Mathata a ho bapala Inthaneteng ho Bana le Adolescents (2017)

Lingaka. 2017 Nov; 140 (Suppl 2): S81-S85. Doi: 10.1542 / peds.2016-1758H.

DA ea Balichaba1, Bailey K2, Bavelier D3,4, Brockmyer JF5, Chelete H6, SM SMne7, Doan A8, Grant DS9, Green CS10, Griffiths M11, Markle T12, Petry NM13, Sireletsa S14, Rae CD6, Rehbein F15, Morui M16, Sullivan D17, Woolley E18, Monyane K19.

inahaneloang

American Psychiatric Association haufinyane e kenyelletsa mofets'e oa lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) e le ts'oaetso e ka hlahang, e khothaletsa hore ho etsoe thuto e eketsehileng ho thusa ho e bonesa ka mokhoa o hlakileng haholoanyane. Pampiri ena ke kakaretso ea tlhahlobo e entsoeng ke IGD Working Group e le karolo ea 2015 National Academy of Sciences Sackler Colloquium ho Digital Media le Minds Development. Ka ho sebelisa mehato e thehiloeng ho tlhaloso ea IGD kapa e ts'oanang, re fumane hore tekanyetso ea phallo e pakeng tsa ∼1% le 9%, ho latela lilemo, naha, le litšobotsi tse ling tsa mohlala. The etiology ea IGD ha e utloisisoe hantle ka nako ena, leha ho bonahala eka ho ts'oaroa ha lipapali le nako e ngata ea lipapali ho ka ba mabaka a kotsi. Ho hakanngoa hore na nako e telele ea ho ferekana e ka lula e fapana hakae, empa ha ho hlake hore na hobaneng. Le ha bangoli ba liphuputso tse 'maloa ba bontšitse hore IGD e ka phekoloa, ha ho liteko tse laoloang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng tse seng li phatlalalitsoe, tse etsang hore polelo efe kapa efe e hlakileng ka kalafo e se ke ea khoneha. Ka hona, IGD e bonahala e le sebaka seo ho sona ho hlokahalang lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng. Re buisana ka lipotso tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa tseo patlisiso e tlang ho sebetsana le tsona le ho fana ka litlhahiso bakeng sa baoki, baetsi ba melao, le matichere ho latela seo re se tsebang ka nako ena.

PMID: 29093038

DOI: 10.1542 / peds.2016-1758H

Background

Ho feta 90% ea bana le bacha United States joale ba bapala lipapali tsa video, 'me ba qeta nako e ngata ba bapala.1,2 Keketseho e ntseng e eketseha ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale e lebisitse ho ts'oenyehong ho ntseng ho eketseha sechabeng mabapi le litlamorao tse ka bakang tšenyo, ho kenyelletsa le monyetla oa hore papali ea video e ka "baka likhathatso." Hona joale ho na le sehlopha se sengata sa lipatlisiso tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore basebelisi ba bang ba boima ba lipapali tsa video ba hlile ba sa sebetse hantle. matšoao a ka lebisang likotsi tse mpe likarolong tse sebetsang tsa bophelo.

American Psychiatric Association haufinyane e kenyelletsa mofani oa lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) e le ts'oaetso e ka hlahang.3 Ho hlalosoa e le "tšebeliso e sa khaotseng le e sebelisoang khafetsa ea ho etsa lipapali, hangata le libapali tse ling, e leng ho ferekanyang kapa ho sithabela haholo kelellong."3 Ba phethela ka hore bopaki bo matla ho lekana ho kenyelletsa IGD ho sehlomathisong sa lipatlisiso tsa Buka ea Bohokahanyi le Boitsebiso, Khatiso ea bohlano (DSM-5), ka sepheo sa ho khothaletsa lipatlisiso tse ling.

Naha ea hona joale

Leha e le lebitso la eona, IGD ha e hloke hore batho ka bomong ba bonts'e matšoao a bokhoba ba tahi le lipapali tsa video tsa inthanete feela. Ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata e ka hlaha maemong a kantle ho marang-rang le marang-rang,3 leha litlaleho tsa "bokhoba ba papali ea livideo" hangata li kenyeletsa lipapali tsa marang-rang tse kang Lipapali Tse Itseng Tsa Batho ba Bangata tsa Marang-rang. Habohlokoa, ho bapala papali ea video khafetsa ho ke ke, ho sebeletsa feela e le motheo oa tlhahlobo. The DSM-5 e re ho bapala lipapali tsa video ho lokela ho baka "ho fokola haholo" bophelong ba motho. Ho joalo, liphuputso li senotse hore ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea "pathologic video" le papali e phahameng ea papali e ikhethile ka mokhoa o hlakileng,4 leha e le tloaelo li hokahane haholo.

The DSM-5 e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore IGD e kanna ea khetholloa ke 5 kapa ho feta ea mekhoa ea 9 nakong ea likhoeli tsa 12. Mekhoa ena e kenyelletsa:

  1. Ho ameha haholo ka lipapali: Motho o nahana ka papali e fetileng ea papali kapa o nahana ka ho bapala papali e latelang; papali ea chelete e fetoha mosebetsi o atileng haholo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi;
  2. Mats'oao a ho tloheloa ha papali ea chelete a nkuoa: Hangata matšoao ana a hlalosoa e le ho hloka botsitso, ho tšoenyeha kapa ho hlonama;
  3. Ho tiisetsa: Tlhokahalo ea ho qeta nako e ngata u kenelletse lipapaling;
  4. Boiteko bo sa atleheng ba ho laola kapa ho fokotsa ho nka karolo lipapaling;
  5. Ho lahleheloa ke thahasello likamanong tsa nnete tsa bophelo, boithabiso ba nakong e fetileng, le boithabiso bo bong ka lebaka la, ntle le, lipapali;
  6. Ts'ebetso e tsoetseng pele ea lipapali ntle le tsebo ea mathata a kelello;
  7. O thetsitse litho tsa lelapa, lingaka tsa bongaka, kapa ba bang mabapi le bongata ba papali;
  8. Tšebeliso ea lipapali ho baleha kapa ho imolla mohopolo o mobe (mohlala, maikutlo a ho hloka thuso, letsoalo le molato kapa ho tšoenyeha); le
  9. Na o sentse kamano ea bohlokoa kapa mosebetsi, kapa monyetla oa thuto kapa mosebetsi ka lebaka la ho nka karolo lipapaling.

Tlhahiso-leseling mabapi le mohopolo le tekanyetso ea o mong le o mong oa mekhoa ena e sa tsoa hatisoa ho latela lemalla ntho e,5 eo ho ntseng ho buisanoa ka eona lingoloa tsa litlhaloso.6-12

The DSM-5 e bontša ka ho hlaka hore "lingoliloeng lia utloahala. . . ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke tlhaloso e tloaelehileng eo ho eona motho a ka fumanang tlhahisoleseling e atileng. ”3 Ha ho na tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe kapa sesebelisoa sa tlhahlobo se sebelisang DSM-5 Mekhoa e sebelisitsoe haholo kapa tlhahlobo e kholo ea psychometric. Leha ho le joalo, leha likhakanyo tsa bophahamo li ka fapana ho latela sesebelisoa se sebelisitsoeng, mokhoa o akaretsang oa litlamorao tse fapaneng le li-comorbidities o lumellane ka nepo ho latela mekhoa e mengata ea tlhaloso. Taba ea hore mekhoa e mengata e kopane liphethong tse ts'oanang e bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea IGD e kanna ea ba matla ho metha phapang.

Ho ata

Bangoli ba lithuto tse 'maloa ba sebelisitse mekhoa e ts'oanang le e hlahisitsoeng ke DSM-5, ho fumana mefuta e fapaneng ea litekanyetso tsa ho ata. Phuputso e le 'ngoe ea bacha ba Amerika 8 ho isa lilemong tsa 18 e senotse hore 8.5% ea libapali e kopane le 6 ea mekhoa ea 11,4 athe lipatlisiso tsa bacha ba Australia li senotse hore ∼5% ea libapali tsa lipapali tsa video e kopane le 4 ea mekhoa ea 9.13 Bangoli ba lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa 2 tsa Europe ba sebelisitse ka nepo DSM-5 mekhoa le ho fana ka lipalo-palo tse akaretsang tsa keketseho tse kenyellelitseng nongamers Bangoli ba boithuto ba Graders ea borobong ea Jeremane ba tlalehile ho ata ha 1.2% (2.0% bakeng sa bashanyana, 0.3% bakeng sa banana),14 mme bangoli ba boithuto bo tsoang Netherlands ba kenyang lihlopha tsa lilemo tse fapaneng ba fumane ho ata ha 5.5% har'a bacha ba 13 ho isa lilemong tsa 20 le ho ata ha 5.4% har'a batho ba baholo.15

Etiology

Etiology le tsela ea nts'etsopele ea IGD ha e utloisisoe hantle. Phuputso e le 'ngoe e ile ea lekanya matšoao a kang a IGD nakong ea lilemo tsa 2 har'a bana ba fetang 3000 likolong tsa mathomo le tsa sekondari tsa Singapore.16 Bakeng sa hoo e batlang e le 9% ea bana ba neng ba khethiloe ba le bothata ba IGD qalong ea thuto, IGD e ile ea phehella lilemo tsa 2 hamorao bakeng sa 84%. Ho ne ho se na matšoao a hlakileng ho sampole ena ea hore na ke mang ea neng a le kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le matšoao a mangata (ho ts'oaroa, bokhoni bo tlase sechabeng, palo e phahameng ea papali ea papali), empa ba neng ba e-na le matšoao a lipapali a ipapisitse le maemo a mangata a khatello ea maikutlo, ho fokotseha hoa thuto, le likamano tse mpe li ile tsa mpefatsa kamano le batsoali ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, hammoho le tloaelo e matla ea pefo. Ho fapana le seo, bangoli ba thuto e 'ngoe ba fumane hore ke 26% feela ea libapali tse nang le mathata e bolokang matšoao a phahameng ho feta nako ea lilemo tsa 2,17 athe bangoli ba thuto ea boraro ba tlalehile tekanyo ea ∼50% tekanyetso nakong ea lilemo tsa 1.18

Treatment

Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng e bonts'a hore ha ho na lithuto tse hlophisitsoeng hantle tse laoloang hantle bakeng sa kalafo ea IGD.19-21 Leha maikutlo a fapaneng a kalafo ea boits'oaro a kelello a pepesitsoe haholo ho lingoliloeng tse sebelisitsoeng le ho ikoetlisa,21 Mekhoa e meng, ho kenyelletsa kalafo ea lelapa le tlhahlobo ea lipotso tse khothatsang, le tsona li sebelisitsoe li le ling kapa li kopane le kalafo ea boits'oaro ea kelello.22-24 Liphethoho tse hlakileng mabapi le katleho ea mokhoa o le mong kapa mekhoa e kopanetsoeng kapa katleho ea bona ea papiso ha e na ho etsoa ka lebaka la khaello ea lipatlisiso tse sa laoleheng, tse laoloang.

Patlisiso e tlang

Ho na le lipotso tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa tse latelang, tse ngata tsa tsona (haholo-holo lipotso 2-5) li tla hloka lithuto tse kholo tsa sampole ho araba:

  1. Patlisiso e lokela ho nahana ka bonnete ba hona joale DSM-5 Sistimi ea tatellano, ka bobeli mabapi le litekanyetso le lintlha tse khaotsoeng. Kamora hore lintlha tsena li hlahlojoe, ho ka ba molemo ho lekola phapang lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea mefuta e fapaneng ea mecha ea litaba. Boholo ba mosebetsi o teng bo shebane haholo le lipapali tsa video kapa ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang ka kakaretso. Hobane sehlopha se pharaletseng haholo se ka patela kutloisiso ea bokuli ba kelello, re khothaletsa hore DSM-5 Mekhoa ea papali e netefalitsoe pele ebe e atolosoa ho media e meng;
  2. Ho na le lintlha life tsa bohlokoa tsa kotsi bakeng la nts'etsopele ea IGD? Hanyane ha ho tsejoe mabapi le hore na ke mang ea kotsing haholo;
  3. Thupelo ea bongaka ea IGD ke eng? Hanyane hanyane ho tsejoa ka hore na ho nka nako e kae ho nts'etsapele, hore na e nka nako e kae, kapa hore na e tsoelapele kapa ea nakoana;
  4. Ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo hola ba hore IGD e lumellane le mathata a mang a mangata le litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello.16 Patlisiso e ngoe hape e mabapi le ho lekola li-comorbidities ka khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo / khatello ea kelello ke ea bohlokoa mme e tla hlakisa hore na IGD ke bokuli bo ikemetseng bo lokelang ho kenyelletsoa e le sehlopha se arohaneng ho DSM-6, kapa hore na e bonoa hantle e le letšoao la maemo a mang. Phallo e ngata ea IGD ka litlatsetso tse ling, le tšebeliso ea mathata a marang-rang ka ho fetelletseng, e boetse e hloka thuto e kholo;
  5. Ho na le bopaki bo sa lekaneng mabapi le kalafo e sebetsang ea IGD. Lithuto tse sa sebetsoang, tse laoloang ho mehlala e meholo e nang le matla a lekaneng a lipalo lia hlokahala ho lekola katleho ea kalafo e ikhethang. Liteko li hloka ho sebelisa mehato e hlakileng ea sephetho le ho kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea nako e telele ea tlhahlobo; le
  6. Ho ka etsahala hore ebe ha se mofuta o mong le o mong oa papali ea video o amanang hantle le IGD. Patlisiso e eketsehileng ea hlokahala ho totobatsa litšobotsi tsa lipapali tse amanang kapa tse amanang le IGD habonolo, le ho tseba hore na tšusumetso e kae.

Litlhahiso

Re lumellana le polelo ea morao-rao e tsoang ho American Academy of Pediatrics e khothaletsang hore batsoali ba tlameha ho ameha ka kotlolloho ts'ebelisong ea bana ba bona mecheng ea phatlalatso mme ba hloka ho netefatsa hore bana ba na le nako e ngata ea mecha ea phatlalatso le phihlello ea menyetla ea papali e sa sebetseng.

Baoki le Bahlahisi

Lingaka tse kang lingaka tsa bana, lingaka, le ba fanang ka tlhokomelo ea mantlha ke "ba arabelang pele" litabeng tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa bana.

Thibelo le thuto ea mamello

Lingaka le basebeletsi ba bang ba tlhokomelo ea mantlha ba lokela ho latela Litatemente tsa Pholisi ea American Academy of Pediatrics mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea boralitaba ka kakaretso.25,26 Le ha litataiso tsa morao-rao li hloka kutloisiso e sa hlakang mabapi le hore na theknoloji e sebelisoa joang, lingaka tsa bana li ntse li lokela ho nyahamisa ho beoa ha media meahong ea bana le ho khothaletsa batsoali ho lekanyetsa kakaretso ea nako ea skrine sa boithabiso ka kakaretso ho <lihora tse 1 ho isa ho tse 2 ka letsatsi, ho fanoe ka phihlello eo le nako ea papali hangata e ka bang lisosa tsa kotsi bakeng sa IGD.

Lingaka le lingaka tse ling li ka thusa batsoali ho ikutloa ba matlafalitsoe ho etsa melao ea lapeng ho potoloha media le lipapali, ho kenyelletsa le ho beha meeli bakeng sa bana ba banyenyane.27 Tsamaiso ea batho ba baholo ea ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa bana e khothaletsoa haholo. Ha ngoana a ntse a hola, tšebeliso ea litaba e lokela ho laoloa ka tsela e rutang ngoana nako le mokhoa oa ho emisa, joalo ka mohlala, ho lumellana le nako e behiloeng pele a qala ho bapala le ho fana ka nako e hlakileng ea motsoali le ngoana ho hlokomela tšebeliso . Ka linako tsohle, ho khothalletsoa hore metsamao e se be ka kamoreng le hore papali ea video e se ke ea qala halofo ea hora pele ho nako ea boroko. Ka kakaretso, batsoali ba lokela ho etsa tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba le ho netefatsa nako ea malapa a bona ntle le tšebeliso ea litaba. Patlisiso ea morao-rao e senotsoe hore ho fokotsa palo le litaba tsa media ke mokhoa o matla oa tšireletso ho bana.28

Tlhahlobo

Ke pele ho nako ho khothaletsa ho amohela sesebelisoa leha e le sefe ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, leha ho na le tse 'maloa tse ka sebelisoang haeba ho bontšitsoe.14,15 E le karolo ea tlhokomelo ea ka mehla, leha ho le joalo, lingaka tsa bana le ba fanang ka tlhokomelo ea mantlha ba lokela ho botsa motsoali le ngoana ka tšebeliso ea ngoana mecha ea phatlalatso ho thusa ho tseba hore na o tšoeroe ke lefu le tsoetseng pele, le ho botsa ka lithahasello tsa bana le boithabiso ba hae ho netefatsa hore ba bang ba teng ka nqa ea elektroniki le lipapali. . Hobane IGD khafetsa e kopana le maemo a mang, bana ba lokela ho hlahlojoa bakeng sa mathata a boits'oaro le maemo a phutholohileng haholoanyane, ho kenyelletsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea kelello.

Ho kenella

Bakeng sa bana kapa bacha ba hlahlobang ba na le mathata a boits'oaro kapa psychopathology, lingaka le lingaka tse ling ba lokela ho sebetsa le batsoali ho fumana leano le nepahetseng la ho kena lipakeng. Maano ana a ka kenyelletsa ho fetisetsa ho litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello bakeng sa kalafo ea kelello le / kapa ea meriana. Haeba batsoali ba tšoenyehile ka ho ameha ka tšebeliso ea bana ba bona skrineng, leha ho le joalo ba sa khone ho beha lithibelo ho eona, thuso ea litsebi boemong ba lelapa le eona e na le mabaka.

Thuto ea Mamello

Lingaka li boemong ba ho thusa ho ruta batsoali le bakuli ka litla-morao tse mpe (le tse molemo) tsa lipapali tsa video (le media tse ling tsa elektroniki). Ba ka khothaletsa tšebeliso ea lits'ebetso tsa litekanyetso bakeng sa lipapali tsa video e le hore batsoali ba ka fokotsa ts'ebeliso ho lipapali tsa lilemo tse lekanang le dikahare (mohlala, www.esrb.org/ratings/search.aspx). Leha ho na le likarolo tse ngata tse ntle tsa lipapali le tsa elektroniki, tšebeliso e fetelletseng kapa e sa lokelang e ka baka mathata ho batho ba bang, 'me baoki ba ka thusa batsoali ho utloisisa ha tšebeliso e ngata.

Baetsi ba Molao

  • Linaha tse 'maloa, ho kenyeletsa Korea Boroa, li thehile litsi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello bakeng sa ho phekola IGD. Baetsi ba melao ea Amerika le bona ba lokela ho nka bothata bona ka ho teba 'me ba inehele lisebelisoa ho thuto, thibelo, le kalafo ea IGD; le
  • Leano le boetse le bohlokoa ho matlafatsa boikitlaetso ba lipatlisiso mabapi le boemo bona, ho kenyelletsa le lithuto tse kholo ho lekola tsela ea tlhaho ea boemo. Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo ha se na setheo kapa lithuso tsa lichelete bakeng sa boemo bona, 'me ho fihlela se etsa joalo, ha ho na monyetla oa hore lipatlisiso li tsoele pele ka lebelo le hlokahalang ho nts'etsapele liphekolo tse thehiloeng ho bopaki.

Barupeli

  • Likolo likolong tsohle li lokela ho kenyelletsa thuto ea IGD khafetsa le ho holisa litšebeletso tsa mantlha bakeng sa boitšoaro bo bong bo ka bang kotsi (lithethefatsi, joala, thobalano e kotsi, papali ea chelete, joalo-joalo) ho kenyelletsa mathata a mecha ea phatlalatso ea elektroniki;
  • Ka lebaka la khokahano e sa fetoheng pakeng tsa IGD le ts'ebetso e mpe ea sekolo, likolo e kanna ea ba sebaka se setle sa ho hlahloba IGD le ho fana ka litšebeletso bakeng sa lits'ebeletso ha mathata a IGD kapa a amanang le ona a senoloa;
  • Likolo tse ngata li fana ka likhomphutha le / kapa li khothaletsa tšebeliso ea likhomphutha ka le ho tsoa ka sehlopheng, kaha sena se ka ba le molemo o moholo oa thuto le se sebetsang. Likolo tse ngata li nka ho "etsa papali" mekhoa ea bona ea thuto. E romella molaetsa ofe haeba sekolo se ts'ehetsa lipapali joaloka thuto, ka leseli la monyetla oa nnete oa kholo ea kholo ea kholo ea IGD? Likolo li lokela ho fana ka koetliso ho batsoali le matichere ho lemoha mathata a ka ba teng; le
  • Likolo le litsi tsa sechaba e ka ba tsa bohlokoa haholo ho thusa batsoali ho tseba menyetla e mecha ea pōpo.

lumela hore baa fokola

Bangoli ba lakatsa ho leboha Sekolo sa Naha sa Mahlale le Ngaka Pamela Della-Pietra ka tšehetso ea bona ea sehlopha sena se sebetsang.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

  • E amohetse April 19, 2017.
  • Lengolo la aterese ho Douglas A. Nations, PhD, Lefapha la Psychology, Iowa State University, W112 Lagomarcino Hall, Ames, IA 50011. Lengolo-tsoibila: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]
  • TLHOHONOLOFATSO EA MALI: Bangoli ba bontšitse hore ha ba na likamano tsa lichelete tse amanang le sengoloa sena ho se senola.
  • CHELETE: Ha ho na chelete ea kantle e fanoeng bakeng sa buka ena e ngotsoeng ka ho khetheha. Patlisiso e amanang le Dr Petry e tšehetsoa ke P50-DA09241 ea thuso. Tlatsetso ena e khethehileng e reng, "Bana, Bacha, le Lits'oants'o: Seo re se Tsebang le Seo re se hlokang ho Ithuta," se ile sa khoneha ka ts'ehetso ea lichelete ea Bana le Lits'oants'o: Setsi sa Digital Media le Nts'etsopele ea Bana.
  • TLHALOSO EA MOTSOALLE: Ngaka Bavelier ke setho se qalang le ho boto ea boeletsi ea saense ea Akili Interactive. Ngaka Petry ke setho sa Mokhatlo oa Mahlale a Amerika Buka ea Bohokahanyi le Boitsebiso, Khatiso ea bohlano Sebaka sa mosebetsi mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le maemo a amanang. Maikutlo le lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng ke tsa bangoli 'me ha li hlile ha li supe boemo ba semolao kapa maano a sesole sa US Navy, Lefapha la Ts'ireletso, American Psychiatric Association, kapa mekhatlo e meng eo bangoli ba amanang le eona. Ngaka Cash le Mme Rae ba hokahane le reSTART Life, LLC, setsi sa kalafo sa kalafo ea lipapali tsa marang-rang; bangoli ba bang ba bontšitse hore ha ba na likhohlano tse ka bang teng tse ka hlahisang maikutlo a bona.

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