Na ho na le molemo ho sebelisa puisano ea Inthanete bakeng sa ho baleha bolutu? Tlhaloso ea boikhohomoso e amahanya le litebello tsa ho lakatsa le ho qoba ho hlalosa matšoao a Inthaneteng-bothata ba puisano (2018)

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742

inahaneloang

Ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa puisano tse fumanehang marang-rang ho kenyelletsa le man messengersosa (mohlala, WhatsApp) kapa lits'ebeletso tsa marang-rang (mohlala, Facebook) ho smartphone li fetohile tloaelo ea letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa batho ba limillione, mohlala ka linako tsa ho leta. Palo e ntseng e eketseha ea batho e bonts'a taolo e fokotsehileng ea ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebeliso tsena leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Sena se ka bitsoa bofokoli ba puisano ba inthanete (ICD). Phuputso e entsoeng hajoale e fuputsa phello ea ho se boteng ho itšunya-tšunya matšoao a ICD. E boetse e lekola karolo e kopanyang ea mekhoa e hlokolosi le e amanang, e leng litebello tsa ho qoba maikutlo a mabe a marang-rang le litakatso tse susumetsang. Liphetho tsa mohlala oa sebopeho sa sebopeho (N = 148) li bonts'a hore ho buoa ka letsoalo ke lebaka la kotsi bakeng la nts'etsopele le ho hlokomela ICD kaha e bile le phello e tobileng ea matšoao a ICD. Ntle le moo, ho bua ka ho hlonepha ho ile ha bolela esale pele litebello tsa ho qoba le ho lakatsa takatso ea moea. Ka bobeli le tsona li ntlafalitse kotsi ea ho ba le tšekamelo ea ICD. Ntle le moo, lintho ka bobeli li fetohile tse tšoanang le tšebeliso ea bosoasoi ho ICD mme ea sebelisana. Ka kakaretso, sephetho se bonts'a hore batho ba nang le ts'oaetso e phahameng ea ho ba le letsoalo le phahameng ba bonts'a litabatabelo tse phahameng ho qoba maikutlo a mabe marang-rang, e khothalletsang karabelo e phahameng ea maikutlo ha ba tobane le lintlha tse ikhethang (mohlala: molaetsa o kenang), mme e ka fella ka litloaelo tsa ICD.

Tlhaloso: Wegmann E, Ostendorf S, Brand M (2018) Na ho na le molemo ho sebelisa puisano-inthanete bakeng sa ho baleha ho tsoa mokhathala? Ho bua hangata ho hokahana le ho labalabela ho tseba ho itseng le ho qoba ho itšireletsa ha ho hlalosoa matšoao a bokuli ba inthanete. PLoS ONE 13 (4): e0195742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742

mohlophisi: Phil Reed, Univesithi ea Swansea, BOPHELO BA UNITED

Re amohetse: Novemba 22, 2017; E amohetse: Ka March 28, 2018; E phatlalalitsoe: April 19, 2018

Copyright: © 2018 Wegmann et al. Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng sa phihlello se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa maemo a License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons, e lumellang hore ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa, le ho beleha ho sa sebelisetsoe, ho fana ka moqapi le mohloli oa pele.

Ho fumaneha ha Data: Lintlha tsohle tse nepahetseng li ka hare ho pampiri le lifaele tsa eona tsa Tšehetso.

Lithuso: Bangoli ha baa fumana chelete e tobileng bakeng sa mosebetsi ona.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.

Selelekela

Ka ho tsebisoa ha smartphone ho feta lilemo tse leshome tse fetileng, palo ea batho ba e sebelisang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi e ntse e eketseha. Palo ea basebelisi ba li-smartphone lefatšeng ka bophara e bolela esale pele hore e tla fihla ho limilione tse likete tse 2.32 ka selemo sa 2017, mme e lebelletsoe ho fihlela basebelisi ba limilione tse likete tse 2.87 ka 2020 [1]. Har'a tse ling, lits'ebetso tse tsebahalang haholo inthaneteng tse sebelisitsoeng ho smartphone ke likopo tsa puisano ka inthanete. E lumella basebelisi hore ba ikopanye le batho ba bang ka kotloloho, ho lula ba hokahane le metsoalle e hole, le ho arolelana tlhahisoleseling, litšoantšo kapa livideo [2, 3]. Polelo e reng 'lisebelisoa tsa puisano ka marang-rang' e kenyeletsa lits'ebetso tse tummeng joalo ka ts'ebeletso ea melaetsa ea Instant WhatsApp le basebelisi ba mafolofolo ba fetang limilione tse likete tse 1.3 khoeli le khoeli [4] kapa lits'ebeletso tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang tse kang Facebook tse nang le basebelisi ba khoeli le khoeli ba limilione tse likete tse peli [5]. Ntle le melemo e mengata ea puisano ea inthanete le tšebeliso ea li-smartphone ka kakaretso, ho na le palo e ntseng e eketseha ea batho ba nang le litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la tšebeliso e fetelletseng le e jang nako ea lits'ebetso tsena [2, 6-8]. Haholo-holo ho fumaneha ha lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa mohala le ho fihlella habonolo le ho sa feleng hoa lits'ebetso tse joalo li lumella batho hore ba sebelisane le ho buisana le ba bang letsatsi lohle — kae kapa kae, sebakeng leha e le sefe [9, 10]. Boitšoaro bona bo ka lebisa tšebelisong ea tšebeliso ea methapo ea kelello le e qobelloang, e ka bapisoang le litekanyetso tse ling tsa boitšoaro kapa mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi joalo ka ha ho khothalelitsoe ke lithuto tse fapaneng le bafuputsi [7, 8].

Lits'oants'o tse lumellanang le moferefere oa puisano ea marang-rang

Ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea Marang-rang lefats'e ka bophara e lebisa lipatlisiso lithutong tse ngata tse lebisang ho ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e le mofuta o ikhethileng oa ts'ebeliso ea tahi ea boitšoaro [2, 7, 11]. Ho feta moo, liphuputso tse ling li fana ka maikutlo a mofuta o itseng oa bothata ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang, e leng bothata ba puisano ea inthanete (ICD). ICD e hlalosa tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea likopo tsa inthanete tsa puisano [6-8, 12]. Matšoao a ICD, a nkiloeng ho litšobotsi tsa bothata ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang, a hlalosoa e le tahlehelo ea taolo, ho khutla hape, matšoao a ho tlohela, ho nahana ka pele, ho hlokomoloha lithahasello, mamello, le litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba motho, boitsebi, kapa bophelo ba motho [6, 7, 13, 14]. Sehloho12] a fana ka mohlala oa pele oa mohopolo o hlalosang mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso e sa reroang ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le bothata bo itseng ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang. Haufinyane tjena, Brand, Hanyane [7] e hlahisitse mofuta o mocha oa theoretical, the Interaction of Motho-Afimate-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE), e akaretsang mehato e ka thusang ea nts'etsopele le ho boloka mafu a itseng a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, joalo ka ICD. Moetso oa I-PACE o bonts'a tšebelisano ea litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho hammoho le likarolo tse amehang, tse hlokolosi, le tsa tsamaiso. E fana ka maikutlo a hore litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho joalo ka botho, maikutlo a sechaba, matšoao a psychopathological, lintlha tsa biopsychological, le li-predispositions tse ikhethang li ama pono e lumellanang ea boemo. Maikutlo ana a thehoa ke lintlha tse kang ho qabana le lintlha tse amanang le bokhoba, khatello ea maikutlo, likhohlano tsa botho, maikutlo a sa tloaelehang le karabelo ea motho ka mong. Lintho tsena li kenyelletsa ho etsa lintho hape, ho lakatsa, ho ba le maikutlo a mabe, kapa khethollo e eketsehileng e amanang le inthanete le mokhoa oa ho se sebetse hantle oa ho sebetsana le boemo. Lintlha tsena tse amanang le batho ka bomong li nahanoa hore li buisana kapa li lekola litšoaneleho tsa mantlha tsa motho holima nts'etsopele le ho boloka moferefere o itseng oa tšebeliso ea inthanete. Brand, Bacha [7] ho bonts'a hore litlamorao tsa likarabelo tse tummeng le tse hlokolosi li sebelisana le lintlha tse kholo, joalo ka taolo ea thibelo. Qeto ea ho sebelisa ts'ebetso e itseng ho fumana khotsofalo kapa puseletso e ka lebisa ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea ts'ebeliso, ka hona, e tiisa lintlha tse tobileng le lintlha tse amanang le boits'oaro bo bobe (bakeng sa tlhaloso e qaqileng haholoanyane ea mohlala le tlhaiso e qaqileng ea lithuto tse susumetsang, bona [7]).

Boithuto ba pejana bo se bo bonts'itse hore phello ea matšoao a psychopathological, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho a sechaba, le phello ea likarolo tsa botho, joalo ka ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo, ho itšepa, le ho sebetsa hantle, litakatsong tsa ICD li kopantsoe ke maikutlo a itseng. joalo ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng oa ho qopitsa lintho le litebello tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete [8, 15]. Ogst, Wegmann16] e bonts'itse hore menyetla ea ho qoba ho kenyelletsa, ho kenyelletsa le takatso ea ho baleha ntho ea nnete, ho kheloha mathata a bophelo ba nnete, kapa ho qoba ho jeoa ke bolutu, e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlalosa matšoao a ICD. Brand, Laier [17] le Trotzke, Starcke [18] e bonts'itse hore litebello tse phahameng mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse ikhethang e le monyetla oa ho natefeloa kapa ho khelosa mathata a kopanya kamano pakeng tsa likarolo tsa botho le pherekano e akaretsang (e sa hlalosoang) ea tšebeliso ea inthanete hammoho le bothata ba ho reka mabenkeleng ba inthanete.

Ntle le mohopolo oa ho lebella tšebeliso ea marang-rang, Brand, Young [7] ba pheha khang ea hore ho etsa lintho tse ncha hape ho lakatsa ho bonahala e le tsa bohlokoa kamora ntlafatso le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea methapo ea kutlo. Mohopolo ona o ipapisitse le lipatlisiso tsa pele mabapi le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (bona ka mohlala ho hlahisa sephetho ho [19] hammoho le litlatsetso tse ling tsa boitšoaro [20], tse bonts'ang hore boloi ba kotsing ea ho susumetsoa ke bokhoba bo susumetsang libaka tse bokellisang moputso bokong [21-25]. Ho lakatsa ho hlalosa takatso kapa tšusumetso ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi kapa ho bontša mokhoa o lemalloang khafetsa [26, 27]. Mohopolo oa ho kopanya ntho e ncha le ho lakatsa o fetiselitsoe thutong ea bokhoba ba boitšoaro. Litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro tsa ho etsa lintho tse ncha le ho lakatsa li se li bonoa tlung ea ho reka lebenkeleng ka marang-rang [18], Bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka inthanete [28, 29], Boloetse ba lipapali tsa inthanete [30, 31], Bokuli ba ho becha ka marang-rang [32, 33], le ICD [34].

Leha lithuto li hatisa karolo ea bohlokoa ea likarolo tsena tse amehang (cue-reacaction and craving) le likarolo tsa kelello (tse lebelletsoeng ka marang-rang) ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka mofere-fere o itseng oa tšebeliso ea inthanete, tšebelisano ea lintlha tsena, e ngotsoeng ho I. Mohlala oaPACE, o lula o sa hlaka. Boithuto ba hajoale bo ipapisitse le likhopolo tse ling tsa mantlha tsa mofuta oa I-PACE, haholo litlamorao tsa methapo e lumellanang mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho le matšoao a ICD. Morero oa thuto ena ke ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa phello ea mantlha ea motho ho ICD e arolelanoang le mabaka a mabeli a amanang le inthanete (mohlala: tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea inthanete) le khethollo ea maikutlo (mohlala. E ipapisitse le Wegmann, Oberst [16], re nahana hore phello ea tebello ea ho qoba maikutlo a mabe ka ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka inthanete e kopantsoe ke takatso ea litakatso tsa cue, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe mohlaleng oa Brand, Young [7]. Joalo ka sepheo sa bobeli sa thuto, re tsepamisa maikutlo ho phuputsong ea karolo ea monyetla oa ho tepella maikutlo ho ICD. Ka hona, re ka rata ho utloisisa hamolemo kamano e lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho le matšoao a bokuli bo itseng ba tšebeliso ea inthanete, bo seng bo sa hlahlojoe maemong a ICD.

Ponahalo e nyarosang joaloka ho bolela esale pele ICD

Conceptualization of boredom e khethoa ke maemo a fapaneng le a motho a le mong [35]. Bohloko ka bohona bo ka hlalosoa e le boemo bo bobe ba kelello kapa likhohlano tsa kahare lipakeng tsa se lebelletsoeng le boiphihlelo bo lemohileng [36, 37]. Brissett lehloa [38] e hlalositse ho nyahama e le boemo ba "ho hlohlelletsa batho ba bang, ho tsosa takatso e tlase, le ho hloka karolo ea kelello ho amanang le ho se khotsofale, 'me batho ka bomong ba leka ho sebetsana le ho sithabela ka ho batla ho tsosa"39]. Mmuso ona o amahanngoa le maikutlo a seng monate, ao batho ka bomong ba lekang ho a baleha [40, 41]. Ho bua ka mokhoa o iketlileng ho hlalosoa e le mokhoa oa ho itlosa seriti. Ho aha lebitso la ho itlosa bolutu hangata ho "sebetsoa e le mokhoa oa motho oa ho itlosa bolutu"35]. Ntle le moo, ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang ho kenyelletsa bothata ba motho ho hohela motho e mong ea ba hlasimollang, ho hlokomela bofokoli bona ba tlhokomelo le ho leka ho fokotsa boiphihlelo ba ho hlonepha joalo ka naha [35, 42].

Boithuto bo 'maloa bo totobatsa bohlokoa ba tleliniki ea ho hlonepha ka letsoalo ka ho supa hore ho hloka borui (polelo) ho amana le tšebeliso ea joala [43], ts'ebeliso ea lintho tse ferekanyang kelello [44], index ea khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho [35], le mathata a bophelo bo botle ka kakaretso [45]. Zhou le Leung [46] e bonts'itse hore ho ithabisa ho amana le boits'oaro bo kotsi bo joalo ka boloi, ts'ebetso ea maikutlo a feteletseng, le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi [36, 46, 47]. Tlhaloso e ka bang teng likamanong lipakeng tsa ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, (mohlala, ho noa joala), Biolcati, Passini [48] a fuputsa litlamorao tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa litebello mabapi le tšebeliso ea joala. Liphetho li bontšitse hore litlamorao tsa ho hlonepha molemong oa ho itlopa joala ho kopanngoa le litebello tsa ho baleha ho itlosa bolutu, ho baleha mathata le ho loantšana le maikutlo a fosahetseng [48]. Ho feta moo, lipatlisiso tse matla mabapi le litloaelo tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro bo botle kapa boits'oaro ba methapo ea methapo bo hlalosa bohlokoa ba ho itlosa bolutu ka boitšoaro bo kotsi. Mohlala, Blaszczynski, McConaghy [49] e bontšitse hore batho ba nang le bothata ba papali ea chelete ea ho becha ba ipabola maemong a ho ba lihlong ha ba bapisoa le bao e seng ba papali ea chelete. Ho becha ho bonahala e le monyetla oa hore ba ka qoba kapa ba fokotsa maemo a mabe kapa a mongobo. Sena se lumellana le sephetho se tlalehiloeng ke Fortune le Goodie [50] e bontšang hore papali ea chelete ea ho becha e amahanngoa le ho tšoenyeha habonolo, e leng subscale ea Selling Searching Scale For V V Zuckerman, Eysenck [51].

Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pejana, ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphones bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi e hlaha ho tsoa phihlelong e bonolo le e sa feleng e etsang hore puisano le boithabiso bo tsoelang pele [2, 52]. Re kholoa hore monyetla oa ho ba le ts'usumetso e tšoarellang o lebisa tšebelisong ea nako le tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea li-smartphone le likopo tsa puisano ka marang-rang. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho qoba maikutlo a ho jeoa ke bolutu ho bonahala e le tšusumetso e kholo ea ho sebelisa marang-rang [53]. Len, Len [37] e bontšitse hore ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang le ho nka karolo haholo inthaneteng ho eketsa monyetla oa bothata ba tšebeliso ea inthanete. Bangoli ba hatisa hore marang-rang a bonahala e le monyetla oa ho batla thabo le thabo, tse phahamisang boemo ba tšebeliso ea methapo ea kutlo. Sena se lumellana le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng tse totobatsang kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete le botumo bo phahameng [54-56]. Zhou le Leung [46] e hlalositse kamano ena mme e bonts'a hore ho jeoa ke bolutu ke tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello ea libaka tsa marang-rang tsa sechaba le boitšoaro bo botle ba lipapali lipapatsong tsa marang-rang. Elhai, Vasquez [42] e bontšitse hore botumo bo phahameng ba ho itlosa bolutu bo lumellana le phello ea khatello ea maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha ka boits'oaro bo botle ba smartphone. Ka kakaretso, re nahana hore botumo ba ho hlonepha joalo ka mokhoa o tenang ke sesosa sa kotsi e mabapi le nts'etsopele ea ICD.

Kakaretso ea sepheo sa thuto

Boithuto ba hajoale bo ikemiselitse ho kenya letsoho kutloisisong e ntle ea lisosa tse ikhethileng le tse hlokolosi mabapi le matšoao a ICD. Menahano ea rona e thehiloe lithutong tse fetileng, tse ileng tsa tlaleha phello ea ho se ts'oenyehe ka boitšoaro bo kotsi joalo ka tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi [57], mabaka a bophelo bo botle [46], papali ea papali ea chelete [50], kapa bokuli bo sebelisang marang-rang [37, 54]. Re nahana hore batho ba nang le ts'oaetso e phahameng ea ho ba le ho teneha le ba sebelisang li-smartphone khafetsa e le leano le sebetsanang le ho sebetsana ka katleho le mathata ba khona ho theha ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. E lumellana le mofuta oa I-PACE oa Brand, Young [7], re kholoa hore phello ea ho bitsoa ho nyenyefatsang e tsamaisoa ke maikutlo a itseng. Ntle le moo, ho latela thuto e entsoeng ke Biolcati, Passini [48] re boetse re nka hore haholo batho ba nang le letsoalo le phahameng la ho itlosa bolutu le ho lebella ho qoba maikutlo a mabe ka ho sebelisa likopo tsa puisano tsa inthaneteng ba fumana litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tse joalo. Sepheo se seng hape, re ntse re etsa lipatlisiso ka litlamorao tsa likarabo tse ntle le tse hlakileng. Mohlala oa I-PACE o bonts'a hore litlamorao tsa tebello ea ho qoba matšoao a ICD li kopantsoe ke liphihlelo tse phahameng tsa takatso. Ka kakaretso, phello ea boiphetetso ea takatso e matla ea cue e ka ba ea bohlokoa bakeng sa phello ea bobuelli ea tebello e teng lipakeng tsa bosoasoi bo bitsitsoeng le ICD. Setšoantšo sa 1 ka kakaretso e akaretsa mantsoe a kopantsoeng ka sebopeho sa equation sebopeho.

Setšoantšo sa 1. Mofuta oa hypothesised.

Moetso oa hypothesised oa ho sekaseka litlamorao tse boletsoeng ka kotloloho le tse sa tobang ho kenyelletsa le mefuta ea morao-rao ea ICD.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742.g001

mekhoa

Barupeluoa le tsamaiso

Barupeluoa ba lekholo le mashome a mane a metso e robeli ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 18 le 60 (M = 25.61, SD = 8.94) o nkile karolo lithutong tsa hajoale. Ho bana, ba 91 e ne e le basali mme ba 57 e ne e le banna. Barupeluoa bohle e ne e le basebelisi ba likopo tsa puisano ka marang-rang, ho tloha ho lilemo tse peli ho isa ho tse 19 tsa ts'ebeliso (M = 8.09, SD = 3.09). Kopo ea puisano ea marang-rang WhatsApp e ne e le ts'ebeliso e sebelisoang khafetsa (97.97% ea barupeluoa bohle), e lateloa ke Facebook (78.38% ea barupeluoa bohle), Facebook Messenger (62.84% ea bankakarolo bohle), le Instagram (53.38% ea bankakarolo bohle) . Lisebelisoa tse ling tsa puisano tsa marang-rang tse kang Twitter, iMessage, Snapchat, kapa Skype li ne li sebelisoa ke ka tlase ho 50% ea bankakarolo bohle. Barupeluoa ba qeta ka karolelano ea metsotso e 125.41 (SD = 156.49) ka letsatsi o sebelisa WhatsApp, o lateloa ke Instagram (M = 57.97, SD = 78.76), Snapchat (M = 53.71, SD = 65.40), le Facebook (M = 55.48, SD = 84.74). Lisebelisoa tsohle tse ling li ne li sebelisoa ka karolelano ka nako e ka tlase ho metsotso e 30 ka letsatsi.

Re ile ra khetha mohlala ona Univesithing ea Duisburg-Essen (Jeremane) ka lethathamo la mangolo, marang-rang a marang-rang a batho ba bangata, le likhothaletso tsa mantsoe. Phuputso e entsoe ka laboratoring, motho ka mong. Pele, barupeluoa ba ile ba tsebisoa ka mongolo mabapi le mokhoa ona mme ba fuoa tumello e ngotsoeng. Re ba kopile hore ba fetole li-smartphones tsa bona ho lifofane le ho li boloka ka pokothong ea bona nakong ea ho nka karolo. Kamora moo, barupeluoa ba ile ba araba lipotso tse fumanehang marang-rang mme ba etsa paradigm ea cue-reactivity hammoho le litekanyetso tse ling tsa liteko tse sa sebetseng moqolong oa hona joale. Kamora moo, barupeluoa ba ile ba araba lipotso tse eketsehileng tsa marang-rang, tse kang Boredom Proneness Scale, Internet-Use-Expectancies Scale kapa tlhahlobo e khutšoane ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete, e tla hlalosoa ho latelang. Ka kakaretso, thuto e nkile hora e ka bang hora. Baithuti ba ile ba fumana lintlha tsa mokitlane bakeng sa karolo ea bona. Komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro ea Univesithi ea Duisburg-Essen e amohetse thuto eo.

Lisebelisoa

Phetolelo e fetotsoeng ea Tlhahlobo e Mpe ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete bakeng sa bothata ba puisano ea inthanete (s-IAT-ICD).

Litekanyetso tsa ICD li ile tsa lekanngoa le mofuta o mokhuts'oanyane oa Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete (s-IAT) ke Pawlikowski, Altstötter-Gleich [58]. Bakeng sa thuto ena re sebelisitse mofuta o fetotsoeng bakeng sa ICD (s-IAT-ICD) [15]. Sekala se lekola litletlebo tse amanang le bophelo ba letsatsi le leng le le leng ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea likopo tsa inthanete. Qalong, ho fanoa ka tlhaloso ea likopo tsa puisano ka marang-rang. Litaelo li totobatsa hore mantsoe a sebelisang puisano ka inthanete a kenyelletsa ho sebetsa (mohlala, ho ngola lintho tse ncha) le boithuto (mohlala, ho bala le ho bala lintho tse ncha) ts'ebeliso ea libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang le li-blog tse kang Facebook, Twitter le Instagram , hammoho le man messengersosa a Instant a kang WhatsApp.

Barupeluoa ba tlameha ho lekanya lintho tse leshome le metso e 'meli sekaleng sa Likert se lintlha tse hlano (ho tloha 1 = "ha ho mohla" ho isa ho 5 = "khafetsa"). Lintlha tse akaretsang li baliloe ho tloha ho leshome le metso e 'meli ho isa ho tse 60. Lintlha> 30 li bonts'a ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea lits'ebeliso tsa marang-rang, ha lintlha> 37 li bonts'a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebeliso tsa inthanete. Lenane la lipotso le na le lintlha tse peli (lintho tse tšeletseng ka 'ngoe): tahlehelo ea taolo / taolo ea nako (s-IAT-ICD 1: α = .849) le mathata a sechaba / takatso (s-IAT-ICD 2: α = .708). Ts'ebetsong e akaretsang ea kahare e ne e le α = .842. Lintlha tsena ka bobeli li emela boemo ba morao ba ICD ka sebopeho sa equation.

Ho etsa ntho e ncha hape ho lakatsa.

Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa ho tseba lintho tse ncha le ho lakatsa, ho ile ha sebelisoa litšoantšo tse amanang le linepe tse leshome le metso e 'meli tse amanang le lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka inthanete [34, 59]. Lintho tse bonoang li bonts'a li-smartphones tse fapaneng tse bonts'ang puisano ka lits'ebeliso tse fapaneng tsa puisano ka marang-rang. Boholo ba lintho li ile tsa etsoa pele le ho hlalosoa phuputsong ea pele ea Wegmann, Stodt [34]. Thutong ea hajoale barupeluoa ba ile ba lekanya setšoantšo ka seng mabapi le ho hlasimoloha, pherekano, 'me ba khothaletsa ho sebelisa smartphone eo maemong a mahlano likert (ho tloha ho 1 = "ho sa tsose / ho phahamisa / ho khothaletsa" ho isa ho 5 = "ho tsosa / ho phahamisa / ho khothaletsa") ). Tlhahiso^® (Mofuta oa 16.5, www.neurobs.com) e sebelisitsoe bakeng sa tlhahiso ea li-cue le litekanyetso.

Ntle le moo, re sebelisitse lipotso tsa Desire of Alcohol [60] fetotsoe bakeng sa tšebeliso ea smartphone ho lekola takatso ea [34]. Potso e hlahisitsoe pele le kamora 'nete ea morao-rao ea ho lekanya sepheo sa litakatso tsa motheo (DAQ-ICD basel-craving) hammoho le liphetoho tse ka' nang tsa e-ba teng kamora ho pepesetsoa ha cue (DAQ-ICD post-craving). Ka hona, barupeluoa ba ile ba tlameha ho beha lintlha tse 14 (mohlala, "Ho sebelisa smartphone ho ka khotsofatsa hona joale") ka sekhahla sa lintlha tse supileng (ho tloha ho 0 = "ho se lumellane ka botlalo" ho isa ho 6 = "tumellano e felletseng"). Kamora ho chechisa ntho e le 'ngoe, re balile palo ea bosholu [59]. Likarolo tsa kahare e ne e le α = .851 bakeng sa litakatso tsa motheo tsa DAQ-ICD le α = .919 bakeng sa takatso ea poso ea DAQ-ICD. Bohlahlobisisong bo latelang, kameho ea kamora nako ea DAQ-ICD le litekanyetso tsa paradigm ea cue-reacaction li sebelisitsoe ho emela boemo ba morao ba takatso ea cue-e kentsoeng mofuteng oa sebopeho sa equation.

Mofuta o fetotsoeng oa Morero oa Ts'ebeliso ea Litebello tsa Inthanete bakeng sa puisano ka marang-rang (IUES).

Sekala sa Ts'ebeliso ea Tšebeliso ea Inthanete (IUES) [17] e fetotsoe bakeng sa puisano-inthaneteng e sebelisitsoe ho lekola litebello tsa barupeluoa mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea likopo tsa puisano ka inthanete [16]. Leqephe la lipotso le na le lintlha tse peli (lintho tse tšeletseng ka 'ngoe): ts'usumetso e ntle (mohlala, "Ke sebelisa likopo tsa puisano tse fumanehang marang-rang ho natefeloa"; IUES e nepahetseng: α = .838) le tebello ea ho qoba (mohlala, "Ke sebelisa likopo tsa puisano ka inthanete ho ikarohanye le mathata ”; IUES avoiding α = .732). Barupeluoa ba ne ba lokela ho lekanya ntho e ngoe le e ngoe ka sekhahla sa lintlha tse tšeletseng (ho tloha ho 1 = "ho se lumellane ka botlalo" ho isa ho 6 = "lumellane ka botlalo"). Ho ipapisitsoe le lipatlisiso tsa pele le likhopolo tsa theory, ke maemo feela a tebello ea ho qoba ho neng ho hlokahala bakeng sa tlhahlobo e latelang.

Tekanyo e Khutšoanyane ea Boipelaetso (BPS)

The Short Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS) ka Struk, Carriere [61] e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekola botumo ba tšobotsi. Sekala se na le lintho tse robeli (mohlala, "Ho nka ts'usumetso e ngata ho nkhahla ho feta batho ba bangata"), e neng e tlameha ho lekanngoa sekaleng sa likert tse supileng (ho tloha ho 1 = "ho se lumellane ka botlalo" ho isa ho 7 = "lumellana ka botlalo" "). Boholo ba boleng ba bokahohle bo ile ba baloa. Phapang e ka hare e ne e le α = .866.

Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo

Litlhahlobo tsa lipalopalo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa SPSS 25.0 bakeng sa Lipalopalo tsa Windows (IBM SPSS, e lokollotsoe 2017). Re lekantse khokahano ea Pearson ho leka likamano tsa bivariate lipakeng tsa lintho tse peli tse fapaneng. Litokellano li ne li hlalosoa ka botlalo ka ho sebelisa boholo ba phello. E thehiloe ho Cohen [62], Khokahano ea khokahano ea Pearson r ≥ .01 e bonts'a e nyane, r ≥ .03 mahareng, le r ≥ .05 phello e kholo. Boithuto ba sebopeho sa equation (SEM) bo ne bo kopantsoe ka ho sebelisa Mplus 6 [63]. Ho lekola mofuta oa SEM, re sebelisitse motso o lekantsoeng o bolela masala a lisekoere (SRMR; values ​​<.08 e bonts'a ho lekana hantle le data), motso o bolelang phoso e sekwere ea likhakanyo (RMSEA; litekanyetso <.08 li bonts'a botle le <.10 e lumellanang hantle le data), le li-indices tse lekanang tse lekanang (CFI le TLI; litekanyetso> .90 li bontša se amohelehang le> .95 li bontša ho lekana hantle le data) [64, 65]. Re sebelisitse χ²-Tlhahlobo ea ho lekola hore na data e tsoa motheong o hlalositsoeng. E le mohato o tlatsetsang oa ho fokotsa liphoso tsa SEM, re sebelisitse mokhoa oa ho romella thepa bakeng sa lintho tse fapaneng tse hlahisoang e le mefuta e hlahang. Mokhoa ona o lumella ho haha ​​likarolo tsa morao-rao bakeng la lintho tsena tse fapaneng ho SEM [66, 67]. Ka hona, re ile ra hlahloba khokahano lipakeng tsa lintho tsa sekala ka seng, 'me ra etsa lintho tse peli bakeng sa likarolo tsa IUES le BPS.

Results

Likeletso tse hlalosang le lipalo tsa li-multivariate

Boleng ba boleng le ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng ha lipotso tsohle le litekanyetso tsa cue-reactivity-paradigm li ka fumanoa ho Lethathamo 1. Mefuta e fapaneng ea sephutheloana sa ntho e kenyellelitsoe e le boleng bo eketsehileng. Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a lihokelo tsa bivariate lipakeng tsa lintho tsena. E ipapisitse le lintlha tse felisitsoeng ke Pawlikowski, Altstötter-Gleich [58], Barupeluoa ba 23 ba bonts'itse bothata mme barupeluoa ba supileng ba bonts'itse ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, e amanang le litletlebo tse mabapi le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tsena mme e hlalosa matšoao a ICD.

Letlapa la 1. Bolela litekanyetso, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng, le boholo ba bongata ba s-IAT-ICD le sekala se sebelisitsoeng.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742.t001

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Lethathamo la 2. Litokellano tsa mali pakeng tsa lintlha tsa s-IAT-ICD le sekala se kentsoeng.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742.t002

Moetso oa equation ea sebopeho

Moetso oa tšebeliso ea li-hypothesised, ka mokhoa oa latent, o bonts'a ho lumellana hantle le data (SRMR = .029, CFI = .986, TLI = .972, RMSEA = .063, p = .299, BIC = 3962.65). The χ²-Test e bonts'itse sutu e ntle (χ² = 22.25, p = .074, χ²/ df = 1.59). Mefuta eohle e hlalositsoeng ea morao-rao e ne e emeloa hantle ke lipontšo tse sebelisitsoeng. Mohato oa pele, liphetho li bonts'a polelo eo ea ho hloka borata (β = .384, SE = .096, p ≤ .001), ho lakatsa ka takatso e matla ea moea (β = .414, SE = .102, p ≤ .001), le litebello tsa thibelo (β = .255, SE = .109, p = .011) e ne e le baetapele ba bohlokoa ba litloaelo tsa ICD. Ho bua ka mokhoa o batsi hape ho bile le phello e tobileng litakatsong tsa moea oa ho etsa (Cβ = .411, SE = .100, p ≤ .001) le litebello tsa ho qoba ((β = .567, SE = .084, p ≤ .001). Ntle le moo, litebello tsa ho qoba e ne e le ponelopele ea litakatso tse entsoeng ke cue (β = .361, SE = .107, p = .001). Kameho ea ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang matšoao a ICD e ile ea kopanngoa le takatso e matla ea ho tseba (β = .170, SE = .058, p = .003) le ka ho lebella lintho tse lebelletsoeng (β = .145, SE = .063, p = .021). Kameho ea ho lebella ho qoba ho litakatso tsa ICD e boetse e kopantsoe ke ho lakatsa takatso ea cue (β = .149, SE = .059, p = .011). Ntle le moo, kamano e lipakeng tsa ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang le matšoao a ICD e ne e loants'oa ke litebello tsa ho qoba, hape, ka ho ts'oaroa ke takatso ea ho tseba (lebitso la bosoasoi-tebello ea ho qoba — litakatso tse tlisitsoeng ke ICD; β = .085, SE = .037, p = .021); leha ho le joalo puisano ena e ne e se na thuso e fokolang feela. Ka kakaretso, mohlala o hlahlobiloeng o hlalositse haholo 81.60% ea phapang ea matšoao a ICD. Setšoantšo sa 2 e bonts'a mohlala ka likarolo tsa boima, li-β-boima, le coefficients.

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Feiga 2. Liphello tsa sebopeho sa equation ea sebopeho.

Liphetho tsa sebopeho sa equation sa sebopeho se nang le ICD e le phetoho e its'etlehileng ho kenyelletsa lintlha tse tlatsitsoeng mefuteng e hlalositsoeng ea morao-rao le boima ba β-boima, p-melo, le libaka tsa bolulo.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742.g002

Tlhahlobo e eketsehileng

Mohlala o hlalositsoeng pejana o ne o ipapisitse le likhopolo tsa theoretical le bopaki bo eketsehileng ba matla bo kang mehlala ea equation ea Wegmann, Stodt [15] le Wegmann le Brand [8]. Leha ho le joalo, re ne re batla ho busa mohlala bakeng sa mabaka a mang a ka bang le tšusumetso ho utloisisa hamolemonyana mekhoa ea ICD. Khatiso ea pele eo re ileng ra bua ka eona e ne e le setsoalle se haufi sa ho hlonepha le ho sithabela maikutlo [35, 68, 69]. Phuputso ea morao-rao e entsoeng ke Elhai, Vasquez [42] e bonts'a kamano e lipakeng tsa matšoao a psychopathological le tšebeliso e mpe ea li-smartphone e kopantsoe ke ho bua ka mokhoa o phahameng. Re ile ra hlahloba matšoao a psychopathological a kang khatello ea maikutlo (M = 0.53, SD = 0.53), kutloisiso ea kutloisiso ea mothoM = 0.72, SD = 0.64), le matšoenyeho (M = 0.55, SD = 0.49) ka ho sebelisa bukana e khutšoanyane ea Lipontšo tsa Boitseko ba Matšoao a Derogatis [70]. Kaha li-variables tse sebetsang tsa matšoao a psychopathological li hokahane haholo le mefuta e meng ea mohlala ea hona joale (kaofela r's ≤ .448, kaofela p's ≤ .024), re kenyelelitse matšoao a psychopathological (e leng khatello ea maikutlo, maikutlo a motho le ho tšoenyeha) joalo ka karolo e' ngoe ea morao-rao mohlaleng. Ho ipapisitsoe le mohlala oa poelano ke Elhai, Vasquez [42] re hlokometse hore na phello ea ho bitsoa hoa boreleli e thehiloe ho bopeng matšoao a psychopathological kapa hore na ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang ho hlalosang keketseho ea lipalo joalokaha ho hatisitsoe lithutong tsa pele [35, 42, 68].

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka Setšoantšo sa 3, liphetho li bonts'a hore matšoao a psychopathological a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong le polokelong ea ICD, e tsamaellanang le lipatlisiso tsa pele [8, 15, 42]. Leha ho le joalo, ho tšoaneleha ha bosoasoi ba ho teneha e le moetapele oa bohlokoa oa matšoao a ICD ha a fokotsehe haholo kamora ho kenyeletsa matšoao a psychopathological mohlaleng oa equation. Sena se totobatsa hore ho bua ka bolutu le matšoao a psychopathological a amana empa ho na le litholoana tse ikemetseng tseo litlamorao tsa ICD li arolelanoang ke likarolo tsa kelello le tsa botaki. Liphetho tsa mofuta o eketsehileng oa sebopeho sa sebopeho ho kenyelletsa lintlha tsa thepa mefuteng e hlalositsoeng ea morao-rao le boima ba "β-boima," p- Litaba, le libaka tsa bolulo li khutsufatsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 3.

Setempe sa 3. Liphello tsa mofuta o eketsehileng oa sebopeho sa sebopeho.

Liphetho tsa sebopeho sa equation sa sebopeho se nang le matšoao a psychopathological e le phetiso e tsoetseng pele ho kenyelletsa lintlha tse tlisoang lithutong tse hlalositsoeng tsa morao-rao le boima ba β-boima, p- Litumeliso, le libaka tsa bolulo (Selelekela: PP = matšoao a psychopathological, BP = expression expression, AE = litebello tsa ho qoba, CRAV = ho ts'oaroa hoa takatso ea cue, ICD = ts'ebetso ea puisano ea inthanete).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195742.g003

Re boetse re nkile lilemo le bong e le lintho tse ka 'nang tsa ama sebopeho sa mofuta oa hajoale. Ka hona, re qalile re lekanya khokahano lipakeng tsa lilemo le mefuta eohle e fapaneng. Liphetho li supa khokahano e nyane (kaofela r's ≤ -.376). Litokisetso tsena li bonts'a mokhoa o tloahelehileng oo barupeluoa ba bonyane ba nang le lipelaelo tse phahameng bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lisebelisoa tsa puisano tsa inthanete. E le mohato o mong hape, re ile ra laola data ea rona bakeng sa phapang ea bong ka ho sebelisa lipapiso tsa tlhahlobo ea liteko tsa sampole tse ikemetseng. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore ha ho na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa barupeluoa ba banna le basali (p ≥ .319). Moetso oa equation oa sebopeho le tlhahlobo e eketsehileng ea bong e ile ea baloa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo e hlalosang mokhoa oa ho etsa lintho [71]. Lirosa tse lekanang tsa sebopeho sa equation ea sebopeho li bontša ho lumellana hantle le data (CFI = .975, TLI = .961, SRMR = .060, RMSEA = .075, p = .194, BIC = 4050.63). Bakeng sa barupeluoa ba batona ba banna le ba basali re fumane liphetho tse tšoanang. Barupeluoa ba basali ba bonts'a litlamorao tse tšoanang le tse hlalositsoeng mohlaleng oa phapang e hapang maikutlo. Bakeng sa ba batona, ha rea ​​fumana phello e tobileng ho tloha tebello ea ho qoba ho latela litšekamelo tsa ICD (β = .153, SE = .133, p = .249), ha ho na tšebelisano pakeng tsa litebello tsa ho qoba ho likamano lipakeng tsa sebopeho se nang le letsoalo le ICD (β = .029, SE = .030, p = .327), 'me ha ho na phello ea matla a ho lakatsa kamanong e lipakeng tsa ho bua ka letsoalo le matšoao a ICD (β = .073, SE = .065, p = .262). Ka lebaka la mehlala e menyenyane ea mohlala, haholo-holo mabapi le mohlala oa banna, liphetho li lokela ho tšohloa ka hloko mme li lokela ho laoloa lithutong tse ling.

Puisano

Thutong ea hajoale, re lekile bonnete ba mofuta oa theoretical o nkile tšebelisano lipakeng tsa ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang le likarolo tse amohelehang le tse nang le kelello bakeng sa ho hlalosa matšoao a ICD. Moetso oa equation ea sebopeho boemong ba latent, e hlahisitse mokhoa o ts'oanelehang le data e sebelisang mokhoa oa ho paka lintho ho fokotsa liphoso tsa litekanyo. Ka kakaretso, boteng ba ho hlonepha le litlamorao tsa likarolo tse hlokofatsang le tse amanang, e leng litebello tsa ho qoba le ho lakatsa takatso, o hlalositse 81.60% ea phapang ea matšoao a ICD. Liphetho li bontša hore botumo ba ho ba bohloka bo na le phello e tobileng ntlafatsong le tlhokomelong ea ICD. E ne e le ponelopele ea bohlokoa ea litebello tsa ho qoba maikutlo a mabe le ho baleha ho tsoa ho ntho ea nnete le litakatsong tse susumetsang. Likarolo tsena tse khothatsang le tse bonoang li ile tsa kopanya matla a ho hlonepha ho ICD. Liphetho li hatisa tšebelisano-mmoho ea babuelli ba boletsoeng, hobane litlamorao tsa tebello ea ho qoba matšoao a ICD li ne li kopantsoe le ho lakatsa ka matla. Ntle le moo, karohano pakeng tsa litebello tsa ho qoba ho kamano pakeng tsa ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang le matšoao a ICD e ne e kopantsoe ke takatso e matla ea cue.

Liphetho li tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea hore likamano lipakeng tsa ho ts'oenyeha ho ba le letsoalo la motho joalo ka karolo ea litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho, le boiphihlelo ba litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea puisano e hokahantsoe ke likarabo tse lumellanang le tse susumetsang tse mabapi le maemo a kantle a amanang le maemo a kantle. , joalo ka lintlha tse bonoang tse bonts'a lipuisano ka lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa puisano tsa inthanete. Liphetho tsa hajoale li atolla se fumanoeng liphuputsong tsa pele, tse seng li bonts'itse hore matšoao a kelello (a joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho tšoenyeha ka setjhaba) le litšobotsi tsa hae (joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho itšepa) li na le phello matšoao a ICD, a kopantsoeng ke maikutlo a ikhethang (joalo ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng oa ho qopitsa kapa tebello ea tšebeliso ea Inthanete) [8, 15]. Liphetho li tsamaisana le mohopolo oa I-PACE oa theory o hlahisitsoeng ke Brand, Young [7]. Khubu ea mohlala oa I-PACE ke phello ea litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho mohopolong oa maemo a latelang, mohlala, ha a tobane le tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba, likhohlano tsa motho kapa khatello ea maikutlo. Kameho e hlakileng ea mebala ea likarolo tsa sebaka se lebisa ho likarabo tse amang motho ka mong le tsebiso tse kang ho ts'oaroa ke takatso le ho lakatsa, tse hlalosoang e le takatso ea ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso e itseng le ho fokotsa linaha tse sa nepahalang [20, 24]. Liphetho tsa boithuto ba hajoale li tšehetsa mohopolo ona ka ho bonts'a hore barupeluoa ba nang le monyetla oa ho ba le letsoalo le phahameng (joalo ka tšobotsi ea motho ea mantlha) kapa ba sa khone ho laola ho lebisoa ho susumetsang [35], ho ba le kotsi e kholo ea ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka marang-rang haholo. Liphetho li boetse li ntlafatsoa ke thuto ke Elhai, Vasquez [42] hammoho le tlhahlobo ea rona e eketsehileng, e totobatsang hore matšoao a psychopathological a joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, kutloelo-bohloko ea motho hammoho le matšoenyeho a ka lebisa ho tsitsipano e phahameng ea ho teneha le ho ba kotsing e kholo ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea methapo ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Boitšoaro bona bo matlafatsoa ha batho ka bomong ba tobane le tšusumetso e itseng (e amanang le puisano ea li-smartphone) mme ba ba le takatso ea ho sebelisa smartphone kapa ts'ebeliso e itseng ea puisano. Ho bonahala eka ke tloaelo ea ho sebelisa smartphone ka mor'a ho bona setšoantšo kapa ho mamela molumo oa molaetsa o tlang [34]. Basebelisi ba lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka marang-rang ba kanna ba ba le tloaelo e joalo ho leka ho sebetsana le maikutlo a sa thabiseng joalo ka ho sithabela 'me ka hona ba balehele tlhotlollo e nang le boiphihlelo [20, 36].

Litlamorao tsa ho lebella ho qoba ho lebella kamanong ea ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang le matšoao a ICD li tšehetsa mohopolo ona. Joalo ka ho lakatsa ho batla sephetho se bontša hore menyetla ea ho ba monyebe e lebisa ho litebello tsa ho qoba maikutlo a mabe marang-rang le ho sitisa mathata ka ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka marang-rang. Sena se tumellanong le Biolcati, Passini [48] e bonts'a kamano e lipakeng tsa bosoasoi le ho itlopa joala ho tlatsana le maikutlo ka litebello tsa ho pholoha tlasa tsusumetso e tlase le linthong tsa nnete. Bangoli ba nahana hore haholo bacha, ba tloaetseng ho ba le nako ea phomolo, ba lebelletse ho phonyoha maikutlo a mabe ka ho nwa joala, bo tiisang kotsi ea ho itlopa joala [48]. Boitšoaro bo kotsi bo bonahala e le mofuta oa mokhoa o sa sebetseng hantle oa ho qopitsa batho, moo batho ka bomong ba lekang ho fumana maano a ho fokotsa ho hlonama [35, 39, 40]. Liphetho tsa Biolcati, Passini [48], Biolcati, Mancini [39], le Harris [40] ho bontša menahano e meholo ea sebopeho sa I-PACE joalo ka khopolo eo batho ka bomong ba lekang ho baleha maikutlo a fosahetseng kapa ho sebetsana le maikutlo a sa tsitsang haholo ha ba tobane le tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba, e ka lebisang qetong ea ho sebelisa kopo e itseng. Ho tloha ha Zhou le Leung [46] e se e hlalositse kamano ea ho itlhahisa e le letsoalo le papali libakeng tsa marang-rang tsa batho ba bang, sephetho sa hona joale se hlakisa kamano ena. Phihlelo ea ho ikholisa kapa ho hlasimoloha boemong ba ho ts'oaroa ntle le takatso e tlase ho ka hlalosoa e le ntho ea bohlokoa e eketsang kotsi ea ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete ka lebaka la tebello ea ho fokotsa maemo a mabe a amanang le maemo a tšoanang khafetsa. Sena se tsamaellana le se fumanoeng ke Montag, Markowetz [72] ea bonts'itseng likarolo tse thabisang tsa ho sebelisa Facebook ka smartphone le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ventral striatum ha batho ka bomong ba qeta nako lits'ebeletso tsa marang-rang.

Morero oa bobeli oa thupelo e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le karabelo ea likarabo tse ananelang le tse hlokofatsang ho tse susumetsang ka ntle. Boithuto ba nakong e fetileng bo se bo hlahlobile bohlokoa ba ho tseba hape ka ho tseba 'nete le ho lakatsa [34] hammoho le litebello tse sebelisoang Inthaneteng [8, 15] haholoholo litebello tsa ho qoba ho16bakeng sa nts'etsopele le ho hlokomela ICD. Bohlokoa ba mefuta ena e 'meli bo ne bo se bo bontšitsoe bakeng sa mathata a itseng a tšebeliso ea Marang-rang, a kang ho senyeha ha marang-rang kapa ho reka ka methapo [18, 59], Bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka inthanete [29], Boloetse ba lipapali tsa inthanete [30, 73, 74], kapa kakaretso (e sa hlalosoang) tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete [17]. Ka tsebo eohle ea rona, ha ho na lipatlisiso tse ileng tsa fuputsa tšebelisano ea litakatso tse lebisitsoeng ho takatso ea cue le litebello tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete joalo ka ha li kopantsoe mohlaleng oa I-PACE [7]. Bangoli ba mofuta oa I-PACE ba nahana hore litebello tse sebelisoang inthaneteng li bolela esale pele takatso e matla ea moea, e nang le phello ea matšoao a bokuli bo itseng ba tšebeliso ea inthanete. Ka hona, re fane ka maikutlo a hore takatso e matla e hlahisang takatso ea cue e sebetsa e le mokena lipakeng tsa litebello tsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang (haholo-holo tebello ea thibelo) le matšoao a ICD. Hypothesis e tšehetsoa ke liphetho tsa hajoale. Se fumanoeng se bonts'a hore likarolo tse amohelehang le tse hlokolosi lia sebelisana, e leng se totobatsang mekhoa ea bohlokoa ea sebopeho sa theory. Batho ka bomong ba nang le mehopolo e ikhethileng e amanang le inthanete (mohlala, litebello tsa ho kheloha mathata, ho baleha se hlileng se etsahalang, kapa ho qoba ho jeoa ke bolutu) ba bonahala ba le kotsing ea ho khahloa ke litumelo tse amanang le bokhoba ebile ba bonahala ba e-na le maikutlo a phahameng a ho batla. Mabapi le mekhoa e matlafatso e khothalelitsoeng mofuteng oa I-PACE, ho nahanoa hore batho ba nka qeto ea ho sebelisa likopo tsa bona tsa "khetho ea pele" ho khelosa mmuso ona o mobe le ho fumana khotsofalo kapa puseletso. Sena se eketsa menyetla ea ho lahleheloa ke taolo holim'a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang [7]. Liphetho ke lets'oao la pele le bonts'ang karohano lipakeng tsa karabelo tse ananelang le tse bonts'a kelello ho susumetsa kantle le kahare. Kaha ho na le likarolo tse ling tse joalo ka leeme la ho tsotella le mekhatlo e sa amehang hammoho le bohlokoa ba taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea bolaoli [7], likamano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsena li tlameha ho fuputsoa ka botlalo. Ka hona, lithuto tsa nakong e tlang li lokela ho shebana le ICD, empa le mathata a mang a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.

Phello le litlamorao

Ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone le lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka marang-rang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi e bonahala e se mathata ka kakaretso. Ho batho ba bangata ke tloaelo e tloaelehileng ho sebelisa smartphone ha u ntse u emetse motho e mong kapa terene ka mohlala. Turel le Bechara [75] ho bonts'a bohlokoa ba ho se ts'oanelehe joalo ka kotsi ea ICD hape. Ka kakaretso, lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka marang-rang li bonahala e le mohlala o ka sehloohong bakeng sa kamano e teng lipuong tsa ho hlonepha le tšebeliso ea methapo. Ho ka nahanoa hore boiphihlelo ba ho khotsofatsa le ho fumana matšeliso ka ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tsena ke mokhoa oa mantlha mabapi le nts'etsopele ea ICD. Le ha litholoana li tsamaellana le khopolo-taba ea theory ea I-PACE ea Brand, Young [7], nts'etsopele ea boits'ebetso ba puisano ba marang-rang le matšoao a ICD hammoho le karolo ea ho hlonepha le ho tsebahala le likarolo tse ling tsa kelello li lokela ho hlahlojoa lithutong tse telele. Ka hona, lipatlisiso tse ling haholo-holo mabapi le mekhoa e meng ea matlafatso ea hlokahala.

Ha ho nahanoa sena, ntle le monyetla oa ho teneha, lipatlisiso li lokela ho shebisisa maemo a lemohuoang. Ben-Yehuda, Greenberg [76] e se e rarolotse bohlokoa ba ho teneha hoa mmuso e le sesosa se ka bang kotsi sa ho theha lekhoba la li-smartphone, le lokelang ho etsoa lipatlisiso lipatlisisong tse ling. Sena se kenyelletsa boiphihlelo ba ho hlohlelletsoa ha tlase le ho ts'oaroa ha bocha joalo ka mmuso o itšetlehileng ka maemo [38, 57]. Ho ka nahanoa hore ho hlonepha ho hlileng ho nahanoang ke tlhaloso e 'ngoe e loketseng hore na ke hobaneng batho ba tloaetseng tloaelo ea ho sebelisa smartphone ba le maemong a ho hlohlelletsoa ka tlase. Sena se ka matlafatsoa ke ho khotsofala le puseletso e nang le boiphihlelo ka hona ho eketsa monyetla oa ho sebelisa smartphone maemong a tšoanang hape. Ho fihla hajoale, lithuto tse tsoelang pele li lokela ho hopola hore lintlha tsa maemo a joaloka moea oa 'nete, likhohlano tsa botho, ho sithabela maikutlo, kapa khatello e lemohileng li ka ama likarolo tsa bonono le tse amanang le qeto ea ho sebelisa ts'ebeliso e itseng [7, 77].

Kaha re na le taba ea hore batho ba bangata ba ba le litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi, joalo ka likhohlano le ba lelapa le metsoalle kapa mathata a amanang le mosebetsi a bakoang ke tšebeliso e sa laoloeng ea Marang-rang le lits'ebetso tse ikhethang, ho na le tlhoko e ntseng e eketseha ea tlhokahalo e lekaneng le e tataisoang ho kenella. Boemong ba mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le mefuta e meng ea eona, joalo ka ICD, katleho ea thibelo le ts'ebetso e nahanoa haholoholo ka ho lekana ho rarolla lintlha tse amehang. Ho nka hore litšobotsi tsa botho li kanna tsa thatafalloa ho li fetola, ho kena lipakeng ho lokela ho shebana le maemo le mekhoa ea ho thibela tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete [7]. Phuputsong ena, litebello tsa ho qoba maikutlo a mabe a marang-rang le litakatso tse susumetsang li hatelletsoe ho bapala karolo ea boipheliso ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka ICD. Ho nka litebello tse ikhethang tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete ho fetola kutloisiso tse sa sebetseng e ka ba mohato oa pele o lebisang ts'ebelisong e sebetsang ea inthanete. Batho ba nang le bothata ba ho ema ba tepelletse kapa ba nang le bothata bo phahameng ba ho jeoa ke bolutu ba tlameha ho koetlisoa ho hlokomela hore marang-rang kapa tšebeliso ea smartphone ha se eona tsela feela ea ho sebetsana le maemo a letsatsi le letsatsi a kenyelletsang maikutlo a nyarosang kapa a maikutlo a seng monate. Ntlha ena e bohlokoa haholo hobane ho ba le tebello ea hore likopo tsa puisano tse fumanehang marang-rang li ka u thusa ho pholoha mathata a bophelo ba 'nete ka hona ho ka khothaletsa le ho tebisa maikutlo a ho lakatsa joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke liphetho tsa hajoale, haholoholo ha ts'usumetso e itseng e etsahala. Bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi litšusumetso tse joalo bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi e ka ba mohlala ho bona batho ba bang ba sebelisa smartphone kapa ho bona molaetsa o kenang. Sena, ha e le hantle, se ka etsa hore ho be thata le ho feta hore batho ba hanyetse takatso ea ho sebelisa lits'ebetso tse itseng. Ka kakaretso, batho ka bomong ba ka hlaolela taolo e fokotsehileng ea ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete e hlahisang litlamorao tse mpe. Ntle le moo, mekhoa ea puisano e mabapi le likopo tsa inthanete ka lebaka la takatso e nang le boiphihlelo e lokela ho fokotseha khafetsa ka mananeo a koetliso a nolofalletsang batho ho ithuta ho qoba tšusumetso e sa laoloeng ho susumetso e itseng [7]. Katleho ea mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea koetliso e hloka tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele, haholo bakeng sa ICD.

Qetellong, re tlameha ho bua ka mefokolo e itseng. Phuputso e entsoe ka sampole e bonolo, e sa emeleng sechaba sohle kapa bakuli ba batlang kalafo ba nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang. Motheong oa liphetho tsa hona joale, ho bonahala ho loketse ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le tšebelisano ea boteng, ho lakatsa, le ho sebelisa litebello ho mehlala e meng, joalo ka bacha le bakuli ba batlang kalafo. Tekanyetso e 'ngoe ke hore re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ICD feela. Ka ho latela hore lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete li ka sebelisoa ho baleha ho sithabela maikutlo kapa maikutlo a fosahetseng, thuto e lokela ho phetoa ka mehlala e nang le lits'ebeliso tse ling tsa boikhethelo tse kang papali ea inthanete, ho reka mabenkeleng ka inthanete kapa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng.

fihlela qeto e

Boithuto ba hajoale bo etselitsoe ho fuputsa mohopolo oa thuto mabapi le nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea ICD. Ho ipapisitsoe le mofuta oa I-PACE, ho tsepamisitse maikutlo ho litlamorao tsa likarolo tse hlokofatsang le tse ananelang, e leng litebello tsa ho qoba le ho lakatsa ho tseba, likamanong pakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa motho le matšoao a ICD. Phuputso ena e ile ea lekola phello ea ho bitsoa ka mokhoa o tenang joalo ka tšobotsi e ka 'nang ea bolela esale pele matšoao a ICD. Liphetho tsa hona joale li bonts'a hore ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang ho ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ICD. Batho ba nang le bothata ba ho ba le letsoalo le phahameng ba bonts'a litabatabelo tse phahameng ho qoba maikutlo a mabe ka ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa puisano tse fumanehang marang-rang, tse tla eketsa litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ntle le moo, ho ba le litebello tsa ho qoba ho amana le boiphihlelo bo phahameng ba ho lakatsa. Sena se kanna sa bakoa ke ho ba kotsing ea ho hola ka mekhoa e amanang le puisano ka marang-rang, e leng ho etsang hore ho be thata le ho feta ho se sebelise lits'ebetso tsa puisano ka inthanete. Ka liphetho tsena, mekhoa e ikhethileng ea ICD e pholoha hantle. Liteko tsa ho kenella tse ikemiselitseng ho thibela ts'ebeliso e sa laoloeng le e fetelletseng ea marang-rang le lits'ebetso tse ikhethang li ka ntlafatsoa ka ho nahana ka mohopolo oa ho bua ka mokhoa o tenang le ho sebelisana ha ona le ho etsa ntho e ncha hape ho lakatsa.

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