi tsa pefo. B o ne a noa joala letsatsi le letsatsi hangata a le mong khalase e le 'ngoe ea veine kapa lekoti la biri ka linako tsa ho noa joala hoo e ka bang khoeli e' ngoe le e 'ngoe (ke hore, 10 g ea joala letsatsi le leng le le leng kapa li-unit tsa 8.75 ka beke ka karolelano). O hlalositse hore joala ke mokhoa oa "ho theola moea". Ha e le hantle, mokuli o ne a nyatsa haholo bothata ba ntate oa hae ba ho lemalla joala, a nyatsa ho hloleha ha ntate oa hae ha a tahiloe hore a mo hlokomele. O ne a boetse a sebelisa hanf hangata (o ne a tsuba lenonyello le leng likhoeling tse ling le tse ling tse peli).

Tlhahlobo ea Tlhahlobo le Psychopathological

Nakong ea lipuisano ka bonngoe, B o ne a khutsitse. O hlalositse maikutlo a lehloeo, a ntse a tsoela pele ho halefa le maikutlo a ho rata batho ba baholo ("ho tšoenyeha, ho hlabisoa lihlong le ho halefa ka nako e le 'ngoe"). O tlaleha hore o pepesehetse likhohlano tse mabifi lapeng mme khafetsa o tlameha ho hlokomela ntate oa hae ea tahiloeng. Lefatsheng ka bophara, o hlalositse boemo ba ho se tsotelle mmeleng le maikutlong lapeng. B o bontšitse ho tšoenyeha ka litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ba hae le bokamoso ba hae (o lakatsa ho ba moapehi). O ne a tšaba ho "lula a halefetse" ka mor'a ho tsoa sepetlele kapa hore mathata a tšoanang le a hae a tla a pheta le abuti oa hae. Boroko le takatso ea lijo li ile tsa bolokoa.

Setsing seo, o ne a e-na le likamano tse fokolang le bacha ba bang. O ne a le monyebe haholo hore a ka kenella mesebetsing ea lipapali mme hangata o ne a lahloa ke sehlopha ha a bapala lipapali tsa boto. O ne a ikutloa a phutholohile haholoanyane ho bakuli ba banyenyane bao a neng a ba rata ka liphoofolo. Ha a ikutloa a tšoenyehile, mokuli o ne a batla tlhokomelo ho batho ba baholo ba nang le boitšoaro bo tsosang kapa lits'oso. Ka tšohanyetso a ka otla leboteng, khahlano le fensetere, kapa sets'oants'o sa thepa ntle le tlhaloso.

Tlhahlobo ea Psychomotor e bontšitse bopaki ba bokuli ba nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele (F82) (): kakaretso ea tlhahlobo ea koloi le khokahano e ne e le ho 0.1 percentile, lintlha tsa tlhahlobo ea visuomotor tsa tlhahlobo e ne e le tlase haholo, mme o ne a na le −7 tloaelo ea ho kheloha bokhoni ba ho ngola ( Lethathamo 1 ). Tlhahlobo ea puo e bonts'itse bopaki ba dyslexia e matla (Ho hloka taolo ea ho bala, F315.0) e nang le bokhoni bo tloaelehileng ba bofokoli puong ea molomo empa boiphihlelo bo fokolang ba ho bala ( Lethathamo 2 ). Ho ile ha hlahisoa lefu la ho ferekanya kelello le ho ferekanya kelello le ho ferekanya (F34.8) ho mocha ea nang le mathata a ho ithuta a mangata (nts'etsopele ea ho hokahanya kopano ea methapo, dyslexia, dysgraphia 'me a hlalosetsoa mokuli le batsoali ba hae.

Lethathamo 1

Tlhahlobo ea Psychomotor e entsoeng ke B.

mesebetsi e meng ntle'mino
Tsebo ea Koloi ea Gross: M-ABC-2
 Palo-tlase ea bukana ea bukana14 (1st % ile)
 Lintlha tse tlase tsa tsebo ea bolo14 (16th % ile)
 Palo-tlase ea botsitso le e matla9 (0.1st % ile)
 Lintlha kaofela37 (0.1st % ile)
Gnosopraxis: EMG
 Ho etsisa matsoho7.5 / 10 (−2.98 SD)
 Tsamaiso ea menoana e etsisang3 / 16 (+ 0.42 SD)
Setšoantšo sa 'Mele
 Teko ea GHDTDA = 7.25 lilemo
 Teko ea Berges somatognosiaAtleha
Tsebo e bonoang le tsebo ea ho kopanya likoloi: DTPV-2
 Ponahalo e fokotsitsoeng ea makoloi36 (32nd % ile)
 Khokahano ea Visual-motor27 (27th % ile)
Graphism
 BHK-ado37 (−7 SD)
 Teko ea bender visual-motorDA = 6.0 lilemo
Mesebetsi ea rosa
 Mosebetsi oa ho hlahloba-kutloisiso ea makoloi (Soubiran)Ha ea ka ea atleha
 Mosebetsi oa ho etsa lipatlisiso le ho shebella (Soubiran)Ha ea ka ea atleha
 Tlanya (Stambak)Ha ea ka ea atleha

DA, lilemo tsa nts'etsopele; SD, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng; M-ABC, Battery ea Tlhatlhobo ea Movement ea Bana; EMG, Tlhahlobo ea de la Motricité Gnosopraxique; GHDT, Goodenough-Harris Teko ea ho taka; DTPV-2, Teko ea Ntoa ea Tsoelo-pele ea Visual Perception 2nd khatiso; BHK-ado, tlhahlobo ea Bender, Teko ea Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt.

Lethathamo 2

Liteko tsa tlhahlobo ea molomo, molomo le mongolo o ngotsoeng tse entsoeng ke B.

mesebetsi e meng ntle'mino
Tekanyo ea bohlale ea Wechsler bakeng sa bana-IV
 Lenane la kutloisiso ea mantsoe
 Lethathamo la mabaka la kutloisiso
 Index ea memori ea ho sebetsa
 E sebetsana le index ea lebelo
Phonoloji
 Ho pheta-pheta monosyllabic (EDA)DA = 6 lilemo
 Khatello ea phonem ea ho qetela (EDA)DA = 9 lilemo
Semantic
 Kamohelo ea Lexical (EDA)DA = 9 lilemo
 Lebitso la litšoantšo (EVIP)DA = 13 lilemo
 Kereke ea litšoantšo (EDA)DA = 9 lilemo
 Ho bua ka mokhoa o hlakileng (DEN 48)- 1.9 SD ha e bapisoa le 8th mohlala sampole
Morphosyntax
 Kutloisiso ea syntax (EDA)DA = 9 lilemo
 Phethahatso ea kahlolo (EDA)DA = 9 lilemo
ho bala
 Ho bala mantsoe ka 1 min (LUM)- 1.6 SD ha e bapisoa le 2nd mohlala sampole
 Ho bala mongoloDA = 6 lilemo
ho ngola
 Khopi ea setšoantšo (L2MA2)- 1 ET ha e bapisoa le 6th mohlala sampole
 Mongolo oa mongoloDA = 6 lilemo

EDA, Examen des Dyslexies Acquises; EVIP, Échelle de vocabulaire en litšoantšo Peabody; DEN 48, Epreuve de dénomination pour enfants; LUM, BOTSOANG en Une Minute; L2MA2, puo e buuoang, puo e ngotsoeng, mohopolo, tlhokomelo.

Ho kenella ka kalafo, ho latela le litlamorao

Phekolo e nang le carbamazepine e ile ea emisoa mme risperidone e fokotsehile ho 2 mg / ka letsatsi, lethal dose le neng le sebelisoa hangata ho bacha ba nang le boitšoaro bo hlephileng (). Benzodiazepine, diazepam, e kentsoe bakeng sa phello ea eona e tšoenyang. Mokuli o boetse o qalile ntlafatso ea kelello ts'ebetsong (beke le beke ea boikhathollo le lihlopha tsa motho ka mong). Batsoali ba ile ba hlalosetsoa tlhokahalo ea kalafo e matla ea puo. Ho sebelisana 'moho le lits'ebeletso tsa boiketlo ba sechaba e ne e le ntho ea bohlokoahali ho petleleng ena. O ne a felehelitsoe ke seboka sa lekhotla le lecha moo ho ileng ha theoa qeto ea ho beoa. Bekeng ea ho qetela ea sepetlele, o ile a etela sebakeng se secha sa tlhokomelo ea bolulo.

Phetoho e kholo ea kliniki e ile ea bonoa nakong ea sepetlele ka ho fokotseha ha mathata a boitšoaro. Ha a le mothating, B ha a sa hlahisa mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea IGD, 'me ha ho hlokahale ho kenella ho itseng. Likhoeli tse tšeletseng hamorao, B ha e sa hlola e hlahisa ho senyeha hoa bongaka kapa ts'ebetso.

Phetoho ea bongaka

Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa Metsoako e Khathatsoang le Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea Lipapali

Re fumane vignette ena kamano pakeng tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng le tšebeliso e mpe ea papali tumellanong le lingoliloeng tse fumanehang ho bacha (, , , , ). Phuputso e entsoeng Spain e bonts'itse hore ts'oaetso e senyehileng ea boits'oaro ke ts'oaetso e atileng haholo e amanang le IGD mohlaleng oa lingaka tsa bakuli (). Ho bonahala eka IGD e amahanngoa le mefuta ea maiketsetso e potlakileng le e mahlahahlaha (e sa susumetseng) ea boitšoaro bo mabifi ho bacha. Wartberg et al. () e fumane hore mohlaleng o moholo o thehiloeng sechabeng oa bacha, ba ipolelang matšoao a IGD ba ne ba tloaetse mathata a taolo ea ho halefa, boitšoaro bo sa tsotelleng, le sehlahisoa sa SDQ hyperactivity / tlhokomeliso, litlhahlobisong tse ngata.

Khokahano ea ho se sireletsehe, khatello ea maikutlo le maikutlo

Tlhaloso ea mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa mokuli B oa ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo ho tloha bongoaneng ea hae e ne e hlasimolla ka matla mohopolo o fokolang o sa tsotelleng oa ho ikamahanya le maemo (o boetse o bitsoa tlamahano e ts'oanang). Bana ba nang le bothata bo tlase ba ho se amehe ka bothata ba ho ikamahanya le maemo ba bonts'a khatello e kholo ea karohano mme ba tloaetse ho ba le maikutlo a fapaneng ha mohlokomeli oa hae a khutla (). Nakong ea bongoaneng, bana bana ba ka tloaela ho ba le “boitšoaro bo laolang” (ke hore, bo khutlisetsoa) ho bahlokomeli. Lipontšo tsa khalefo kapa ho hloka thuso ho mofani oa tlhokomelo ho kopaneng li nkuoe e le leano la ho boloka ho fumaneha ha mohlokomeli ka ho nka taolo ea tšebelisano (ntle le tšenyo ea nako)).

Ho haelloa ke ho pepeseha hoa likarabo tsa mofani oa tlhokomelo, joalo ka ha ho fumaneha lelapeng la B, ha hoa ka ha lumella bana ho holisa litebello tse tšepahalang mabapi le boitšoaro ba batho ba baholo. Ka lebaka leo, bana bana ha baa ka ba ba le mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho tšepa matla a bona a ho toloka lefatše la bona la bophelo: ka kakaretso, ba na le mathata a mangata a ho lebella le ho toloka mekhoa ea maikutlo (mohlala, sefahleho) le ho utloisisa tsa bona boemo ba kelello ().

Taba ea hore bana bana ba kenelletse lefats'eng la boiketlo ba sa utloisisehe ho bona mme ba na le mathata a ho lula ba "tloaelana" le maikutlo a ba bang e hlalositse mathata a ho theha maano a ho laola maikutlo le menahano e mengata ea mathata a boitšoaro a amanang le ona (mohlala, boitšoaro bo hanyetsang, ho se mamelle maemo a felletseng a ho teneha, ho teneha, ho ba le boitšoaro bo mabifi, ho lahloa ke lithaka) (, ).

Tekanyo e tlase ea bokhoni ba taolo ea maikutlo bongoaneng ke ntlha e kholo ea kotsi bakeng sa mathata a boitšoaro bo lematsang ho bacha, ho kenyeletsoa le GD le mathata a amanang le inthanete (, , , ). Bacha ba nang le mathata a ho laola maikutlo a bona ba ka etsa lintho tse joalo khafetsa ho qoba kapa ho laola maikutlo le maikutlo a mabe kapa ho lelefatsa maemo a monate a maikutlo (). Puisanong, re hlalosa hore na maano a ho laola maikutlo a fokolang a ne a ka emela mabaka a ho ba kotsing ea ho ba moferekanyi joang le bbuelli ba kamano pakeng tsa psychopathology le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lipapali ho mokuli.

Puisano

Tsela e kahare ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Lipapali

Re hlahisa Setšoantšo sa 1 pono e felletseng ea kamano pakeng tsa kotsi le ho boloka mabaka a tšebeliso e mpe ea lipapali bakeng sa mokuli A. Re hlalositse hore a) mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa oa ho itšireletsa o sa le lesea, b) matšoao a kahare ho bongoana, le c) bokuli bo hatellang bo nyahamisang bongoaneng ba pele e ne e le mekhoa e fapaneng ea boitšoaro ea tsela e tloaelehileng ea nts'etsopele ea menyetla ea ho tšoenyeha / ho sithabela ha maikutlo. Maemong a tlokotsing ea motho ka mong le tikoloho e fetohileng hampe, mokuli oa rona o bile le mekhoa e metle ea ho sebetsana ka katleho le bana ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo. Nakong ea bocha, liketsahalo tse bohloko tsa lelapa (ho lahleheloa ke tšehetso ea bo-ntate, khatello ea maikutlo ea basali) le mathata a likamano tsa lithaka li ile tsa mo thatafalletsa haholo ho fetohela sehlopheng sa lithaka ho theha mohopolo o mocha oa boitsebahatso le kamano.

Faele e kantle e nang le setšoantšo, papiso, joalo-joalo Lebitso la ntho ke fpsyt-10-00336-g001.jpg

Tsela e tsoetseng pele e lebisang tšebeliso e mpe ea papali ho mokuli A.

Lipapali li ka nkuoa mona e le leqheka le phoso la ho sebetsana le litšebelisano le batho ho qoba likamano tsa batho tse bonoang e le tse tšosang kapa tse sa reroang, ha mokuli oa rona a rata khotsofalo ea hang-hang ea papali e le tlatsetso e 'ngoe likamanong. Ho Fofoletsa Flores (), lipapali tsa "hape e le tšitiso molemong oa likamano tsa batho. ”Ka lebaka leo, lipapatso tse ngata haholo tsa papali le litlamorao tsa eona li ka mpefatsa seriti le ho tepella maikutlo. Motsoako oa litabatabelo tse amanang le papali e ntle le ho qoba boits'oaro / maikutlo ho nts'etsopele ea IGD ho bonahala e le moelelo ona joalokaha o bonts'itsoe ho batho ba baholo ().

Tsela e kantle ea ho bapala lipapali hampe

Re hlahisa Setšoantšo sa 2 tsela e ikhethileng ea tsoelo-pele e lebisang tšebelisong e mpe ea lipapali. Re fane ka maikutlo a hore a) mathata a sekolo, haholo-holo maemong a ho holofala ha ho ithuta, le b) Mathata a tikoloho, ho kenyelletsa ho hloka tšehetso ea motsoali le tlhokomelo ea motsoali, e ne e le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse behang kotsing ea ho sebelisa boits'oaro bo kantle le tšebeliso e mpe ea lipapali. Le ha mathata a kelello a kang ho lieha ho nts'etsopele ea mesebetsi e metle a bile teng ho tloha lilemong tsa sekolo sa sekolo, tšusumetso ea ona maikutlong le maikutlong a sechaba e ka mpefala le ho feta lilemong ka lebaka la tebello e eketsehang ea sechaba le thuto. Ho na le monyetla oa hore mathata a kelello le a thibelo ea koloi ho lieha ho putsa kapele a hlahisa maemo a sithabetsang (mohlala, sekolong, ka lelapeng) a ileng a phahamisa maikutlo a mokuli a khatello ea maikutlo, pherekano le lehloeo le lebisang ho "nts'etsopele ea"). Ho lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo mathata a joalo a bonahala a tšehelitsoe ke lintho tse sa tloaelehang pele ho nako ea phomolo (le mesebetsi e liehang ().

Faele e kantle e nang le setšoantšo, papiso, joalo-joalo Lebitso la ntho ke fpsyt-10-00336-g002.jpg

Tsela e tsoetseng pele e lebisang tšebeliso e mpe ea papali ho mokuli B.

Lintho tsa pele tsa tikoloho kapa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amang ho fetoha ha methapo ea kutlo le kelello li ka bapala karolo ho hlaheng ha psychopathology le ts'ebeliso ea lipapali ho le thata ho vignette ena. Taba ea mantlha, ho ka boleloa hore ntate oa B o fumanoe a e-na le bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala le phapang pakeng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi le lithethefatsi.). Taba ea bobeli, ho pepesetsoa joala ba fetal bo ka be bo sitisitse ts'ebetso ea methapo ea methapo ea B e lebisang ho tsepamisisong e kholo ea kelello pele ho taolo e fosahetseng. Taba ea boraro, liphihlelo tse bohloko tsa pele le ho nyahama maikutlong le tsona li ka kenya letsoho ho sitisang kholo ea methapo ea kutlo le bokhoni ba kelello ().

Tlalehong ena ea nyeoe, re ka nka hore ho batla ha B ho sa batleng ha ntho ea ho ithabisa ka papali ho kanna ha bakoa ke maano a ho itlhahisa hampe maemong a mefuta e meng ea maano a ho itaola (mohlala, tlhahlobo ea kelello, ho batla tšehetso) ha e na thuso. Ho sebelisa pono ea kelello, boitšoaro ba papali bo ka nkuoa e le sebaka sa mehloli e meng e tloaelehileng ea thabo lilemong tsena boemong ba ntho (mohlala, likamano tse mpe tsa lelapa le likamano tsa lithaka) le boemo ba boithati (ho ikhotsofatsa ho tlase maemong a ho hloleha / ts'ebetso e mpe ea thuto kapa thuto) (, ). Tekanyetso ea sebaka sa botseteli sa B ho lipapatso e kanna ea hlalosoa ka karolo e 'ngoe ea tlhokahalo ea ho fokotsa mehloli e meng ea monyaka / ho se khahlise lintho tse fokolisitsoeng mme ka hona li ka bonahala sebakeng sa hae. Melao ea papali ea video e kanna ea utloahala habonolo bakeng sa B mme e nkuoa e le “e ntle” ho feta melao ea kantle.

Liphello tsa Kliniki le Lipatlisiso

Mathata a ho amohela maikutlo a hae le ho hlahisa maikutlo a hanyetsanang ka tlhokomelo, e tloaelehileng ho bacha ka litaba tsa khokahano, mathata a likamano tsa kalafo le ho khomarela morero oa kalafo (). Boikemisetso bo tlase ba ts'usumetso ea kalafo le ho ikemisetsa ho fetoha li nkuoa e le mabaka a mantlha a ho se sebetse ha katleho ea psychotherapy ho bacha ba nang le IGD (, ). Litlhahiso tsa kelello tse thehiloeng kelellong e ka ba tsa bohlokoa haholo ho bacha ba nang le IGD joalo ka psychotherapy e ikopantseng ea li-psychotherapy.), psychotherapy e thehiloeng kelellong (), le kalafo ea boitsoaro ba litloaelo (). Mekhoa e joalo e khothalletsa tlhokomeliso ea maikutlo le mamello ea mokuli (mohlala, bakeng sa A) kapa ho ba le kutloisiso ea ho ts'epa likamano (mohlala, bakeng sa B) tse tlatsetsang ho buuoeng ho eketsehang bakeng sa litheko tse ngata tse etsahalang tse tšoanang).

Karolo ea sepetlele ke efe maemong aa? Ho arohana le tikoloho eo a neng a tloaetse ho e tloaela ho ile ha mo thusa hore a tlohele mokhoa oo a tloaetseng ho bapala papali ea chelete e ngata, empa ho oela hape ho ile ha etsahala nakoana kamora ho tsoa sepetlele. Ho kena sepetlele ho bacha ba lemaletseng boitšoaro bo bobe ha se feela monyetla oa ho emisa boitšoaro bo bobe empa hape ho ntlafatsa tsebo ea mocha le ea lelapa la hae mabapi le lintlha tse ka hare tsa ho boloka bophelo bo botle le ka ntle.). Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe mona, khahlano le khokahano e amahanngoa khafetsa le lintlha tsa lelapa bakeng sa IGD tse ka lokelang ho kenella ho kenelletseng: ho sithabela ha motsoali (), matšoenyeho a motsoali (), boemo bo se nang thuso ba tšehetso ea lelapa (), kapa khokahano ea tšireletseho ea botsoali, ).

Ba bang ba boletse hore mathata a lelapa a ka ba le karolo e kholo ho feta ea ho hlaha ha IGD ho bacha. Bacha ba nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ba ne ba khesa malapa a bona mme ba nka batsoali ba bona e le ba sa tšehetsaneng le ba mofuthu ha ba bapisoa le bacha ba se nang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bothata ba inthanete (). Xu et al. () e fumanoe mehlala ea bacha ba 5,122 ea hore boleng ba kamano ea batsoali le bacha le puisano bo ne bo amana haufi-ufi le nts'etsopele ea bokhoba ba marang-rang ba bongoaneng. Bakeng sa Lam (), Tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete e ka bonoa e le mokhoa oa ho lefella litšebelisano tse nang le mathata le motsoali a le mong, haholo-holo haeba ho na le psychopathology ea motsoali. Boemong ba ho se tsotelle haholo maikutlong, joalo ka ha lelapa la B, lipapali tsa video li bonahala e le mohloli o le mong feela o tsitsitseng le o ka bonoang oa thabo lelapeng leo batho ba baholo ba neng ba sa sebetse hantle mme ba fumaneha bakeng sa bana ba bona.

Qetellong, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe maemong ana a mabeli a kliniki, tlhahlobo e hlokolosi ea semelo sa tikoloho le nalane ea nts'etsopele ke ea bohlokoa haholo ho fumana lintlha tse sithabetsang tse matlafatsang kelello ea mokuli le / kapa maano a taolo a maikutlo a fosahetseng. Bacha ba nang le bothata bo boholo ba ho ithuta ba ka supa palo e kotsing e kholo ea IGD e nahanang ka mabaka a mangata a kotsi bakeng sa tšebeliso e mpe ea papali, mohlala, ho se atlehe lithutong, bokhoni bo tlase ba maikutlo le ho lieha ho nts'etsopele ea mosebetsi o moholo.

fihlela qeto e

Re hatella tlhokahalo ea ho nahana ka litsela tsa nts'etsopele tse bakang kamano pakeng tsa psychopathology le / kapa tšebeliso e mpe ea lipapali ho bacha ba nang le IGD. Tsela e "kahare" le "kantle" ea ho sebelisa hampe lipapali dessyecik ho qala ha lintho tse ikhethileng, empa ho na le moo ho hlahisoang, mathata a kelello le maemo a tikoloho a hlahisoang Litšoantšo 1 'me 2 . Boitšoaro ba lipapali bo ka bonoa e le mefuta e ikhethileng ea maano a ho itaola ho bacha ba nang le litaba tsa hokela. Ho nahanisisa ka mabaka a tlokotsi, joalo ka mokhoa oa ho hloka ts'ireletso le ho imeloa kelellong, ho ka emela monyetla oa bohlokoa oa kalafo ho bacha ba nang le mathata a mabeli.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

XB le DC li ile tsa kenya letsoho haholo molemong oa mohopolo le moralo oa mosebetsi. XB, PM, CI, le HM ba entse liphallelo tse kholo ho etseng ho fumana, ho sekaseka kapa ho hlalosetsa lintlha. XB e qopile mosebetsi kapa ea e ntlafatsa hape bakeng sa litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa mahlale. XB, PM, YE, DC, CI, le HM ba fane ka tumello ea ho qetela ea hore phetolelo e phatlalatsoe. XB, PM, YE, DC, CI, le HM ba lumetse ho ikarabella bakeng sa likarolo tsohle tsa mosebetsi ho netefatsa hore lipotso tse amanang le ho nepahala kapa bots'epehi ba karolo efe kapa efe ea mosebetsi li hlahlojoa ka nepo.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Re leboha ka tieo litsi tse thusitseng ka morero ona oa lichelete: la Direction General de la Santé (DGS), la Caisse Nationale de l'Assurance Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés (CNAMTS), la Mission interministérielle de lutte contre les drogues et les conduites addicatives ( MILDECA), le l'Observatoire National des Jeux (ODJ) ("IReSP-15-Prevention-11").

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Patlisiso e entsoe ha ho se na likamano tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkuoang e le khohlano e ka bang teng lipapatsong.

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