J Behav Addict. 2017 Nov 13: 1-10. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.6.2017.075.
inahaneloang
Ka morao le sepheo
Liphuputso tsa pele li tsepamisitse maikutlo tabeng ea ho hlahloba likamano pakeng tsa ho lemalla liwebsaete tsa batho ba bang (SNS) le bothata ba ho bapala lipapali tsa Inthanete (IGD) ka thōko. Ho feta moo, ho honyenyane ho tsejoa ka bokhoni ba nako e le 'ngoe ea phapang ea SNS ea ho lemalla le IGD ka bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Phuputso ena e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso tsa lipapali pakeng tsa lithethefatsi tsena tse peli tsa theknoloji le ho netefatsa hore na li ka etsa joang ka tsela e ikemetseng le ka mokhoa o khethollang ho eketsa khatello ea kelello ha e e-na le likarabo tse ka hlahisoang ke liphetoho tse amanang le mekhoa ea sechaba le tsa theknoloji.
mekhoa
Mohlala oa bacha ba 509 (53.5% ba batona) ea lilemo tse 10-18 (ho bolelang = 13.02, SD = 1.64) ba ile ba ngolisoa bocha.
Results
Ho fumanoe hore mefuta ea bohlokoa ea lipalo tsa batho e ka bapala karolo e ikhethang ho hlaloseng bokhoba ba SNS le IGD. Ntle le moo, ho ile ha fumaneha hore bokhoba ba SNS le IGD bo ka mpefatsa matšoao a bona, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang ba kenya letsoho ho fokolleng bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ba totobatsa ho feta boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng ba thuto ea kelello le ea bongaka lipakeng tsa liketsahalo tsena tse peli. Qetellong, litlamorao tse mpe tsa IGD mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba kelello li fumanoe li ka boleloa hanyane ho feta tse hlahisoang ke bokhoba ba SNS, ho fumaneng hore li tiisa ho hlahlojoa ha mahlale.
Puisano le qetello
Litlamorao tsa liphetho tsena li tšohloa hape ka lebaka la bopaki bo teng le ngangisano mabapi le boemo ba litheko tsa theknoloji e le mathata a mantlha le a bobeli.
LINKOTSO: Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete; litloaelo tsa boits'oaro; bophelo bo botle ba kelello; webosaete ea marang-rang ea sechaba; tlhekefetso ea theknoloji
PMID: 29130329
Selelekela
Tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao ea mahlale a theknoloji e nkile karolo ea bohlokoa ho fetoleng tsela eo batho ka bomong ba fumanang libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang (SNS) le lipapali tsa video. Leha nts'etsopele ena e ntlafalitse liphihlelo tsa basebelisi ka kakaretso mesebetsing ka bobeli, e boetse e kentse letsoho ho fifatseng moeli pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea SNS le papali ea video (Rikkers, Lawrence, Hafekost, & Zubrick, 2016; Starcevic & Aboujaoude, 2016).
Liphihlelo tsa sebele tsa sechaba le tšebetso li kenella haholo lipapaling tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lipapali, haholo-holo lipapaling tsa papali tse nkang karolo tse ngata tse fumanehang marang-rang (li-MMORPG), moo basebelisi ba ka bapalang lipapaling tsa lefatše tsa boithabiso. Patlisiso e kholo haholo ea libapali tsa 912 MMORPG tse tsoang linaheng tsa 45 li fumane hore lipuisano tsa kahare ho tikoloho ea papali li etsa karolo e kholo thabong ea ho bapala ka ha libapali li ka etsa metsoalle le balekane ba bophelo bohle ho pholletsa le liphihlelo tsa bona tsa papali (Cole & Griffiths, 2007). Ho khahlisang, liphihlelo tsa litaba tsa sechaba mehleng ea Web 2.0 li kenyelletsa lipapali tse tsebahalang tsa litaba tsa sechaba tse ntseng li eketseha ka bongata (E khanyang, Kleiser, & Grau, 2015), ka lipalo tsa morao-rao tse tsoang ho Facebook tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho 2014, karolelano ea batho ba limilione tse 375 ba bapala lipapali tse amanang le Facebook khoeli le khoeli, le hore likopo tsa mehala li ne li romella kakaretso ea limilione tsa 735 lipapaling letsatsi le leng le le leng (Facebook, 2014).
Leha ho na le litlamorao tse ntle le tse molemo tsa SNS le lipapali tsa video maemong a mangata (mohlala, ts'ebetso ea kelello, boiketlo, jj.) (Mohlala, Chopik, 2016; Heo, Chun, Lee, Lee, & Kim, 2015; Howard, Wilding, & Moeti, 2016; Stroud & Whitbourne, 2015), hape ho na le bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo tsoang liphuputsong tse 'maloa tsa boemeli ba naha ka bophara bo bonts'ang hore SNS le lipapali tsa video li ka kenya letsoho khaellong ea kelello le ts'ebeliso ea boitšoaro maemong a manyane a basebelisi, ho kenyelletsa le bacha ba banyenyane ba ka sebelisang theknoloji ena ka mokhoa o fetelletseng mme ba sa fuoe hantle molemong oa bona oa hona joale oa nts'etsopele (Andreassen, 2015; Bányai et al., 2017; Cock et al., 2014; Morioka et al., 2016; Pápay et al., 2013). Haufinyane tjena, Sioni, Burleson le Bekerian (2017) o entse thuto e matla ho sampole ea libapali tsa 595 MMORPG tse tsoang United States mme a fumana hore papali ea papali ea video e lemalitsoeng e ne e tsamaisana hantle le matšoao a phobia ea sechaba le ka mor'a ho laola tšusumetso e arolelanoang ea lihora tsa papali ea beke le beke, a bontša ka ho hlaka hore batho ba botsoalleng sechabeng ba rata mefuta ea marang-rang ea litšebelisano tsa sechaba (Lee & Stapinski, 2012) ha ba ntse ba fa basebelisi monyetla o ikhethileng oa ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa bona tsa khokahano ea sechaba, ha ka nako e ts'oanang ba ba lumella ho tsoa maemong a boiketlo ao ba sa phutholohang ho ona (mohlala, ka ho tsoa papaling). Mabapi le ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea SNS, phuputso e entsoeng haufinyane ke Xanidis le Brignell (2016) mohlala oa basebelisi ba mecha ea litaba ea 324 ba fumane hore temallo ea SNS e ne e le mohlala oa mantlha oa boleng bo fokotsehileng ba boroko le liketsahalo tse eketsehang tsa ho sitoa ho lemoha. Ho feta moo, Xanidis le Brignell (2016) e hlokometse hore ho lemalla ha SNS ho ka baka liphoso tse ka bakang mathata a amanang le boroko, ho bontša bohlokoa ba bohlokoa ba tlhahlobo ea bongaka le bochaba bo amanang le tšebeliso ea mahlale litabeng tsa thuto ha SNS e feteletseng le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video e ka beha maemo a 'mele le kelellong bophelo bo botle maemong a fapaneng le lilemo.
Boemong ba theoretical, ts'ebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa video [e tsejoang hape ka hore ke papali ea lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD)] ke boemo ba bongaka bo kenyeletsang tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video e tsoelang pele, e lebisang ho senyeheng ho hoholo kapa mahlomola ka nako e telele ea likhoeli tsa 12. e bonts'itsoeng ka ho amohela tse hlano (kapa ho feta) tsa mekhoa e latelang e robong: (i) ho tsepamisa maikutlo lipapaling; (ii) matšoao a bang teng ha ho bapaloa papali ea chelete; (iii) mamello, e hlahisang tlhokeho ea ho sebelisa nako e eketsehileng ea lipapali; (iv) liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho laola ho nka karolo lipapaling; (v) tahlehelo ea lithahasello tsa nako e fetileng tsa boithabiso le boithabiso ka lebaka la lipapali, ntle le lipapali; (vi) ho tswela pele ho sebedisa dipapadi haholo ntle le tsebo ya mathata a kelello; (vii) ho thetsa litho tsa lelapa, lingaka tsa bongaka, kapa ba bang mabapi le bongata ba papali; (viii) ts'ebeliso ea lipapali ho baleha kapa ho imolla maikutlo a fosahetseng; le (ix) ho beha kapa ho lahleheloa ke kamano ea bohlokoa, mosebetsi, kapa thuto kapa monyetla oa mosebetsi ka lebaka la ho nka karolo lipapaling (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Ha e le temallo ea SNS, moaho ona o hlalosoa ka mokhoa o pharalletseng e le "ho ameha ka ho feteletseng ka li-SNS, ho susumetsoa ke tšusumetso e matla ea ho kena kapa ho sebelisa li-SNSs, le ho fana ka nako le matla a mangata ho li-SNS hore li sitisa mesebetsi e meng ea sechaba, lithuto / mosebetsi, likamano tsa batho, le / kapa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bophelo bo botle ”(Andreassen & Pallesen, 2014, leq. 4054).
Ho tloha ha tlhahiso ea pele ea IGD e le pherekano ea tentative ke APA khatisong ea bohlano ea Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello (DSM-5; APA, 2013), liqabang tse ngata tsa litsebi tse hlahisang maikutlo a fapaneng le a hanyetsanang mabapi le monyetla oa ho ba teng le boemo ba IGD e le pherekano ea semmuso li phatlalalitsoe (Aarseth et al., 2016; Griffiths, Van Rooij, et al., 2016; Lee, Choo, le Lee, 2017; Petry et al., 2014, 2015; Saunders et al., 2017). Tse ling tsa matshwenyeho ana a hlahile ka lebaka la hore litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea IGD li ne li tsoa haholo kopanong ea litekanyetso tsa bongaka tse teng le maemo a seng a semmuso a kang: ho becha ha methapo ea methapo, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le tlhekefetso e akaretsang ea inthanete (Kuss, Griffiths, & Pontes, 2017). Leha taba ea hore lithethefatsi tsa IGD le SNS ha li amoheloe ka molao ke mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (2016) e matlafalitse ngangisano e mabapi le tšebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa video ka lebaka la qeto ea eona ea ho kenyelletsa bothateng ba lipapali (GD) e le bokuli bo hlophisehileng phetolelong e latelang ea International Classification of maloetse. Taba e 'ngoe e kenyelletsang lithahasellong tsa boits'oaro, joalo ka bokhoba ba SNS le IGD, e amana le taba ea hore ho ikemela ka tšohanyetso ho ka hlaha maemong a mangata. Lipatlisiso tse lekolang likotlo tse tlositsoeng ho IGD li tlalehile hore linyeoe tsa boithatelo li ka hlaha ho fihla ho 50% ea linyeoe (mohlala, Molichaba et al., 2011; Scharkow, Festl, & Quandt, 2014; Van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, Van den Eijnden, le Van de Mheen, 2011).
Leha litekanyetso tsa ho ata ha bokhoba ba SNS le IGD li ka angoa haholo ke lintlha tse kang litaba tsa tlhaiso-leseling joalo ka ha ho khothaletsoe pele (Griffiths, Király, Pontes, & Demetrovics, 2015; Griffiths, Kuss, & Pontes, 2016; Griffiths le Liponte, 2015), Liphuputso tse matla (ke hore, lithuto tse emelang naha ka bophara) li tlalehile sekhahla sa bokhoba ba bokhoba ba SNS bo tlohang ho 2.9% ho batho ba baholo ba Belgian (Cock et al., 2014) ho 4.5% har'a bacha ba Hungary (Bányai et al., 2017). Leha litekanyetso tsa kholo ea IGD ho tsoa lithutong tse matla li fumane litekanyetso ho tloha 2.5% ho bacha ba Slovenia (Pontes, Macur, & Griffiths, 2016) ho 5.8% har'a bacha le ba baholo ba maDutchLemmens le Hendriks, 2016), lithuto tse ling tse kholo li tlalehile litekanyetso tsa ho ata ha 0.3% (Scharkow et al., 2014). Leha liphumano mabapi le ho ata ha palo li bonahala li sa feto-fetohe ho pholletsa le lithuto tse matla, lintlha tse ling li ka tlatsetsa ho nyoloheng ha litekanyetso. Mohlala, ho fumanoe hore mekhoa e fosahetseng le e feteletseng ea ho araba e ka thefula likhakanyo tsa litekanyetso tsa ho ata (Przybylski, 2017). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mofuta oa tlhahlobo ea psychometric e sebelisitsoeng o bontšitsoe ho kenya letsoho ho eketseha ha litekanyetso tsa mafu a hlahang khafetsa, joalo ka IGD (Maraz, Király, le Demetrovics, 2015).
Kaha tsebo e atileng e thehiloeng litlamorao tsa SNS le papali ea video ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha e qalile ka mokhoa o makatsang, lipatlisiso mabapi le litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa bokhoba ba SNS le IGD mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba kelello li bohlokoa haholo kaha liketsahalo tsena tse peli li arolelana thuto e tloaelehileng ea motheo le litlatsetso tse ling tse amanang le lithethefatsi le boits'oaro (Griffiths, 2015; Griffiths le Liponte, 2015; Shaffer et al., 2004), le hore papali e eketsehileng ea sechaba e senya boleng ba likamano tsa batho ba lilemong tsa bocha ka ho sitisa tšehetso ea maikutlo (Kowert, Domahidi, Festl, & Quandt, 2014).
Lithuto tse fetileng (mohlala, Andreassen et al., 2016; Cock et al., 2014; Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2015b; Yu, Li, & Zhang, 2015) e fumane hore bong le lilemo li ka eketsa tlokotsi ho lemallo la SNS le IGD. Ka hona, kaha bong ba monna bo kopantsoe ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng le IGD le bong ba basali le tlhekefetso ea SNS (Andreassen et al., 2016), thuto ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore bong le lilemo li tla bolela litekanyetso tse kholo tsa bokhoba ba SNS le matšoao a IGD (H1). Ntle le moo, lithuto tse 'maloa (mohlala, Andreassen et al., 2013, 2016; Sussman et al., 2014) ba tlalehile litloaelano tse ntle pakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea bokhoba ba litheknoloji, ba fana ka maikutlo a amanang le litaba tsa motheo tse tloaelehileng. Kahoo, ho kenyelletsoa hore SNS le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea SNS le setsoalle li tla hokahana (H2). Leha kamano e teng lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba SNS, IGD, le bophelo ba kelello e rarahane ebile e lula e le phehisano ka ho fetisisa (Pantic, 2014), sehlopha se seholo sa bopaki se tlalehile lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa tlatsetso ea theknoloji, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo (mohlala, Király et al., 2014; Lehenbauer-Baum et al., 2015; Ostovar et al., 2016; Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2016). Kahoo, ho kenyelletsoa hore Bokhoba ba SNS le IGD ka bobeli li tla kenya letsoho ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho fapana ho eketseheng ha khatello ea kelello (H3). Liphetho tsena tsohle tse boletsoeng ka holimo li tla etsoa lipatlisiso bakeng sa litlamorao tse ka bakoang ke tšebeliso e phahameng ea tšebeliso ea inthanete le papali ea lipapali tsa video ha nako e sebelisoang mesebetsing ena e tloaetse ho amahanngoa le tšekamelo ea ho lemalla.Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a; Pontes, Király, Demetrovics, & Griffiths, 2014; Stubblefield et al., 2017; Wu, Cheung, Ku, & Hung, 2013).
mekhoa
Barupeluoa ba ka bang teng thutong ena e ne e le liithuti kaofela (N = 700) ba ngolisitse sehlopheng sa botšelela, sa bosupa, sa borobeli le sa borobong sa sekolo se seholo se bohareng se Algarve (Portugal). Tumello e tsoang ho mosuoe-hlooho le batsoali e ile ea fumanoa, 'me baithuti ba phethela patlisiso ka har'a laeborari ea sekolo nakong ea liketsahalo tsa kantle ho sekolo. Phuputso ena e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Patlisiso ea Koleche ea Nottingham Trent University, tumello e nang le tsebo e fumanoe ho bankakarolo bohle ka bomong ba kenyellelitsoeng phuputsong, le nako ea pokello ea lintlha e qalileng ho tloha ka Mots'eanong ho isa Phuptjane 2015, mme sekolo sa khethoa motheong phumaneho, 'me baithuti ba ile ba fuoa mehlala ho tsoa letamong la lihlopha tse nang le sehlopha sa botšelela, sa bosupa, sa borobeli le sa borobong (ke hore, lilemo tse 10-18 lilemo) ho fihlela boemeli bo felletseng ba baithuti ba sekolo se nkang karolo. Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ho tsoa ho baithuti ba 509 (72.7% ea batho bohle ba sampiloeng). Nako e bolelang ea sampole e ne e le lilemo tse 13.02 (SD = 1.64) mme ho bile le karohano e batlang e lekana ea bong le 53.5% (n = 265) ho ba monna (Tafole 1).
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Lethathamo 1. Mehlala ea mantlha ea mohlala oa sechaba, mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso ea mahlale, meeli ea tšebeliso ea mahlale a theknoloji le bophelo bo botle ba kelello (N = 495)
| E ka fetoha | Bonyane ba | palo e kahodimodimo | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lilemo (lilemo) (bolela, SD) | 13.02 (1.64) | 10 | 18 |
| Bong (monna,%) | 265 (53.5) | - | - |
| Kea ratana (n,%) | 99 (20) | - | - |
| Nako ea beke e sebelisoang marang-rang (bolela, SD) | 17.91 (23.34) | 1 | 49 |
| Nako e sebelisoang beke le beke e bolelang (ho bolela, SD) | 10.21 (17.86) | 1 | 52 |
| Maemo a bokhoba ba SNS (bolela, SD) | 10.70 (4.83) | 6 | 30 |
| Maemo a IGD (bolela, SD) | 15.92 (6.99) | 9 | 41 |
| Maemo a khatello ea maikutlo (bolela, SD) | 3.12 (3.94) | 0 | 21 |
| Maemo a matšoenyeho (bolela, SD) | 2.66 (3.78) | 0 | 21 |
| Maemo a khatello ea maikutlo (bolela, SD) | 3.32 (3.97) | 0 | 21 |
Hlokomela. Nako ea beke le beke e sebelisoang inthaneteng le lipapatso e bua ka lihora tse sebelisoang tlalehong ea beke le beke. SD: ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng; SNS: sebaka sa marang-rang; IGD: Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete.
Lintlha tsa palo ea batho li ile tsa bokelloa ka lilemo, bong le boemo ba kamano. Lintlha mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea SNS li ile tsa bokelloa ka ho kopa karolelano ea nako ea beke le beke ea bankakarolo e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang bakeng sa boikhathollo le sepheo se sa amaneng (kakaretso) (ke hore, palo ea lihora). Makhetlo a lipapali a ile a hlahlojoa ka ho kopa karolelano ea nako ea beke le beke ea bankakarolo (ke hore, palo ea lihora)
BFAS (Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012) e lekola tšibollo ea SNS maemong a ts'ebeliso ea Facebook mme e bontšitsoe ho bonts'a thepa e ntle ea psychometric linaheng tse 'maloa (Phanasathit, Manwong, Hanprathet, Khumsri, & Yingyeun, 2015; Salem, Almenaye, le Andreassen, 2016; Silva et al., 2015), ho kenyeletsoa Portugal (Pontes, Andreassen, & Griffiths, 2016). BFAS e na le lintho tse tšeletseng tse koahelang likarolo tsa mantlha tsa litlolo tsa boitšoaro (ke hore, botsitso, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, mamello, ho tlohela, likhohlano le ho khutlela morao) (Griffiths, 2005). Lintho tsena li pakiloe moleng oa lintlha tsa 5, ke hore, ho tloha 1 (ka seoelo) ho 5 (khafetsa) ka hara nako ea likhoeli tsa 12. Likolo tse felletseng li fumaneha ka ho akaretsa lintlha tsohle tsa ba bang karolo (ho tloha ho 6 ho ea ho lintlha tsa 30), 'me ho na le lintlha tse phahameng tse bontšang ho lemalla Facebook. BFAS e bontšitse maemo a lekaneng a ho ts'epahala thutong ena (α = 0.83).
IGDS9-SF (Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a) ke sesebelisoa se sekhutšoanyane sa psychometric se etselitsoeng ho lekola ho teba ha IGD nakong ea likhoeli tsa 12 ho latela sebopeho se boletsoeng ke APA ho DSM-5 (APA, 2013). IGDS9-SF e bontšitse thepa e lekaneng ea psychometric le bonnete ba tšebeliso ea litso tse fapaneng le linaha tse 'maloa (Monacis, De Palo, Griffiths, le Sinatra, 2016; Pontes & Griffiths, 2015a; Pontes, Macur, et al., 2016), ho kenyeletsoa Portugal (Lipontšo le Griffiths, 2016). Lipotso tse robong tse nang le IGDS9-SF li arajoa ka sekala sa lintlha tsa 5, ke hore, ho tloha 1 (ha ho mohla) ho 5 (khafetsa), mme lintlha li ka fumaneha ka ho akaretsa likarabo (ho tloha 9 ho ea ho lintlha tsa 45), ka lintlha tse phahameng tse fanang ka maikutlo a GD e phahameng. Ho tšepahala ha IGDS9-SF thutong ena ho ne ho khotsofatsa (α = 0.87).
Bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka kakaretso bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa maemo a khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo - 21 (DASS-21; Lovibond le Lovibond, 1995), e nang le lipapatso tse tharo tsa 7-e koahelang matšoao a mararo a thathamisitsoeng ka sekhahla sa lintlha tsa 4, ke hore, ho tloha ho 0 (e ne e sa sebetse ho nna ho hang) ho 3 (sebetsa ho nna haholo kapa boholo ba nako). Mofuta oa Dass-21 o sebelisitsoeng thutong ena o kile oa bontšoa hore o na le thepa e lekaneng ea psychometric ho palo ea batho ba ithutoang (Pais-Ribeiro, Honrado, & Leal, 2004). Li-coefficients tsa Cronbach's tsa sesebelisoa sena thutong ena e ne e le .84 (khatello ea maikutlo), .86 (matšoenyeho), le .86 (khatello ea maikutlo).
Tsamaiso ea tlhaiso-leseling e kentse letsoho (i) ho hloekisa data e behiloeng ka ho lekola linyeoe tse nang le boleng bo sieo kaholimo ho monyako o tloaelehileng oa 10% ho lisebelisoa tsohle tse amehang; (ii) ho lekola maemo a fapaneng a lintho tsohle tsa BFAS le IGDS9-SF ho sebelisa tataiso e tloaelehileng (ke hore, skewness> 3 le kurtosis> 9) (Kline, 2011); (iii) e hlahlobisisa barekisi ba ikemetseng ba tšoaileng ± 3.29 mekhelo e tloaelehileng ho BFAS IGDS9-SF z-cores (Masimo, 2013); le (iv) ho hlahlojoa ha ba fanang ka thepa ka bongata ba sebelisa libaka tse hole tsa Mahalanobis le boleng bo bohlokoa bakeng sa nyeoe e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e thehiloeng ho χ2 boleng ba phatlalatso. Ts'ebetso ena e felletse ka ho kenyelletsoa ha linyeoe tsa 14, ka hona e fana ka datha ea ho qetela ea linyeoe tse sebetsang tsa 495 tse neng li lokeloa ke tlhahlobo e latelang. Tlhahlobo ea lipalopalo e kenyelletsa (i) tlhahlobo e hlalosang ea litšobotsi tsa sampole ea mantlha, (ii) tlhahlobo e lumellanang ea likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa thuto ka khakanyo ea lihlahisoa tsa Pearson tsa nakoana-li-coatfficients tsa 95% tse lumellaneng le tse sa sebetseng (BCa) nako ea kholiseho ( CI) le li-coefficients tse tsamaeang le boikemisetso (R2), le (iii) tlhahlobo e lekantsoeng ea sebopeho sa sebopeho (SEM) ho netefatsa karolo e khethollang boikemisetso ba tšebeliso ea SNS le IGD mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ha ba bala liphetho, lilemo, bong le khafetsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le papali ea video. Litlhahlobo tsa lipalopalo li entsoe ka Mplus 7.2 le IBM SPSS Statistics 23 (Mokhatlo oa IBM, 2015; Muthén le Muthén, 2012).
Mekhoa ea ho ithuta e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Institutional Review Board ea Nottingham Trent University e amohetse thuto ena. Lintlha tsohle li ile tsa tsebisoa ka phuputso eo mme bohle ba fuoe tumello e nang le tsebo. Ho feta moo, tumello ho tsoa ho batsoali le bahlokomeli ba molao e fumanoe ho tsoa ho bohle ba nkang karolo ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 18.
Results
Lethathamo 1 e akaretsa liphuputso tse mabapi le litšoaneleho tsa mantlha tsa maemo a bophelo a batho, mokhoa oa ts'ebeliso ea mahlale, hammoho le maemo a ts'ebeliso ea tšebeliso ea mahlale a morao-rao (ke hore, bokhoba ba SNS le IGD) le bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Ho feta moo, IGD ka bobeli (e bolelang = 15.92 [95% BCa = 15.31 - 16.56], SD = 6.99) le ts'ebeliso ea SNS (e bolelang = 10.70 [95% BCa = 10.28 - 11.15], SD = 4.83) e hlahisitsoe ka maemo a leka-lekaneng kahara sampole. Ha e le bophelo ba kelello ba bankakarolo, khatello ea maikutlo (mean = 3.12 [95% BCa = 2.78 - 3.47], SD = 3.94), matšoenyeho (bolela = 2.66 [95% BCa = 2.33 - 2.99], SD = 3.78), le maemo a khatello ea maikutlo (a bolelang = 3.32 [95% BCa = 2.98 - 3.67], SD = 3.97) li ne li sa ata haholo.
Tlhahlobo ea amanang le ho kenyelletsa lintlha tsa mantlha tsa thuto e entsoe ho fana ka temohisiso ea mantlha le maemo a lipalo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea SEM e latelang. Ka lebaka leo, tlhahlobo ena e senotse hore temallo ea SNS e ne e amana hantle le IGD (r = .39, p <.01, R2 = .15), khatello ea maikutlo (r = .36, p <.01, R2 = .13), le khatello ea maikutlo (r = .33, p <.01, R2 = .11). Mabapi le IGD, mekhatlo e metle e hlahile ka nako ea beke le beke e bapalang lipapali (r = .42, p <.01, R2 = .18), bong (r = .41, p <.01, R2 = .17), le khatello ea maikutlo (r = .40, p <.01, R2 = .16) (Tafole 2).
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Lethathamo 2. O ikemiselitsea khokahano ea khokahano le "bias-fixed and -accelerate" (BCa) 95%, karohano ea kholiseho (CI) lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea SNS, IGD, le mefuta ea thuto.N = 495)
| Meetso ea bobeli | SNS | R2 | 95% BCa CI | IGD | R2 | 95% BCa CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.02 | - | −0.07-0.10 | -0.07 | - | −0.16-0.02 |
| bong | 0.04 | - | −0.05-0.12 | 0.41* | .17 | 0.34-0.48 |
| Boemo ba kamano | 0.20* | .04 | 0.11-0.29 | 0.13* | .02 | 0.03-0.23 |
| Nako ea beke e sebelisoang inthaneteng | 0.03 | - | −0.05-0.12 | 0.12* | .01 | 0.03-0.22 |
| Nako ea beke le beke e sebelisoang papaling | 0.05 | - | −0.05-0.14 | 0.42* | .18 | 0.34-0.50 |
| ho tepella maikutlo | 0.33* | .11 | 0.23-0.43 | 0.36* | .13 | 0.26-0.46 |
| ho Tšoenyeha | 0.31* | .10 | 0.22-0.41 | 0.33* | .11 | 0.24-0.42 |
| Khatello ea Kelello | 0.36* | .13 | 0.25-0.44 | 0.40* | .16 | 0.32-0.49 |
| IGD | 0.39* | .15 | 0.30-0.48 | - | - | - |
Hlokomela. SNS: sebaka sa marang-rang; IGD: Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete.
aLiphetho tsa Bootstrap li ipapisitse le mehlala ea 10,000 bootstrap.
* Correlation e bohlokoa ho 0.01.
Ho leka liteko tsa mantlha tsa thuto, tlhahlobo e lekantsoeng ea SEM e ile ea etsoa ho hakanya litlamorao tse ka hlahisoang ke ho lemalla ha SNS le IGD mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Haholo-holo ho ile ha etsoa liteko tsa Multiple Indicators, Multiple Causes Model (MIMIC) ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho hakanya monyetla ka liphoso tse tloaelehileng. Li-indices le litulo tse tloaelehileng li ile tsa amoheloa ho lekola boleng ba mohlala:2/df [1, 4], motso o bolelang phoso e sekwere ea ho lekanya (RMSEA) [0.05, 0.08], RMSEA 90% CI ka moeli oa eona o tlase o haufi le 0 le moeli o kaholimo ho 0.08, boleng ba monyetla oa teko ea ho lekana haufi (Cfit ), .05, motso o lekantsoeng o bolela masala a lisekoere (SRMR) [0.05, 0.08], index e lekanang e lekanang (CFI), le Tucker – Lewis e lekanang index (TLI) [0.90, 0.95] (Bentler, 1990; Bentler & Bonnet, 1980; Hooper, Coughlan, & Mullen, 2008; Hu & Bentler, 1999). Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena li hlahisitse liphetho tse latelang: χ2(722) = 1,193.40, χ2/df = 1.65; RMSEA = 0.036 [90% CI: 0.033-0.040], Cfit = 1.00; SRMR = 0.049, CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.91, e fana ka maikutlo a hore mohlala o fana ka boemo bo nepahetseng ho data (Setšoantšo 1).
Setšoantšo sa 1. Pontšo e hlakileng ea litlamorao tse tlisoang ke bokhoba ba marang-rang a batho ba sebelisang marang-rang le mathata a lipapali tsa marang-rang mabapi le bophelo bo botle ba kelello (N = 495). Hlokomela. Molemong oa ho lekana ka botlalo: χ2(722) = 1,193.40, χ2/df = 1.65; RMSEA = 0.036 [90% CI: 0.033-0.040], Cfit = 1.00; SRMR = 0.049, CFI = 0.92; TLI = 0.91. β = phello e tobileng e tobileng; r = coefficient ea khokahano. *p <.0001
Ha e le karolo e ka bang teng ea bong le lilemo ho eketsa matšoao a bokhoba ba SNS le IGD (ke hore, H1), ha ho tšehetso e fumanoeng bakeng sa kameho e kopaneng ea mefuta ena e 'meli ea bokhoba ba SNS. Leha ho le joalo, bong (β = 0.32, p <.001) le lilemo (β = -0.11, p = .007) e kentse letsoho ho eketsa matšoao a IGD. Haholo-holo, bong ba banna bo ne bo amahanngoa le liketsahalo tse kholo tsa matšoao a IGD (mean = 18.60 [95% BCa = 4.59 - 5.97], SD = 5.32) ha e bapisoa le basali (bolele = 12.83 [95% BCa = 6.60 - 7.70], SD = 7.17), mme ho ba monyane ho fumanoe ho eketsa maemo ohle a IGD. Ka kakaretso, liphuputso tsena li tiisa H1.
Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena li ts'ehetsa H2 joalo ka litlamorao tse fumanoeng bakeng sa setsoalle lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba SNS le IGD li khothalelitse hore litaba tsena tse peli li amana hantle (r = .53, p <.001), sephetho se lumellanang le sephetho sa tlhahlobo ea khokahano le mefuta ena e ntse e sebelisoa e le mehato e bonoang (r = .39 [95% BCa = 0.30 - 0.48], R2 = .15, p <.01) (Tafole 2).
Kamora nako, tlhahlobo ea litlamorao tsa bokhoba ba SNS le IGD mabapi le bophelo ba kelello ba bacha. Ka ho khetheha, IGD e hlahile e mpefatsa matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo (β = 0.28, p <.001), matšoenyeho (β = 0.26, p <.001), le khatello ea maikutlo (β = 0.33, p <.001). Ntle le moo, bokhoba ba SNS bo boetse bo kentse letsoho ho eketsa boima ba khatello ea maikutlo (β = 0.27, p <.001), matšoenyeho (β = 0.25, p <.001), le khatello ea maikutlo (β = 0.26, p <.001), empa hanyane hanyane. Leha liphetho tsena li tšehetsa H3, litlamorao tsa bokhoba ba SNS le IGD ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello li kanna tsa se khetholle ho feta kamoo litlamorao li neng li tšoana haholo.
Puisano
Phuputso ena e batlile ho fuputsa lipuisano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba SNS le IGD le hore na litlatsetso tsena tse peli tse hlahang tsa theknoloji li ka kenya letsoho joang ho fokotseha ha bophelo ba kelello mahlaleng a bocha le ho feta ka litlamorao tse hlahisoang ke ho feto-fetoha ha litaba tsa sechaba le theknoloji. Mabapi le H1 (ke hore, bong le lilemo li tla kenya letsoho ho matlafatseng bokhoba ba SNS le matšoao a IGD), thuto ena e khonne ho tiisa tšebeliso ea maikutlo ena kamanong le IGD, e ts'ehetsa le ho tšehetsa sehlopha se seholo sa lithuto tsa nakong e fetileng tse fumaneng lilemo tsa bocha le bong ba banna ke lintlha tsa bohlokoa tse boletsoeng esale pele ka IGD (Cock et al., 2014; Guillot et al., 2016; Rehbein, Staudt, Hanslmaier, & Kliem, 2016).
Ntle le sena, H1 ha ea ka ea hlophisoa molemong oa bokhoba ba SNS, sephetho se eketsang ho rarahana le ho feta lithutong tse fetileng tse tlalehileng bokhoba ba SNS hore bo atile haholo har'a bacha (Andreassen et al., 2013, 2012; Turel le Serenko, 2012), basebelisi ba baholo (Floros le Siomos, 2013), basaliAndreassen et al., 2012), le banna (&Am le Işbulan, 2012). Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tse fumanoeng thutong ena li lumellana le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng tse fumaneng tlhekefetso ea SNS e sa amaneng le lilemo (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013; Wu et al., 2013) le bong (Koc & Gulyagci, 2013; Tang, Chen, Yang, Chung, & Lee, 2016; Wu et al., 2013). Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe pejana, sena se kanna sa bakoa ke boleng bo fosahetseng ba lipatlisiso tsa pejana mabapi le bokhoba ba SNS mabapi le sampole, moralo oa ho ithuta, tlhahlobo le lintlha tse felisitsoeng (Andreassen, 2015). Ho khahlisang, nako ea beke le beke e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng ha ea ka ea bolela esale pele hore bokhoba ba SNS bo eketsehile. Tlhaloso e ka bang teng mabapi le ho fumana sena e ka amana le taba ea hore ts'ebeliso ea SNS ea inthaneteng e se e tloaelehile ebile e sa qojoe bophelong ba sejoale-joale, e etsa hore ho be thata le ho feta ho bacha ba bangata ho hakanya tšebeliso ea bona, ho eketsa ho rarahana ho kamano pakeng tsa nako e fetelletseng e sebelisitsoeng ho tsena. mahlale a marang-rang le litekanyetso tsa bokhoba. Ka lebaka lena, hoa hlokahala ho amohela phapano lipakeng tsa ho ba le kamano e phahameng le bokhoba ho SNS ha bacha ba bang ba qeta lihora tse ngata ba sebelisa SNS e le karolo ea mokhoa o phetseng hantle le o tloaelehileng (Andreassen, 2015; Andreassen & Pallesen, 2014; Turel le Serenko, 2012).
Se fumanoang hajoale se fana ka tšehetso e matla ho H2 (ke hore, SNS le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ea SNS le setsoalle li tla hokahana), e netefatsa lithuto tse 'maloa tse tlalehileng litholoana tse tšoanang (Andreassen et al., 2013, 2016; Chiu, Hong, & Chiu, 2013; Dowling & Brown, 2010). Se fumaneng sena se ka hlalosoa ke hore palo e kholo ea batho, ho kenyeletsa le bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha hona joale ba bapala lipapali ka SNS khafetsa (Griffiths, 2014). Ntle le moo, ke haesale ho tsebahala hore likarolo tsa boithabiso tsa lipapali li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ea papali ea lipapali tsa video joalokaha ho boletsoe ke lithuto tse ngata (Demetrovics et al., 2011; Fuster, Chamarro, Carbonell, & Vallerand, 2014; Ee, 2006). Boemong ba bongaka, sepheo sena se ka supa mefuteng e sa lumellaneng e tlisoang ke litheko tsena tse peli tsa theknoloji (Griffiths, 2015; Griffiths le Liponte, 2015; Shaffer et al., 2004). Ka lebaka la hore ts'ebeliso ea theknoloji e lemalloang e ama batho ka bomong maemong a thuto, lipatlisiso ka temallo ea IGD le SNS har'a bacha ba kenang sekolo li ka thusa baetsi ba melaoana ho theha melaoana ea thibelo e ka fokotsang tšusumetso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea theknoloji e kenelletseng lilemong tsa bocha.
Kamora nako, H3 (ke hore, Bokhoba ba SNS le IGD ka bobeli li tla kenya letsoho ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho fapana ho eketseheng ha khatello ea kelello) e boetse e hlophisitsoe le ho hlahisa leseli la lipale mabapi le litlamorao tse kopaneng tsa bokhoba ba SNS le IGD mabapi le bophelo ba kelello ba bacha. Thutong ena, tlhekefetso ea SNS le IGD li kentse letsoho ho mpefatsang bophelo ba kelello ka ho eketseha ha khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo. Phumano ena e ts'ehetsa lipatlisiso tse fetileng tse fumaneng litlhahiso tsena tse peli tsa theknoloji ho nyenyefatsa bophelo ba kelello ka boithaopo.Kim, Hughes, Park, Quinn, & Kong, 2016; Primack et al., 2017; Sampasa-Kanyinga le Lewis, 2015; Sarda, Bègue, Bry, & Gentile, 2016). Liphuputso tsena li ka sebelisoa ke litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le baeletsi ba likolo ba lakatsang ho theha mananeo a ho kenella a shebaneng le ho matlafatsa boiketlo ba baithuti ka ho fokotsa tšebeliso e mpe ea mahlale. Le ha tlhahiso ena e ts'episa ebile e bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse tlang, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore bopaki bo mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ho lemalla boitšoaro bo ntse bo sa tsejoe. Haholo-holo, bafuputsi ba tlalehile hore litloaelo tsa boitšoaro li ka bolela esale pele (ke hore, lefu la mantlha la khatello ea maikutlo) mme tsa boleloa esale pele ka khatello ea kelello (ke hore, lefu la kelello la bobeli) (mohlala, Ostovar et al., 2016; Snodgrass et al., 2014; Zhang, Brook, Leukefeld, & Brook, 2016). Kahoo, ho ke ke ha khonahala ho fihlela liqeto tse hlakileng mabapi le tataiso mabapi le litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro bo botle le khatello ea maikutlo kelellong.
Ho feta moo, ho ile ha fumanoa thutong ena hore litlamorao tse mpe tsa IGD ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello li ile tsa boleloa hanyane ho feta tse hlahisitsoeng ke bokhoba ba SNS. Ka lebaka la bofokoli bo pharaletseng bo bonts'itsoeng ke libapali maemong a mmaloa a bophelo bo botle ba kelello le boiketlo, ho fumana hona ho tsamaellana le litlaleho tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore IGD e ka bonts'a psychopathology e matla ho feta ha e bapisoa le bokhoba ba SNS (Leménager et al., 2016), eo karolo e 'ngoe e tšehetsang qeto e entsoeng ke APA (2013) ho nka IGD e le bothata ba nakoana. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ling tse matlafatsang tse sebelisang lisampole tse kholo le tse emelang ho tla hlokahala ho tiisa khopolo ena. Ntle le bokhoni ba ho thusa ho theha maano, liphetho tsa hajoale li kenya letsoho lipuisanong tse tsoelang pele hore na lithethefatsi tsa theknoloji, joalo ka bokhoba ba IGD le SNS, li lokela ho nkuoa e le mathata a mantlha kapa a bobeli. Ho latela liphuputso tse tlalehiloeng phuputsong ena, ho nahana ka lithethefatsi tsa mahlale a morao-rao e le mathata a mantlha (ke hore, bothata bo ka amang bophelo bo botle ba kelello) ke mokhoa o sebetsang o sa feliseng ngangisano ea borutehi ea nakong e fetileng molemong oa pono ea lithethefatsi tsa theknoloji e le mathata a bobeli (ke hore, sehlahisoa sa litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bophelo bo botle) (Kardefelt-Winther, 2016; Snodgrass et al., 2014; Thorens et al., 2014).
Le ha liphetho tse fumanoeng thutong ena li utloahala, ho na le meeli e ka bang teng eo re lokelang ho e ela hloko. Taba ea mantlha, tlhaiso-leseling e ne e itlaleha ka bobona ebile e tloaetse ho ba le khethollo (mohlala, ho lakatsa sechaba, ho hopola leeme, joalo-joalo). Taba ea bobeli, lithuto tse sebelisang meralo e matla (mohlala, moralo o bolelele ba sefapano) li tla khona ho fana ka likarabo tse hlakileng tsa litsela tse ikhethang lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba SNS le IGD le bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Taba ea boraro, hobane bankakarolo bohle ba ikhethetse, ho akaretsa liphetho tsa hona joale ho batho ba pharalletseng ho ke ke ha etsoa ka kotloloho. Ha ho fanoa ka hore na sampole e hiriloeng e nyane hakae, ho ka etsahala hore taolo ea batsoali e kanna ea ba le tšusumetso maemong a itlalehang a ts'ebeliso ea mahlale le kakaretso ea ts'ebeliso e lemalloang. Kahoo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang tse lekolang tšebeliso ea mahlale ho bana ba banyenyane le bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha li lokela ho ela hloko phetoho ena, ka hona likhakanyo tse betere mabapi le maemo a ho lemalla li ka fumanoa. Ho sa tsotelehe likhaello tse ka bang teng, liphetho tsa boithuto bona li fetela lipatlisisong tse fetileng mabapi le likamano lipakeng tsa lithethefatsi le litlamorao tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka ho fana ka moralo o nang le tšusumetso e matla oo lithekiso tsa mahlale li ka eketsang menyetla ea litlamorao tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Qetellong, liphetho tsa hajoale li tšehetsa ho nahanoa ha lithethefatsi tsa theknoloji e le mathata a mantlha a ka behang bophelo bo botle ba kelello kotsing.
Tlatsetso ea mongoli
Sengoli sa thuto ena se ikarabella bakeng sa methati eohle ea thuto ena mme ke eena feela mongoli oa buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.
Khohlano ea thahasello
Sengoli ha se phatlalatse hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa phaello.
Liteboho
Sengoli sa thuto ena se rata ho leboha sekolo se nkile karolo, barutoana bohle, batsoali le matichere ba thusitseng ho hlophisa thepa e amehang morerong oa ho bokella ya data thutong ena.
References
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