2D e tlaase: Litekanyetso tsa 4D li amahanngoa le ho lemalla papali ea video (2013)

PLoS One. 2013 Nov 13;8(11):e79539.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0079539. eCollection 2013.

Kornhuber J1, Zense EM, Lenz B, Stolemel C, Bouna-Pyrrou P, Rehbein F, Kliem S, Mößle T.

inahaneloang

Ho saena ho itšetlehileng ka Androgen ho laola ho hola ha menoana letsohong la motho nakong ea embryogeneis. Phaello e phahameng ea androgen e hlahisa boleng bo tlase ba 2D: 4D (nomoro ea bobeli ho ea ho linomoro tsa bone). Ho pepesetsoa ha prenatal androgen le hona ho ama nts'etsopele ea boko. 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D hangata li tlase ho banna mme li nkoa e le projeke ea mokhatlo oa boko ba monna. Mona, re hlalositse boitšoaro ba libapali tsa video ho batona ba banyane. Re fumane lintlha tse tlase tsa 2D: boleng ba 4D lithutong tse neng li thathamisitsoe ho latela CSAS-II e le batho ba kotsing ea ho ba le ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla (n = 27) ha e bapisoa le batho ba nang le boits'oaro ba papali ea video e sa sireletseng (n = 27). Kahoo, ho pepesetsoa ha prenatal androgen le mokhatlo oa boko oa hyper-male, joalo ka ha ho emeloa ke 2D e tlase: Litekanyetso tsa 4D, li amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo bobe ba lipapali tsa video. Liphetho tsena li kanna tsa sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa ts'oaetso, ho bolela esale pele, le thibelo ea tai ea papali ea video.

Selelekela

Moroalo o mongata oa androgen oa prenatal, o hlahisoang ke maemo a ntlafalitsoeng a li-hormone kapa litsela tsa kutlo tsa androgen tse tebileng le ho feta, o hlahisa nomoro ea bone e telele (4D) e amanang le nomoro ea bobeli (2D) letsohong la motho e moholo [1]. Ka hona, 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D li nkuoa e le tlhabollo ea botona le botšehali, ka boleng bo tlase hangata ho banna ha bo bapisoa le ba batšehali [2]-[4]. Ho feta moo, mojaro oa androgen oa prenatal o na le phello ea tlhophiso mohahong oa bokong le tšebetsong [5]. Ka lebaka leo, 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D li amahanngoa le mefuta e mengata ea boits'oaro ba monna / mosali. Low 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D li amana, ka mohlala, le likarolo tsa autistic [6], [7]; tlhokomeliso khaello ea Hyperactivity (ADHD) [8], [9]; papali ea lipapali [10], [11]; bokgoni ba sebaka [12]-[15]; ho beha mabaka [16]; bokhoni ba lipalo [17]-[19]; tšebelisano-'moho, boits'oaro ba projeke, le toka [20], [21]; palo ea balekane ba bophelo bohle ba ho kopanela liphate [22]; le katleho ea botona [23]. Bopaki bo hokahanyang mojaro oa prenatal androgen le 2D e tlase: Litekanyetso tsa 4D le mekhoa ea boitšoaro li sa tsoa hlahlojoa. [24], [25].

Pele re bonts'a li-2D tsa boleng bo tlase: boleng ba 4D ho bakuli ba ts'ehetsoeng joala [26], lefu le lemaletseng tlhekefetso le tlhekefetso e nang le lefu le phahameng ho banna ho feta basali [27], [28]. Thutong ena, re ikemiselitse ho sekaseka hore na boleng bo tlase ba 2D: 4D e boetse e amana le boitšoaro ba sebapali sa video ba boloi, e leng boitšoaro bo sa amaneng le lithethefatsi. Boitšoaro bo matla ba lipapali bo hlaha hangata ho ba batona ha bo bapisoa le ba batšehali [29]-[32] mme e amana le ho batla maikutlo [33] le ADHD [34]. Papali ea video ea pathological e kanna ea talingoa e le boitšoaro ba motho ea matla haholo. Ka hona, re ts'elisitse hore banna ba nang le mekhoa ea papali ea video ea pathological ba kanna ba pepesetsoa prenatally moroalo o phahameng oa androgen, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke 2D ea bona e tlase: boleng ba 4D.

mekhoa

Boithuto bona ke karolo ea morero oa Finger-Length in Psychiatry (FLIP) oa Lefapha la Erlangen la Psychiatry le Psychotherapy hammoho le thuto ea tlhahlobo e telele ea tlhahlobo ea projeke e bitsitsoeng "Inthanete le Papatso ea Lipapali tsa Video - diagnosis, lefu la mafu, etiopathogenesis, kalafo le kalafo Thibelo ”ea Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Criminology ea Lower Saxony. FLIP-Project e ile ea bonoa e le tlatsetso ketsahalong ea bobeli ea litekanyo (t2) thutong ea lipotso tse telele tse telele. Patlisiso ena e entsoe ho latela melaoana e boletsoeng Phatlalatsong ea Helsinki. Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro ea lehae (Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Jeremane Psychological Society [Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie]). Ho ile ha fumanoa tumello e ngotsoeng ka mor'a ho fana ka litlhaloso tse felletseng tsa thuto ho lithuto tsohle.

Pakeng tsa Hlakola le Tšitoe 2011, lithuto tse 70 li nkile karolo ketsahalong ea pele ea ho lekanya (t1) ea boithuto ba nako e telele ea tlhahlobo ea lipotso (li ne li khethiloe ho tsoa ho barupeluoa ba 1,092 ka kakaretso ba ileng ba hiroa ka likolo, liunivesithi, liforamo tsa inthanete, likoranta le litsi tsa tlhabollo) . Lintho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho nka karolo ho ithuteng t1: banna, lilemo tse 18-21, libapali tsa video tse tloahelehileng tse nang le lihora tse fetang 2.5 tsa ho bapala ka letsatsi kapa lintlha tsa Video Game Addition Scale (CSAS-II) [29], sheba ka tlase). Ho tloha ka Hlakubele 2012 ho fihlela ka Pherekhong 2013, barupeluoa ba 64 ba ka botsoa lipotso hape ho latela tlhahlobo ea t2 ea thupelo e entsoeng ka nako e telele. Ketsahalong ena ea litekanyo kakaretso ea lithuto tsa 54 li lumetse ho eketsa karolo morerong oa FLIP. Lithuto tsena tsa 54 li ka khetholloa ka tsela e latelang: 53 Caucasian, 1 Asia. Lilemo tsa ho bua ka t1 e bile lilemo tsa 18.9 (SD = 1.1). 24 ea bankakarolo ba ne ba na le thuto e phahameng (Abitur kapa e phahameng), ba bang ba 24 ba ne ba na le sekolo sa sekondari (Realschule), ba 5 ba tlalehile sekolo se tlase sa sekondari (Hauptschule) mme ha ba na mangolo.

Ho lemalla papali ea video ho ile ha hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa CSAS II [29] ho t1. CSAS II e thehiloe ho Internet Addiction Scale ISS-20 [35], [36], e atolositsoeng le ho ikamahanya le maemo ho lekola bokhoba ba papali ea video. CSAS-II e na le lintho tsa 14 (tekanyo ea 4-point: 1  = e fosahetse ho 4  = ke nnete ka botlalo) mme e koahela boholo preoccupation / Bokgale ba ho sesa (Lintho tsa 4), lintoa (Lintho tsa 4), tahlehelo ea taolo (Lintho tsa 2), matšoao a ho ikhula (Lintho tsa 2), le mamello (Lintho tsa 2). Thepa ea CSAS-II e bonts'a bonnete ba sefahleho se phahameng, 'me sesebelisoa se bonts'a bonnete ba nnete ba converge bakeng sa mehato e ikhethileng ea ho lemalla papali ea video [29], [30]. Ntle le moo, CSAS-II-classified ea papali ea papali ea lipapali tsa video ha e amane feela le boitšoaro bo fetelletseng ba papali empa e boetse e supa mehato e fapaneng ea boemo ba tšebetso le bophelo bo botle. [29], [30], [37]. Ho sebelisoa mekhoa e latelang ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo: 14-34 = unproblematic, 35-41 = kotsing ea ho lemalla, le 42-56 = ho lemalla.

Ho latela sehlopha sa CSAS-II, se fetelang nako ea lipapali feela, barupeluoa ba 27 ba ile ba khethoa e le libapali tsa video tse se nang mathata, 17 e le kotsing ea ho ba lekhoba la tahi le 10 joalo ka ha e le lemallo. Ka lebaka la palo e nyane ea lithuto tse entsoeng lipatlisiso, lihlopha tsena tse peli "tse kotsing ea ho lemalla" le "ho lemalla" li ile tsa kenella bakeng sa tlhahlobo. Ka hona, mekhahlelo e 'meli ea CSAS-II (e sa sireletsehang / e kotsing / e lemaletseng) e nang le lithuto tse ling tsa 27 e ile ea hlahlojoa thutong ena.

Mathata a kelello le matšoao a psychopathology a ile a hlahlojoa ho t1 a sebelisa Brunch Sy Symbom Inventory (BSI) [38]. Boikemisetso ba kutlo tsa subscales (T = 52.26, SD = 11.81), khatello ea maikutlo (T = 53.98, SD = 11.64), matšoenyeho (T = 54.30, SD = 10.23), le bora (T = 52.20, SD  = 11.56) e sebelisitsoe e le mefuta e fapaneng ea taolo litlhahlobong tsa multivariate. Ntle le moo, matšoao a ADHD, a neng a sebelisoa hape joalo ka taolo ea taolo, a ile a hlahlojoa a sebelisa ADHD-Screening bakeng sa batho ba baholo (ADHS-E; T = 54.02, SD = 8.79) [39].

Scanner ea sefahleho ea Avision IS1000 (Hsinchu, Taiwan) e ile ea sebelisoa ho lekola matsoho a ba nkang karolo ho t2. Ho eketsa ho nepahala, matšoao a manyane a ne a huleloa holim'a likarolo tsa motheo tsa karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea barupeluoa le menoana ea mehele pele ho teko. Matsoho ka bobeli a ne a phuthiloe ka nako e le 'ngoe, matsoho a hae a le fatše, ka' mala o mosoeu. Re sebelisitse GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP, mofuta 2.8.4; www.gimp.org) ho lekanya bolelele ba index (2D) le reng (4D) menoana ho tloha matsohong a letsoho. Mokhoa ona o fana ka ts'epahalo e ntle [40]. Bolelele ba nomoro ea bobeli le ea bone ea letsoho le letšehali le le letona bo ne bo tšoaelitsoe ho tloha bohareng ba sebopeho sa basal ho isa ntlheng ea monoana 'me bo ne bo supiloe likarolo tsa lipikselse tse sebelisang sesebelisoa sa "kipimo" sa GIMP. Litekanyo li entsoe ke batho ba bararo ba ikemetseng ba neng ba sa bone mohopolo mme ba sa bone karolo ea tlhahlobo ea mafu. Boemo ba boleng ba litekanyo tse tharo bo ile ba balelloa palo ea bobeli le ea bone.

Litlhahlobo tsa lipatlisiso li ne li kopantsoe ho sebelisoa IBM SPSS 19 (Armonk, New York, USA) le software ea R.

Results

Phapang lipakeng tsa lilemo lipakeng tsa sehlopha se sa sireletsehang le se kotsing / e tsietsing li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke tlhahlobo ea tlelase ea Moithuti; ho se tšoane ka maemo a thuto ke tlhahlobo e tobileng ea Fisheŕs bakeng sa litafole tse potlakileng ho feta 2 × 2 [41], [42]. Lihlopheng tsena ka bobeli tsa CSAS II (unproblematic vs. kotsing / lemallo) li ne li tsamaisana hantle mabapi le lilemo (t = 1.544, p = 0.129) le boemo ba thuto (p = 0.381; bona Lethathamo 1).

Lethathamo 1 

Bohlokoa ba 2D: boleng ba 4D le Dr-l ho batho ba nang le ts'ireletso ea papali ea video e sa sireletsehang / e kotsing / e lemaletseng.

Ho ts'epahala ha litekanyo tse tharo tsa menoana e ne e baliloe bakeng sa monoana o mong le o mong ka thoko bakeng sa letsoho le letona le le letšehali ho sebelisoa coefflement ea mekhahlelo e meraro (ICC) [43]. Li-ICC li ile tsa boela tsa baloa 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D le 2D e nepahetseng: 4D-left 2D: 4D (Dr-l). Ho tšepahala ha li-raters tse tharo ho ne ho phahame bakeng sa letsoho le letona (2D: ICC = 0.995; 4D: ICC = 0.995; 2D: 4D: ICC = 0.944), letsoho le letšehali (2D: ICC = 0.996; 4D: ICC = 0.994 ; 2D: 4D: ICC = 0.937), le moelelo oa arithmetic (2D: 4D: ICC = 0.961). Ho tšepahala ha boleng ba Dr-l ho ne ho boetse ho le phahameng (ICC = 0.764).

Ho kheloha kabo e tloaelehileng ho ile ha lekoa ke tlhahlobo ea Kolmogorov-Smirnov. 2D: 4D (se bolelang arithmetic: Z = 0.931, p = 0.351, letsoho le letšehali: Z = 0.550, p = 0.923, letsoho le letona: Z = 0.913, p = 0.375) le Dr-l (Z = 1.082, p = 0.193) litekanyetso ha lia kheloha kabo e tloaelehileng. Litekanyetso tsa 2D tse bolelang: 4D le Dr-l li hlahisoa ka Lethathamo 1.

Phapang ho 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D le Dr-1 ho latela boemo ba thuto li ile tsa lekoa bakeng sa sehlopha se sa sireletsehang le se kotsing / se lemaletseng ke tlhahlobo ea Kruskal Wallis. Li-coefficients tsa pearson li ile tsa baloa. Khokahano lipakeng tsa 2D: Boleng ba 4D ka letsoho le letona le letšehali e ne e le 0.788 (p <0.01). 2D: 4D le Dr-l boleng ha boa fapana haholo ho latela boemo ba thuto ka har'a bothata (lipalo li bolela: χ2(2, N = 54) = 1.831, = p = 0.400, letsoho le letšehali: χ2(2, N = 54) = 2.247, = p = 0.325, letsoho le letona: χ 2(2, N = 54) = 2.005, = p = 0.367, Ngaka-1: χ2(2, N = 54) = 0.637, = p = 0.747) le kotsing / sehlopha se lemaletseng (lipalo li bolela: χ2(3, N = 54) = 3.363, = p = 0.339, letsoho le letšehali: χ2(3, N = 54) = 2.139, = p = 0.544, letsoho le letona: χ2(3, N = 54) = 3.348, = p = 0.341, Ngaka-1: χ2(3, N = 54) = 0.460, p = 0.928).

Litloaelano lipakeng tsa mehato ea 2D: 4D (letsoho le letšehali, letsoho le letona, sesosa sa litekanyetso, Dr-1) le tšibollo ea papali ea livideo (se sa tsotelleng vs. kotsing / sehlopha sa litlatsetso) li ile tsa lekoa ke mokhoa o se nang parametric multivariate o thehiloeng hodima molao-motheo oa boiphetetso. li-partition, e le hore, lifate tse tlasa maemo a tlase (C-Tree; [44], [45]). Ho laola maikutlo a ho kenella ha batho, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho hlekefetsoa le ADHD, e ka bapisoang le bohato ba morao-rao bao e seng ba bohlokoa ba bolelang esale pele ha ba qheleloe ka thoko. Ho sebelisa C-Tree algorithm mohopolo oa lefatše lohle oa boipuso pakeng tsa efe kapa efe ea lintho tse kentsoeng ebe karohano e arabeloang e lekoa [46]. Bakeng sa li-metric tse fetohang C-Tree algorithm e kenya karohano ea binary ho phallo e kentsoeng e khethiloeng. Ho khetholla karohano e "ntle" ka ho fetisisa ea binary, ho fanoa ka likarolo tse 'maloa (mohlala, "Gini bohlokoa", "ho se hloeke ha node" kapa "entropy"). Leha ho le joalo, litekanyetso tse ngata tsa ho arola ha li sebetse mefuteng e fapaneng ea karabelo kapa karabelo e arotsoeng ka mefuta e fapaneng (mohlala, metriki le lebitso). Ka hona re sebelisitse moralo oa tlhahlobo ea tumello e hlalositsoeng ke Hothorn et al. [47] (leq. 6, equation 3). Kaha liteko tsa tumello li fumana boleng ba p-pompong ka ho fetisoa ha sampole e ikhethileng ea lipalo tsa liteko, ho tlalehiloe feela boleng ba p-boleng. Sephutheloana sa R ​​se "mokete" (laboratori bakeng sa ho arola lintho hape; [47], [48]) e sebelisitsoe tlhahlobisong ena.

Litlhatisong tse sa sebetsaneng le tse ling tsa paramente ea maemo a phahameng a ho feta, mehato ea 2D: 4D (moelelo oa arithmetic, letsoho le letšehali, letsoho le letona) li ne li amahanngoa le tšebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa video (unproblematic vs. kotsing / sehlopha sa litlatsetso) ha ho laoloa bakeng sa kutloelo-bohloko ea motho le ADHD: 1. Barupeluoa ba ithutoang ba nang le 2D e bolelang: Karolelano ea 4D e ka tlase ho 0.966 e bontšitse kotsi e kholo ea ho ba lekhoba la lipapali tsa video (p = 0.027, d  = 0.71). 2. Ka letsohong le letšehali, barupeluoa ba ithutoang ba nang le 2D: 4D karo-karolelano e tlase ho 0.982 ba bontšitse kotsi e kholo ea ho lemalla papali ea video (p = 0.013, d = 0.93). 3. Bakeng sa barupeluoa ba ithutang ka letsoho le letona ba nang le 2D: 4D karo-karolelano e ka tlase ho 0.979 ba bontšitse kotsi e kholo haholo ea ho ba makhoba a papali ea video boemong ba p <0.10 (p = 0.095, d  = 0.66). Ho feta moo, bankakarolo ba ithutoang ba fumaneng lintlha tse fetang 60 (T-lintlha) ho ADHS-E ba ne ba le kotsing haholo (p = 0.078, d = 0.69). Ha ho mokhatlo oa bohlokoa o fumanoeng bakeng sa Dr-1 (p = 0.127). Figure 1a ho 1c ho bontša kotsi ea ho lemalla papali ea video bakeng sa moelelo oa 2D: 4D, hammoho le 2D ea leqeleng le le letona: Lits'ebeletso tsa 4D ho C-Tree. E ikemetseng ea 2D e tlalehiloeng: 4D e khaotseng litekanyetso e bolela phapang ea sehlopha ka mehato ea 2D: 4D pakeng tsa unproblematic le kotsing / lekhoba la taolo e ka bonoa, e behelletsoeng molemong oa 2D: 4D ho Setšoantšo sa 2 sebelisa tekolo e tšoanang le mefuta e meng e itšetlehileng ka eona. Ka bobeli, liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore libapali tsa video tse kotsing ea ho ba kotsing / tse lemalloang li na le 2D tse nyane: tekanyo ea 4D.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Lits'oants'o tsa maemo a leholimo a Kamohelo.
Setšoantšo sa 2 

Morero oa Meetso e Akaretsang.

Ho hakanya boleng ba 2D: tekanyo ea 4D joalo ka tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea khethollo ea lipapali tsa video tse lemalloang / ho tsoa likotsi tsa batho ka bomong le taolo ka boits'oaro bo bobe ba lipapali, re sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea ROC ho bala boleng ba AUC, hammoho le kutloisiso le ho hlaka. ntlheng ea Youden [49] (ntlha e lebanteng la ROC moo kakaretso ea kutloisiso le ho hlaka li totisoang). Tlhahlobo ea ROC e bonts'a hore tekanyo ea tlhahlobo ea 2D: tekanyo ea 4D ea letsoho le letšehali e phahame ka ho fetisisa (AUC 0.704, sensitivity 0.852, speciality 0.556), e lateloa ke letsoho la letsoho le letona (AUC 0.639, sensitivity 0.815). Ho latela Hanley le McNeil [50] re shebile phapang lipapaling tsa li-AUC tse hahiloeng ka sepheo sa bohlokoa (Z = 1.147, p = 0.25).

Puisano

Ena ke phuputso ea pele e hokahanyang ho pepesetsoa ha prenatal androgen le boitšoaro ba papali ea livideo. Thutong ena, re fumane maemo a tlase a 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D lithutong tse kotsing le boits'oaro ba papali ea video. Meetso e boholo bo boholo ho feta d = 0.66 e bonts'a tekanyo e matla ho isa ho matla [51]. Ha ho na tse ling tse reriloeng esale pele, ntle le matšoao a ADHD bakeng sa 2D e nepahetseng: Lits'ebetso tsa 4D li ne li le bohlokoa lipalo tlhahlobisong ea multivariate nonparametric. Motsoalle o hlokometsoeng lipakeng tsa lipapali tsa video tse kotsing ea ho ba kotsing / tse lemalloang le 2D e tlase: Litekanyetso tsa 4D li ka fetoleloa ka mekhoa e mengata. (1) 2D e nyane: boleng ba 4D bo kenya ka kotloloho boits'oaro ba papali ea bokhoba; leha ho le joalo, ha ho na bopaki ka har'a lingoliloeng ho tšehetsa monyetla ona. (2) Tloaelo ea papali e tlatsetsang ka kotloloho e kenya ka tlase 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D. Leha ho le joalo, menyetla ena ha e na monyetla hobane lithuto tsa pejana li pakile hore 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D li lula li le teng bophelong bohle kamora ho hlaha [52]. (3) Mochine o tloaelehileng o ikarabella bakeng sa bobeli ba 2D bo tlase: Litekanyetso tsa 4D le boitšoaro bo lemalloang ba lipapali. Ho ipapisitsoe le data e teng, ntlha e joalo e fana ka tlhaloso e ka bang teng. Liphetho tsa 2D: lipalo tsa Sefate sa 4D C ka matla a mang a hlalosang a matšoao a ADHD le ona a ts'ehetsa tlhaloso ena. Papali e lemalloang e ata hangata ho banna [29]-[32] hape e amana le ADHD [34] le maikutlo a ho batla [33]. Liphetho tsena tsohle li kile tsa hokahanngoa le boleng bo tlase ba 2D: boleng ba 4D. Lebaka le leng le tloaelehileng la mekhatlo ena e bonahala e le mojaro o moholo oa androgen nakong ea kemolo.

Ho utloisisa litsela tse lebisang ho tsoa ho testosterone e ntlafalitsoeng ea bokhachane ho tla ba bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlalosa melaoana e ka lebisang bokhoba ba papali ea video. Testosterone ea bokhachane e kanna ea kenya ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea litekanyetso ka liteishene tse 'maloa ho kenyelletsa tse latelang: (1) Prenatal testosterone ngata modulates system ea moputso oa mesolimbic [53] ka hona e ka ba le boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho becha ho batho ba baholo. (2) Melao e ikhethileng ea lefats'e ea cyber ha e bapisoa le lefatše la 'nete e kanna ea tlatselletsa meeli ho bokhoni ba tšebelisano ea sechaba bo bakoang ke mojaro o moholo oa testosterone ea prenatal. Ho bontšitsoe hore maemo a testosterone a phahameng ka ho fetesisa a fokotsa kutloelo-bohloko le matla a ho khetholla ponahalo ea sefahleho, ke ho utloisisa seo batho ba bang ba se nahanang le ho se utloa. [54]. Tumellanong le hoo, boleng bo tlase ba 2D: Lits'ebetso tsa 4D li ne li amana le ho fokotsa kutloelo-bohloko ho banna [55]. Ntle le moo, 2D e nyane: 4D e hokahane le lipelaelo tse tebileng tsa khethollo ea sechaba [56]. Kahoo, testosterone e phahameng ea bokhachane e kanna ea baka mathata a kopaneng le ho ikarola bathong, ka hona, ho kenyeletsa boitšoaro ba lipapali tsa video tsa pathological e le leano la ho sebetsana le maemo. (3) Ho na le monyetla oa hore bokhoni bo tataisang kapa bo sitisang tšebeliso ea komporo bo leka ho beha motho kotsing ea ho lemalla papali ea lipapali tsa video. Kahoo, liphetho tsa rona li lumellana le liphumano tse fetileng tse hokahanyang 2D e tlase: 4D e nang le litsebo tse amanang le Java tse amanang le 2D e phahameng: boleng ba 4D ka matšoenyeho a amanang le khomphutha [57].

Pele re ne re fumana 2D e tlase: boleng ba 4D ho batho ba lemaletseng joala [26], bokuli bo amanang le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi. Hoa hlokomeleha hore boleng bo tlase ba 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D le tsona li hlaha ho batho ka bomong ba lemaletseng papali ea video, e leng tlhekefetso e sa amaneng le lithethefatsi e atileng haholo ho banna ho feta basali. Sephetho sena se totobatsa ho tšoana lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi tse amanang le lithethefatsi le bokhoba ba marang-rang [58]. Ho latela DSM-5, mathata a lipapali tsa marang-rang a kenyellelitsoe ho sehlomathiso e le taba ea ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling. Lingoliloeng li fana ka maikutlo a motheo oa ho lemalla papali ea komporo le marang-rang [59]-[61]. Liphetho tse hlahisitsoeng mona li fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng bakeng sa motheo oa tlhaho oa ho lemalla papali ea inthanete, ka hona, fana ka khang ea ho khetholla ha bona e le bothata ba ho lemalla.

Lintho tse ngata li hokahantsoe le 2D e tlase: Litekanyetso tsa 4D, boholo ba tsona bo tsamaisana le hypothesis ea kelello ea monna. Kahoo, boleng bo tlase ba 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D li kanna tsa nkuoa e le moetapele oa "mokhatlo" oa "hypop -otona" oa banna. Leha ho le joalo, phello e nepahetseng ea mojaro o phahameng oa prenatal le androgen bophelong ba motho ka mong le boits'oarong ba motho e moholo oa nakong e tlang le bona e tlameha ho itshetleha ka mefuta le litlamorao tse ling. Mokhoa o ikhethileng oa boits'oaro o hlahisoang ke mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng ka bokaholimo ba banna o ka its'etleha ho latela mabaka a mangata a tlhaho le tikoloho a bileng teng bophelong ba motho ka mong. Ka hona, ho ba teng ha 2D e tlase: Lits'ebetso tsa 4D ha li fane ka tlhahiso e itseng kapa tlhahlobo ea mafu bakeng sa motho a le mong. Leha ho le joalo, tsebo ea 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D li ka thusa ho ntlafatsa ts'oaetso ea motho le tsoelo-pele e amanang le boits'oaro le mathata a fapaneng ha a sebelisoa hammoho le matšoao a mang.

Liphetho tsena li ka ba le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'oaetso, thibelo, le litlamorao tsa papali e lemaletseng. 2D e tlase: Boleng ba 4D bo le bong ha bo tšoae lipapali tsa ho lemalla, empa ntlha ena e ka nolofalletsa tšoaetso ha e sebelisoa hammoho le matšoao a mang. 2D e tlase: Boleng ba 4D bo ka thusa ho khetholla batho ba leng kotsing ea ntlafatso ea papali e lemalloang, ka hona, e ka tsamaisa thibelo. Ho entsoe liteko tse 'maloa ho bolela esale pele tsoelo-pele ea papatso ea lipapali tsa inthanete ho batho ka bomong [62]-[67]. 2D e tlase: Boleng ba 4D ke letšoao le nang le tšobotsi; ha e kopantsoe le matšoao a mang, ts'ebeliso ea eona e ka ntlafatsa boikemisetso ba nts'etsopele ea nako e tlang kapa tlhahlobo ea hona joale ea litheko tsa papali ea inthanete. Mefuta e joalo e ntlafalitsoeng ea ho noha e ka thusa nts'etsopele ea maano a thibelo e sebetsang.

Re fuputse batho ba lilemo tse moqotetsane; ho ea pele, lilemo tse bolelang li ne li sa fapana lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli. Lithutong tse fetileng, lilemo li ne, haeba ho hang, li ne li amana feela le 2D: boleng ba 4D [68]. Ka hona, lilemo li ne li sa nkuoe ho tlhahlobisong e seng ea parameite. Haholo, boemo ba thuto bo ne bo sa fapana pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli tse batlisisitsoeng thutong ena.

Bohlahlobisisong bo eketsehileng re boetse re hlokometse kamano e ka bang teng pakeng tsa 2D: 4D le papatso ea lipapali tsa video sebelisa CSAS-II kakaretso lintlha, kaha sena se tlalehiloe mohlala ka mehato ea 2D: 4D le boithati [69]. Ts'ebetso ea "regression regression" ha e senole moelelo oa bohlokoa, tatellano kapa mokhoa o kopaneng - hape le phetoho ea logarithmic ea moelelo oa arithmetic (bona [69]). Ntle le moo, liphetho tsena li netefalitsoe ke tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maemo a morao-rao eo e seng ea parame [70], [71]. Ka bobeli tsena lihlahlobo li ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa ho nka bokhoba ba papali ea video e le karolo e hlophisitsoeng ka likarolo tse ikhethileng (e se nang mathata kapa e se nang bothata, joalo ka ha e le tlokotsing / ho lemalla joala). [72].

Nako e sebelisoang le papali ea video feela ha e hlalose bokhoba. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea "lefu la papali ea video" litekanyetso tse ling li tlameha ho fihlelleha: ho tsepamisa maikutlo, ho tlohela, ho mamella, tahlehelo ea taolo, le ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele le ha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe. Matla a thuto ena ke karolo ea barupeluoa. Bohle ba neng ba nkile karolo ba ne ba qeta nako e itseng letsatsi le leng le le leng le libapali tsa video, empa ke halofo feela ea bankakarolo e neng e na le lintlha tse ling tse neng li ba hlalosetsa hore ba kotsing / ho lemalla (joalo ka ho hlahlojoa ke CSAS-II). Liphetho tsa rona li hlalosa 2D: 4D e le sesosa sa kotsi e amanang le tlhagiso ea lipapali tsa video, eseng feela papali ea video e bapalang ka se.

Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe meeli e 'maloa ea ho ithuta. Re sebelisitse mofuta oa li-centric, selikalikoe, taolo ea linyeoe, tse lumellang ho fumanoa ha litloaelano feela, ntle le likamano tsa mabaka. Ntle le moo, re fuputse banna feela, mme sehlopha sa mehlala se ne se le nyane. Boholo ba phello e matla ea 2D: 4D ho ts'ebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa video e kanna ea khona ho khetholla liphapang tsa sehlopha leha ho na le lithuto tse fokolang. Phuputsong ea rona e fetileng, re fumane le sesebelisoa se matla se amanang le 2D: 4D ho lemalla joala [26]. Ka lebaka la phapang e tummeng ea thobalano e nang le boitšoaro bo bobe [5], lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho kenyelletsa basali, li kenyeletse merabe e meng hape li lokela ho kenyelletsa sampole e kholo.

lumela hore baa fokola

Re rata ho leboha barupeluoa bohle ba rona, mothusi oa rona oa baithuti Julia Weberling, le molaoli oa rona oa IT-system André Liedtke.

Tlhaloso ea lithuso

Lichelete bakeng sa boithuto bona li fanoe ke liphallelo tsa kalafo ho tsoa sepetleleng sa Univesithi ea Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg le Lefapha la Saense le Setso la Lower Saxony. Bafani ba lichelete ba ne ba sena karolo morerong oa ho ithuta, pokello ea lintlha le tlhaiso-leseling, qeto ea ho phatlalatsa, kapa ho hlophisa sengoloa.

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