Microstructure e sa tloaelehang baneng ba nang le Internet Addiction Disorder. (2011)

LIPOTSO: Tlhahlobo ena e bontša ka ho hlaka hore ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ba etsa tlhekefetso ea boko e tšoanang le ea ba sebelisang lithethefatsi. Bafuputsi ba fumane phokotso ea 10-20% litabeng tsa bohlooho tsa pele tsa cortex ho bacha ba lemaletseng inthanete. Hypofrontality ke polelo e tloaelehileng bakeng sa phetoho ena sebopeho sa boko. Ke letšoao la bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsohle tsa ho lemalla.

Boithuto bo Felletseng: Maemo a sa tloaelehang a Microstitution ho Bacha ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla tlhekefetso ea inthanete.

PLoS ONE 6 (6): e20708. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0020708

Caring: Yuan K, Qin W, Wang G, Zeng F, Zhao L, et al. (2011)

Mohlophisi: Shaolin Yang, Univesithi ea Illinois e Chicago, United States of America

E amohetse: December 16, 2010; E amohetsoe: May 10, 2011; E phatlalalitsoe: June 3, 2011

Copyright: © 2011 Yuan et al. Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng se fihletsoeng tlasa tumellano ea Lichelete ea Tlhahiso ea Creative Commons Attribution, e lumellang tšebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso, le tlhahiso hape ka mofuta o mong le o mong, ha feela moqapi oa mantlha le mohloli ba ngoliloe.

Lengolo-tsoibila: [imeile e sirelelitsoe] (YL); [imeile e sirelelitsoe] (JT)

inahaneloang

Background

Boithuto ba morao-rao bo bonts'a hore tlhekefetso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (IAD) e amana le tlhekefetso ea mokokotlo litabeng tsa bohlooho. Leha ho le joalo, ke liphuputso tse fokolang tse ileng tsa etsa lipatlisiso ka litlamorao tsa ho lemalla ha marang-rang marang-rang mabapi le tsela e kholo ea methapo ea methapo, 'me hoo e batlang e se lithuto tsohle tse lekotseng liphetoho tse bang teng kamora nako ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.

Methodology / Sepheo sa mantlha

Re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tsa morphology ea boko ho bacha lilemong ba nang le IAD (N = 18) re sebelisa mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa voxel-morphometry (VBM), mme ra ithuta liphetoho tse tšoeu tsa fractional anisotropy (FA) re sebelisa mokhoa oa ho kopanya (ensense tensor imaging (DTI)), sehokela mehato ena ea sebopeho sa boko ho fihlela nako ea IAD. Re fane ka bopaki bo bonts'ang liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa sebopeho sa boko lithutong tsa IAD. Liphetho tsa VBM li bonts'itse molumo o theohileng oa "golfex" (DLPFC), sebaka sa makoloi se tlatsetsang (SMA), orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), cerebellum le rostral ACC (rACC) e tlohang. Tlhahlobo ea DTI e senotse boleng bo ntlafalitsoeng ba FA ea leoto le letšehali la mokokotlo oa kahare (PLIC) mme ea fokotsa boleng ba FA litabeng tse tšoeu kahare ho parahippocampal gyrus (PHG). Taba ea Grey taba ea DLPFC, rACC, SMA, le liphetoho tse tšoeu tsa FA tsa PLIC li ne li amana haholo le nako ea ho lemalla ha marang-rang ho bacha lilemong le IAD.

Nahanisisa

Liphetho tsa rona li khothalelitse hore temallo ea nako e telele ea inthanete e ka baka liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa boko, tseo mohlomong li thusitseng ho se sebetse hantle lithutong tse nang le IAD. Boithuto ba hona joale bo ka fana ka leseli le eketsehileng mabapi le litlamorao tsa bokong ba IAD.

Selelekela Top

Joaloka nako ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa bongoana le ho ba motho e moholo, lilemo tsa bocha li kenyelletsoa ke liphetoho lipakeng tsa 'mele, kelello le kholiso ea sechaba. [1]. Nakong ena ea ntlafatso, nako e ngata e sebelisoa le lithaka le batho ba baholo ho tobana le maemo a fapaneng a bophelo moo ho nang le likhohlano [2]. Boteng ba taolo e sa hlokofalang ea kelello [3]-[7], e etsa hore nako ena e be nako ea ho ba tsietsing le ho fetoha [8] mme ho ka lebisa ho palo e phahameng ea likotsi tsa boteng le bokhoba ba litheko ho bacha [8]-[10]. Joaloka e 'ngoe ea mathata a tloaelehileng a bophelo bo botle ba kelello har'a bacha ba China, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea marang-rang (IAD) ha joale e ntse e mpefala le ho feta. [11].

Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e holile ka mokhoa o makatsang lefats'eng ka bophara lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng. Marang-rang a fana ka phihlello e hole ho ba bang le tlhaiso-leseling e ngata libakeng tsohle tse khahlisang. Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e bakile ho senyeha hoa boiketlo ba kelello ba motho, ho hloleha lithutong le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi [12]-[18]. Ha e ntse e sa hlophisoa ka molao kahare ho sebopeho sa psychopathological, IAD e ntse e hola ka bongata mme e hohetse tlhokomelo ea litsebi tsa mafu a kelello, matichere le sechaba. Taolo e sa lekanyetsoang ea lilemong tsa bocha e li beha kotsing e kholo ea ho tšoaroa ke IAD. Bacha ba bang ha ba khone ho laola tšebeliso ea bona ea marang-rang ntle le tšebeliso ea marang-rang bakeng sa ho batla lintho tse ncha ebe qetellong ba lemalla marang-rang. Lintlha tse tsoang Mokhatlong oa Bacha oa Inthanete oa Bacha (phatlalatso ka Pherekhong 2, 2010) li bonts'itse hore tekanyo ea litheko tsa inthanete har'a bacha ba litoropo tsa China e ka bang 14%. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore palo e felletseng ke limilione tse 24 (http://www.zqwx.youth.cn/).

Ho entsoe lithuto tse ngata tsa IAD lefatšeng ka bophara 'me li fumane liphetho tse ling tse khahlisang [11], [15], [19]-[22]. Ko et al. [19] e thathamisitse likarolo tse ka morao tsa bokhoba ba papali ea papali ea inthanete ka ho hlahloba likarolo tsa boko tse amanang le tlhaselo ea papali ea cue-ikiwa, e neng e kenyelletsa orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), li-nucleus accumbens tse matla (NAc), li-cortex tsa anterior cterated cortex (ACC) frontort cortex, tokelo ea dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), le nucleus ea letsoho le letona la caudate. Ka lebaka la ho ts'oana le mokhoa o ts'oanang oa takatso ea lithahasello tsa cue tse bakiloeng ke ts'ebeliso ea thepa, ba khothalelitse hore khothatso ea papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete le ho lakatsa ho ts'epa ts'ebeliso ea thepa e ka arolelana mekhoa e ts'oanang ea neurobiological. Cao et al. [11] ba fumane hore bacha ba Machaena ba nang le IAD ba bonts'a maikutlo a ho feta bohlasoa. Haufinyane tjena, Dong et al. [20] fuputsa thibelo ea karabo ho batho ba nang le IAD ka ho hatisa bokaholimo ba kelello bo amanang le liketsahalo nakong ea mosebetsi oa Go / NoGo mme e bontšitse hore sehlopha sa IAD se bonts'itse boemo bo tlase ba NoGo-N2, bophahamo ba NoGo-P3 bo phahameng, le nako e telele ea NoGo-P3 ho feta e tloaelehileng sehlopha. Ba khothalelitse hore lithuto tsa IAD li be le ts'ebetso e tlase sethaleng sa ho lemoha likhohlano ho feta sehlopha se tloaelehileng; ka hona, ba ile ba tlameha ho kopanela boitekatsong bo matla ba ho phethela mosebetsi oa ho thibela pele ho nako. Ntle le moo, lithuto tsa IAD li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e fokolang ts'ebetsong ea tlhahisoleseling le taolo e tlase ea kelello [20]. Bafuputsi ba bang ba hlokometse bofokoli ba litaba tsa bohlooho [21] le litlolo tsa mmuso tsa phomolo [22] lithutong tsa IAD, joalo ka bohlooho bo botala ho ACC, o ile a tloha ka morao, a beha leseling ka letsoho le letona (ReHo) sebakeng se nepahetseng sa gingus, lipakeng tsa parahippocampus le libakeng tse ling tsa boko. .

Ka bomalimabe, ha ho na kalafo e emeng bakeng sa IAD. Litliliniki Chaena li sebelisitse kemiso ea nako, litekanyetso tse thata le kalafo ea motlakase e ileng ea tsebisahala ka mekhoa ena ea kalafo. [13]. Ho theha mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho kenella le kalafo ea IAD ho tla hloka hore u thehe kutlwisiso e hlakileng ea mekhoa e tlisoang ke lefu lena. Le ha ho le joalo, ke liphuputso tse fokolang tse tlalehileng tlhekefetso ea taba e tšoeu ho bacha ba nang le IAD. Tsebo ea tlolo ea molao ea bohlooho le lintho tse tšoeu le ho ba le kamano lipakeng tsa litlolo tsena le mesebetsi ea kelello lithutong tsa IAD ho bohlokoa ho tseba ho tsebahala ha litlhare tsa meriana ho phekola lefu lena. Tsoelo-pele ho mekhoa ea neuroimaging e re fa mekhoa e metle ea ho etsa lipatlisiso ka litaba tsena [23]-[27]. Thutong ena, re fuputse morphology ea kelello ho bacha lilemong tsa bocha tse nang le IAD re sebelisa mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa voxel-morphometry (VBM) mme ra ithuta liphetoho tse tšoeu tsa fractional anisotropy (FA) re sebelisa mokhoa oa ho kenyelletsa " mehato ea sebopeho ho fihlela nako ea IAD. Re ka fihlela sephetho ho tsoa lithutong tse fetileng tsa IAD tseo lithuto tsa IAD li bonts'itseng taolo e hlokofatsang ea kelello, mme re ts'episitse hore tlhekefetso ea inthanete ea nako e telele e ne e tla etsa hore ho be le liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa boko mme litla-morao tsena li ne li amana le mathata a ts'ebetso ea taolo ea kelello lithutong tsa IAD [15], [16], [20], [28]. Ntle le moo, mathata a sebopeho sa likarolo tse itseng tsa boko a ka lumellana le nako ea IAD.

  

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa Top

Ts'ebetso tsohle tsa lipatlisiso li amohetsoe ke Subcommittee ea West China Hospital ka lithuto tsa Batho mme e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki.

Lintho tsa 2.1

Ho ea ka lintlha tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa Diagnostic Questionnaire bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa inthanete (YDQ) ka Beard le Wolf [16], [29], baithuti ba leshome le metso e robeli ba hloekileng le sophomore ba nang le IAD (banna ba 12, ba bolela lilemo = 19.4 ± lilemo tsa 3.1, thuto ea 13.4 ± lilemo tsa 2.5) ba ne ba kenelletse thutong ea rona. Mekhoa ea YDQ [16] e ne e na le lipotso tse robeli tse "ee" kapa "che" tseo e neng e le: (1) Na u ikutloa u phathahane ka inthanete (hopola tšebetso e fetileng ea inthanete kapa lenaneo le latelang la inthanete)? (2) Na u ikutloa u khotsofetse ka tšebeliso ea inthanete haeba u eketsa nako ea hau ea inthanete? (3) Na u hlotsoe ho laola, ho fokotsa kapa ho tlohela ts'ebeliso ea inthanete khafetsa? (4) Na o ikutloa o tšohile, o le moea o tepelletsang, o tepelletse maikutlo kapa o le monyebe ha o leka ho fokotsa kapa ho tlohela ts'ebeliso ea inthanete? (5) Na u lula marang-rang nako e telele ho feta kamoo o neng o rerile qalong? (6) Na u kile oa ipeha kotsing ea ho lahleheloa ke kamano ea bohlokoa, mosebetsi, thuto kapa monyetla oa mosebetsi ka lebaka la Marang-rang? (7) Na o thetsitse litho tsa lelapa la hau, setsebi sa bongaka, kapa batho ba bang ho pata 'nete ea ho kenya letsoho ha hau Inthaneteng? (8) Na u sebelisa marang-rang e le tsela ea ho baleha mathata kapa ea ho imolla letsoalo (mohlala, maikutlo a ho hloka thuso, letsoalo, matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo)? Lipotso tsohle tse robeli li fetoletsoe ka Sechaena. Mocha o tiisitse hore likarabo tse hlano kapa ho feta tsa "e" lipotsong tse robeli li bonts'a mosebelisi ea inthanete [16]. Hamorao, Beard le Wolf ba ile ba fetola mekhoa ea YDQ [29], le ba arabelitsoeng ba arabileng "e" lipotsong tsa 1 ho isa ho tsa 5 mme bonyane ho e 'ngoe ea lipotso tse tharo tse setseng ba ile ba khetholloa e le ba nang le ts'oaetso ea inthanete, e neng e sebelisetsoa ho lekola litaba thutong ea hajoale. Bokhoba bona e ne e le ts'ebetso ea butle-butle, ka hona, re ile ra batlisisa hore na ho na le liphetoho tse fapaneng molemong oa sebopeho sa boko. Nako ea lefu lena e ne e hakantsoe ka tlhahlobo ea morao-rao. Re kopile bafo hore ba hopole mokhoa oa bona oa bophelo ha ba ne ba lemaletse ho sebelisa inthanete. Ho netefatsa hore ba na le ts'oaetso ea inthanete, re ile ra ba araba hape ka litekanyetso tsa YDQ tse fetotsoeng ke Beard le Wolf. Re boetse re netefalitse ho tšepahala ha litlaleho tsa hau ho tsoa ho lihlooho tsa IAD ka ho bua le batsoali ba bona ka mohala. Lihlooho tsa IAD li qetile lihora tsa 10.2 ± 2.6 ka letsatsi lipapaling tsa inthanete. Matsatsi a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka beke e ne e le 6.3 ± 0.5. Hape re netefalitse tlhaiso-leseling ena ho tsoa ho bao re lulang le bona le bao re kenang sekolo le bona ba lithuto tsa IAD tseo hangata ba neng ba tsitlallela ho ba marang-rang bosiu haholo, ba sitisa maphelo a ba bang leha ho bile le litlamorao. Lilemo tse leshome le metso e robeli le bong bo tšoanang (p> 0.01) taolo e phetseng hantle (banna ba 12, ho bolela lilemo = 19.5 ± 2.8 lilemo, thuto ea 13.3 ± lilemo tse 2.0) ntle le nalane ea botho kapa ea lelapa ea mathata a kelello le ona a nkile karolo thutong ea rona. Ho latela thuto e fetileng ea IAD [19], re khethile li-control tse phetseng hantle tse sebelisang nako e ka tlase ho lihora tsa 2 ka letsatsi marang-rang. Litaolo tse phetseng hantle li ile tsa boela tsa lekoa ka mekhoa ea YDQ e fetotsoeng ke Beard le Wolf ho netefatsa hore ha ba na mathata a IAD. Bohle ba neng ba hapiloe ba sa tsoa hlahlojoa e ne e le libui tsa matsoalloa a China, ha ho mohla ba kileng ba sebelisa lintho tse seng molaong, 'me ba ile ka letsoho le letona. Pele ho ts'oaroa ha matla a ts'ebetso ea "magnetic resonance imaging" (MRI), ts'ebetso ea lithethefatsi tsa moroto e ne e etsoa lithutong tsohle ho kenyeletsa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Litekanyetso tsa ho khetholloa bakeng sa lihlopha tsena ka bobeli e ne e le (1) ho ba teng ha lefu la methapo; (2) joala, nikotini kapa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi; (3) nako ea boimana kapa nako ea ho ea matsatsing ho basali; le (4) bokuli bofe kapa bofe ba 'mele bo kang mokokotlo oa mokokotlo, hepatitis, kapa lefu la sethoathoa joalo ka ha bo hlahlojoa ho latela tlhahlobo ea bongaka le litlaleho tsa bongaka. Ntle le moo, sekala sa Self-Rating Anxcare Scale (SAS) le Boitšoaro ba Boikutlo bo Fokolang (SDS) se ile sa sebelisoa ho lekola maemo a maikutlo a bohle ba nkang karolo ka letsatsi la likotlo. Bakuli bohle le babusi ba phetseng hantle ba ile ba fana ka tumello e ngotsoeng. Ho ile ha fanoa ka leseli le qaqileng la tlhahlobo ea baahi Lethathamo 1.

ponahalo e nyane
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tafole 1. Taba ea demographics ea batho ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (IAD) le lihlopha tsa taolo.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0020708.t001

2.2 Brain Imaging Methodology le Tlhahlobo ea data

2.2.1 Scanning parameter.

Lintlha tsa ho iqekisetsa li entsoe ho scan ninemanga ea 3T Motorola (Allegra; Nokia Medical System) Setsing sa Patlisiso sa Huaxi MR, West China Hospital ea Univesithi ea Sichuan, Chengdu, China. Ho ne ho sebelisoa coil ea hlooho ea linonyana e tloaelehileng, hammoho le lipalo tsa foam ho fokotsa ho sisinyeha ha hlooho le ho theola lerata la scanner. Mekhahlelo ea litšoantšo e fumanoe ka mokhoa oa ho kopanya lintho tse boima le tse ling tse thuntsoeng tsa echo ka tatellano le sefofane sa ka ntle sa bokapele. Litšoantšo tse thata tse tenang li ile tsa fumanoa ka li-xivent tsa 2. Li-gradients tsa maikutlo tse amang maikutlo li ile tsa sebelisoa hammoho le likhakanyo tse se nang moeli tsa 30 (b = 1000 s / mm2) mmoho le polokeho ntle le boima ba infusion (b = 0 s / mm2). Litekanyetso tse nahanang e ne e le likhechana tsa axial tse tsoelang pele tsa 45 mm mme ho se na lekhalo, tšimo ea pono = 3 × 240 mm2Nako ea ho pheta-pheta / nako ea echo = 6800 / 93 ms, matrix ea ho fumana = 128 × 128. Ntle le moo, litšoantšo tsa boima ba 3D T1 tse nang le boima li fumanoe ka tatellano e bolokiloeng ea gradient hopola le litekanyetso tse latelang: TR = 1900 ms; TE = 2.26 ms; flip angle = 90; ka qeto ea sefofane sa matrix = 256 × 256; mela = 176; tšimo ea pono = 256 mm; boholo ba voxel = 1 × 1 × 1 mm.

2.2.2 VBM.

Lintlha tsa moralo li ile tsa sebetsoa ka protocol ea FSL-VBM [30], [31] ka software ea FSL 4.1 [32]. Taba ea pele, litšoantšo tsohle tsa T1 li ne li nkuoe bokong li sebelisa sesebelisoa sa ho ntša bokong (BET) [33]. Kamora moo, karohano ea mofuta oa lisele e entsoe ho sebelisoa sesebelisoa sa likaroloana sa FMRIB (FAST) V4.1 [34]. Litšoantšo tse hlahisitsoeng ka bohlooho tse hlahisitsoeng ka bohlooho li ile tsa hokahanngoa le sebaka se tloaelehileng sa MNI152 ho sebelisa sesebelisoa sa ngoliso ea linepe sa FMRIB (FLIRT) [35], [36], e lateloa ka boikhethelo ke ngoliso e sa etsoang ka mohala ho sebelisa sesebelisoa sa ngoliso ea linepe sa FMRIB (FNIRT) [37], [38], e sebelisang boemeli ba b-spline tšimong ea warp ea ngoliso [39]. Litšoantšo tse hlahisitsoeng li ile tsa kenyelletsoa ho theha template e ikhethileng ea ho ithuta, eo ho eona litšoantšo tsa bohloa tse tsoakiloeng li neng li sa ngolisoa ka molao ka nako eo. Protocol e ntlafalitsoeng e hlahisitse molumo bakeng sa tumellano / khokahano ka lebaka la karolo e seng molaong ea phetoho: voxel e ngoe le e 'ngoe ea setšoantšo sa bohlooho se ngolisitsoeng e ne e arotsoe ke Jacobian oa lebala la warp. Qetellong, e le ho khetha kernel e ntle ka ho fetisisa e boreleli, litšoantšo tsohle tsa 32 tse fetotsoeng, tse hlophisitsoeng ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ka li-kernels tsa isotropic Gaussian tse ntseng li eketseha ka boholo (sigma = 2.5, 3, 3.5, le 4, e tsamaellanang le 6, 7, 8 , le 9.2 mm FWHM ka tatellano). Liphetoho tsa tikoloho ka taba ea bohlooho li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea semmuso e sa ipapisang le mangolo a 5000 [40]. Ts'ebetso ea covariance (ANCOVA) e ne e sebelisoa ka lilemo, litlamorao tsa bong le bophahamo ba litaba e le covariates. Bophahamo ba bokahare ba intracranial bo ne bo baloa e le kakaretso ea litaba tse bohlooho, lintho tse tšoeu, le maro a mokelikeli oa likhoerekhoere ho tsoa likarolo tsa FSL BET. Haufinyane tjena, Dong et al. ba fumane hore khatello ea maikutlo le likhathatso li le ngata haholo kamora ts'ebeliso ea tahi ho barutoana ba bang ba koleche, mme ba khothalelitse hore tsena e ne e le liphetho tsa IAD, ka hona SAS le SDS li sa kenyelletsoa joalo ka likhohlano [41]. Khalemelo bakeng sa papiso e ngata e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho ts'oaroa o thehiloeng ka sehlopha, ka sehlopha sa pele se theang monyako ho t = 2.0. Liphetho li nkuoe e le tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa p<0.05. Bakeng sa libaka tseo lihlooho tsa IAD li bonts'itseng bophahamo bo fapaneng haholo ba taba e bohlooho ho tsoa litsing, lintlha tse bohlooho tsa libaka tsena li ile tsa ntšoa, tsa lekantsoe le ho busetsoa morao khahlano le nako ea bokhoba ba inthanete.

2.2.3 DTI.

Re balile boleng ba FA bakeng sa voxel e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, e neng e bonts'a tekanyo ea anisotropy kahare ho voxel (bophara ba 0-1, moo litekanyetso tse nyane li bonts'itseng ho ts'oaroa hoa isotropic le ho ts'oaroana ho tlase le litekanyetso tse kholo li bonts'itseng ho ts'epahala ha tataiso ea Brownian ka lebaka la lipampitšana tsa litaba tse tšoeu) [42]. Software ea FDT ho FSL 4.1 e sebelisitsoe bakeng sa lipalo tsa FA [32]. Pele ho tsohle, khalemelo bakeng sa li-eddy-currents le hlooho e entsoe ka mokhoa oa ngoliso ea affine bukeng ea pele e sa keneng boima ba thuto ka 'ngoe. Litšoantšo tsa FA li entsoe ka ho lekana le infensor tensor ho data e nyane ea infusion kamora ho nkuoa ha boko ho sebelisoa BET [33]. Ka mor'a moo, tlhahlobo e entsoeng ka bohlale ea voxel ea data ea FA e entsoe ho sebelisoa lipalopalo tse ipapisitseng le sebaka sa lefuba (TBSS) V1.2 karolo ea FSL [43], [44]. LINTHO tsa FA tse tsoang lihloohong tsohle (lihlooho tsa IAD le taolo e phetseng hantle) li ile tsa fetisetsoa setšoantšong sa lefapha le tloaelehileng la FMRIB58_FA [37], [38] u sebelisa papiso ea b-spline tšimong ea warp ea ngoliso [39]. Setšoantšo se bolelang sa FA se ile sa boptjoa mme sa fokotsoa ho theha masapo a 'nete a FA (monyako oa 0.2) o emelang litsi tsa lipampitšana tsohle tse tloaelehileng sehlopheng. Lintlha tse amanang le taba ka 'ngoe tsa FA li ile tsa khutlisetsoa ho masapo ana. Liphetoho tsa boleng ba 'nete tse tšoeu li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa liteko tse sa sebetseng tsa tumello [40] ka tumello e sa reroang ea 5000. ANCOVA e ne e hiriloe ka litlamorao tsa botona le botšehali joalo ka covariates. Khalemelo bakeng sa papiso e ngata e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho ts'oaroa o thehiloeng ka sehlopha, ka sehlopha sa pele se theha monyako oa t = 2.0. Liphetho li nkuoe e le tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa p<0.05. Bakeng sa lihlopha tseo lihlooho tsa lithethefatsi tsa inthanete li bonts'itseng litekanyetso tse fapaneng haholo tsa FA ho tsoa taolong, FA ea libaka tsena tsa boko e ile ea ntšoa, ea lekantsoe mme ea busetsoa morao khahlano le nako ea bokhoba ba inthanete.

Tšebelisano ea 2.2.4 lipakeng tsa taba e putsoa le tlhekefetso ea litaba tse tšoeu.

Ho etsa lipatlisiso pakeng tsa phetoho lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa taba e putsoa le liphetoho tse tšoeu, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea amanang pakeng tsa lintho tse sa sebetsoang ka bohlooho le lintlha tse tšoeu tsa sehlopha sa IAD.

Results

Liphetho tsa 3.1 VBM

Liphetoho tsa bophahamo ba litaba tsa mmala o mosoeu li ile tsa hlahlojoa li sa sebelisoe parametrically sebelisa VBM e ntlafalitsoeng. Khalemelo bakeng sa papiso e ngata e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho theha lihlopha o thehiloeng ka har'a lihlopha. Papiso ea VBM lipakeng tsa lithuto tsa IAD le taolo e phetseng hantle e bonts'a ho theoha ha molumo oa lintlha ka har'a lihlopha tse 'maloa, e leng DLPFC e kopaneng, sebaka sa makoloi se kenyelletsang (SMA), OFC, cerebellum le rostral ACC (rACC) kamora ho laola bakeng sa ho ferekanya ho fapana ho kenyelletsa lilemo, litlamorao tsa bong le bophahamo ba kakaretso ba litaba. Taba ea Grey e akaretsa DLPFC e nepahetseng, racC ea ka ho le letšehali le SMA e nepahetseng e bontšitse khokahano e mpe ka likhoeli tse lemalloang ke inthanete (r1 = −0.7256, p1 <0.005; (r) = -2, p2 <0.005; (r) = -3, p3 <0.005). Ha ho na libaka tsa boko tse bonts'itseng bophahamo bo phahameng ho feta taolo e phetseng hantle joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe Setšoantšo sa 1 'me Lethathamo 2

 

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Setšoantšo sa 1. Liphetho tsa VBM

A. Fokotsa molumo oa taba e putsoa lithutong tsa IAD, (1-p) lokisitsoe pLitšoantšo tse bolokiloeng. Setšoantšo se ka morao ke template e tloaelehileng ea MNI152_T1_1mm_brain ho FSL. B. Litaba tse putsoa tsa DLPFC, rACC le SMA li ne li sa tsamaellane hantle le nako ea litebeliso tsa inthanete.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0020708.g00
 
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Tafole 2. Libaka tse bonts'ang bosoasoi bo sa tloaelehang ba bohlooho ba grey le taba e tšoeu FA (fractional anisotropy) lipakeng tsa lithuto tse nang le taolo ea taolo ea marang-rang (IAD) le taolo e phetseng hantle (p<0.05 e lokisitsoe).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0020708.t002

Liphetho tsa 3.2 DTI

Mabapi le tlhaiso-leseling ea DTI, ho lokisa lipapiso tse ngata ho ile ha etsoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho theha sehlopha. Liphetho tsa rona tsa TBSS li hlahisitse boleng bo ntlafalitsoeng ba FA (IAD: 0.78 ± 0.04; taolo: 0.56 ± 0.02) ea leqele le ka morao la mokokotlo oa mokokotlo oa kahare (PLIC) lithutong tsa IAD ha li bapisoa le taolo e ntle le ho fokotsa boleng ba FA (IAD: 0.31 ± 0.04; taolo: 0.48 ± 0.03) ka taba e tšoeu kahare ho parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 2 'me Lethathamo 2. Ntle le moo, FA e tloaetse ho hokahana hantle le nako ea ho lemalla ha inthanete ka ho le letšehali PLIC (r = 0.5869, p <0.05), athe ha ho kamano e bohlokoa e bonoeng lipakeng tsa boleng ba FA ba PHG e nepahetseng le nako ea ho lemalla inthanete

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Setšoantšo sa 2. Liphetho tsa DTI.

A. Meaho ea litaba tse tšoeu e bonts'a FA e sa tloaelehang lithutong tsa IAD, (1-p) lokisitsoe pLitšoantšo tse bolokiloeng. Setšoantšo se ka morao ke template e tloaelehileng ea FMRIB58_FA_1mm ho FSL. Li-voxels tsa Red-Yellow li emela libaka tseo FA e ileng ea fokotsoa haholo ho IAD mabapi le taolo e phetseng hantle. Li-voxels tsa Blue-Light Blue li emela kholo ea FA ho IAD. B. 'Nete ea PLIC e ne e tsamaisana hantle le nako e telele ea ho lemalla inthanete.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0020708.g002

Tšebelisano ea 3.3 lipakeng tsa taba e putsoa le tlhekefetso ea litaba tse tšoeu

Tlhahlobo ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lintlha tse bosoeu le litekanyetso tse tšoeu tsa FA sehlopheng sa IAD li bontsitse hore ha ho na khokahano e kholo lipakeng tsa mehato ena e 'meli.

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IAD e bakile bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba motho ka mong, ho hloleha ha thuto le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea mosebetsi har'a bacha [12]-[18]. Leha ho le joalo, hajoale ha ho na kalafo e emeng bakeng sa IAD. Ho theha mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho kenella le kalafo ea IAD ho tla hloka hore u thehe kutlwisiso e hlakileng ea mekhoa. Ho lemosoa ka tlhekefetso ea sebopeho sa boko ho IAD ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho khetholla litlhare tsa meriana ho phekola lefu lena. Thutong e teng hona joale, re fumane liphetoho tsa bokhutšoaane ba taba ea bohlooho le liphetoho tse bosoeu tse amanang le bocha ho bacha ba nang le IAD. Re boetse re senoletse kamano lipakeng tsa litlolo tsena tsa semelo le nako ea ho lemalla ha inthanete. Re khothalelitse hore IAD e felletse ka phetoho ea sebopeho lipakeng tsa bacha le lits'ebetso tsena tse mpe tsa sebopeho li kanna tsa amahanngoa le ho senyeha hoa tšebetsong taolong ea kelello.

Liphetho tsa 4.1 VBM

E lumellana le thuto e fetileng ea VBM [21], ha re fumane libaka tsa boko tse bonts'a bophahamo ba litaba tsa bohlooho lithutong tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang. Papiso ea bokhutšoaane ba litaba ka bohlooho e bontsitse atrophy ka har'a lihlopha tse 'maloa bakeng sa sehlopha sohle sa batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang (p <0.05, e lokisitsoe), eo e neng e le DLPFC, SMA, cerebellum, OFC le linaha tse peli tse ka letsohong le letšehali (joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 1). Ntle le moo, atrophy ea DLPFC e nepahetseng, racC ea leqele le SMA e nepahetseng li ne li sa tsamaellane hantle le nako ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, eo Zhou et al. hloleha ho lemoha [21]. Liphetho tsena li bonts'itse hore ha ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e ntse e tsoela pele, atrophy ea boko ea DLPFC, rACC le SMA e ne e tebile le ho feta. Liphetho tse ling tsa atrophy ea boko thutong ea rona li ne li fapane le liphumano tse fetileng [21], tse ka bang teng ka lebaka la mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho lokisa data. Phuputsong ea hona joale, litlamorao tse makatsang tsa lilemo, bong le bophahamo ba kelello kaofela li kenyelelitsoe e le li-covariate, tseo thuto e fetileng e sa kang ea nahana ka tsona. Mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso e kanna ea hlahisa sephetho se fapaneng.

Ho latela lithuto tse fetileng tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi, tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi ea nako e telele [45], [46] le bokhoba ba marang-rang [11], [20] e tla lebisa taolong e hlokofatsang ea kelello. Taolo ea kelello e ka hlalosoa e le bokhoni ba ho hatella likarabo tse sa nepahalang empa li sa nepahala le bokhoni ba ho fepa tlhaiso-leseling e senang thuso ka har'a setha se khothalletsang le ho lumella liketso tse nepahetseng ho fihlela litlhoko tse thata tsa mosebetsi le ho ikamahanya le maemo a fetohang. [47]. Liphuputso tse ngata tsa ts'ebetso ea ho nahana ka bokong li senotse hore DLPFC le racC ba ne ba kenelletse taolong ea kelello [48], [49]. Liphuputso tse fapaneng tsa methapo ea kutlo li senotse hore taolo ea kelello e amana le potoloho e itseng ea cortico-subcortical, ho kenyelletsa le RACC le DLPFC [50], [51]. Ho latela phehisano e hlahelletseng ea tlhahlobo ea lintoa [47], [52], ho ba teng ha qhoebeshano ea karabo ho tšoaetsoa ke RacC, e lebisang ho kopeng DLPFC bakeng sa taolo e hlakileng haholoanyane bakeng sa ts'ebetso e latelang. Karolo ena ea bohlokoa ea DLPFC e bonts'itsoe lipatlisisong tsa methapo ea kutlo le mekhoa e holimo ea taolo ea taolo ea kelello [53]. Boithuto ba morao-rao ba morao-rao bo boetse bo senotse ho putlama ha RACC mosebetsing oa GO / NOGO ho batho ba its'epileng ho heroine [54], [55] le basebelisi ba koae [45], e bonts'a karolo ea bohlokoa ea rACC taolong ea kelello [46].

OFC e boetse e nahanoa hore e kenya letsoho taolong ea kelello ea boitšoaro bo lebisitsoeng ho sepheo ka tlhahlobo ea bohlokoa ba susumetso le khetho ea boitšoaro ho fumana sephetho se lakatsehang [56]. OFC e hokahane haholo le libaka tsa striatum le limbic (joalo ka amygdala). Ka lebaka leo, OFC e hantle ho kopanya tšebetso ea libaka tse 'maloa tsa maoto le liphapang tse amanang le boitšoaro bo susumetsang le ts'ebetso ea moputso. [57]. Boithuto bo bong ba liphoofolo bo bonts'itse hore tšenyo ea bobeli ba OFC le rat prelimbic cortex (ts'ebetso ea lapeng e sebetsang ea DLPFC) e sitisitse phihlello le phetoho ea boits'oaro bo tataisoang ke lietsahala pakeng tsa likarabo le liphetho, ho bonts'a libaka tsena e ka ba tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea kelello ea boitšoaro bo tataisoang ke sepheo [56], [58].

SMA e bohlokoa bakeng sa khetho ea boits'oaro bo nepahetseng, ekaba ea khetha ho fana ka karabo e nepahetseng kapa ea khetha ho thibela karabo e sa lokelang. [59]. Bafuputsi ba bang ba hlokometse hore mesebetsi e bonolo le e rarahaneng ea GO / NOGO e kentse letsoho ho SMA mme ba senola karolo ea bohlokoa ea SMA ho ho laola taolo ea kelello [46], [60].

Lithuto tse 'maloa tsa anatomical,' mele, le tšebetso tse inahaneloang li khothaletsa hore cerebellum e kenya letsoho mesebetsing e hlokolosi ea kelello. [61]-[64], e nang le marang-rang a nang le lesapo la mokokotlo le bakoang ke ho sitisoa hoa mesebetsi e metle le mohopolo oa ho sebetsa, leha liphetoho tsa botho li le joalo ka boits'oaro bo senotsoeng le bo sa lokelang.

Liphetho tsa rona (Setšoantšo sa 1) ea bokhutšoaane ba litaba tsa bohlooho bo theohileng ho DLPFC, racC, OFC, SMA le cerebellum e kanna ea ba, bonyane ka karolo, e amanang le taolo ea kelello le ho se sebetse ka sepheo sa ts'ebeliso ea litekanyetso tsa taolo ea marang-rang. [15], [19], [20], [28], e ka hlalosang matšoao a mantlha a bokhoba ba marang-rang.

Liphetho tsa 4.2 DTI

Re balile boleng ba FA karolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tšoeu ka 'mala o mong le o mong, e neng e hlalosa matla a tataiso ea sebopeho sa pampitšana ea lehae. Papiso eohle e bohlale ea voxel ka bohlale holim'a skeleton e tšoeu e sebelisang tlhahlobo ea boits'oaro le tlhahlobo e thata ea lipalo e bonts'a hore lithuto tsa IAD li ne li na le litekanyetso tse tlase tsa FA sehlopheng kahara PHG e nepahetseng (p <0.05, e lokisitsoe). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho batla ho eketseha ha FA lithutong tsa IAD ho bonts'a hore lithuto tsa IAD li na le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa FA sehlopheng se ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la PLIC (p <0.05, e lokisitsoe). Ho feta moo, boleng ba FA ba PLIC ea leqeleng bo ne bo amana hantle le nako ea ho lemalla inthanete (Setšoantšo sa 2).

PHG ke tikoloho ea boko e potileng hippocampus mme e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho khoutu ea memori le ho khutla [65], [66]. PHG e fana ka karolo e kholo ea maikutlo a poly-sensory ho hippocampus ka likhokahanyo tse kenang 'me ke moamoheli oa mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhaiso-leseling ea maikutlo [67], [68], tse kenyellelitsoeng ho phopholelong ea maikutlo le taolo ea maikutlo [69]. Haufinyane, bafuputsi ba bang ba boletse hore PHG e nepahetseng e kenya letsoho ho thehoeng le ho boloka leseli la lintlha tse tsamaeang mohopolong [70]. Ho hopola ho sebetsa ho sebelisetsoe ho boloka pokello ea nakoana le tlhaiso-leseling e fumanehang marang-rang 'me e bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea kelello [71]. Ho fumana hore boleng bo tlase ba FA ba PHG lithutong tsa IAD ho bontšitse hore thepa e sa sebetseng e tšoeu e ka ba motheo oa meetso e sebetsang ea ho hopola tse sa sebetseng lithutong tsa IAD [19]. Haufinyane, Liu et al. [72] ho tlalehiloe ho eketsehile ha ReHo ho ba babeli ba PHG ho baithuti ba koleche ea IAD ha ba bapisoa le taolo mme ba hlahisa sephetho sena ho bonts'a phetoho ea ts'ebetso bokong, mohlomong e amanang le litsela tsa moputso. Ho hlakile hore ho hlokahala mosebetsi o mongata ho utloisisa karolo e nepahetseng ea PHG ho IAD.

Ka mokhoa o makatsang, khase ea ka hare ke sebaka sa ntho e tšoeu e bokong se arohantseng motsoako oa "caudate" le "thalamus" ho tloha lenonicular nucleus, e nang le li-axon tse nyolohang le tse theohelang. Ntle le likhoele tsa corticospinal le corticontine, sek'hafothini se kahare se na le likhoele tsa thalamocortical le corticofugal [73], [74]. Leoto le ka morao la sekhechana sa ka hare se na le likhoele tsa corticospinal, likhoele tsa kutlo (ho kenyelletsa le lemniscus ea methapo le tsamaiso ea methapo) ho tsoa 'meleng le likhoele tse' maloa tsa corticobulbar [73]-[76]. Karolo e kholo ea makoloi e romella lilepe tsa eona ka mokokotlong oa mokokotlo oa kahare 'me e bapala likarolo tsa bohlokoa mochong oa meno le linepe [77], [78]. Lebaka le ka 'nang la etsa hore boleng ba boleng ba boleng ba boleng ba boleng ba karolelano ea boleng ba karolelano ea bohloka e be e le hore lithuto tsa IAD li qete nako e ngata li bapala lipapali tsa khomphutha le liketso tse pheta-phetoang tse kang ho tobetsa konopo ea panya le thaepe e fetotse sebopeho sa capule ea ka hare. Joalo ka liphetho tse ileng tsa ntlafatsa sebopeho sa boko lithutong tse ling [79]-[81], Koetliso ena ea nako e telele mohlomong e fetotse sebopeho sa litaba tse tšoeu tsa PLIC. Phetiso ea tlhahisoleseling lipakeng tsa boko le bokantle ba subcortical e hlophisitse tšebetso e phahameng ea kelello le boits'oaro ba motho [82], [83], e neng e its'etleha holima lipampitšana tsa fiber e tšoeu e fetang ka har'a sephiri [83], [84]. Boemo bo bobe ba sebopeho ka har'a khubung ea kahare bo ka kena-kenana le ts'ebetso ea kelello le ho sitisa tšebetso ea motsamaisi le ea memori. [85]. Boleng bo sa tloaelehang ba FA ea PLIC ea leqeleng bo ka susumetsa phetiso ea tlhahiso ea maikutlo le ho sebetsa, 'me qetellong ea lebisa ho senyeha taolong ea kelello [86], [87]. Ho feta moo, ho ba lekhoba la marang-rang ho ka baka mathata a 'mele kapa mathata a bongaka a kang: carpal tunnel syndrome, mahlo a omileng, hlooho e opang le hlooho e bohloko. [88]-[90]. Boleng bo sa tloaelehang ba FA ea PLIC ea letsoho le letšehali e ka 'na ea hlalosa carpal tunnel syndrome lithutong tsa IAD, tse hlokang ho netefatsoa ka moralo o rarahaneng haholoanyane nakong e tlang.

Tšebelisano ea 4.3 lipakeng tsa taba e putsoa le tlhekefetso ea litaba tse tšoeu

Re batlisitse kamano pakeng tsa taba e bohlooho le liphetoho tsa litaba tse tšoeu. Ka bomalimabe, ho ne ho se na likamano tse kholo lipakeng tsa mehato ena e 'meli. Ketsahalo ena e khothalelitse hore liphetoho tsa morphological tsa IAD ntlheng ea bohlooho ba boko le taba e tšoeu li ne li sa tsamaellane haholo. Ho bile le monyetla oa hore lintho tse sa tloaelehang tsa taba e bohlooho li hokahane le liphetoho tsa litaba tse tšoeu ka tsela e ngoe. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse sebopeho sa sebopeho sa taba e bohlooho le taba e tšoeu se ne se sa tloaeleha ho bacha ba nang le IAD.

Ho na le meeli e itseng ea thuto ea hajoale. Pele ho tsohle, ha liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse hore taba e bohlooho le liphetoho tse tšoeu e ka ba litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete kapa IAD, re ke ke ra khetholla monyetla o mong o shebanang le phapang ea sebopeho lipakeng tsa taolo e tloaelehileng le IAD eo ekabang sesosa sa ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete. Litšobotsi tse sa tloaelehang tsa libaka tsena tsa boko tse amanang le taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello ho bacha ba bang li etsa hore li se ke tsa hola le ho li lumella hore li itšetlehe habonolo ka inthanete. Lisosa le litlamorao li lokela ho batlisisoa ke moralo o felletseng oa liteko thutong e tlang. Leha ho le joalo, re khothalelitse hore se fumanoeng thutong ea hajoale ke litholoana tsa IAD. Taba ea bobeli, mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa sebopeho le nako ea IAD, likhoeli tsa IAD ke tšobotsi e kholo ka ho hopola lithuto tsa IAD. Re kopile bafo hore ba hopole mokhoa oa bona oa bophelo ha ba ne ba lemaletse ho sebelisa inthanete. Ho netefatsa hore ba na le ts'oaetso ea inthanete, re ile ra ba araba hape ka litekanyetso tsa YDQ tse fetotsoeng ke Beard le Wolf. Hape re netefalitse ho tšepahala ha litlaleho tsa hau ho tsoa ho lihlooho tsa IAD ka ho bua le batsoali ba bona ka mohala. Liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa boko ho latela ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi li ka ba bohlokoa haholo ho utloisisa lefu lena, ka hona, kamano pakeng tsa nako le mehato ea sebopeho sa boko e ile ea etsoa. Likamano tsena li khothalelitse hore litlamorao tse bokellaneng li fumanoe ka molumo o fokolitsoeng oa taba e bohlooho ea DLPFC e nepahetseng, SMA e nepahetseng, RACC ea leqele le taba e eketsehileng e tšoeu ea FA ho PLIC ea leqele. Kamora nako, leha re ile ra fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ho se sebetse hantle hoa bophahamo ba taba e bohlooho le taba e tšoeu ea FA li amahanngoa le ho senyeha ho sebetsang taolong ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello ho IAD, moeli o moholo oa thuto ea hajoale ke khaello ea sesupo sa likhaello tsa taolo ea kutloisiso ho tsena bacha ba nang le IAD. Le ha likamano lipakeng tsa maemo ana a sa tloaelehang le nako ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete li netefalitsoe thutong ea rona ea hajoale, ho khetholla ka botlalo sebopeho sa maemo a sa tloaelehang a IAD ho ntse ho hlokahala hore ho batlisisoe ka botlalo nakong e tlang, e leng bohlokoa ho utloisisa litlamorao ea IAD ts'ebetsong ea nako e telele. Nakong e tlang, re tla kopanya liphetho tsena tsa sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro ea mesebetsi ea kelello lithutong tse nang le IAD. Ka kakaretso, liphetoho tsa FA le liphetoho tsa bophahamo ba molumo oa taba e putsoa joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe thutong ea hajoale li bonts'itse phetoho bokong maemong a microscope, e ntlafalitseng kutloisiso ea rona ea IAD.

fihlela qeto e

Re fane ka bopaki bo bonts'a hore lithuto tsa IAD li bile le liphetoho tse ngata sebopeho bokong. Litaba tse putsoa tsa bohlooho le liphetoho tse tšoeu tsa 'mala tse fetohileng tsa likarolo tse ling tsa boko li ne li hokahane haholo le nako ea marang-rang. Liphetho tsena li ka hlalosoa, bonyane ka tsela e itseng, e le tšenyo e sebetsang ea taolo ea kelello ho IAD. Litlhokofatso tsa pele tsa cortex li ne li tsamaellana le lithuto tsa tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi [23], [48], [80], [81], ke ka hona re khothalelitseng hore ho ka ba le mekhoa e meng e fetang mona ho IAD le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Re ne re ts'epa hore liphetho tsa rona li tla ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea IAD le thuso ho ntlafatseng ts'oaetso le thibelo ea IAD.

  

lumela hore baa fokola Top

Re rata ho leboha Qin Ouyang, Qizhu Wu le Junran Zhang bakeng sa thuso ea bohlokoa ea tekheniki ho etsa lipatlisiso tsena.

 

Menehelo ea Mongoli Top

O ile a amohela le ho hlophisa liteko: KY WQ YL. O entse liteko: KY WQ FZ LZ. Ho hlahlobisisa data: KY GW XY. Li-reagents tse kentsoeng / lisebelisoa / lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo: PL JL JS. Ngola pampiri: KY WQ KMD. Tsamaiso ea lintlha tsa tekheniki bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo ea MRI le DTI: WQ QG. O kentse letsoho ho etseng sengoloa: QG YL JT.

 

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