Batho ba bangata ba bapalang lipapali tsa elektronike ba bapala lipapaling tsa papali ho bapisa litšoaneleho tsa lithethefatsi le li-gamer tse sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete ho batho ba baholo ba Fora (2011)

BMC Psychiatry. 2011; 11: 144.

E phatlalalitsoe inthaneteng 2011 August 26. Doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-144

PMCID: PMC3176476

Copyright© 2011 Achab et al; laesense ea BioMed Central Ltd.

Mofumahali Sophia Achab,1,2,3 Magali Nicolier,1 Frédéric Mauny,4,5 Julie Monin,1,6 Benoit Trojak,7 MOKHATLO OA MOLIMO: Pierre Vandel,1,2 Daniel Sechter,1,2 Philip Gorwood,8,9 le Emmanuel Haffenmongoli ea tšoanang1,2,6

1Lefapha la Clinical Psychiatry, Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Besançon, 25030 Besançon Cedex, Fora

2EA 481 "Laboratori ea Neuroscience" - Univesithi ea Franche-Comté, sebaka se 1 sa maréchal Leclerc, 25030 Besançon Cedex, Fora

3Lefapha la Clinical Psychiatry, Setsi sa Lithethefatsi sa Sepetlele sa Geneva University, 70C rue du Grand-Pré Geneva, Switzerland

4Lefapha la Boitsebiso ba Bongaka, Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Besançon, 25030 Besançon Cedex, Fora

5UMR CNRS 6249 «Sebaka sa Chrono» -Franche-Comté University, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France

6INSERM Technological Innovation Clinical Investigation Center (INSERM CIC-IT 808), Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Besançon, 25030 Besançon Cedex, Fora

7Lefapha la Clinical Psychiatry, Sepetlele sa Dijon University, 1 Bd Jeanne d'Arc, BP 77908 21079 Dijon Cedex, Fora

8Sepetlele sa Saint-Anne (Paris Descartes), 100 rue de la santé, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, Fora

9INSERM U894, Univesithi ea Paris Descartes, Setsi sa Paul Broca, 2 ter rue d'Alésia, 75014 Paris, Fora

Sophia Akabe: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] ; Magali Nicolier: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] ; Frédéric Mauny: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] ; Julie Monnin: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] ; Benoit Trojak: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] ; Pierre Vandel: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] ; Daniel Sechter: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] ; Philip Gorwood: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] ; Emmanuel Haffen: [imeile e sirelelitsoe]

E amohetse la 7 Mphalane 2010; E amohetse la 26 Phato 2011.

Ena ke sengoloa sa Open Access se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa maemo a laesense ea Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), e lumellang ts'ebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso, le phetiso ea mofuta o fe kapa o fe, ha feela mosebetsi oa pele o boletsoe ka nepo.

inahaneloang

Background

Lipapali tsa ho bapala karolo e bapalang ka bongata ea batho ba bangata (MMORPG) ke papali ea boithabiso e tsebahalang haholo ebile e monate, 'me ho na le khaello ea lisebelisoa tse netefalitsoeng tsa machabeng tsa ho lekola papali e fetelletseng. Ka palo e ntseng e hola ea bapalami lefatšeng ka bophara, litlamorao tse mpe (ho itšehla thajana, ho kena sepetlele, ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng, jj.) Ho bonoa ho ba fokolang ba bapalami, e leng taba e tšoenyang sechaba le sechaba sa mahlale. Thutong ea hajoale, re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho shebeng libapali tse kotsing ea ho lemalla MMORPG.

mekhoa

Thutong ena ea ho hlahloba, re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho litšobotsi, litloaelo tsa inthanete le tšebeliso e mpe ea mathata ho bapalami ba baholo ba MMORPG. Ntle le tlhaiso-leseling ea sechaba le lipalo tsa boits'oaro ba libapali, lisebelisoa tse 3 tse fapaneng tsa ho lekola bokhoba li sebelisitsoe ho libapali tsa French MMORPG tse hiriloeng inthaneteng ho feta likhoeli tse 10 tse latellanang: litekanyetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi bakeng sa Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, khatiso ea bone e ntlafalitsoeng -IV-TR) e fetotsoeng bakeng sa MMORPG (DAS), sekala sa boleng bo holimo sa Goldberg Internet Addiction Disorder (GIAD) le bongata ba Orman Internet Stress Scale (ISS). Bakeng sa litekanyo tsohle, lintlha tse kaholimo ho monyako o itseng o hlalositsoeng positivity.

Results

Bapapali ba baholo ba 448 ba neng ba nka karolo e ne e le bacha ba baholo ba tsoang univesithing ba lulang ba le bang libakeng tsa litoropo. Barupeluoa ba bontšitse litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa bokhoba ba inthanete (44.2% bakeng sa GIAD, 32.6% bakeng sa ISS) le DAS positivity (27.5%). Ha li bapisoa le sehlopha se fosahetseng sa DAS, libapali tse ntle tsa DAS li tlalehile likhahla tse phahameng haholo tsa mamello (nako e eketsehileng lipapaling tsa inthanete ho fumana sephetho se lakatsehang) mme e phatlalalitse sechaba, lichelete (OR: 4.85), lenyalo (OR: 4.61) , Lelapa (OR: 4.69) le / kapa mathata a profeshenale (OR: 4.42) esale ba qala papali ea inthanete. Ntle le moo, libapali tsena li itlaleha ka sekhahla se phahameng haholo (makhetlo a 3 ho feta) a ho teneha, ho robala mots'eare, ho hloka boroko ka lebaka la papali, maikutlo a tlase le liphetoho tsa maikutlo ho tloha ha lipapali tsa inthanete li qala.

Nahanisisa

DAS e bonahala e le sesebelisoa sa mantlha sa mohala oa pele oa ho lekola bokhoba ba MMORPG ho libapali tsa inthaneteng. Phuputso ena e fumane litefiso tse phahameng tsa ho lemalla MMORPG, le matšoao a boithati a tlalehiloeng likarolong tsa bohlokoa tsa bophelo, ho kenyelletsa maikutlo le boroko. Sena se tiisa tlhoko ea ho theha mananeo a loketseng a thibelo khahlano le tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea papali ea inthanete.

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Background

Ho itšepa ho kenyelletsa sistimi e rarahaneng ea maemo a bophelo a amang batho ka bomong, liketso tsa bona le moetlo oa bona, hape e bitsoa boloetse bo nang le lipolelo tse ngata [1]. Ka 1964 Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO) o ile oa hlahisa mohopolo oa ho itšetleha ka motho e mong ho nkela bokhoba ba hae le tloaelo ea hae sebaka. Poleloana ea ho itšetleha ka bongata e ka sebelisoa hangata ha ho buuoa ka mefuta eohle ea lithethefatsi tse sebelisang kelello (tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, lik'hemik'hale kapa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi) kapa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho sethethefatsi se itseng kapa sehlopha sa lithethefatsi (joala kapa ts'ebeliso ea opioid) mme e bua ka mmele le kelello likarolo [2]. Ho ea ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Khatiso ea Bone-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi ho ka kenyelletsa matšoao a 'maloa (mamello, ho hula, litlamorao tse mpe libakeng tsa sechaba le tsa profeshenale, tahlehelo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso, le ho phehella ho sa natsoe litlamorao tse mpe). Mohopolo o se o ntlafalitsoe haholo ka ponahalo ea mefuta e mecha ea likhoebo, e nang le sehlooho se reng:ke hore. boitšoaro] bo lemalloang joalo ka mathata a ho ja, ho reka ka qobello, ho sebelisa hampe [3] le papali ea chelete. Lingaka li tloaetse ho khetholla lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso, ho itšepa le ho lemalla, ho bua ka ntho kapa boitšoaro. Phapang ena e ts'ehetsoa ke liphuputso tsa morao-rao tsa methapo ea methapo mekhoeng e fapaneng ea methapo ea kutlo e amehang ho itšetleheng kapa ts'ebetsong.4]. Ho its'epahalla ho ka hlalosoa e le karabelo e feto-fetohang ea methapo ea kutlo ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi, mme e amahanngoa le ho hula ha ntho e sa fumanehe. Tlhaloso ena e tsamaellana le se neng se bitsoa "ts'epahalo ea 'mele", e sa lekanang ho hlalosa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le boo e seng ba lithethefatsi. "Ho itšetleha ka kelello" pejana ho na le monyetla oa ho ba "bothata ba khetho" bothateng ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi, moo tahlehelo ea taolo le ho etsa liqeto tse sa lekaneng li lebisang ho boits'oaro bo ikemetseng le bo qobelloang bo lateloang leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello, 'mele le / kapa sechaba. [5]. Mefuta e 'maloa ea boits'oaro, ntle le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse tlatsetsang, e hlahisa moputso oa nakoana o ka bakang boits'oaro bo phehellang, leha o tseba litholoana tse mpe. Mathata ana a nahanoa e le ho robala haufi le pono e qobelloang kapa ho lemalla lintho tse kang "boits'oaro". E le ho tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea bobeli, bopaki bo ntseng bo hola bo bontša hore ho lemalla boitšoaro ho tšoana le ho lemalla lithethefatsi libakeng tse ngata, ho kenyeletsoa nalane ea tlholeho, phenology, mamello le ho senyeha, ho tlatselletsa monehelo oa lefutso, tšebetso ea methapo ea kutlo le karabelo ea kalafo [6]. Sengoloa sa boralitaba sa American Psychiatric Association (APA) se qotsitse O'Brien, molulasetulo oa Substance-Related Disorders Work Group, a re: “Patlisiso ea lithethefatsi e tšehelitse hore papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li ts'oana haholo hobane ka bobeli li amana le taolo e mpe ea maikutlo tsamaiso ea boko ea moputso le pefo ”7]. Liphuputso tsena li ts'ehetsa khatiso ea bohlano ea DSM e tlang (DSM-V) e ka hlahisang sehlopha se secha sa Bokhoba le Mathata a Amanang le sena a kenyeletsang mathata a ts'ebeliso le a lithethefatsi tse seng tsa lithethefatsi. Lintlha tsa hajoale li fana ka maikutlo a hore sehlopha sena se kopaneng se kanna sa tšoaneleha bakeng sa papali ea chelete le mekhoa e seng mekae ea boitšoaro bo ithutoang hantle, mohlala. Bokhoba ba inthanete (IA) le papali ea video / khomphutha [6]. IA e hlalositsoe e le motlae ke Goldberg ka 1994 ka ho hlahisa mekhoa ea DSM-IV ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi [8]. Ho tloha ka nako eo, "boloetse bona bo bocha" e ntse e le taba e khahliloeng ke mahlale ho fihlela mohoo oa morao tjena oa hore e kenele maemo a DSM V. Mohlala oa thuto ea Davis ho Mathata a Ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang (PIU) o khetholla likarolo tse peli tse fapaneng: i) PIU e ikhethileng, e amanang le litaba tse itseng mme e ka ba teng ntle ho vector ea inthanete, joalo ka papali ea chelete le livideo tsa video le ii) PIU e akaretsang e amanang le Likateng tsa inthanete tse kang meqoqo, melaetsa ea inthanete le marang-rang a sechaba [9]. Marang-rang a fane ka menyetla e mengata e fapaneng bakeng sa lipapali tsa setso tsa video mme ho hohela ho atile lefatšeng ka bophara, haholoholo ka Lipapali tsa Maiketsetso tsa Batho ba Bangata ba Inthaneteng (MMORPGs). Mohlala oa botumo bona ke World of Warcraft© (WoW), e nang le bangolisi ba mafolofolo ba fetang limilione tse 11.5 [10] le litlaleho tse hakanyetsoang ho 62% ea 'maraka oa papali ea video inthaneteng [11]. Lipapali tsena ke boiphihlelo ba morao-rao ba papali ea inthanete feela, 'me hangata bo emeloa ke lefatše le leholo, le tsoetseng pele ebile le fetoha le hlophisitsoeng libakeng tse fapaneng [12]. Leha ho le joalo, ha botumo ba MMORPG bo ntse bo hola, ho ntse ho botsoa lipotso ka bokhoni ba bona ba tšebeliso e fetelletseng. Li-MMORPG li bapaloa nako e telele ho feta lipapali tse ling [13], e ka supang hape monyetla oa litlamorao tse mpe haholo ho libapali [14].

Ho fihlela hajoale, ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse nyane lipapaling tsa video tsa inthaneteng, haholo-holo likarolong tse fapaneng tsa papali ea marang-rang, litšobotsi tsa libapali tsa batho ba baholo le boemo ba tsona ba bokhoba. Lithuto tsa pejana li ne li shebile haholo palo ea batho ba bapalami ba MMORPG. Ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tse shebileng litlamorao tsa MMORPG. Kim o ile a lekola bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete a sebelisa mofuta o fetotsoeng oa Young's Internet Addiction Scale mme a bona kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa tahi ea papali ea inthanete le pefo le boits'oaro ba narcissistic, le kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa tahi ea papali ea inthanete le boits'oaro [15]. Phuputsong e hlahlobang, Hussain o ile a lekola maemo a ho fetoloa ha bong [16] le tlhahlobong ea maemo a holimo ho sebelisoa lipuisano tse 71 tse fumanehang marang-rang, e bontšitse kamoo libapali li sebelisang MMORPG ho kokobetsa maikutlo a mabe, ho fana ka litlhaloso tse qaqileng tsa mathata a botho a hlahang ka lebaka la ho bapala MMORPG karolong ea boraro ea lithuto [17]. Phuputsong e 'ngoe ea lipatlisiso, Longman o ile a arola bankakarolo ba 206 ba machabeng ka lihlopha tse 2 ho latela nako eo ba e qetileng ba bapala MMORPG ka beke, mme a bona hore sehlopha se sebelisang haholo se hlahisa maemo a tlase a tšehetso ea sechaba ka ntle ho naha le maemo a phahameng a matšoao a mabe a kelello [18]. Mokhoa o mong o shebile kamano pakeng tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi le avatar, sebapali sa papali [14]. Phuputsong ena ea machabeng, 15.4% ea libapali e ne e le basali mme hoo e ka bang 40% ea libapali tsa 548 tsa MMORPG li ne li inka e le makhoba. Ho feta moo, Mentzoni et al a. o hlokometse hore ts'ebeliso e thata ea lipapali tsa video e amahanngoa le lintlha tse tlase bakeng sa khotsofalo ea bophelo le maemo a phahameng a ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo [19].

Lipapali tsa video ke boithabiso bo hohelang haholo, 'me li ka sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tsa bongaka (bohloko, ntlafatso ea mesifa, ts'usumetso ea kelello, jj.20], empa li ka baka le litlamorao tse mpe joalo ka ho lemalla. Ho sebetsana le ketsahalo ena e ntseng e hola, mmuso oa Korea Boroa, naha ea bo-pula-maliboho bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea MMORPG, o sa tsoa etsa qeto ea ho hlahisa thibelo ea har'a mp'a bosiu bakeng sa lipapali tse nyane tse koaletsoeng lihora tse 6. Ntle le moo, khokahano ea bona ea inthanete e ne e tla fokotseha dessyecik spyware bakeng sa libapali tse bapalang lihora tse fetang 6 (http://www.mmorpg.com/newsroom.cfm/read/16704). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ka bacha ba hakanyetsoang ho limilione tse 10 ba lemaletseng Inthanete, Chaena e se e qalile ho thibela tšebeliso ea papali ea khomphutha: melao ea hajoale e nyahamisa nako e fetang lihora tse 3 tsa ts'ebeliso ea papali ea letsatsi le letsatsi [21]. Bokhoba ba MMORPG ke ntho e hlahang (e seng e amohetsoe lilemo tse leshome) moelelong oa phehisano e potileng likhopolo tsa boits'oaro ba boitšoaro le "pherekano ea mohopolo" lebaleng la litlatsetso [22]. Hajoale, ha ho na sehlopha se tsebahalang se lumellanang sa mahlale sa ho hlahloba bokhoba ba papali ea video inthaneteng [23].

Ha ho se na litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tsa tlhahlobo ea khauta bakeng sa IA le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete, re ile ra bua ka litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV-TR tsa ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi. Liphuputso tse ngata masimong ana li fetotse maemo ho tsoa DSM-IV-TR joalo ka litekanyetso tsa papali ea chelete bakeng sa Teko ea Tlhekefetso ea Inthanete (IAT) [24], ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi le litekanyetso tsa papali ea chelete bakeng sa bothata ba Videogame Playing (PVP) [25]. Lintlha tse hlahang li supa ho ts'oana ha bongaka le neurobiological lipakeng tsa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le litloaelo tsa boitšoaro [26,27]. Re nkile qeto ea ho leka litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV-TR tsa ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi ho hlahloba bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete.

Moelelong ona, patlisiso ena, eo boholo ba eona e hlahlobang, e shebile ho arola bokhoba ba MMORPG ho IA (ho latela mohlala oa thuto ea Davis) ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa ho lekola bokhoba ba sampole e tšoanang. Ho sebetsana le bokhoba ba MMORPG, re sebelisitse litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV-TR bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi [28,29] eo re ikamahantseng le eona bakeng sa lipapali tsa video tsa inthaneteng (ho nkela sebaka "ntho" ka poleloana "lipapali tsa video tsa inthaneteng"). Ho sebetsana le IA, ho sebelisitsoe sekala se fapaneng sa 2: boleng ba boleng bo holimo ba Goldberg Internet Addiction Disorder (GIAD) [8] (ho kenyeletsoa le mekhoa ea ho itšetleha ka mamello le ho hula) le bongata ba khatello ea kelello ea Orman Internet (ISS) [30] (ntle le litekanyetso tsa ho mamellana le ho tlohela ho its'oarella le ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho litlamorao tse kang tahlehelo ea taolo le litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete). Phuputso ena e boetse e shebile ho bapalami ba baholo ba MMORPG ba sebelisa moralo oa ho hira batho inthaneteng.

mekhoa

Moqapi oa thuto

Palo ea batho bao re neng re ba shebile thutong ea rona e ne e na le libapali tsa French MMORPG tse fetang lilemo tse 18 mme ba thaothoa inthaneteng lipuisanong tsa lihlopha tsa liboka tseo hangata li eteloang ke libapali. Mekhatlo ena ea liboka ke mekhatlo e entsoeng ke lihlopha tsa libapali tse batlang sepheo se tšoanang papaling e tsebahalang haholo, World of Warcraft (WoW). Mofuta o ikemetseng oa lenane la lipotso ha o matla hakaalo ho feta lipotso tse botsoang. Lipotso tsa lipotso tsa inthanete tse ikemetseng li sebelisitsoe lithutong tse ling makaleng ana mme li hlalositsoe e le mokhoa o khotsofatsang [31].

Protocol ea ho ithuta e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Sepetlele sa Besançon University (tumello e fanoeng ke General Health Administration: DGS2007-0382). Ho etsa bonnete ba ho se tsejoe, re rometse memo e akaretsang thuto ea rona, ka sehokela sa sebaka sa boithuto sa motho ka mong, ho mekhatlo e 234 ea lipapali tsa WoW lipakeng tsa Mots'eanong 2009 le Hlakubele 2010. Hang ha bapalami ba hoketse webosaeteng, ba ne ba ka fumana leseli ho bafuputsi, sepheo sa phuputso le litaelo tse hlakileng lenaneng la lipotso, lekunutu le tokelo ea bona ea ho ikhula neng kapa neng thutong. Lipotso tsa lipotso li ne li sa tsejoe ebile e le lekunutu, 'me ha ho na lintlha tse ka khethollang libapali li ile tsa bokelloa [mohlala. Aterese ea Protocol ea Inthanete (IP) eo e leng letšoao la linomoro le abeloang khomphutha ka ngoe e nkang karolo marangrang a likhomphutha] ho latela maemo a boitšoaro a Mafora. Bafo bohle e ne e le baithaopi mme ba phatlalatsa hore ba lilemo li 18 kapa ho feta. Bohle ba arabetseng ba lumetse ho nka karolo ho ithuteng ka inthanete mme ba lumella bafuputsi ho sebelisa lintlha tsa bona tse sa phethahalang ha ho hlokahala. Lenane la lipotso tsa inthaneteng le nkile metsotso e 45 ho le phethela. Karolo ea pele ea lenane la lipotso, e ne e na le lenane la lipotso tse ikemetseng tse 63 tse lekolang tlhaiso-leseling ea sechaba le kamano, kamano lipakeng tsa papali le bophelo bo botle, papali le litlamorao tsa bochaba, le litekanyetso tsa bongaka tsa tlhahlobo ea IA le papali ea papali ea inthanete. Lenane la lipotso le ne le e-na le mokhoa o ts'oanang 'me barupeluoa ba ne ba tlameha ho araba potso ka' ngoe ho fihlella e latelang. Barupeluoa ba arabile ka e kapa che lipotsong tsohle ntle le tse latelang: i) bakeng sa potso "Litšoaneleho tsa hau ke life?" libapali li entse khetho e bonolo lipakeng tsa menyetla e meraro: ka tlase ho diploma ea Sekolo se Phahameng, lipakeng tsa diploma ea Sekolo se Phahameng le degree ea Univesithi 'me qetellong degree ea Master kapa e phahameng: ii) bakeng sa potso "O batlana le MMORPG?" libapali li entse khetho lipakeng tsa menyetla e 3 eo re ileng ra e arola ka mekhahlelo e mene ho latela tekolo ea Bartle (6) [32]: “Explorer"Bakeng sa" sibollo "kapa" phuputso "ea tikoloho ea papali,"Ea atlehileng"Bakeng sa" phephetso "kapa" ho ba le avatar e matla ","Motho ea bapalang karolo”Bakeng sa" ho bapala karolo ea lefatše le leng ", le"Boiketlo ba sechaba”Bakeng sa" tšebelisano 'moho le libapali tse ling "; iii) bakeng sa potso "Ho bapala ho u etsa hore u ikutloe joang?" libapali li entse khetho lipakeng tsa menyetla e 3: "khotsofalo e kholo ea motho", "matla a matla" le / kapa "ho ba setho sa sehlopha"; iv) bakeng sa potso e reng "Ho tloha ha u qala ho bapala, na u utloa" libapali li entse khetho e bonolo lipakeng tsa menyetla e 5: ho thaba, ho teneha le ho feta, ho tšoenyeha ho feta, ho se khutse kapa ho hlonama ho feta; v) bakeng sa potso e reng "U qalile ho bapala u le lilemo li kae?" libapali li fane ka karabo e bulehileng le vi) bakeng sa potso e reng "U ikutloa eka lipapali li na le litlamorao life bophelong ba hau?" bankakarolo ba ile ba fana ka karabo e bulehileng eo re ileng ra e arola ka mekhahlelo e 5 (i) ho se be le phello, ii) litlamorao tsa 'mele tse kang mathata a pono kapa mesifa, iii) litlamorao tsa kelello tse kang ho tšoha, iv) mokhathala kapa ho hlobaela le v)' meleng le kelellong litlamorao).

Sekala se fapaneng

Karolo ea pele ea lipotso tsa inthanete e ne e na le lintho tse 63 ho kenyeletsoa lisebelisoa tse tharo tsa ho hlahloba lipapali tsa inthanete le inthaneteng. Sekala ka seng se na le lintho tsa sona tse ikemetseng. i) Ho lekola bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete, re ile ra etsa DSM-IV-TR bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ka mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ho khaola (3 kapa litekanyetso tse ling) joalo ka ea mantlha molemong oa boits'oaro bo ipolelitseng ba ho lemalla papali ea video ea inthaneteng. Re bitsitse sekala sena DSM-IV-TR ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi ho Adapted Scale (DAS) pampiring ena. E na le lintho tse 7 (ha e le sekala sa mantlha) tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea inthanete. Ho lekola IA, ii) sekala sa Goldberg Internet Addiction Disorder (GIAD) ke sekala sa boleng se nang le lintho tse 11 'me se fetotsoe ho tloha ts'ebetsong ea DSM-IV ka Goldberg e nang le sebaka se ts'oanang le sa DSM-IV (3 kapa mekhoa e meng) e bonts'a bokhoba ba inthanete [8]. Matšoao a ho hula sesebelisoa sena e ne e le "ho tsukutleha", "menahano e tsoelang pele ea inthanete" le "motsamao oa matsoho o sa ithaopeng". iii) Tekanyo ea Khatello ea Kelello ea Orman (ISS) [30] ke tekanyo e ngata e nang le lintho tse 9 tse inehetseng ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete. Lintlha tse pakeng tsa 0 le 3 li amana le tloaelo e tlase ea ho lemalla ha lintlha tse pakeng tsa 4 le 9 li lekana le kotsi ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Melemo ea sesebelisoa sena e ne e le ho hlahlojoa ha IA ka matla, ho ba sieo ha matšoao a "mamello" kapa "ho ikhula", ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho litlamorao tse mpe tsa tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang, ho itlaleha ho sa khahliseng tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete le tahlehelo ea taolo. Sesebelisoa sena se ne se sebetsa hantle haholo tlhahlobong ea bokhoba ba tahi ho fapana le ho itšetleha.

Bakeng sa lintho tsohle tsa litekanyo tse 3, barupeluoa ba arabile ka e kapa che. Bakeng sa sekala ka seng, lithuto tseo lintlha tsa tsona li fihlileng ntlheng e khaotsoeng li ne li nkuoa li le ntle.

Tlhahlobo ea statistical

Tlhatlhobo e sa amaneng le letho e entsoe ho sebelisoa mehlala e 'meli ea t-test (mefuta e tsoelang pele) le teko ea Pearson's chi-square (mefuta e sa bapisoang le mekhahlelo). Ho lekola lintlha tse ikemetseng tse amanang le lintlha tsa DAS (tse nchafalitsoeng e le tse ntle kapa tse mpe), tlhahlobo ea multivariate e ile ea etsoa ka mokhoa oa khatello ea thepa. Lilemo, thobalano le boemo ba thuto li ne li nkuoa e le lintho tse ka ferekanyang [14,15,17,33,34] 'me tsa hlahisoa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng ka mokhoa oa thepa (liphetho tse ntlafalitsoeng). Lintho tse ikemetseng tse amanang le lintlha tsa DAS tlhahlobisong e sa amaneng le letho ho p <0.2 li ile tsa hlahisoa ka mokhoa o arohaneng ka har'a mofuta oa thepa. Tsamaiso ea Benjamini le Hochberg e sebelisitsoe ho laola litlamorao tsa lipapiso tse ngata [35,36]. Khalemelo e sebelisitsoe ho lihlopha tsa liteko tsa nako e le 'ngoe tsa likhopolo-taba tse fosahetseng. Liphuputso li ne li nkuoa e le ka nako e le ngoe ha mefuta e ikemetseng e hlalosa semelo sa lelapa le le leng (sekala sa tahi, palo ea batho ba mantlha, ho senyeha hoa sechaba, jj.). Litekanyetso tsa p tse lokisitsoeng le linako tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa Tšepo li ile tsa baloa molemong oa ho laola Sekhahla sa Tlhatlhobo ea Bohata. Moeli oa bohlokoa o behiloe ho 0.05. Litlhahlobo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa software ea SYSTAT (v 12).

Results

barupeluoa ba

Ho baeti ba 861 webosaeteng ea marang-rang ba inehetseng morerong ona, ba 516 ba phethile lenane la lipotso tsa inthanete (59.9%). Lirekoto tse mashome a tšeletseng a metso e meraro li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko: lihlooho tse 56 li ne li bontšitse hore ha li lumellane le hore data e sebelisoe haeba data ea bona e sa phethahala Lintlha tse fetang 10% li ne li le sieo bakeng sa bankakarolo ba 5 le lipotso tsa lipotso tsa 2 tse hlahisitseng tlhaiso-leseling e sa lumellaneng ha re bapisa litšobotsi tse 'maloa tsa palo ea batho (lilemo / palo ea bana / boemo ba lelapa le lilemo / boemo ba thuto). Ka hona ba arabelang ba makholo a mane le mashome a mane a metso e robeli ba kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong ena ea data (52.6%).

Litšobotsi tsa libapali tsa MMORPG

Papali ea inthaneteng e bapalang litšobotsi tsa bankakarolo (n = 448) li thathamisitsoe ho Lethathamo Lethathamo1.1. Ho ea ka DAS Scale, 27.5% ea lithuto tse hlahlobiloeng li na le mekhoa e metle ea ho lemalla MMORPG (eo re e rehileng DAS.+) [95% Nako ea Tšepo (95% CI): 23.3-31.6] (Tafole (Tafole2) .2). Ka sekala sa ISS le GIAD se lekanyang IA, lihlopha tse ntle (tseo re li rehileng ISS+ le GIAD+) e fihlile 32.6% [95% CI: 28.2-36.9] le 44.2% [95% CI: 39.6-48.8] ka ho latellana. Re lekile kamano pakeng tsa sekala sa DAS le IA (n = 448) (Tafole (Tafole2) .2). DAS e ne e amahanngoa le lipalo tsa GIAD le ISS (ka bobeli li lokisitsoe <10-3Le ha likarabo e le 77.5% (n = 84 ISS+/ DAS+, le n = 263 ISS-/ DAS-) li ne li hokahane lipakeng tsa DAS le ISS, le 72.5% lipakeng tsa DAS le GIAD (n = 99 GIAD+/ DAS+ le n = 226 GIAD-/ DAS-), liphapang li ile tsa bonoa hape: 42% ea ISS+ e ne e le DAS- le 50% ea GIAD+ libapali e ne e le DAS-.

Lethathamo 1Lethathamo 1

Lintlha tsa motheo tsa palo ea batho ea sampole ea Bapalami ba Bapalang Role-Playing (MMORPG) ea Mafora

Lethathamo 2Lethathamo 2

Papiso ea libapali tsa MMORPG le (vs ntle le) ho lemalla ho latela litekanyo tse 3 tsa tlhatlhobo ea lithethefatsi (n = 448)

Ho ipapisitsoe le sekhahla se phahameng sa concordance lipakeng tsa sekala sa IA sa ho lekola le sekala sa tlhatlhobo ea lithethefatsi tsa MMORPG, re hlahisa mona feela litholoana ho latela DAS.

Kabo lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV TR tsa ho lemalla

Ha ho phapang e kholo e fumanoeng lipakeng tsa libapali ho tsoa sehlopheng se setle (ho feta monyako: DAS+) ho latela lilemo (25.7 ea lilemo, ho tloha 18 ho isa 46) le ba tsoang sehlopheng se fosahetseng (ka tlase ho monyako: DAS-, Ea lilemo li 27, ho tloha ho tse 18 ho isa ho tse 54); kapa ho latela bong (28.8% vs 20.8% ea basali) (Tafole (Tafole3) .3). DAS+ libapali li ne li na le monyetla o fokolang oa ho ba liithuti tsa Univesithi ho feta DAS- (Tafole (Tafole33).

Lethathamo 3Lethathamo 3

Palo ea batho ba mantlha ea libapali tsa French MMORPG le likarabo tsa bona tsa DAS

Ka phetoho ea lilemo, thobalano le boemo ba thuto [14,15,17,33,34], lintlha tsa DAS li ne li amahanngoa haholo le palo e kholo ea mefuta-futa ka litekanyo tse latelang: bophelo ba sechaba, marang-rang le lipapali tsa inthanete, liphetoho maikutlong le ho holofala ha bophelo. Taba ea mantlha, ke ho nahana ka bophelo ba kahisano ho tloha qalehong ea papali ea inthanete (Tafole (Tafole4), 4), DAS+ libapali li itlalehile ka sekhahla se phahameng sa "ho hloka mesebetsi e meng ea boikhathollo" (p <10-3, KAPA: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.13-0.36), ea "ho tsoa hanyane" (p <10-3, KAPA: 4.79, 95% CI: 3.05-7.53), ea "ho bona metsoalle e fokolang" (p <10-3, KAPA: 5.78, 95% CI: 3.58-9.32) le ea ho ba le lenyalo (p <10-3, KAPA: 4.61, 95% CI: 2.66-7.99), lelapa (p <10-3, KAPA: 4.69, 95% CI: 2.80-7.86), sebetsa (p <10-3, KAPA: 4.42, 95% CI: 2.56-7.64) le / kapa tsa lichelete (p <10-2, KAPA: 4.85, 95% CI: 1.18-19.97) mathata ha a bapisoa le DAS- libapali. Karolo e phahameng haholo (p <10-3) tsa tsena DAS+ libapali le tsona li tlalehile hore li itima thepa e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho bapala MMORPG (KAPA: 6.05, 95% CI: 2.48-14.74). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ba ekelitse nako eo ba e sebelisang marang-rang ho fumana khotsofalo bonyane likhoeli tse 12 (OR: 2.99, 95% CI: 1.84-4.87) (Tafole (Letlapa la 5) 5) ha e bapisoa le libapali tsa DAS- sehlopha.

Lethathamo 4Lethathamo 4

Bofokoli ba sechaba le likarabo tsa DAS

Lethathamo 5Lethathamo 5

Ho hokela marang-rang le lipapali le likarabo tsa DAS

Taba ea bobeli ke ho shebana le litšobotsi tsa sebapali (Tafole (Tafole5), 5), DAS+ sehlopha se sebelisitse haholo (p <10-3nako e eketsehileng marang-rang kapa papali ho feta DAS- sehlopha (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08-1.29 le OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.14-1.44 ka ho latellana). Sekhahla sa tahi ho latela DAS se ne se lekana (p <10-3) e hokahane le boithuto bo tlalehiloeng ba boithaopo ba papali ha e bapisoa le libapali tse itlhommeng pele (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.07-2.71) bakeng sa libapali tse thata le (OR: 9.14, 95% CI: 3.69-22.64) bakeng sa che bophelo.

Mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa maikutlo le papali (Tafole (Tafole6), 6), DAS+ sehlopha se ile sa ikutloa se na le matla a maholo (p <10-3) papaling ea papali ha se bapisoa le DAS- sehlopha (kapa: 3.21, 95% CI: 1.62-6.36). DAS+ sehlopha se batlile khotsofalo e kholo haholo ea motho (p = 0.008, OR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.16-2.73) ho tsoa lipapaling ho feta DAS- sehlopha. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ba neng ba ikutloa ba le sehlopha sa papali ea papali ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho ba DAS+ sehlopha (p = 0.026, OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.06-2.50).

Lethathamo 6Lethathamo 6

Liphetoho tsa maikutlo tse itlalehileng le likarabo tsa DAS

Re boetse ra lekola lintlha tse amanang le papali (Tafole (Tafole7) .7). DAS+ sehlopha se robetse haholo tlase ho DAS- sehlopha (p = 0.004, OR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66-0.93) mme palo ea ba sa fumaneng boroko bo khathollang e ne e phahame haholo (p <10-3, KAPA: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.14-0.38). Ho hloka boroko ka lebaka la papali (OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.83-4.38) le boroko ba nako e telele (KAPA: 3.10, 95% CI: 1.92-5.00) e ne e le bohlokoa haholo (p <10-3) e amanang le litefiso tse phahameng tsa DAS positivity. Bakeng sa potso "u ikutloa joang ho tloha ha u qala ho bapala?", 'Me ha e bapisoa le libapali tse neng li thabile ho tloha ha li qala ho bapala, DAS+ libapali li phatlalalitsoe khafetsa haholo (p <10-3) hore ba ne ba halefa haholo (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.19-5.48), ba khobile matšoafo (KAPA bakeng sa "khutso e kholo": 0.39, 95% CI: 0.22-0. 69) kapa ba hloname ho feta (OR: 12.48, 95% CI: 2.64-59.06). Ntle le moo, libapali tsena li phatlalalitse haholo (p <10-3) hangata e ferekanya bophelo ba nnete le ba nnete ho feta DAS- sehlopha (OR: 5.01, 95% CI: 2.21-11.34). Re boetse re ithutile ka litlamorao tsa papali papaling ea bophelo bo botle (Tafole (Tafole7) .7). DAS+ libapali li itlaleha hore li utloa bohloko hangata ho feta DAS- bapalami (p <10-3) ho tsoa kelellong (OR: 3.21, 95% CI: 1.86-5.56) kapa 'meleng (OR: 3.23, 95% CI: 1.44-7.22) kapa litlamorao tsa kelello le' mele (OR: 14.09, 95% CI: 2.89-68.61) ka lebaka la papali.

Lethathamo 7Lethathamo 7

Ho bapala le ho itlaleha ha bophelo bo botle le likarabo tsa DAS

Kamora nako, mabapi le maikutlo a libapali tsa mekhatlo (Tafole (Tafole8), 8), DAS+ sehlopha se ne se nahana hore mekhatlo ea bona e ba hloka hore ba qete nako e itseng ea ho bapala mme ba ba hatella (OR: 2.55, 95% CI: 1.63-3.99 le OR: 5.19, 95% CI: 2.09-12.91 ka tatellano). Mabapi le karolo ea mekhatlo, bapalami ba utloileng hore mokhatlo oa bona o qobelletsoeng nako ea bona ba tlaleha litefiso tse phahameng tsa DAS positivity (makhetlo a 3.7 ho feta), mme bapalami ba utloileng hore mekhatlo ea bona e na le khatello e tlalehile litefiso tsa DAS positivity makhetlo a 2.6 ho feta ba bapalami ba sa utloeng sena (data ha e bontšoe).

Lethathamo 8Lethathamo 8

Liphello tsa mekhatlo le likarabo tsa DAS

Puisano

Thutong ena ea ho hlahloba, re ile ra tsepamisa mohopolo mekhoeng ea papali ea inthanete le ho sebelisa hampe ho bapalami ba baholo ba MMORPG, re bapisa lisebelisoa tse tharo tse fapaneng tse ka thusang ho hlahloba lihlooho ka tšebeliso e mpe ea mathata ea MMORPG. Mabapi le sekala sa IA, re hlokometse hore sekhahla sa boits'oaro se bonoang le GIAD se ne se phahametse se bonoang le ISS mme sena se netefalitse hore sekala sena sa 2 se hlahlobile litekanyo tse fapaneng (GIAD e hakantsoe ho itšetleha le ho lemalla athe ISS e hakantsoe hore e lemalla feela). Litefiso tse phahameng tse fumanoeng ka GIAD li bolela hore mathateng a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho itšetleha hangata ho feta ho lemalla.37]. Ho feta moo, bakeng sa lisebelisoa tse 3 tse sebelisitsoeng, mokhoa ona o ne o ts'oana empa ha ho concordance e felletseng e ileng ea bonoa. Hape, lisebelisoa tsena tsa 3 ha li hakanyetse likarolo tse tšoanang, ho fana ka maikutlo a phapang lipakeng tsa IA le bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete. Sena se matlafatsa mohopolo oa rona o sebetsang oa tlhoko ea lisebelisoa tse ikhethileng tsa inthanete le lisebelisoa tse ling tse khethehileng tsa MMORPG. Re bonts'itse hore sekala sa DSM-IV-TR (se bitsoang DAS) e ka ba sesebelisoa se setle sa mohala oa pele oa ho lekola tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea MMORPG.

Le ha lingoliloeng li bontšitse thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ho MMORPG, ha ho tumellano e teng hona joale mabapi le sekala se netefalitsoeng sa ho khetholla bokhoba ba MMORPG ka kotloloho. Liphuputso tse ngata tsa pejana li sheba palo e itseng ea bacha mabapi le Marang-rang ka kakaretso, mme ha se hangata e shebang lipapali tsa video [38]. Litšobotsi tsa psychometric tsa sekala sa IA lia ts'episa [15,39,40], athe ba bang ba thehile lipatlisiso tsa bona lipuisanong tsa libapali [14,17,38]. Ntle le moo, lithuto tse fetileng ha li khetholle marang-rang le lipapali tsa inthanete tsa video, leha e le lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lipapali tsa video tsa inthaneteng [41]. Li-MMORPG li ne li khona ho amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata [33] ho feta lipapali tseo e seng tsa MMORPG hobane libapali tsa MMORPG li tloaetse ho qeta nako e ngata li bapala [13].

Boithuto ba rona bo na le likhaello tse 'maloa. Taba ea mantlha, boemeli ba sampole e hlahlobisitsoeng mona bo ka ba mathata. Barupeluoa ha baa khethoa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, mme ho nka karolo e ne e le ka boithatelo (lihlooho tse amoheloang ho nka karolo tekong ea ho fihlela leqephe la webo bakeng sa lipotso tsa inthanete). Mohlomong ha se mefuta eohle ea libapali tsa MMORPG tse kenyellelitsoeng thutong ena, haholo-holo ka thata (hobane likarabo li ka etsa hore ba senye nako e ka sebelisoang ho bapala) kapa libapali tse itlhommeng pele (hobane ba ka ikutloa ba sa tsotelle thuto). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, libapali tsa inthaneteng ho thata ho fihlella ka tsela efe kapa efe kantle le marang-rang. Taba ea bobeli, re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho sampole e itseng (libapali tsa batho ba baholo ba Mafora ba MMORPG feela). Liphetho tsa rona leha ho le joalo li bapisoa le lithuto tsa Amerika le Asia ho latela lilemo, bong, lelapa le boemo ba lenyalo [14,33,34]. Ntle le moo, nako e tloaelehileng e sebelisitsoeng papaling e bonoang mona e ne e ts'oana le lithuto tse ling [33]. Taba ea boraro, lihlahlobo li ne li ipapisitse le litlaleho tsa hau. Ba arabelang e kanna eaba ba ne ba itšireletsa likarabong tsa bona, ke hore. ho leka ho hlaha sechabeng se tloaelehileng, e leng kotsi e ke keng ea qojoa ka lipatlisiso life kapa life tse ipapisitseng le ho itlaleha. Leha ho le joalo, netefatso ea ho tsebahala ka data e kanna eaba e khothalelitse libapali ho fana ka likarabo tse tšepahalang. Ntlha ea bone, ho ne ho ke ke ha etsahala hore sebapali se le seng se arabele lipotso tse fetang hanngoe ka lebaka la bolelele ba sona (45 min) Ho feta moo, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe karolong ea Liphetho, taolo ea boleng ba data e tlositse lipotso tse sa lumellaneng. La bohlano, concordance ea boits'oaro bo tlalehiloeng ba boitlamo ba lipapali (Casual, Hardcore gamer and No life) le DAS positivity, le litlamorao tse fapaneng tse fapaneng li tlalehile likarabo tse tšepahalang tsa sechaba se neng se le hlokolosi ka ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e ka senyang setšoantšo sa sechaba. ea lipapali tsa inthanete.

Mabapi le litšobotsi tsa mantlha, boithuto ba rona bo bonts'itse hore libapali tsa batho ba baholo ba Mafora ba MMORPG hangata ba bacha, ba hiriloe, ke batho ba baholo ba fumaneng mangolo Univesithing, mme ba tloaetse ho lula ba le bang libakeng tsa litoropo. Likamano tsa batho ba bang (77.5%) ke tsona tse ileng tsa hohela MMORPG ho latela boitlhahlobo ba bona, eseng papali-papali ka bobeli (30.9%). Nako e nyane ea ho qala papali ea inthanete e ne e le phapang e matla e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea DAS ha e bapisoa le palo ea lilemo tsa papali. Re bone palo e lekanang ea lilemo tse bapalang lipapali tsa video tsa inthaneteng bakeng sa lihlopha ka bobeli [lilemo tse 8.54 (Standard Deviation (SD): 6.66; 95% CI: 7.81-9.26 bakeng sa DAS- sehlopha se khahlano Lilemo tse 8.41 (SD: 5.93; 95% CI: 7.35-9.46) bakeng sa DAS+] (data ha e bontšoe).

Re khethile ho fetola sekala sa DSM-IV-TR sa ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi bakeng sa lipapali tsa inthanete hobane ho nka karolo ho fetelletseng lipapaling tsa inthanete ho ka hlalosoa e le mofuta oa boitšoaro bo hlephileng boo boits'oaro bo hlalosoang ke ts'ebetso ea papali. Boemo bona bo matlafalitsoe ke puisano le maikutlo a morao-rao a APA mabapi le taba ena [7,21,42], e etsahetseng ha re ntse re hlophisa buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Ntle le moo, litekanyetso tsa papali ea video e nang le mathata e kenyeletsang mamello, e tsoa mefuteng ea tlhahlobo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi [25]. Ntle le moo, sekhahla sa papali ea papali ea chelete ea DSM-IV se hlahisitseng mathata se hlahisitse mathata ka lebaka la phapang e fapaneng ea boleng lipakeng tsa papali ea chelete le lipapali [23]. Mona, re hlokometse hore bakeng sa sekala sa 3, sekhahla sa tahi se ne se le holimo ha se bapisoa le lithuto tse ling [14,17]. Lisebelisoa tsa ho lekola lithethefatsi tse sebelisitsoeng thutong ea rona li bonts'itse holimo le ho bohlokoa (p <10-3concordance ha e hlahlojoa e le ntle kapa e le mpe: DAS le ISS li bonts'a 77.5% ea lipara tse lumellanang, mme DAS le GIAD li bonts'a 72.5% ea lipara tse lumellanang. Litefiso tse phahameng tsa IA thutong ea rona (32.5% ea ISS+ le 44.3% ea GIAD+) ha ho bapisoa le lingoliloeng ho ka hlalosoa ka mehlala ea mehlala: libapali tsa inthaneteng li na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa vector ea inthanete haholo bakeng sa lipapali le mesebetsi e meng ea inthanete. Ho feta moo, lisebelisoa tsena tse peli li ne li sa lekane litekanyo tse tšoanang. ISS e shebile bokhoba ba tahi le tahlehelo ea taolo le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe libakeng tse bohlokoa; athe GIAD e ile ea lekola mamello le matšoao a ho hula mabapi le ho itšetleha.

Phapang maemong a positivity e bonoang bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa 3 e bontšitse phapang ea 'nete lipakeng tsa papali le PIU e akaretsang, mme e hloka lisebelisoa tse ikhethileng bakeng sa lefapha le leng le le leng la IA. Re bontšitse hore, ho lisebelisoa tsena tse tharo tse fapaneng, DAS e ne e bonahala e le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho lekola bokhoba ba MMORPG. DAS e bonahala e le eona e amanang haholo le mekhatlo e meng e ithutoang. Sena se hlalositsoe pele ke hore litekanyo tsa ISS le GIAD li nehetsoe marang-rang, ka hona li ne li kenyelletsa likarolo tse ling ntle le papali, athe DAS e ne e totobetse ho lipapali tsa video tsa inthaneteng. Taba ea bobeli ke hore re bone lipapiso tse 'maloa lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e ntle ea DAS le lithethefatsi tse ling tseo litekanyo tse tloaelehileng li netefalitsoeng ka tsona, joalo ka bokhoba ba tahi. Mohlala, likhahla tse amanang le karabelo e nepahetseng potsong "Ho eketsa nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang ho fumana khotsofalo" e ne e le holimo (OR: 2.99); phello ena e ka hlalosoa e le ketsahalo ea mamello, e fumanoang ka ho lemalla lithethefatsi.28]. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho netefalitsoe hore ho lemalla lithethefatsi tse kang joala ho amana le mathata a bophelo le a sechaba a joalo ka mathata a lelapa le a mosebetsi [43]. Ho lekola boitšoaro bo amanang le bokhoba ba MMORPG ho re lumelletse ho hlalosa "batho ba baholo ba ho bapala ba kotsing ea ho lemalla" ka litlamorao tse ngata bakeng sa bophelo bo botle le boits'oaro ba motho, joalo ka ha ho bonoe nakong ea tokiso ea buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho ke Billieux le coll. [44]. Ho joalo, libapali tse tsoang lihlopheng tsohle tse ntle li ne li le nyane ho feta ba lihlopheng tse mpe mme ba ne ba se na monyetla oa ho ba liithuti tsa Univesithi (48.2% ba ne ba na le diploma ea Sekolo se Phahameng) ha e bapisoa le kakaretso ea thuto ea rona, e lumellanang le taba ea hore bapapali ba inka ba lemaletse [14,45]. Ka lebaka la ho tšoana le lithuto tse fetileng [14,15,17,33,34], tlhahlobo ea taolo ea thepa e mengata e entsoe ka liphetoho tsa lilemo, thobalano le boemo ba thuto. Liphetoho tsohle tse ithutoang mona (25/25) li ile tsa lula li le bohlokoa mohlaleng oa hoqetela kamora phetoho. Mabapi le litšobotsi tsa libapali, libapali tse ntle tsa sehlopha li qetile nako e ngata marang-rang ka beke ho feta tse mpe tsa sehlopha le nako ea ho bapala ho feta baahi ka kakaretso. Ntle le moo, ho ne ho na le kamano e matla lipakeng tsa tlhaloso e fanoang ke bankakarolo (Casual, Hardcore gamer kapa No life) le boemo ba bokhoba: ho phahamisa tlhaloso ea sekala ke hore, papali ea papali e itšetleha haholo ka palo ea batho ka kakaretso. Bapapali ba neng ba ikutloa ba khotsofetse haholo, ba na le matla kapa ba le sehlopha 'me ba sa robale ba phomotse hangata ho DAS+ sehlopha. DAS+ libapali tsa sehlopha li boetse li robala lihora tse fokolang ka bosiu ho feta DAS- tse ling 'me a tšoaroa ke boroko kapa ho robala ka nakoana. Joalo ka thuto ea Hussain [46], libapali tse ipolelang hore li ikutloa li halefa le ho tšoenyeha le ho feta li lemaletse ho feta ba reng ba ikutloa ba thabile. Ho batla le ho fumana monyaka lipapaling e ka ba tšireletso lipapaling tse feteletseng. Ka mokhoa o sa makatseng, libapali tse ipolelang hore li hloname le tsona li na le menyetla e mengata ea ho amahanngoa le DAS+ sehlopha ho feta ba reng ba thabile. Sena se ka bakoa ke ntlafatso ea maikutlo e batloang papaling, kapa litlamorao tsa litlamorao tse mpe tse amanang le papali e feteletseng. Mabapi le bophelo bo botle, libapali tse nang le litlamorao tsa 'mele kapa tsa kelello tse amanang le papali li ne li le teng hangata ho DAS+ sehlopha, mme mokhatlo ona o ne o na le menyetla e fetang ea 14 ea ho fumanoa ha libapali li tlaleha litlamorao tse peli. Re bone kamano e ts'oanang lipakeng tsa boits'oaro ba DAS le ho ferekanya bophelo ba 'nete le tšōmo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, libapali tse neng li nahana hore mekhatlo e hloka nako le ho ba le khatello hangata ho DAS+ sehlopha. Maikutlo ana a ka hlalosoa ka tlhoko ea ho ba setho sa mokhatlo o tsoelang pele papaling, ho fihlela maemo a holimo. Hangata mekhatlo ea mekhatlo e hlophisa litlhaselo le liketsahalo tse ling tse hlokang tlhophiso, tse ka hlahisang moelelo oa boitlamo bakeng sa litho [47]. Mekhatlo e meng e khetha litho tse fumanehang ka ho fetisisa ebile esale li bapala nako e telele ho feta, ka sepheo sa ho qothisana lehlokoa le mekhatlo e meng. Ho feta moo, re hlokometse hore mekhatlo e sirelelitse libapali, kaha kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea DAS e eketsehile ho bapalami ba nahanang hore mekhatlo e hloka nako ea bona ha e bapisoa le libapali tse sa utloeng sena. Kamora nako, mabapi le mathata a sechaba, DAS+ libapali tsa sehlopha li bonahala li tsoa hanyane, li bona metsoalle e fokolang, li na le mathata a lenyalo, a lelapa, a mosebetsi le a lichelete ebile li itima lintho tse hlokahalang ho li bapala, joalo ka ha ho bonoa litlamong tse ling.

Ka lebaka la liphetho tsena, phuputso ena e totobatsa taba ea hore DAS e ne e bonahala e le sesebelisoa sa pele sa ho lekola libapali tse ka bang kotsing ea ho bapala lipapali tse ngata marang-rang. Bapapali ba nang le litšobotsi tse boletsoeng kaholimo e ne e se makhoba empa ba bonahala ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho lemalla. Ho latela pono ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, ho ne ho le bohlokoa ho khetholla baahi bana ho hlalosa ketsahalo ena ka botlalo.

Nahanisisa

Phuputso ena e lebelletsoeng e fane ka tlhaiso-leseling ea maemo a bophelo sechabeng ka sampole e kholo ea libapali tsa batho ba baholo ba sebelisang inthanete tsa MMORPG, mme e lekile sesebelisoa sa ho fumana lisosa tsa kotsi tsa ho lemalla papali ea video. Liphetho tsa rona li tiisa tlhoko ea ho theha mananeo a thibelo ea bophelo bo botle joalo ka thibelo e thehiloeng marang-rang bakeng sa tlhekefetso ea MMORPG le Setsi sa Bokhoba ba Marang-rang, joalo ka ha se qaliloe ke Bacha, ho kenyeletsoa lipuisano tsa marang-rang (http://www.netaddiction.com) le kalafo e kang kalafo ea boits'oaro ea boits'oaro [48].

Lethathamo la litlhaloso

APA: Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika; CI: Nako ea Tšepo; DAS: DSM-IV-TR sekala sa ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi se ikamahantseng le MMORPG; DSM-IV-TR: Tlhatlhobo le Buka ea Lipalopalo ea Mathata a Kelello, Khatiso ea bone-Tlhatlhobo ea Litema; GIAD: Tekanyo ea Goldberg Internet Addiction Disorder; IA: Bokhoba ba inthanete; IAT: Teko ea Tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang; IP: Protocol ea inthanete; ISS: Khatello ea kelello ea Inthanete ea Orman; MMORPG: Papali ea ho bapala karolo e ngata ea batho ba bangata inthaneteng; PIU: Ts'ebeliso e thata ea Marang-rang; PVP: Ho bapala Videogame ea Video; KAPA: Tekanyo ea Odds; SD: Ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng; WHO: Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo; WoW: Lefatše la Warcraft®

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng

Bangoli ba bolela hore ha ba na litlhōlisano.

Menehelo ea bangoli

SA, FM le EH li rerile, tsa rala thuto le ho ngola protocol. SA, MN le BT li nkile ho fumana lintlha. JM, PV le DS ba batlisitse lingoliloeng. MN, FM, EH, PG e ile ea khona ho sekaseka le ho hlalosa lintlha. FM e ile ea etsa lipatlisiso tsa lipalo. SA le MN ba ngotse sengoloa sa pele sa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. EH le PG ba ne ba okametse thuto. Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho tlhahlobisong e hlokolosi ea buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho mme ba amohetse mofuta oa ho qetela.

Nalane ea phatlalatso

Pale ea pele ho phatlalatso ea pampiri ena e ka fumanoa mona:

http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/11/144/prepub

Liteboho le lichelete

Re leboha sechaba sa libapali sa MMORPG le ts'ehetso e mafolofolo ea mekhatlo, ntle le eona thuto ena e ne e ke ke ea khonahala. Re lakatsa ho leboha ka ho khetheha Alexandra Gosse, mong'a mokhatlo (Illidan server) le moqapi oa marang-rang oa projeke ena, le Frances Sheppard (INSERM CIC, Besançon) ka thuso ea hae ho ngola buka eo e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Phuputso ena e ne e sa tšehetsoa ka lichelete mme e tšehelitsoe ke Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Besançon (Fora) ka tšehetso ea inthanete e tsoang Setsing sa Patlisiso ea Kliniki ea Besançon.

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