Lintho tsa Likotsi tsa Neurobiological bakeng sa Ntšetso-pele ea Lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete ho Bacha (2019)

Behav. Sci. 2019, 9(6), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9060062

Review
Sergey Tereshchenko * 'me Edward Kasparov
Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Mathata a Bongaka a Leboea, Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Federal "Setsi sa Saense sa Krasnoyarsk sa Lekala la Siberia la Sekolo sa Mahlale sa Russia", Krasnoyarsk 660022, Russia

inahaneloang

Ho hlaha ka tšohanyetso le ho ata ha bokhoba ba inthanete ho bacha, ka kopano le keketseho e potlakileng ea litaba tse sebelisoang inthaneteng le phumaneho e pharalletseng ea li-smartphones le matlapa a nang le phihlello ea inthanete, e baka phephetso e ncha bakeng sa bokhoba ba tahi bo hlokang tharollo e potlakileng. Joalo ka bongata ba maemo a mang a psychopathological, bokhoba ba marang-rang ba marang-rang bo itšetleha ka sehlopha sa maemo a mangata a polygen. Bakeng sa nyeoe e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ikhethang, ho na le motswako o ikhethileng oa litšobotsi tse futsitsoeng (sebopeho sa lisele tsa methapo, sephiri, ho senyeha le ho amohela lingaka tsa mafu), 'me tse ngata ke lisosa tsa tlholeho (tse amanang le lelapa, sechaba le setso le setso). E 'ngoe ea liqholotso tse kholo nts'etsopele ea bio-psychosocial ea mofuta oa bokhoba ba inthanete ke ho fumana hore na ke liphatsa tsa lefutso le li-neuromediator tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ts'oaetso e mpe ea bokhoba ba tahi. Tlhahisoleseling ena e tla phatlalatsa ho qala ha ho batloa lipheo tse ncha tsa kalafo le nts'etsopele ea maano a thibelo ea pele, ho kenyeletsoa le tekolo ea maemo a kotsi a lefutso. Tlhahlobo ena e akaretsa lingoliloeng le tsebo e fumanehang hajoale e amanang le lisosa tsa kotsi ea methapo ea kutlo mabapi le bokhoba ba inthanete ho bacha. Lintlha tsa lefutso, methapo ea methapo le methapo ea kutlo li hlahisoa ka lihokela tsa likhopolo tsa 'nete tsa pathogenetic ho latela mofuta oa bio-psychosocial oa IA o thehang.
Mantsoe a bohlokoa: Bokhoba ba inthanete; bacha; pherekano; methapo ea mafu; ho fana ka maikutlo; li-neurotransmitters; liphatsa tsa lefutso

1. Selelekela

Khōlo e phatlohang ea ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang bophelong ba rona ba letsatsi le letsatsi e hlahisitse menyetla e mengata ea mahlale. Ka nako e le ngoe, e bile le litlamorao tse fapaneng tse amang bophelo bo botle ba kelello le bo bong, tse bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa mmele o holang le mesebetsi e sa sebetseng ea kelello. Bokhoba ba inthanete (IA) ke ntho e ncha e sa tloaelehang ea kelello, e atisang ho tšoauoa lihlopheng tse tlokotsing sechabeng (mohlala, ho bacha le ho batho ba baholo). IA ke e 'ngoe ea mefuta e 11 ea boits'oaro. Hajoale, e khothalelitse litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo tse lumellang ho etsoa ha karolo ea mafu e lemalloang ka matšoao a eona a pherekano ea kelello. Mathata a lipapali tsa inthanete a kenyelelitsoe bukeng ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ea mathata a kelello, khatiso ea bohlano (DSM-V), empa e behiloe khaolong e arohaneng e bitsoang "Maemo a thuto e tsoelang pele". "Bothata ba papali ea inthanete" e reretsoe ho ba karolo e arohaneng Lenaneng la Machaba la Mafu (ICD-11) [1].
Mabapi le psychology ea khale le psychiatry, IA ke ntho e ncha e ncha. Lingoliloeng li sebelisa litšupiso tse feto-fetohang joalo ka "ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete", "ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba inthanete", "ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang" le "ho lemalla marang-rang".
Ho tloha nakong ea ha ts'ebetso ea IA e ne e qala ho hlalosoa lingoliloeng tsa mahlale [2,3,4] ho fihlela joale, lipuisano mabapi le tlhaloso e nepahetseng ea boemo bona ba psychopathological li ntse li tsoela pele [5,6]. Setsebi sa kelello Mark Griffiths, e mong oa ba boholong ba tsebahalang haholo litabeng tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng, ke eena mongoli oa tlhaloso e qotsoang hangata: "Ho lemalla ho sebelisa marang-rang ke boitšoaro bo sa sebeliseng lik'hemik'hale, bo amang tšebelisano ea batho le mechini (khomphutha le inthanete)" [7].
Leha litlhaloso tse tloaelehileng le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea IA li ntse li phehisana khang, litsebi tsa kelello le lingaka tsa mafu a kelello li lumellane ka likarolo tse 'ne tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ena [8,9].
(1)
Ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete (haholo ha e khetholloa ke ho lahleheloa ke nako kapa ho se tsotelle mesebetsi ea mantlha): ho loanela ho qobella tšebeliso ea inthanete, bohlokoa bo ntseng bo hola ba inthanete tsamaisong ea melao ea boitšoaro ea bocha;
(2)
Matšoao a ho ikhula: ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo (ho tlohela ho itšireletsa) ha marang-rang a sa fumanehe (bohale, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho);
(3)
Mamello: tlhoko ea ho qeta nako e ngata e ntse e eketseha inthaneteng, e bontšitsoeng ke tlhoko ea ts'ebeliso e eketsehileng ea inthanete ho imolla matšoao a maikutlo a mabe; le
(4)
Litholoana tse mpe: ho kenella ka mokhoa o fetelletseng ts'ebelisong ea Marang-rang, ho fapana le liphetho tse mpe tsa kelello; tahlehelo ea boithabiso ba nakong e fetileng le boithabiso ka lebaka la boitlamo bo joalo; tahlehelo ea likamano tsa sechaba, thuto, le menyetla ea lipapali e bakiloe ke ts'ebeliso e sa hlokahaleng ea inthanete; likhohlano le mashano mabapi le ho sebelisa marang-rang; khutlela hape: Ho hloleha ho ithiba mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang.
Hajoale, ho hlahisitsoe mefuta e mengata ea etiopathogenetic bakeng sa sebopeho sa IA ho bacha [10]. Bafuputsi ba bang ba re tšekamelo ea bacha ke ho qala ha IA ka lebaka la khaello ea taolo e sebetsang, ho se ts'oenyehe le ho putsoa haholo, haholoholo ka lebaka la kholo e sa phethahalang ea methapo ea methapo ea kelello ea bocha [11,12]. Bangoli ba bang ba etsa tlhahiso ea "mofuta oa bophelo ba kelello le kelello" o kopanyang lisosa tsa kelello kapa mathata-haholo-holo, mathata a kamano le lithaka le / kapa le batho ba baholo-ka phetisetso ea nako e telele ea psychopathological [10]) le lisosa tsa kotsi ea neurobiological bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea IA [13,14]. Tse ling tsa lisosa tsa kotsi ea neurobiological bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea IA ho bacha ho latela mohlala oa bio-psychosocial li tla tšohloa tlhahlobisong ena ea nalane.

2. Epidemiology ea Bokhoba ba Inthanete

Lipatlisisong tse thehiloeng ho baahi, boteng ba litekanyetso tsa IA bo tlameha ho netefatsoa ke lipotso tsa lipotso tsa kelello tse etselitsoeng bacha le ho li netefatsa. Lenane la lipotso la pele, le reretsoeng ho netefatsa IA, ke Kimberly Young Internet Addiction Test, e netefalitsoeng ka 1998; e ile ea ntlafatsoa ho khetholla bokhoba ba inthanete. Patlisiso ea bo-pula-maliboho ba bacha e nkile karolo ea bohlokoa ho IA diagnostics ho sebelisoa mekhoa e emeng. Ho tloha ka nako eo, ho hlahile mefuta e mengata ea lipotso tse ncha, e tšoanang le nts'etsopele ea sejoale-joale ea psychology ea bongaka le ea bocha ho isa bohōleng bo boholo. Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) ke e 'ngoe ea tsona [15], e ntshetswa pele haholoholo batjha.
Lintlha tse tsoang lingoliloeng tsa machabeng tsa IA ho bacha li bonts'a ho ata ho tloha 1% ho isa 18% [6], ho ipapisitse le merabe ea sechaba le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo le lipotso tse sebelisitsoeng thutong. Europe, sekhahla sa IA ho bacha ke 1-11%, ka karolelano ea 4.4% [16]. USA, ho ata ha IA ho batho ba baholo ke 0.3-8.1% [17]. Bacha le batho ba baholo ba linaheng tsa Asia (China, Korea Boroa le ba bang) ba bonts'a ts'oaetso e phahameng haholo ea IA ea 8.1-26.5% [18,19]. Ho la Moscow, Russia, Malygin et al. e lekile bana ba sekolo ba 190 ba limaraka tsa 9-11 (ba lilemo li 15-18 lilemo). Phuputso ea bona e fumane hore 42.0% ea bacha e bonts'a ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete (sethala sa pele ho ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho latela tlhaloso ea mongoli) mme 11.0% e bonts'itse matšoao a IA. Thutong ena, ho sebelisitsoe mofuta oa Russia oa lenane la lipotso la CIAS, le netefalitsoeng ke bangoli [20]. Phuputsong e 'ngoe e entsoeng ho bacha ba Russia, bangoli ba fumane hore har'a bacha ba 1,084 ba lilemo tse ka bang 15.56, 4.25% ba na le IA ha ba hlahlojoa mme 29.33% e bonts'a ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete (sethala sa pele ho lemalla, ho latela tlhaloso ea sengoli) [21].

3. Ho senyeha ha bokhoba ba inthanete

Liphuputso tse ngata li bontšitse ka mokhoa o kholisang IA comorbidity ka maemo a fapaneng a maemo a psychopathologic. Ho et al. tlhahlobisong ea bona ea meta e bonts'a IA comorbidity le khatello ea maikutlo (OR = 2.77, CI = 2.04-3.75), mathata a ho tšoenyeha (OR = 2.70, CI = 1.46-4.97), khaello ea tlhokomelo-lefu la ho hloka matla (ADHD); KAPA = 2.85, CI = 2.15-3.77) [22]. Tlhahlobisong ea bona e hlophisehileng, Carli et al. e bontšitse hore mathata a khatello ea maikutlo le ADHD li na le kamano e matla le IA. Kopano e nyane empa e ntse e na le moelelo e fumanoe e na le matšoenyeho, mathata a feteletseng a qobelloang, tšabo ea sechaba le boits'oaro bo mabifi [23]. Liqeto tse tšoanang li tšehelitsoe ke tlhahlobo e ngoe e hlophisehileng [24]. Durkee et al.'s [25] patlisiso e ne e kenyelletsa sampole ea boemeli ba bacha ba 11,356 ba tsoang linaheng tse 11 tsa Europe mme ba fumana hore IA e amahanngoa le boits'oaro ba ho ipolaea le ho ipolaea hammoho le khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Liphetho tse tšoanang li fumanoe ke Jiang et al. [26]. Bafuputsi ba bang ba hlahisitse hore IA e amahanngoa le likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa botho, e leng "ho batla maikutlo". Sena se hlalosoa khafetsa ke bangoli ba Bophirimela e le ho loanela maikutlo a macha, a sa tloaelehang, le a rarahaneng, a atisang ho ba kotsi [27]. Thutong ea bona ea nako e telele, Guillot et al. e bonts'itse mekhatlo ea IA le anhedonia ho batho ba baholo (ke hore, ho fokolisa bokhoni ba ho ikutloa ba thabile, e leng se tloaelehileng bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo) [28].
Mekhatlo ea IA e nang le mafu a psychosomatic ha e hlake, leha ho ka etsahala hore ho fanoe ka hore maemo a comorbid a kanna a hokahana (mohlala, matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo le mathata a ho qobella ho qobella). Wei et al. o fumane hore IA e amahanngoa le li-syndromes tsa bohloko bo sa foleng [29]. Cerutti le al. ha ba fumane mekhatlo e nang le moelelo lipalo lipakeng tsa IA le tsitsipano ea hlooho / migraine, leha matšoao a bohloko a somatic, ka kakaretso, a ne a fumanoa khafetsa ho bakuli ba IA [30]. Bangoli ba bang ba fumane mokhatlo oa IA o nang le mathata a ho robala ho bacha [31]. Lintlha tse tšoanang li tlalehiloe bakeng sa mohlala oa bana ba sekolo ba Majapane [32].

4. Pathogenesis ea Tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang ho latela Melao ea Neurobiology

Kholiso ea boko nakong ea bocha e tšoauoa ka litselana tsa sebopeho sa limbic system le libaka tsa pele tsa cortical ka linako tse fapaneng [33]. Ho bacha, nako e telele ea nts'etsopele ea "cortex" e atolositsoeng ha e bapisoa le ea limbic system e baka tšitiso e fokolang ho tloha lehlakoreng la libaka tsa cortical ho ea ho meaho e meholo e ka tlase, e hlahisang ho hlohlelletsoa ho hoholo, ho tlatsetsang ho boits'oaro bo kotsi [34].
Ho fihlela hajoale, ho entsoe lithuto tse ngata tsa ho ithuta ho lemalla lithethefatsi ka marang-rang ho sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng ea methapo ea kutlo, ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e fapaneng ea boko ba sebopeho sa matla a khoheli (mohlala, voxel-based morphometry, imaging tensor imaging, le imaging e sebetsang ea matla a khoheli) le matla a nyutlelie a resonance tomography (mohlala, positron emission tomography le single photon emission computed tomography). Ho ipapisitsoe le mekhoa e thathamisitsoeng, liphetoho tse latelang tse amanang le IA tse bokong li fumanoe [35,36,37]: ho theola letsoalo la lintho tse bohlooho libakeng tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le preortal, orbitofrontal cortex, le sebaka sa tlatsetso sa makoloi [38]; ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang ea ts'ebetso ea libaka tsa boko tse amanang le ho ts'epa meputso [11]; ts'ebetsong ea khokahano ea mechini ea kutlo le ho theola ka nako e le ngoe khokahano ea pono le pono [39]; ts'ebetso ea libaka tsa boko tse amanang le ho theoa ha litakatso tse sa laoleheng le ho se ts'oenyehe; tsoekere-e ekelitseng metabolism libakeng tsa boko tse amanang le ho hloka maikutlo; ho itšetleha ka moputso le takatso bakeng sa ho pheta-pheta maikutlo a boiphihlelo a somatic [40]; le sephiri se ntlafalitsoeng sa dopamine ka ho fokotsa ho eketsehileng ha phumaneho ea dopamine receptor sebakeng sa striatal [41]. Ho hlahlojoa ha menyetla e amanang le ketsahalo ea motlakase ea encephalogram ho bonts'itse nako e fokotsehileng ea karabelo, e ka amanang le pherekano ea melao ea boithatelo [42].
Mefuta e mengata ea li-neuromediator e kanna ea ameha mekhoeng ea methapo ea kutlo ea sebopeho sa IA ho bacha. Mohlala, oxytocin-hormone ea ts'epo, khokahano ea sechaba, le maqhama a maikutlo-e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa haholo ho theha maikutlo a tobileng sechabeng maemong a bacha. Liphuputso tse ngata li bonts'itse maqhama a kopaneng lipakeng tsa libaka tse fapaneng tsa polymorphic tsa oxytocin receptor le CD38 liphatsa tsa lefutso mathateng a fapaneng a kelello le neurodevelopmental, ho kenyeletsoa mathata a autistic spectrum. Sena se ile sa hlahlojoa ka botlalo tlhahlobisong ea Feldman et al. [43]. Ho tsepamisoa ha Oxytocin mathe ho fumanoe ho hokahane hampe le ho hlahisa mathata a boits'oaro, a fumanoeng a sebelisa Lethathamo la Lipotso la Mathata le Mathata [44]. Bangoli ba tšoanang ba boletse hore tlhahiso ea oxytocin e fokotsehile ho bana ba nang le litšobotsi tse thata le tse se nang maikutlo. Sasaki et al. ha ea fumana mekhatlo efe kapa efe lipakeng tsa mahloriso a oxytocin mathe le ho hlahisa matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo ho bacha, leha bakuli ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e sa thibeleng kalafo ba bonts'a maemo a phahameng a oxytocin ho feta sehlopha sa taolo se nang le khatello ea maikutlo e sa thibeleng [45]. Tekanyo ea plasma ea oxytocin e fokotsehile ho bana ba nang le khaello ea tlhokomelo / lefu la khatello ea kelello, 'me e ne e amana hampe le ho se tsotelle le ho se tsotelle [46,47].
Liphuputso tse ngata li tlalehile khokahano ea pathophysiological lipakeng tsa sistimi ea oxytocinergic le sebopeho sa mekhoa e fapaneng ea boits'oaro ho bacha le ho batho ba baholo ba bacha [48]. Ts'ebetso ea oxytocin e fanoang kalafong bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea tahi (haholo-holo joala) e bontšitsoe ka bobeli ba sebelisa liteko tsa liphoofolo [49] le lipatlisiso tsa bongaka [48]. Mekhoa ea mantlha ea kalafo ea oxytocin litlamong tsa lik'hemik'hale ke phokotso ea matšoao a mmele le keketseho ea maikutlo a ho ithiba, khatello e tlase ea maikutlo, kholo ea temoho ea ho kenella ka mantsoe, ntlafatso e bonolo ea likamano tsa sechaba, le phokotso ea mmele ea mamello e boletsoeng. Kaha khatello ea kelello ke sesosa sa bohlokoa sa ho theha mafu a bakoang ke mafu, khopolo-taba e mabapi le phello ea anti-khatello ea kelello e le sesosa sa tšireletso e bonahala e kholisa [50]. Tšusumetso e thibelang khatello ea maikutlo ea Oxytocin e ile ea etsoa ka ho thibela khatello ea maikutlo e fetelletseng ea hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, taolo ea mesolimbic dopamine system ea moputso, le tlhahiso ea hormone e lokollang corticotropin.
Monyetla oa boits'oaro bo khethiloeng ke liphatsa tsa lefutso ea boits'oaro bo senotsoe. Boemo bona bo fumanoe bo amahanngoa le ho se sebetse hantle hoa sistimi ea oxytocinergic. Kahoo, liteko tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa bacha ba 593 ba lilemo li 15 li felletse ka ho fumana kamano lipakeng tsa ho noa joala khafetsa le sebopeho sa bokhoba ba tahi ho bashanyana (eseng ho banana) ho fihlela lilemo tse 25 ka homozygosity e amanang le mofuta o fapaneng oa rs53576 polymorphic sebaka sa lefutso la oxytocin receptor [51]. Kamano lipakeng tsa boits'oaro ba bocha le mofuta ona oa homozygosis oa OXTR gene e tlalehiloe ke Parris et al. [52].
Tlatsetso ea lintho tse latelang tse thathamisitsoeng ho pathogenesis ea boits'oaro ba bocha e ka etsahala haholo, empa ha e so ka e ithutoa hantle. Ntle le oxytocin, ho na le li-neuromediators tse latelang:
(1)
Melanocortin (α-Melanocyte-e susumetsang hormone (α-MSH)): Orellana et al. [53] e hlahisitse karolo ea bohlokoa ea melanocortin ho theheng lithethefatsi tsa mafu ho bacha.
(2)
Neurotensin: Neurotensin e nka karolo ka mafolofolo ho fetoheng ha lets'oao la dopamine le ho thehoa ha lithethefatsi tsa mafu; ho na le linyeoe tsa kalafo e atlehileng ea mefuta e meng ea tahi le synthetic neurotensin [54].
(3)
Orexin: Orexin e kanna ea ameha ho theheng boroko bo sithabetsang le sebopeho sa boits'oaro [55].
(4)
Taba ea P (neurokinin A): Ho nahanoa hore pherekano tlhahisong ea ntho P e amana le ho theoa ha mefuta e mengata ea lithethefatso tsa mafu; hajoale, ho na le liteko tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho leka ho atleha ha mokhoa oa ho amohela molumo oa tšebetso ea methapo ea kutlo kalafong ea bokhoba [56,57].

5. Liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa bokhoba ba inthanete

Ho fapana le mefuta e meng ea boits'oaro (joalo ka papali ea chelete le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi), lipatlisiso tse nyane li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho liphatlalatso tsa lefutso tsa bokhoba ba inthanete. Mohlala, liphuputsong tsa mafahla a pele tse entsoeng ka 2014, bangoli ba hlahlobile bacha ba China ba 825 mme ba bonts'a ho kopana le karolo e futsitsoeng ho 58-66% ea baahi [58]. Hamorao, bafuputsi ba lihlopha tse peli tsa mafahla tse tsoang Netherlands (48% ka 2016 [59], Australia (41% ka 2016 [60], le Jeremane (21-44% ka 2017 [61]) ba fihletse liqeto tse tšoanang. Ka hona, boteng ba karolo ea lefutso ho sebopeho sa IA bo ne bo tšehelitsoe ka nepo ke lithuto tsa mafahla bakeng sa batho ba fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ikhethang tse ka amanang le mekhoa ea lefa ha li so tsejoe. Lithuto tse 'ne tsa lipatlisiso tsa lifofane li netefalitse libaka tsa polymorph tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse hlano:
(1)
rs1800497 (dopamine D2 receptor liphatsa tsa lefutso (DRD2), Taq1A1 allele) le rs4680 (methionine phapang ea enzyme ea dopamine degradation enzyme catecholamine-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene): Ea pele ho lithuto tsena e ne e shebane le bacha ba Korea Boroa. Phuputso e bonts'itse hore tlamo ea li-alleles tse nyane e amahanngoa le tlhahiso e tlase ea dopamine (rs4680) le palo e tlase ea li-receptor tsa dopamine sebakeng sa prefrontal cortex (rs1800497) boteng ba takatso e fetelletseng ea lipapali tsa inthanete [62]. Mefuta e fapaneng e boletsoeng e ka amahanngoa ka nako e le ngoe le ts'oaetso ea joala, papali ea chelete le ADHD.
(2)
rs25531 (liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa serotonin transporter (EA-5HTTLPR), mefuta e khuts'oane ea allelic): Lee et al. [63] e bonts'itse hore mefuta e khuts'oane ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa serotonin e ka amahanngoa le ho lemalla marang-rang ka marang-rang. Joalokaha ho ne ho tšehelitsoe ke lithuto tse ngata, mefuta e boletsoeng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le eona e ne e amahanngoa le sesosa sa khatello ea maikutlo — e leng lefu le atileng ka ho fetesisa la comorbid lithutong tse lemalloang Inthaneteng [64].
(3)
rs1044396 (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha 4 (CHRNA4) gene): thuto e nyane ea taolo ea linyeoe e entsoeng ke Montag et al. [65] e bonts'itse boteng ba mokhatlo le CC genotype ea polymorphism rs1044396, eo hape e amanang le bokhoba ba nicotine le pherekano ea tlhokomelo.
(4)
rs2229910 (neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor mofuta oa 3 (NTRK3) gene): Phuputso ea mofofisi oa Jeong et al. [66] e ne e reretsoe batho ba baholo ba 30 ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa Inthanete le lithuto tse 30 tse phetseng hantle. Phuputso e kenyelelitse ho ithuta libaka tse 83 tsa polymorph mme ea senola mekhatlo e kholisang ka lipalo e nang le sebaka se le seng feela: rs2229910. Mohlomong sena se amahanngoa le mathata a ho tšoenyeha le ho tepella maikutlo, mathata a bakoang ke ho imeloa kelellong le mafu a khethiloeng ke phepo.
Ho ata ha libaka tse ling tsa polymorphic tse nkoang li amahanngoa le ho theha bokhoba ba inthanete ho ka ba le likhaohano tse nang le moelelo lipalo merabeng e fapaneng. Ho hlahlojoa ha lingoliloeng tse fumanehang tsa mahlale ho bonts'a hore lebaka la morabe ha ho batloa mekhatlo ena ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ha lea tsotelloa. Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea Luczak et al. [67] e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho khethollo ea merabe ea mefuta e 11 ea boits'oaro. Ho fumanoe thuto e le 'ngoe feela (e qotsitsoeng pejana tlhahlobisong ke Kuss et al. [16]) moo karolo ea morabe oa IA e neng e nkuoa [68]. Bangoli ba ile ba lekola baithuti ba koleche ba 1470 ba nang le maemo a bophelo a setso a lumellanang. Ba senotse maqhubu a phahameng a IA ho baemeli ba Asia (8.6%) ha ba bapisoa le lichaba tseo e seng tsa Asia (3.8%). Tlhahlobo e tšoanang e qotsa mehloli e mengata ea mahlale, e senola ho ata ho hoholo ha papali ea khomphutha ho batho bao e seng Ma-Amerika (mohlala, Maamerika a matsoalloa le Maamerika a batho ba batsho) ha a bapisoa le merabe ea Caucasus (e tšoeu) [67]. Tekong e kholo ea linaha tse 11 e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho bacha ba Europe ba lemaletseng Inthanete, bangoli ba ne ba fumane hore ke eona ntho e hlakileng ka ho fetesisa ka boits'oaro ba ho ipolaea, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho, empa monehelo oa bothata bo bong le bo bong o ne o fapane naheng ka 'ngoe. Bangoli ba fihletse qeto ea hore lipatlisiso tse ling li ne li hlokahala ka lebaka la tlhatlhobo e tlamang ea maemo a bophelo, setso, mohlomong le semelo (liphatsa tsa lefutso)25,69]. Ho ea ka pono ea rona, tlhahlobo ea khethollo ea morabe le ea libaka e amanang le bokhoba ba inthanete, boo ka nako e le 'ngoe bo ikarabellang bakeng sa khethollo ea morabe ho ata ha khethollo ea genotype ea baahi, ke sebaka se tšepisang li-neurogenetics tsa sejoale-joale mabapi le bokhoba ba bocha.

6. Liphello

Ponahalo e potlakileng le nts'etsopele ea bokhoba ba inthanete ho bacha e amahanngoa le keketseho e potlakileng ea sebopeho sa marang-rang sa marang-rang ho latela phihlello ea phihlello ea mobile ea inthanete. Litaba tsena li hloka khato e potlakileng ho fumana kalafo e sebetsang le mekhoa ea thibelo. Boteng ba karolo ea lefutso ho sebopeho sa IA bo hlahisoa ke lithuto tsa mafahla tse bontšitsoeng ka ho ithuta batho ba fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela hajoale, liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amehang mokhoeng oa lefa le joalo ha li so tsejoe. Ho hlahlojoa ha khethollo ea merabe ea ho lemalla Inthanete, ka lipatlisiso tse tsoang ka nako e le ngoe ho latela khethollo ea morabe ea ho ata ha litšobotsi tsa genotypic tsa baahi, ho nkuoa ho le bohlokoa. Haeba litsebi tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boiphihlelo li ka sebelisana (mohlala, lingaka tsa bana, litsebi tsa kelello, lingaka tsa mafu a kelello, lingaka tsa methapo, lingaka tsa methapo le litsebi tsa lefutso), mekhoa e mecha ea mafu a sebopeho sa IA e ka fumaneha kapele. Liphuputso tsa lipatlisiso tse joalo li ka lebisa ho sibolloeng ha maikutlo a macha mabapi le tlhahlobo ea lisosa tsa mantlha tsa methapo ea kutlo ea sebopeho sa bokhoba ba inthanete le ho khetholla leano la kalafo bakeng sa bacha ba lemaletseng Inthanete.
Menehelo ea Mongoli

ST e emoletse mme e thehile tlhahlobo, e ngotse pampiri; EK o ile a etsa lipatlisiso tsa lingoliloeng mme a sekaseka lintlha.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Mosebetsi o tlalehiloeng o ne o tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ke Russia Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) ho latela projeke ea lipatlisiso № 18-29-22032 \ 18.
Likhohlano tsa Thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

References

  1. Saunders, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa JB le mathata a lemalloang ho DSM-5 le ICD 10 le moralo oa ICD 11. Borr. Opin. Psychiki 2017, 30, 227-237. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  2. Mocha, KS Psychology ea ts'ebeliso ea likhomphutha: XL. Ts'ebeliso e lemalloang ea inthanete: Nyeoe e senyang mohopolo o tloahelehileng. Psychol. Rep. 1996, 79, 899-902. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  3. Brenner, V. Psychology ea ts'ebeliso ea likhomphutha: XLVII. Mefuta ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, tlhekefetso le bokhoba: Matsatsi a pele a 90 a Patlisiso ea Ts'ebeliso ea Inthanete Psychol. Rep. 1997, 80, 879-882. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  4. Ka bobeli, S .; Ruffini, C .; Mills, JE; Douglas, AC; Niang, M.; Stepchenkova, S .; Lee, SK; Loutfi, J .; Lee, J.-K.; Atallah, M.; et al. Bokhoba ba Marang-rang: Metasynthesis ea Lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa 1996-2006. Cyberpsychol Behav 2009, 12, 203-207. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  5. Musetti, A .; Cattivelli, R .; Giacobbi, M.; Zuglian, P.; Ceccarini, M.; Capelli, F .; Pietrabissa, G .; Castelnuovo, G. Mathata a Bothateng ba Bokhoba ba Inthanete: Na Tlhahlobo e ka Etsahala Kapa Che? Ka pele. Psychol. 2016, 7, 1-8. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  6. Cerniglia, L .; Zoratto, F .; Cimino, S.; Laviola, G .; Ammaniti, M.; Adriani, W. Ho lemalla marang-rang nakong ea bocha: Litaba tsa Neurobiological, psychosocial le tsa bongaka. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 2017, 76, 174-184. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  7. Griffiths, M. Na "Lithethefatsi" tsa Inthanete le Khomphutha li teng? Bopaki bo bong ba Case Study. Cyberpsychol Behav 2000, 3, 211-218. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  8. Thibela, Litaba tsa JJ bakeng sa DSM-V: Bokhoba ba inthanete. Am. J. Psychiatry 2008, 165, 306-307. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  9. Northrup, J .; Lapierre, C.; Kirk, J .; Rae, C. Teko ea Ts'ebeliso ea Ts'ebeliso ea Inthanete: Ho Hlahloba Lits'oants'o tsa Mekhoa e Ts'oaretsoeng ke Marang-rang. Behav. Sci. 2015, 5, 341-352. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  10. Cimino, S.; Cerniglia, L. Boithuto ba nako e telele bakeng sa netefatso ea Empirical ea Etiopathogenetic Model ea Tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang nakong ea Bocha e Thehiloe ho Molao oa Pele oa Maikutlo. Lihlahisoa. Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 4038541. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  11. Hong, SB; Zalesky, A .; Cocchi, L .; Fornito, A .; Choi, EJ; Kim, HH; Suh, JE; Kim, CD; Kim, JW; Yi, SH E fokolitse khokahano e sebetsang ea boko ho bacha ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e57831. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  12. Kuss, DJ; Lopez-Fernandez, O. Ho lemalla marang-rang le ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata a inthanete: Tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea lipatlisiso tsa bongaka. World J. Psychiatry 2016, 6, 143-176. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  13. Griffiths, M. A 'likarolo' tsa mohlala oa bokhoba ka har'a sebopeho sa biopsychosocial. Tšebeliso ea Lithethefatsi 2005, 10, 191-197. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  14. Mofumahali Kim, HS; Hodgins, DC Moetso oa Karolo ea Phekolo ea Bokhoba: Pragmatic Transdiagnostic Treatment Model ea Boitšoaro le Lithethefatsi. Ka pele. Psychiki 2018, 9, 406. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  15. Chen, S.-H.; Weng, L.-J .; Su, Y.-J .; Wu, H.-M .; Yang, P.-F. Nts'etsopele ea Sekhahla sa Tlhekefetso ea Inthanete ea China le Boithuto ba eona ba Psychometric. Chin. J. Physiol. 2003, 45, 279-294. [Google Setsebi]
  16. Kuss, DJ; Griffiths, MD; Karila, L .; Billieux, J. Ho lemalla inthanete: Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea lipatlisiso tsa mafu a seoa lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng. Borr. Bong. Des. 2014, 20, 4026-4052. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  17. Aboujaoude, E.; Koran, LM; Gamel, N.; Kholo, MD; Serpe, RT Matšoao a nang le ts'ebeliso ea mathata a marang-rang: Patlisiso ea mohala ea batho ba baholo ba 2,513. CNS Spectr. 2006, 11, 750-755. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  18. Xin, M.; Xing, J .; Pengfei, W .; Houru, L .; Mengcheng, W .; Hong, Z. Liketso tsa inthaneteng, ho ata ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete le lisosa tsa kotsi tse amanang le lelapa le sekolo har'a bacha ba Chaena. Motlatsi. Behav. Rep. 2018, 7, 14-18. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  19. Shek, DT; Yu, L. Bokhoba ba Inthanete ba Bacha ho Hong Kong: Ho ata, Phetoho le li-Correlates. J. Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2016, 29, S22-S30. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  20. Malygin, VL; Merkurieva, YA; Iskandirova, AB; Pakhtusova, EE; Prokofyeva, AV Lintho tse ikhethang tsa boleng ho bacha ba nang le boits'oaro bo itšetlehileng ka inthanete. Medicinskaâ psihologia v Rossii 2015, 33, 1-20. [Google Setsebi]
  21. Malygin, VL; Khomeriki, NS; Antonenko, AA Ka bomong-litšobotsi tsa kelello tsa bacha e le lisosa tsa kotsi tsa sebopeho sa boitšoaro bo itšetlehileng ka inthanete. Medicinskaâ psihologia v Rossii 2015, 30, 1-22. [Google Setsebi]
  22. Ho, RC; Zhang, MW; Tsang, TY; Toh, AH; Pan, F .; Lu, Y .; Cheng, C .; Yip, PS; Lam, LT; Lai, CM; et al. Kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba inthanete le ts'oaetso ea mafu a kelello: Tlhatlhobo ea meta. BMC Psychiatry 2014, 14, 183. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  23. Carli, V .; Durkee, T.; Wasserman, D .; Hadlaczky, G .; Ho hlaka, R .; Kramarz, E .; Wasserman, C .; Sarchiapone, M.; Hoven, CW; Brunner, R .; et al. Kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea mafu le mafu a kelello a comorbid: Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng. Psychopathology 2013, 46, 1-13. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  24. Gonzalez-Bueso, V .; Santamaria, JJ; Fernandez, D .; Merino, L .; Montero, E .; Ribas, J. Mokhatlo o pakeng tsa Mathata a ho Bapala Inthaneteng kapa Tšebeliso ea Papali ea Video le Comorbid Psychopathology: Tlhahlobo e Feletseng. Int. J. Environ. Res. Bophelo ba Sechaba 2018, 15. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  25. Durkee, T.; Carli, V .; Floderus, B .; Wasserman, C .; Sarchiapone, M.; Apter, A .; Balazs, JA; Bobes, J .; Brunner, R .; Corcoran, P.; et al. Ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea marang-rang le likotsi tse teng lipakeng tsa bacha ba Europe. Int. J. Environ. Res. Bophelo ba Sechaba 2016, 13, 1-17. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  26. Jiang, Q.; Huang, X .; Tao, R. Lintlha tse hlahlobang tse susumetsang bokhoba ba inthanete le likotsi tsa bocha lilemong tsa bosebelisi ba inthanete. Bophelo bo botle. 2018, 33, 1434-1444. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  27. Mongoli, KW; Dreier, M.; Beutel, ME; Wolfling, K. Na Boikutlo bo Batla Kopano ea Boitšoaro bo Feteletseng le Lithethefatsi Tsa Boitšoaro? Tlhahlobo e qaqileng ea bakuli ba nang le bothata ba papali ea chelete le ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Resp Psychiatry. 2016, 242, 319-325. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  28. Guillot, CR; Bello, MS; Tsai, JY; Huh, J .; Leventhal, AM; Sussman, S. Mekhatlo ea Longitudinal lipakeng tsa Anhedonia le Likhatiso tse Amanang le Inthanete tse Amanang le Batho ba baholo. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2016, 62, 475-479. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  29. Wei, H.-T .; Chen, M.-H .; Huang, P.-C .; Bai, Y.-M. Kamano lipakeng tsa papali ea inthanete, phobia ea sechaba le khatello ea maikutlo: Patlisiso ea inthanete. 2012, 12, 92. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  30. Cerutti, R .; Presaghi, F .; Spensieri, V .; Valastro, C.; Guidetti, V. Tšusumetso e ka bang teng ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le mobile ho hlooho e opang le matšoao a mang a Somatic nakong ea bocha. Phuputso e Thehiloeng ho Karolo ea Baahi. Hlooho ea hlooho 2016, 56, 1161-1170. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  31. Nuutinen, T.; Roos, E .; Ray, C .; Villberg, J .; Valimaa, R .; Rasmussen, M.; Holstein, B .; Molimoeau, E .; Beck, F .; Leger, D .; et al. Ts'ebeliso ea likhomphutha, nako ea ho robala le matšoao a bophelo bo botle: Boithuto bo fapaneng ba bana ba lilemo li 15 linaheng tse tharo. Int J. Bophelo ba Sechaba 2014, 59, 619-628. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  32. Tamura, H .; Nishida, T.; Tsuji, A .; Sakakibara, H. Kamano lipakeng tsa Ts'ebeliso e Fetelletseng ea Mohala oa Mohala le Ho hlobaela le khatello ea maikutlo har'a bacha ba Majapane. Int. J. Environ. Res. Bophelo ba Sechaba 2017, 14, 1-11. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  33. Casey, BJ; Jones, RM; Hare, TA Boko ba bocha. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 2008, 1124, 111-126. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  34. Eena, J .; Crews, FT Neurogeneis e fokotseha nakong ea kholo ea boko ho tloha bocheng ho ea ho motho e moholo. Pharmacol. Likokoana-hloko. Behav. 2007, 86, 327-333. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  35. Phaka, B .; Monghali Han, DH; Roh, S. Liphuputso tsa Neurobiological tse amanang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Kliniki ea Psychiatry. Neurosci. 2017, 71, 467-478. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  36. Weinstein, A .; Livny, A .; Weizman, A. Lintlafatso tse ncha tsa lipatlisiso tsa boko ba inthanete le bothata ba lipapali. Neurosci. Biobehav. Tšen. 2017, 75, 314-330. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  37. Weinstein, A .; Lejoyeux, M. Lintlafatso tse ncha mokhoeng oa methapo ea kutlo ea methapo ea kutlo le pharmaco-liphatsa tsa lefutso tse sebetsanang le bokhoba ba inthanete le videogame. Na. J. Addict. 2015, 24, 117-125. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  38. Yuan, K.; Cheng, P.; Dong, T.; Bi, Y .; Xing, L .; Yu, D .; Zhao, L .; Dong, M.; von Deneen, KM; Liu, Y .; et al. Bokhabane ba Cortical bo sa tloaelehang lilemong tsa bocha le ho lemalla lipapali tsa inthanete. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e53055. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  39. Liu, J .; Gao, XP; Osunde, I .; Li, X .; Zhou, SK; Zheng, HR; Li, LJ Ho eketsa homogeneity ea tikoloho bothateng ba ho lemalla ho lemalla inthanete: Phuputso e sebetsang ea mmuso ea ho etsa litšoantšo tsa matla a khoheli. Chin. Med.J. 2010, 123, 1904-1908. [Google Setsebi]
  40. Phaka, HS; Mofumahali Kim, SH; Bang, SA; Letsatsi, EJ; Cho, SS; Kim, SE E fetotsoe metabolism ea cerebral glucose metabolism ho basebelisi ba papali ea inthanete: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study. CNS Spectr. 2010, 15, 159-166. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  41. Mofumahali Kim, SH; Baik, SH; Phaka, CS; Kim, SJ; Choi, SW; Kim, SE Ho fokotsa striatal dopamine D2 receptors ho batho ba nang le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Neuroreport 2011, 22, 407-411. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  42. Dong, G .; Zhou, H .; Zhao, X. Tšusumetso ea tšusumetso ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi: Bopaki ba Electrophysiological bo tsoang phuputsong ea Go / NoGo. Neurosci. Lett. 2010, 485, 138-142. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  43. Feldman, R .; Monakhov, M .; Pratt, M.; Ebstein, RP Oxytocin Pathway Genes: Sisteme ea Boholo-holo e Amanang le Boikopanyo ba Batho, Boiketlo ba Batho le Psychopathology. Biol. Psychiatry 2016, 79, 174-184. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  44. Lekhetho, T .; Bloch, Y .; Bar-Maisels, M.; Gat-Yablonski, G .; Djalovski, A .; Borodkin, K.; Apter, A. Salivary oxytocin ho bacha ba nang le mathata a boits'oaro le litšobotsi tse sa tsotelleng. EUR. Ngoana. Bacha. Phekolo ea kelello 2015, 24, 1543-1551. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  45. Sasaki, T .; Hashimoto, K.; Oda, Y .; Ishima, T .; Yakita, M.; Kurata, T .; Kunou, M.; Takahashi, J .; Kamata, Y .; Kimura, A .; et al. Maemo a Serum a Eketsehileng a Oxytocin sehlopheng sa 'Treatment Resistant Depression in Adolescents' (TRDIA) 'Group. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0160767. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  46. Demirci, E .; Ozmen, S.; Likamano tsa Oztop, DB lipakeng tsa Impulsivity le Serum Oxytocin ho Bana ba Batona le Bacha ba nang le Thibelo-Khaello le Bothata ba ho Itšoara Haholo: Thuto ea Pele. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2016, 53, 291-295. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  47. Demirci, E .; Ozmen, S.; Kilic, E .; Oztop, DB Kamano pakeng tsa mabifi, boiphihlelo ba kutloelo-bohloko le maemo a serum oxytocin ho bana ba batona le lilemong tsa bocha ba nang le khaello ea tlhokomelo le bothata ba ho se sebetse hantle. Behav. Pharmacol. 2016, 27, 681-688. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  48. Pedersen, CA Oxytocin, mamello, le lehlakore le lefifi la lithethefatsi. Int. Moruti Neurobiol. 2017, 136, 239-274. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  49. Leong, KC; Cox, S.; Morena, C .; Becker, H .; Reichel, CM Oxytocin le Rodent Models of Addiction. Int. Moruti Neurobiol. 2018, 140, 201-247. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  50. Lee, MR; Weert, EM Oxytocin bakeng sa kalafo ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le joala. Behav. Pharmacol. 2016, 27, 640-648. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  51. Vaht, M.; Kurrikoff, T .; Laas, K.; Veidebaum, T.; Harro, J. Oxytocin receptor gene variation rs53576 le tšebeliso e mpe ea joala thutong ea baemeli ba nako e telele. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016, 74, 333-341. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  52. Parris, MS; Grunebaum, MF; Galfalvy, HC; Andronikashvili, A .; Burke, AK; Yin, H .; Min, E .; Huang, YY; Mann, JJ O lekile ho ipolaea le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le oxytocin. J. E ama. Khahlano. 2018, 238, 62-68. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  53. Orellana, JA; Cerpa, W.; Carvajal, MF; Lerma-Cabrera, JM; Karahanian, E .; Osorio-Fuentealba, C.; Quintanilla, RA Litlamorao tse Ncha bakeng sa Sistimi ea Melanocortin ho Tloaelo ea Ho Noa Joala ho Bacha: Glial Dysfunction Hypothesis. Ka pele. Cell Neurosci. 2017, 11, 90. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  54. Ferraro, L .; Tiozzo Fasiolo, L .; Beggiato, S.; Borelli, AC; Pomierny-Chamiolo, L .; Frankowska, M.; Antonelli, T.; Tomasini, MC; Fuxe, K.; Filip, M. Neurotensin: Karolo ea ts'oaetso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi? J. Psychopharmacol. 2016, 30, 112-127. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  55. Hoyer, D .; Jacobson, LH Orexin ha a robetse, a lemaletse le ho feta: Na sethethefatsi se nepahetseng sa ho hlobaela se haufi? Neuropeptides 2013, 47, 477-488. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  56. Sandweiss, AJ; Vanderah, TW The pharmacology ea li-neurokinin receptors tse lemaletseng: Litebello tsa kalafo. E tlase. Tlhabollo ea Tlhekefetso. 2015, 6, 93-102. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  57. Koob, GF Karolo e lefifi ea maikutlo: Pono ea bokhoba. EUR. J. Pharmacol 2015, 753, 73-87. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  58. Li, M .; Chen, J .; Li, N .; Li, X. Boithuto ba mafahla ba ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea inthanete: Boikemisetso ba eona le kamano ea tsona ea lefutso le taolo e sebetsang. Twin Res. Hum. Liphatsa tsa lefutso. 2014, 17, 279-287. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  59. Vink, JM; van Beijsterveldt, TC; Huppertz, C .; Bartels, M.; Boomsma, DI Heritability ea tšebeliso e mpe ea Inthanete ho bacha. Motlatsi. Biol. 2016, 21, 460-468. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  60. Nako e telele, EC; Verhulst, B.; Neale, MC; Lind, PA; Hickie, IB; Martin, NG; Gillespie, NA Menehelo ea lefutso le tikoloho ho ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le mekhatlo e nang le psychopathology: thuto ea mafahla. Twin Res. Hum. Liphatsa tsa lefutso. 2016, 19, 1-9. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  61. Hahn, E .; Reuter, M.; Spinath, FM; Montag, C. Ho lemalla marang-rang le likarolo tsa eona: Karolo ea lefutso le kamano le boits'oaro. Ho lemalla. Behav. 2017, 65, 137-146. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  62. Monghali Han, DH; Lee, YS; Yang, KC; Kim, EY; Lyoo, IK; Renshaw, PF Dopamine liphatsa tsa lefutso le ho itšetleha ka moputso ho bacha ba nang le papali ea papali ea video e feteletseng. J. Addict. Moedi 2007, 1, 133-138. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  63. Lee, YS; Monghali Han, DH; Yang, KC; Daniels, MA; Na, C.; Kee, BS; Renshaw, PF Depression joalo ka litšobotsi tsa 5HTTLPR polymorphism le bohale ho basebelisi ba inthanete ba fetelletseng. J. E ama. Khahlano. 2008, 109, 165-169. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  64. Oo, KZ; Aung, YK; Jenkins, MA; Win, AK Mekhatlo ea 5HTTLPR polymorphism e nang le khatello e kholo ea maikutlo le ts'epahano ea joala: Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng le tlhahlobo ea litlhahlobo Aust. NZ J. Psychiatry 2016, 50, 842-857. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  65. Montag, C .; Kirsch, P.; Sauer, C .; Mmaraka, S .; Reuter, M. Karolo ea lefutso la CHRNA4 ho lemalleng inthanete: Boithuto ba taolo ea linyeoe. J. Addict. Moedi 2012, 6, 191-195. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  66. Jeong, JE; Rhee, JK; Kim, TM; Kwak, SM; Bang, SH; Cho, H .; Cheon, YH; Mets, JA; Ee, GS; Kim, K.; et al. Kamano lipakeng tsa nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4 subunit gene (CHRNA4) rs1044396 le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete ho banna ba baholo ba Korea. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0188358. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  67. Luczak, SE; Khoddam, R .; Yu, S.; Lerako, TL; Schwartz, A .; Sussman, S. Tlhatlhobo: Ho ata le ketsahalo e kopanetsoeng ea lithethefatsi ho merabe / merabe ea Amerika: Litlamorao tsa lipatlisiso tsa lefutso. Na. J. Addict. 2017, 26, 424-436. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  68. Yates, TM; Gregor, MA; Tlhekefetso ea bana ba Haviland, MG, alexithymia, le ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea inthanete ho ba motho e moholo. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2012, 15, 219-225. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  69. Kaess, M.; Parzer, P.; Brunner, R .; Koenig, J .; Durkee, T.; Carli, V .; Wasserman, C .; Khoele, CW; Sarchiapone, M.; Bobes, J .; et al. Ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea marang-rang e ntse e eketseha har'a bacha ba Europe. J. Adolesc. Bophelo bo botle 2016, 59, 236-239. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
© 2019 ke bangoli. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Sengoloa sena ke sengoloa se bulehileng sa phihlello se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa lipehelo le maemo a laesense ea Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).