J Behav Addict. 2018 Sep 11: 1-11. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.69.
Li JB1,2, Mo PKH2,3, Lau JTF2,3, Su XF2,3, Zhang X4, Wu AMS5, Mai JC6, Chen YX6.
inahaneloang
Ka morao le sepheo
Morero oa thuto ena ke ho hakanya likamano tsa nako e telele pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea marang-rang a marang-rang (OSNA) le khatello ea maikutlo, ebang OSNA e bolela esale pele nts'etsopele ea khatello ea maikutlo le ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, hore na khatello ea maikutlo e bolela tsoelo-pele ea OSNA.
mekhoa
Baithuti ba 5,365 ka kakaretso ba tsoang likolong tse robong tsa sekondari Guangzhou, China Boroa ba ile ba hlahlobeloa ho tsa motheo ka Hlakubele 2014, mme ba latela 9 likhoeli hamorao. Tekanyo ea OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo li ile tsa lekanngoa ho sebelisoa tekanyo e netefalitsoeng ea OSNA le CES-D, ka ho latellana. Mefuta e mengata ea taolo ea logtilevel e sebelisitsoe ho lekanya likamano tse telele pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo.
Results
Bacha ba neng ba tepelletse maikutlo empa ba se na OSNA ka nako ea motheo ba ne ba na le menyetla ea 1.48 hangata ea ho hlaolela tlhaiso-leseling ha e bapisoa le ba sa sithabetseng maikutlo ho basement [e fetotsoe OR (AOR): 1.48, 95% interval (CI): 1.14-1.93 ]. Ntle le moo, ha ho bapisoa le ba neng ba sa sithabetse maikutlo nakong ea ho latela, bacha ba neng ba lula ba tepelletse maikutlo kapa ba hlahang ba sithabetse maikutlo nakong ea ho latela ba bile le menyetla ea ho ba le OSNA ka mor'a ho latela (AOR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.51-4.75 bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng; AOR: 4.47, 95% CI: 3.33-5.99 ea khatello ea maikutlo e hlahang). Ka bomalimabe, har'a ba se nang khatello ea maikutlo mantlha, bacha ba neng ba khethiloe e le OSNA e sa khaotseng kapa OSNA e hlahang ba ne ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo ha ba bapisoa le ba neng ba se OSNA (AOR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.01-2.69 bakeng sa OSNA e sa feleng; AOR: 4.29; 95% CI: 3.17-5.81 ea OSNA e hlahang).
fihlela qeto e
Liphumano li bonts'a botsoalle bo kopanyang pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo, ho bolelang hore ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea marang-rang a marang-rang e tsamaisana le maemo a nyahamisang.
LINKOTSO: bacha; khatello ea maikutlo; setsoalle sa nako e telele; marang-rang a batho ba sebelisang marang-rang
PMID: 30203664
Lits'oaetso tsa marang-rang tse sebelisang marang-rang le ho lemalla khatello ea maikutlo: Litholoana tsa tlhahlobo e kholo ea bacha ba bacha ba China.
J Behav Addict. 2018 Sep 11: 1-11. Doi: 10.1556 / 2006.7.2018.69. [Epub pele ho khatiso]
Li JB1,2, Mo PKH2,3, Lau JTF2,3, Su XF2,3, Zhang X4, Wu AMS5, Mai JC6, Chen YX6.
inahaneloang
Semelo le sepheo Morero oa thuto ena ke ho lekanya likamano tse telele pakeng tsa ho lemalla marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang (OSNA) le khatello ea maikutlo, ebang OSNA e bolela esale pele nts'etsopele ea khatello ea maikutlo, le ka mokhoa o fapaneng, hore na khatello ea maikutlo e bolela tsoelo-pele ea OSNA. Mekhoa Palo ea baithuti ba 5,365 ka kakaretso ba tsoang likolong tse robong tsa sekondari Guangzhou, China Boroa ba ile ba hlahlojoa ho tsa motheo ka Hlakubele 2014, mme ba latela likhoeli tsa 9 hamorao. Tekanyo ea OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo li ile tsa lekanngoa ho sebelisoa tekanyo e netefalitsoeng ea OSNA le CES-D, ka ho latellana. Mefuta e mengata ea taolo ea logtilevel e sebelisitsoe ho lekanya likamano tse telele pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo. Liphetoho Bacha ba neng ba tepelletse maikutlo empa ba se na OSNA ka nako ea motheo ba ne ba le menyetla ea 1.48 hangata ea ho hlaolela tlhaiso-leseling ha e bapisoa le ba se nang khatello ea maikutlo basiling [e fetotsoe ka OR (AOR): 1.48, 95% discithuba (CI): 1.14- 1.93]. Ntle le moo, ha ho bapisoa le ba neng ba sa sithabetse maikutlo nakong ea ho latela, bacha ba neng ba lula ba tepelletse maikutlo kapa ba hlahang ba sithabetse maikutlo nakong ea ho latela ba bile le menyetla ea ho ba le OSNA ka mor'a ho latela (AOR: 3.45, 95% CI: 2.51-4.75 bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng; AOR: 4.47, 95% CI: 3.33-5.99 ea khatello ea maikutlo e hlahang). Ka bomalimabe, har'a ba se nang khatello ea maikutlo mantlha, bacha ba neng ba khethiloe e le OSNA e sa khaotseng kapa OSNA e hlahang ba ne ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo ha ba bapisoa le ba neng ba se OSNA (AOR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.01-2.69 bakeng sa OSNA e sa feleng; AOR: 4.29; 95% CI: 3.17-5.81 ea OSNA e hlahang). Sephetho liphumano li bonts'a botsoalle bo khahlisang lipakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo, ho bolelang hore ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea marang-rang ea marang-rang e tsamaisana le maemo a nyarosang a matšoao.
LINKOTSO: bacha; khatello ea maikutlo; setsoalle sa nako e telele; marang-rang a batho ba sebelisang marang-rang
PMID: 30203664
Selelekela
Ho sithabela maikutlo, ke lefu la kelello le tlalehiloeng ka ho fetesisaKnopf, Park, & Mulye, 2008; Thapar, Collishaw, Potter, & Thapar, 2010), ke taba ea bohlokoa sechabeng ea bophelo bo botle. Ho feta 9% ea bacha ba tlalehileng ka tekanyo e kholo ho isa maemong a tebileng a khatello ea maikutlo, mme boemo ba eona ba selemo sa 1 bo hakanngoa ho 3% United States (Rushton, Forcier, & Schectman, 2002). China Boroa, thuto ea rona e fetileng e tlalehile ho ata ha khatello ea maikutlo ea beke ea 1 ea 23.5% har'a baithuti ba sekolo sa sekondari (Li le al., 2017).
Kamano e ntle pakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le khatello ea maikutlo har'a bacha e tlalehiloe likarolong tsohle tse peli (Moreno, Jelenchick, & Breland, 2015; Ee, Cho, & Cha, 2014) le lithuto tse telele (Cho, Sung, Shin, Lim, & Shin, 2013; Ko, Yen, Chen, Yeh, & Yen, 2009; Lam, 2014). Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsena li ile tsa lekola temallo ea inthanete ka kakaretso ho fapana le mefuta e ikhethileng ea mesebetsi ea inthanete. Bacha ba ka etsa mefuta e mengata ea mesebetsi e fumanehang marang-rang. Boithuto bo 'maloa bo bontšitse bohlokoa le tlhoko ea ho khetholla bokhoba ba ts'ebeliso e itseng ea mesebetsi e amanang le inthanete ho tsoa bokhobeng ba marang-rang ka kakaretso (Davis, 2001; Laconi, Tricard, & Chabrol, 2015; Pontes, Szabo, & Griffiths, 2015). Marang-rang a marang-rang ke ntho e ncha, 'me ho atile khatello ea maikutlo e atileng har'a baahi ba sebelisang marang-rang a marang-rang (Lin et al., 2016; Tang & Koh, 2017). Ha ho bapisoa le sechaba ka kakaretso, bacha le baithuti ke basebelisi ba tloaelo ho marang-rang a marang-rang (Griths, Kuss, & Demetrovics, 2014). Bokhoba ba marang-rang ba marang-rang a marang-rang (OSNA) ke mokhoa o mocha o lemalloang har'a bacha le ho kenya letsoho ka matla liketsong tsa ho etsa metsoalle inthaneteng. Joaloka mofuta o ikhethileng oa litloaelo tse amanang le inthanete tse amanang le inthanete, OSNA e kenyelletsa matšoao a mantlha a bokhoba ba tahi (Griffiths, 2013; Kuss le Griffiths, 2011), hape e hlalosoa e le "ho ameha haholo ka ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang a marang-rang, ho tsamaisoa ke tšusumetso e matla ea ho kena kapa ho sebelisa marang-rang a marang-rang a sitisang mesebetsi e meng ea sechaba, lithuto / mesebetsi, likamano tsa batho, le / kapa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le boiketlo ba kelello."(Andreassen, 2015). OSNA e eketsehile ka mokhoa o hlakileng har'a bacha. Hoo e ka bang 9.78% ea baithuti ba kolecheng ea Amerika ba ipone ba lemaletse Facebook (Pempek, Yermolayeva, & Calvert, 2009), le 29.5% ea baithuti ba koleche ea Singapore ba na le OSNA (Tang & Koh, 2017). Phuputso ho 2010 e tlalehile hore keketseho ea OSNA e phahame haholo ho feta 30% ho baithuti ba koleche ea China (Zhou & Leung, 2010). Bopaki bo bonts'a hore marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang ha a na molemo ho hang, ho e-na le litlamorao tse ka bang kotsi bophelong ba kelello ba bacha, ho kenyeletsoa maikutlo, kamano le litholoana tse ling tse amanang le bophelo bo botle (Andreassen, 2015).
Lipatlisiso tse 'maloa tse mabapi le likarolo tse arohaneng li tlaleha kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo har'a bacha (Hong, Huang, Lin, & Chiu, 2014; Koc & Gulyagci, 2013). Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la meeli e ka tlisoang ke sebopeho sa lipatlisiso tsa sefapano, ho ntse ho sa hlaka hore na OSNA ke sesosa kapa phello ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa ea maikutlo. Marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang a ka fa bacha monyetla oa boiketlo ba sechaba le chelete, ho itlhalosa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, le tšehetso e ka bang teng sechabeng (Ellison, Steinfield, & Lampe, 2007; Steinfield, Ellison, & Lampe, 2008). Batho ba nang le mathata a kelello (ke hore, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho) ba ka nka marang-rang a marang-rang e le sechaba se bolokehileng le sa bohlokoa (Gámez-Guadix, 2014), moo ba ka balehelang mathata a maikutlo a hlahelang lefatseng la 'nete (Andreassen, 2015; Griths et al., 2014), hape ho lebisa ho kenelletseng ho kenyelletseng ho kenelletseng hoa tšebeliso (Oberst, Wegmann, Stodt, Brand, & Chamarro, 2017). Khabareng, ho pepesehela batho ba bangata ho ka baka maikutlo a mabe (McDougall et al., 2016). Bacha ba nang le tsamaiso e mpe ea maikutlo a sithabetsang ba ka ba le litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho etsa metsoalle Inthaneteng (Boithati, Branje, Delsing, Ter Bogt, & Meeus, 2009). Ka hona, mokhatlo o kopanyang maikutlo pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo o utloahala. Leha ho le joalo, tsebong ea rona, ha ho na thuto e ka lebelloang e shebileng ho hlahloba likamano tsa nako e telele pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo har'a bacha le batho ba bang.
Ka hona, re thehile thuto e lebelletsoeng ho lekanya botebo ba kamano ea nako e telele lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le OSNA ha nako e ntse e feta, joalo ka hore na OSNA e noha tsoelo-pele ea khatello ea maikutlo, le hore na khatello ea maikutlo e bolela esale pele nts'etsopele ea OSNA, ka ho nahana ka liphetoho ho OSNA le boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo (mohlala, ts'oarelo e tsoang ho pherekano) nakong ea tlhahlobo ea likhoeli tse 9.
Moqapi oa thuto
Boithuto bona ba motho ea neng a tla ba le sehlopha bo entsoe Guangzhou, China Boroa. Tlhahlobo ea motheo e entsoe ho tloha ka Hlakubele ho fihlela ka XXUMX, 'me tlhahlobo e ileng ea latela e ile ea etsoa ka nako ea khoeli ea 2014, e sebelisa mokhoa o ts'oanang.
Barupeluoa le mehlala
Barupeluoa ba ile ba hiroa ba sebelisa mokhoa oa stratified sampling sampling. Setereke / setereke se le seng se khethiloe ka mokhoa o loketseng ho tsoa ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea libaka tse tharo (ke hore, mantlha, toropo le libaka tse kantle ho toropo) ho Guangzhou, ka ho latellana (matheba a khubelu ho Setšoantšo. 1). Ho ile ha khethoa likolo tse tharo tsa sekondari seterekeng se seng le se seng se khethiloeng, 'me likolo tse robong li ile tsa khethoa. Baithuti bohle ba sehlopha sa bosupa- le sa borobeli likolong tse khethiloeng ba ile ba mengoa ka boithatelo ho nka karolo ho ithuteng. Potso e sa tsejoeng e ne e itlhomme pele ho nka karolo ke barupeluoa lithutong tsa phaposi ka ho se be le mosuoe leha e le ofe, tlasa taolo ea bathusi ba lipatlisiso tse koetlisitsoeng hantle.
Setšoantšo sa 1. Sebaka sa libaka tsa thuto
Kakaretso ea baithuti ba 5,365 (sekhahla sa karabelo = 98.04%) ba qetile tlhahlobo ea motheo. Lirapa tse peli tsa lipotso tsa baithuti ba ts'oanang li kopantsoe li sebelisa linomoro tse nne tsa ho qetela tsa nomoro ea mohala ea lapeng, linomoro tsa ho qetela tsa nomoro ea mohala ea batsoali, linomoro tsa ho qetela tsa nomoro ea karete ea boitseko ea batho, letsatsi leo ba tsoetsoeng ka lona, lengolo la ho qetela la boits'oaro le batsoali 'lebitso la boloi. Qetellong, 4,871 ea barupeluoa ba 5,365 ba fane ka lipotso tse felletseng ka tatellano (tekanyo ea ho latela = 90.8%). Kamora ho khetholla ba neng ba sa sebelise marang-rang a marang-rang (n = 643), kakaretso ea bankakarolo ba 4,237 ba kentse letsoho thutong ea rona ea nako e telele.
ho tepella maikutlo
Tekanyo ea matšoao a sithabetsang e ile ea lekanngoa ho sebelisoa phetolelo ea China ea 20 ea ntho ea Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depression (CES-D). Melemo ea eona ea psychometric e tiisitsoe har'a bacha ba China (Chen, Yang, & Li, 2009; Cheng, Yen, Ko, & Yen, 2012; Lee et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2013). Likolo tse phahameng li bonts'a matšoao a nyahamisang le ho feta, a nang le lintlha tse felletseng ho tloha 0 ho 60 (Radloff, 1977). Li-coefficients tsa Cronbach's phuputsong ena e ne e le .86 motheong oa motheo le .87 ha li lateloa, li bontša ts'epahalo e ntle ea ka hare. Ho tlaleha motho ka mong palo ea CES-D ≥21 ho hlalosoa e le nyeoe e sithabetsang (Li-stockings et al., 2015). Ho latela lithuto tse fetileng (Penninx, Deeg, van Eijk, Beekman, & Guralnik, 2000; Van Gool et al., 2003), phetoho maemong a ho tepella maikutlo nakong ea ho latela thupelong ena e arotsoe ka tsela e latelang: ha ho na khatello ea maikutlo (barupeluoa ntle le khatello ea maikutlo maemong a mantlha le ho latela), tšoarelo ho khatello ea maikutlo (barupeluoa ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea motheo empa ba fetoloa ntle le khatello ea maikutlo ka morao ho moo -up), khatello ea maikutlo e phehellang (barupeluoa ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo ka bobeli ho motheo le ho latela), le khatello ea maikutlo e hlahang (barupeluoa ntle le khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea motheo empa ba fetoloa ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo ka mor'a ho latela).
Likhoba tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang (OSNA)
Boemo ba ho kenya letsoho marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang bo ile ba lekanyetsoa ho sebelisoa sekala sa OSNA, se kenyelletsang lintho tse robeli tse lekanyang matšoao a tlatsetso a kelello le boits'oaro, ho loantšana le mesebetsi e meng, euphoria, tahlehelo ea taolo, ho hula, ho khutla hape le ho khutlisetsoa hape. Lipalo tse phahameng tsa OSNA tse phahameng li bontša litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa tloaelo ea ho sebelisa marang-rang a marang-rang, e nang le lintlha tse phahameng tsa 40. Melemo ea eona ea psychometric e lekisitsoe hantle thutong ea rona e fetileng (Li le al., 2016). Ha ho na boleng bo felletsoeng ba ho khaola sekala sa OSNA ho khetholla linyeoe tsa OSNA: bankakarolo ba fumaneng lintlha tse 10 (ke hore, lintlha tsa OSNA -24) li ne li khethiloe joalo ka linyeoe tsa OSNA qalong, 'me boleng bo tšoanang e sebelisetsoang ho arola linyeoe ka tatellano. Leano le tšoanang la tlhophiso le sebelisitsoe thutong e fetileng (Verkuijl et al., 2014). Li-coefficients tsa Cronbach tsa tekanyo ea OSNA thutong ena li ne li le .86 motheong oa motheo le .89 ka ho latela. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phetoho maemong a OSNA ho tloha molemong oa ho latela ho latela e ne e arotsoe ka tsela e latelang: ha ho na OSNA (barupeluoa ntle le OSNA ka bobeli ho latela motheo le ho latella), tšoarelo ho tsoa ho OSNA (barupeluoa ba nang le OSNA motheong empa e fetotsoe ntle ho OSNA ka ho latela. ), OSNA e phehellang (barupeluoa ba nang le OSNA ka bobeli ho latela motheo le ho latela), le li-OSNA tse hlahang (barupeluoa ba se nang OSNA motheong empa ba fetoloa hore ba be le OSNA ka ho latela).
Li-covariates
Covariates e kenyelletsa ho etsa thobalano, sehlopha, maemo a thuto a botsoali, boemo ba lichelete ba lelapa, tokisetso ea ho phela (le batsoali ka bobeli kapa che), ho itlaleha ha thuto, le khatello ea thuto e fumanoeng qalong.
Lipatlisiso tsa sethathamo
Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang (mohlala, mekhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng le liperesente) li hlahisitsoe ha ho hlokahala. Li-coefficients tsa khokahano ea Intraclass bakeng sa ho kopana ho pholletsa le likolo e ne e le 1.56% (p = .002) bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo le 1.42% (p = .042) bakeng sa ketsahalo ea OSNA, e bontšang phapang e kholo likolong (Wang, Xie, & Fisher, 2009). Mefuta ea li-regtilevel regression regression (Level 1: seithuti; Level 2: sekolo) ka hona e ile ea sebelisoa ho lekola likamano tse telele pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo ha nako e ntse e feta, ho ikarabella bakeng sa phello ea sampling ea sehlopha. Li-covariate tse ka morao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo / OSNA le p '.
Bakeng sa ho bolela esale pele ha OSNA mabapi le liketsahalo tse ncha tsa khatello ea maikutlo har'a barupeluoa ba neng ba sa sithabeha maikutlo qalongn = 3,196), re ile ra qala ho hakanyetsa phapang ea likhaohano (OR) ea OSNA ea mantlha, ka bobeli e fapaneng ea binary (ke hore, OSNA kapa che) le phapano e tsoelang pele (lintlha tsa boholo ba OSNA), maemong a macha a khatello ea maikutlo kamora ho fetola li-covariate tsa bohlokoa, ebe re tsoela pele phetoho ea lintlha tsa motheo tsa CES-D (Hinkley et al., 2014). Ha re qeta re hakanya tebello ea phetoho maemong a OSNA ka nako ea liketsahalo tse ncha tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho kenyelletsa le mohlala oa liphetoho tsa li-covariate tsa bohlokoa le mohlala o fetotsoeng oa lintlha tsa motheo tsa CES-D.
Ka bomalimabe, ho boleloa esale pele ka khatello ea maikutlo ka lebaka la liketsahalo tse ncha tsa OSNA har'a barupeluoa ntle le OSNA ho motheo (n = 3,657) e hakantsoe ka tsela e ts'oanang le e hlalositsoeng kaholimo ka ketsahalo e ncha ea OSNA e le sephetho le khatello ea maikutlo e le ho pepeseha. Ho boleloa esale pele ka khatello ea maikutlo ea mantlha (mofuta o tsoelang pele le oa sehlopha) ketsahalong e ncha ea OSNA le ho bolela esale pele ka phetoho ea maemo a khatello ea maikutlo ha nako e ntse e etsahala ho latela likhakanyo tse ncha tsa OSNA.
Litlhahlobo tsa lipalopalo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa mofuta oa SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). E mahlakore a mabeli p boleng <.05 bo ne bo nkuoa bo le bohlokoa.
Ethics
Mekhoa ea ho ithuta e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Tumello ea sekolo le tumello ea tlhahlobo ea sekolo se fumanoe ho tsoa ho lihlooho tsa sekolo pele tlhahlobo e ne e sebetse. Tumello ea molomo e fumanoe ho baithuti pele ba nka karolo. Boithuto bona le ts'ebetso ea tumello li amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Patlisiso le Boitšoaro ea Boitlhatlhobo ea Univesithi ea Chaena ea Hong Kong.
Results
Libopeho tsa barupeluoa le tlhahlobo ea maikutlo
Tlhahlobo ea boikoetliso e bonts'itse hore ha ho na phapang e kholo mabapi le maemo a thuto ea botsoali le ts'ebetso e iketselitseng ea thuto pakeng tsa bacha ba neng ba kenelletse tlhahlobisong ea nako e telele (n = 4,237) le ba khelositsoeng tlhahlobisong ea bolelele ba nako (n = 1,128). Bacha, ba neng ba kentse letsoho sampoleng ea bolelele ba nako e ne e le basali, ba ne ba le sehlopheng sa borobeli, ba na le maemo a matle a lelapa, ba lula le batsoali ka bobeli, mme ba bona khatello ea ho se ithute letho. 1).
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Tafole 1. Tlhahlobo ea litekanyetso le libopeho tsa ba nkang karolo mohlaleng oa nako e telele
Baseline | Ba nkang karolo mohlaleng oa bolelele | Barupeluoa ba se nang khatello ea maikutlo mantlha | Barupeluoa ba se nang OSNA motheong oa motheo | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E | Che | p* | E seng OSNA | OSNA | p* | E sa sithabetseng maikutlo | Ho sithabela maikutlo | p* | ||
| Kakaretso | 5,365 | 4,237 | 1,128 | - | 2,922 | 274 | - | 2,922 | 735 | - |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 2,533 (47.2) | 2,105 (49.7) | 727 (64.4) | <.001 | 1,464 (50.1) | 164 (59.8) | .002 | 1,464 (50.1) | 309 (42.0) | <.001 |
| Female | 2,832 (52.8) | 2,132 (50.3) | 401 (35.6) | 1,458 (49.9) | 110 (40.2) | 1,458 (49.9) | 426 (58.0) | |||
| Kereiti ya | ||||||||||
| Supa | 2,592 (48.3) | 2,011 (47.5) | 581 (51.5) | .016 | 1,418 (48.5) | 131 (47.8) | .820 | 1,418 (48.5) | 337 (45.9) | .194 |
| tse robeli | 2,773 (51.7) | 2,226 (52.5) | 547 (48.5) | 1,504 (51.5) | 143 (52.2) | 1,504 (51.5) | 398 (54.2) | |||
| Boemo ba thuto ea ntate | ||||||||||
| Sekolo sa mathomo kapa ka tlase | 356 (6.6) | 273 (6.4) | 83 (7.4) | .376 | 165 (5.7) | 21 (7.7) | .049 | 165 (5.7) | 61 (8.3) | .010 |
| Sekolo sa mathomo sa Junior | 1,816 (33.9) | 1,425 (33.6) | 391 (34.7) | 958 (32.8) | 108 (39.4) | 958 (32.8) | 259 (35.2) | |||
| Sekolo se mahareng se phahameng | 1,646 (30.7) | 1,312 (31.0) | 334 (29.6) | 911 (31.2) | 79 (28.8) | 911 (31.2) | 230 (31.3) | |||
| College kapa kaholimo | 1,317 (24.5) | 1,053 (24.9) | 264 (23.4) | 763 (26.1) | 54 (6.6) | 763 (26.1) | 159 (21.6) | |||
| Ha ke tsebe | 230 (4.3) | 174 (4.1) | 56 (5.0) | 125 (4.3) | 12 (4.4) | 125 (4.3) | 26 (3.5) | |||
| Boemo ba thuto ea bo-mme | ||||||||||
| Sekolo sa mathomo kapa ka tlase | 588 (11.0) | 445 (10.5) | 143 (12.7) | .144 | 267 (9.1) | 35 (12.8) | .108 | 267 (9.1) | 103 (14.0) | <.001 |
| Sekolo sa mathomo sa Junior | 1,909 (35.6) | 1,507 (35.6) | 402 (35.6) | 1,030 (35.3) | 108 (39.4) | 1,030 (35.3) | 274 (37.3) | |||
| Sekolo se mahareng se phahameng | 1,497 (27.9) | 1,199 (28.3) | 298 (26.4) | 860 (29.4) | 71 (25.9) | 860 (29.4) | 180 (24.5) | |||
| College kapa kaholimo | 1,143 (21.3) | 913 (21.6) | 230 (20.4) | 634 (21.7) | 50 (18.3) | 634 (21.7) | 156 (21.2) | |||
| Ha ke tsebe | 228 (4.3) | 173 (4.1) | 55 (4.9) | 131 (4.5) | 10 (3.6) | 131 (4.5) | 22 (3.0) | |||
| Boemo ba lichelete ba lelapa | ||||||||||
| E ntle haholo / e ntle | 2,519 (47.0) | 2,047 (48.3) | 472 (41.8) | <.001 | 1,495 (51.2) | 123 (44.9) | .115 | 1,495 (51.2) | 300 (40.8) | <.001 |
| karolelano | 2,664 (49.6) | 2,072 (48.9) | 592 (52.5) | 1,366 (46.7) | 143 (52.2) | 1,366 (46.8) | 405 (55.1) | |||
| Mofutsana / mofutsana haholo | 182 (3.4) | 118 (2.8) | 64 (5.7) | 61 (2.1) | 8 (8.6) | 61 (2.1) | 30 (4.1) | |||
| O lula le batsoali ka bobeli | ||||||||||
| Che | 4,712 (87.8) | 490 (11.6) | 163 (14.4) | .008 | 312 (10.7) | 30 (11.0) | .890 | 312 (10.7) | 107 (14.6) | .003 |
| E | 653 (12.2) | 3,747 (88.4) | 965 (85.6) | 2,610 (89.3) | 244 (89.0) | 2,610 (89.3) | 628 (85.4) | |||
| Mosebetsi oa thuto | ||||||||||
| Upper | 1,817 (33.9) | 1,465 (34.6) | 223 (19.8) | .276 | 1,142 (39.1) | 51 (18.6) | <.001 | 1,142 (39.1) | 205 (27.9) | <.001 |
| Medium | 2,396 (44.6) | 1,920 (45.3) | 619 (54.9) | 1,306 (44.7) | 134 (48.9) | 1,306 (44.7) | 347 (47.2) | |||
| Ka tlase | 1,152 (21.5) | 490 (20.1) | 286 (25.4) | 474 (16.2) | 89 (32.5) | 474 (16.2) | 183 (24.9) | |||
| Khatello ea thuto | ||||||||||
| Nil / lebone | 1,034 (19.3) | 811 (19.1) | 352 (31.2) | <.001 | 667 (22.8) | 31 (11.3) | <.001 | 667 (22.8) | 78 (10.6) | <.001 |
| General | 3,052 (56.9) | 2,433 (57.4) | 476 (42.2) | 1,769 (60.5) | 172 (62.8) | 1,769 (60.5) | 359 (48.8) | |||
| Boima / boima haholo | 1,279 (23.8) | 993 (23.4) | 300 (26.6) | 486 (16.6) | 71 (25.9) | 486 (16.6) | 298 (40.5) | |||
Hlokomela. Lintlha li bontšoa joalo ka n (%). OSNA: Likhoba tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang; CES-D: Setsi sa Bophahamo ba Epidemiology bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo; -: ha e sebetse.
*p lintlha li fumanoe ho sebelisoa χ2 teko.
Har'a bacha ba 4,237 (ho bolela lilemo: 13.9, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng: 0.7) sampoleng e telele, 49.7% (2,105 ea 4,237) e ne e le basali le 47.5% (2,011 ea 4,237) e ne e le liithuti tsa sehlopha sa bosupa. Boholo ba bacha (88.4%; 3,747 ea 4,237) ba ne ba lula le batsoali ba bona. Mohlala oa nako e telele, ho ata ha khatello ea maikutlo ho ile ha eketseha haholo ho tloha ho 24.6% (1,041 ea 4,237) ka tlase ho 26.6% ha ho latela (tlhahlobo ea McNemar = 7.459, p = .006). Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo bakeng sa ho ata ha OSNA lipakeng tsa mantlha le tatelo-morao (13.7% ho baseline vs. 13.6% ha ho lateloa; Teko ea McNemar = 0.053, p = .818). Kakaretso ea baithuti ba 3,196 ba ne ba sa tepella maikutlong, mme baithuti ba 3,657 ba ne ba se na OSNA qalong (Lethathamo 1).
Li-confounders tse ka bang teng tse amanang le ts'ebetso e ncha ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa OSNA
Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a hore maemo a lichelete a lelapa a utloileng a sa sebetse hantle, ts'ebetso ea ho se sebetse hantle lithutong, mme a lemoha khatello e matla ea thuto e ne e amahanngoa haholo le liketsahalo tse phahameng tsa khatello ea maikutlo (mefuta ea batho ba sa tsitsang OR: 1.32-1.98) le liketsahalo tse phahameng tsa OSNA (mekhahlelo ea UNivariate AU: 1.61-2.76). Ho lula le batsoali ba bona e ne e le sesosa se sirelletsang haholo liketsahalong tsa OSNA feela [ho sa natsoeng HONA OR: 0.65, 95% interval (CI): 0.48-0.89].
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Tafole 2. Litloaelano tse sa lumellaneng pakeng tsa li-covariate tsa morao-rao le liketsahalo tsa khatello ea maikutlo / OSNA
Boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo | Khopotso ea OSNA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) (n = 515) | ORu (95% CI) | p | n (%) (n = 335) | ORu (95% CI) | p | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 249 (15.9) | 1 | 168 (8.9) | 1 | ||
| Female | 266 (16.3) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.16) | .641 | 167 (9.4) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) | .573 |
| Kereiti ya | ||||||
| Supa | 250 (16.1) | 1 | 160 (9.1) | 1 | ||
| tse robeli | 265 (16.1) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | .977 | 175 (9.2) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.26) | .977 |
| Boemo ba thuto ea ntate | ||||||
| Sekolo sa mathomo kapa ka tlase | 32 (17.2) | 1 | 26 (11.5) | 1 | ||
| Sekolo se mahareng sa mahareng | 190 (17.8) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.59) | .827 | 116 (9.5) | 0.81 (0.52, 1.28) | .377 |
| Sekolo se phahameng se mahareng | 139 (14.0) | 0.80 (0.52, 1.23) | .317 | 93 (8.2) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.07) | .090 |
| University kapa kaholimo | 129 (15.8) | 0.92 (0.60, 1.42) | .705 | 86 (9.3) | 0.78 (0.49, 1.26) | .310 |
| Ha ke tsebe | 25 (18.3) | 1.14 (0.63, 2.04) | .666 | 14 (9.3) | 0.79 (0.40, 1.59) | .516 |
| Boemo ba thuto ea bo-mme | ||||||
| Sekolo sa mathomo kapa ka tlase | 47 (15.6) | 1 | 31 (8.4) | 1 | ||
| Sekolo se mahareng sa mahareng | 196 (17.2) | 1.15 (0.81, 1.63) | .424 | 118 (9.1) | 1.11 (0.73, 1.69) | .621 |
| Sekolo se phahameng se mahareng | 141 (15.2) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.46) | .939 | 109 (10.5) | 1.28 (0.84, 1.96) | .257 |
| University kapa kaholimo | 105 (15.4) | 1.03 (0.70, 1.52) | .861 | 64 (8.1) | 0.97 (0.61, 1.53) | .891 |
| Ha ke tsebe | 26 (18.4) | 1.32 (0.77, 2.25) | .310 | 13 (8.5) | 1.03 (0.52, 2.03) | .940 |
| Boemo ba lichelete ba lelapa | ||||||
| E ntle haholo / e ntle | 229 (14.2) | 1 | 145 (8.1) | 1 | ||
| karolelano | 269 (17.8) | 1.32 (1.08, 1.60) | .006 | 172 (9.7) | 1.21 (0.96, 1.53) | .105 |
| Mofutsana / mofutsana haholo | 17 (24.6) | 1.98 (1.12, 3.49) | .019 | 18 (19.8) | 2.76 (1.60, 4.76) | <.001 |
| O lula le batsoali ka bobeli | ||||||
| Che | 64 (18.7) | 1 | 54 (12.9) | 1 | ||
| E | 451 (15.8) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.07) | .135 | 281 (8.7) | 0.65 (0.48, 0.89) | .008 |
| Mosebetsi oa thuto | ||||||
| Upper | 169 (14.2) | 1 | 109 (8.1) | 1 | ||
| Medium | 226 (15.7) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.41) | .254 | 145 (8.8) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) | .488 |
| Ka tlase | 120 (21.3) | 1.66 (1.28, 2.16) | <.001 | 81 (12.3) | 1.61 (1.19, 2.19) | .002 |
| Khatello ea thuto | ||||||
| Nil / lebone | 96 (13.8) | 1 | 59 (7.9) | 1 | ||
| karolelano | 305 (15.7) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.48) | .253 | 178 (8.4) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) | .735 |
| Boima / boima haholo | 114 (20.5) | 1.63 (1.20, 2.20) | .002 | 96 (12.5) | 1.65 (1.17, 2.32) | .004 |
Hlokomela. OSNA: Likhokahano tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang; ORu: karo-karolelano ea mathata a makatsang; 95% CI: Nako ea kholiseho ea 95%, e fumanoang ke mehlala ea ho se lumellane ea logistic.
OSNA e bolela esale pele liketsahalo tse ncha tsa khatello ea maikutlo
Har'a bacha ba 3,196 bao e neng e se khatello ea maikutlo maemong a mantlha, mohlala o sa lumellaneng o bonts'a hore OSNA ea mantlha e ne e amahanngoa haholo le boemo bo phahameng ba khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea ho latela (univariate AU: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.22-2.22). Kamora ho fetoloa ha thobalano, sehlopha, maemo a lichelete a lelapa, ts'ebetso ea thuto, le khatello ea thuto, setsoalle se ile sa lula se le bohlokoa [se fetotsoe ka OR (AOR): 1.48, 95% CI: 1.09-2.01]. Ha ho hlophisoa ho eketsehileng palo ea CES-D ea mantlha, mokhatlo o fetoha lipalo-palo ha o bohlokoa (AOR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.85-1.60). Liphetho tse tšoanang li ile tsa bonoa ha ho sebelisoa lintlha tsa OSNA (ho fapana ho sa fetoheng) e le ponelopele ea khatello ea maikutlo e ncha (Tafoleng 3).
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Tafole 3. Litloaelano tse telele pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo: mefuta e mengata ea ho ngolisoa hoa likhahla
n | Che. Ea linyeoe tse ncha tsa ketsahalo | Mefuta e sa lumellaneng | Mefuta e mengata | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ORu (95% CI) | p | AOR (95% CI) | p | AOR (95% CI) | p | |||
| OSNA e bolela esale pele liketsahalo tse ncha tsa khatello ea maikutlo (n = 3,196) | ||||||||
| Letšoao la OSNA la motheo | - | - | 1.05 (1.03, 1.07) | <.001 | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06)a | <.001 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03)b | .242 |
| Motheo oa OSNA | ||||||||
| Che | 2,922 | 451 | 1 | 1a | 1b | |||
| E | 274 | 64 | 1.65 (1.22, 2.22) | .001 | 1.48 (1.09, 2.01) | .012 | 1.16 (0.85, 1.60) | .342 |
| Fetoha maemong a OSNA kamora nako | ||||||||
| Ha ho OSNA | 2,694 | 354 | 1 | 1a | 1b | |||
| Phoso ho tsoa ho OSNA | 179 | 38 | 1.77 (1.21, 2.58) | .003 | 1.61 (1.10, 2.37) | .015 | 1.29 (0.87, 1.91) | .202 |
| Ho phehella OSNA | 95 | 26 | 2.46 (1.54, 3.93) | <.001 | 2.23 (1.39, 3.58) | <.001 | 1.65 (1.01, 2.69) | .044 |
| OSNA e hlahang | 228 | 97 | 4.89 (3.67, 6.52) | <.001 | 4.67 (3.49, 6.24) | <.001 | 4.29 (3.17, 5.81) | <.001 |
| Ho sithabela maikutlo ho bolela esale pele ketsahalo e ncha ea OSNA (n = 3,657) | ||||||||
| Kakaretso ea CES-D lintlha (e ntse e tsoela-pele) | - | - | 1.05 (1.03, 1.06) | <.001 | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05)c | <.001 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04)d | <.001 |
| Ho sithabela maikutlo | ||||||||
| Che | 2,922 | 228 | 1 | 1c | 1d | |||
| E | 735 | 107 | 2.02 (1.58, 2.58) | <.001 | 1.78 (1.38, 2.31) | <.001 | 1.48 (1.14, 1.93) | .004 |
| Phetoho maemong a khatello ea maikutlo ka mor'a nako | ||||||||
| Ha ho khatello ea maikutlo | 2,471 | 131 | 1 | 1c | 1d | |||
| Phomolo ho khatello ea maikutlo | 315 | 21 | 1.28 (0.80, 2.07) | .307 | 1.19 (0.73, 1.93) | .486 | 0.97 (0.60, 1.59) | .918 |
| Ho tepella ho sa feleng | 420 | 86 | 4.62 (3.43, 6.21) | <.001 | 4.17 (3.05, 5.69) | <.001 | 3.45 (2.51, 4.75) | <.001 |
| Ho tepella maikutlo ho hlahang | 451 | 97 | 4.88 (3.67, 6.50) | <.001 | 4.70 (3.53, 6.28) | <.001 | 4.47 (3.33, 5.99) | <.001 |
Hlokomela. OSNA: Likhokahano tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang; CES-D: Setsi sa Bophahamo ba Epidemiology bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo; ORu: karo-karolelano ea menyetla e ke keng ea hlakoloa; AOR: karolelano ea menahano e fetohileng; 95% CI: Nako ea kholiseho ea 95%.
aMehlala e ile ea fetoloa bakeng sa thobalano, sehlopha, maemo a lichelete a lelapa, ts'ebetso ea thuto, le khatello ea thuto. bMehlala e ile ea fetoloa bakeng sa thobalano, sehlopha, maemo a lichelete a lelapa, ts'ebetso ea borutehi, khatello ea tlhahlobo ea lithuto, le motheo oa CES-D sekaleng (phapang e tsoelang pele). cMehlala e ile ea fetoloa bakeng sa thobalano, sehlopha, maemo a lichelete a lelapa, tokisetso ea ho phela le batsoali, ts'ebetso ea thuto, le khatello ea thuto. dMehlala e ile ea fetoloa bakeng sa thobalano, sehlopha, maemo a lichelete a lelapa, tokisetso ea ho phela le batsoali, ts'ebetso ea borutehi, khatello ea ho ithuta, le sekala sa motheo sa OSNA (phapang e tsoelang pele).
Re fumane setsoalle sa bohlokoa pakeng tsa phetoho maemong a OSNA le maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo. Ha ho bapisoa le bacha ba khethiloeng ba se na OSNA, kotsi ea ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo e ne e le linako tsa 1.65 (95% CI: 1.01-2.69) e phahameng har'a ba nang le OSNA e phehellang, le linako tsa 4.29 (95% CI: 3.17-5.81) e phahameng ho feta ba nang le OSNA e hlahang, kamora ho fetoloa ha thobalano, sehlopha, boemo ba lichelete ba lelapa, ts'ebetso ea borutehi, khatello ea thuto, le lintlha tsa motheo tsa CES-D (Lethathamo 3).
Ho sithabela maikutlo ho bolela esale pele liketsahalo tse ncha tsa OSNA
Har'a bacha ba 3,657 ba neng ba se na OSNA ka nako ea motheo, litholoana tse sa lumellaneng li bonts'itse kamano e ntle pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le liketsahalo tse phahameng tsa OSNA (univariate AU: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.58-2.58). Kamora ho feto-fetoha ha thobalano, sehlopha, maemo a lichelete a lelapa, tokisetso ea ho phela le batsoali, ts'ebetso ea borutehi, le khatello ea thuto, mokhatlo o ile oa eketseha empa oa lula o le bohlokoa (AOR: 1.78, 95% CI: 1.38-2.31). Kopano pakeng tsa boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo ba mantlha le liketsahalo tsa OSNA li ne li ntse li bohlokoa lipalo ha ho ntse ho etsoa liphetoho tse eketsehileng tsa li-OSNA tsa mantlha (AOR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.14-1.93). Liphetho li ne li ntse li le bohlokoa ha u sebelisa lintlha tsa CES-D (ho feto-fetoha ho sa feleng) e le ponelopele ea ketsahalo e ncha ea OSNA (Lethathamo 3).
Kamano e kholo pakeng tsa phetoho maemong a khatello ea maikutlo le liketsahalo tsa OSNA li ile tsa bonoa tlhahlobisong e ka ntlafatsoang. Kamora ho feto-fetoha ha thobalano, sehlopha, boemo ba lichelete ba lelapa, tokisetso ea ho phela le batsoali, ts'ebetso ea borutehi, khatello ea ho ithuta, le lintlha tsa motheo tsa OSNA, joalo ka ha li bapisoa le bacha ba se nang khatello ea maikutlo, menahano ea ho theha OSNA e ne e le linako tsa 3.45 (95% CI: 2.51– 4.75) e phahame har'a ba neng ba tepella maikutlo khafetsa, le linako tsa 4.47 (95% CI: 3.33-5.99) e phahameng har'a ba neng ba hlaha ba sithabetse maikutlo (Tafole 3).
Puisano
Thutong ena e kholo ea bolelele ba nako, re fumane hore bacha ba neng ba tepelletse maikutlo empa ba se na ONSA maemong a mantlha ba na le kotsi e kholo ea 48% ea ho ba le OSNA nakong ea tatellano ea likhoeli tse 9 ha e bapisoa le ba se nang khatello ea maikutlo qalong, empa ponelopele motheo oa OSNA mabapi le ketsahalo e ncha ea khatello ea maikutlo ha ea ka ea tšehetsoa thutong ena. Ho feta moo, ha litlamorao tsa ho fetoha ha maemo ha nako e ntse e feta (ke hore, phokotso ea khatello ea maikutlo / OSNA maemong a mantlha ho isa ho ho se tepelle maikutlo / e seng OSNA ha ho lateloa) li ile tsa nkuoa mefuteng, liphetho li senola mokhatlo oa bidirectional pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo. . Bacha ba neng ba lula ba tepelletse maikutlo kapa ba hlahella ba tepelletse maikutlo ba ne ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho ba le OSNA ha ba bapisoa le ba neng ba sa tepella maikutlong nakong ea likhoeli tse 9 tsa ho latela. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bacha ba neng ba phehella OSNA kapa OSNA e hlahelang le bona ba na le kotsi e kholo ea ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo ha ba bapisoa le bao e neng e se OSNA maemong a mantlha le ho latela.
Phapang liphethong tse fumanoeng ho sebelisoa mehato ea mantlha (ke hore, OSNA ea mantlha) le liphetoho maemong (ke hore, phetoho maemong a OSNA) ho noha sephetho sa ketsahalo (ke hore, ketsahalo e ncha ea khatello ea maikutlo) e ka hlalosoa ke litefiso tse phahameng tsa tšoarelo ho tsoa ho OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea tatellano. Sekhahla se phahameng sa tšoarelo ea tlhaho ea boits'oaro ba inthanete (49.5% -51.5%) se bonoe lithutong tse peli tse fetileng tsa bolelele ba nako Taiwan (Ko, Yen, Yen, Lin, & Yang, 2007; Ko et al., 2015). Liphetho tse tsoang tlhahlobong ea rona e fetileng Hong Kong li boetse li hlokometse khafetsa tebello e kholo ea tšoarelo ea boits'oaro ba ho lemalla Inthanete nakong ea likhoeli tsa 12 (59.29 ka 100 lilemo tsa motho; Lau, Wu, Gross, Cheng, & Lau, 2017). Ka mokhoa o tšoanang, thutong ena, karolo e kholo ea linyeoe tsa tšoarelo e tsoang ho khatello ea maikutlo (41.4%) le OSNA (58.8%) li ile tsa bonoa nakong ea thuto. Liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore boemo ba OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo lithutong tsa mantlha li ke ke tsa nkuoa joalo ka maemo a sa fetoheng ka nako e telele ka lebaka leo ho hlokomoloha ts'ebetso ea tokollo ka nako ho kanna ha nyenyefatsa phello ea OSNA mabapi le khatello ea maikutlo. Kahoo, re boletse hore mokhoa oa ho etsa mohlala o kenyelletsang liphetoho tse matla ho OSNA le boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo ka nako e telele li ka fana ka tekanyetso e kholisang le e matla ka ho ahlola litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa tlolo ea linyeoe.
Lintho tse fumanoeng phuputsong ena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le kamano pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo har'a bacha, e bontšang hore khatello ea maikutlo e baka ts'oaetso ea motho ka mong ho nts'etsapele OSNA, mme litlamorao tse mpe tsa OSNA li mpefatsa matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo. Lits'oants'o tse fosahetseng (ke hore, ho ruruha, ho itšepa, ho itšireletsa, le ho itlhahloba hampe) le boits'oaro bo sa sebetseng (ke hore, ho sebelisa marang-rang ho baleha mathata a maikutlo) ho bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea boits'oaro bo amanang le inthanete (Davis, 2001). Batho ba tepelletseng maikutlo hangata ba hlahisa matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea kelello 'me ba na le tebello e ntle bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea Marang-rang eo inthanete e ka ba sitisang ho ba le maikutlo a mabe le mathata a bona (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo le bolutu; Brand, Laier, & Young, 2014; Wu, Cheung, Ku, & Hung, 2013). Haholo-holo liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona Inthaneteng li khahleha batho ba nang le mathata a maikutlo ka lebaka la ho se tsejoe ha tsona le ho se be teng ha tsona sechabeng (ke hore, ponahalo ea sefahleho, ho sekamela ka lentsoe le ho shebana le mahlo) ha li bapisoa le puisano ea sefahleho le sefahleho (Bacha le Rogers, 1998). Batho ba tepelletseng maikutlo ba kanna ba khetha marang-rang a marang-rang e le mokhoa o sireletsehileng le o sa sokelang oa puisano, hape e le mokhoa oa ho laola maikutlo a bona a mabe (ke hore, ho fokotsa maikutlo a mabe, matšoenyeho le mathata a bona). Ts'ebetso ena e mpe ea ho sebetsana le mathata a ho qoba ho potlakisa nts'etsopele ea OSNA. Ho nka karolo ho fetelletseng marang-rang marang-rang ho kenya nako e sebelisitsoeng le ba lelapa le lithaka lefatšeng la 'nete, mme ho baka ho ikhula mesebetsing e sa amaneng le batho ba bang kantle ho naha, e matlafatsang maikutlo a mabe (mohlala, matšoao a tepelletsang le bolutu; Kraut et al., 1998), ka hona ho hlahisa kamano ea boiphetetso.
Se fumanoeng thutong ena se kenyelletsa merero e mengata ho rala mananeo a thibelo le ho kenella. Taba ea pele, ponelopele e ntle ea khatello ea maikutlo ea mantlha mabapi le liketsahalo tse ncha tsa OSNA e bolela hore bacha ba tepelletseng maikutlo ba kotsing e kholo ea ho theha OSNA hamorao. Maano a ho kena lipakeng a ho fokotsa matšoao a sithabetsang, ke hore, ho fokotsa tumelo e mpe ea tebello e ntle ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, ho koetlisa litsebo tsa sechaba le ho hlophisa mesebetsi ea boithabiso e kantle ho naha (Chou et al., 2015), e ka thibela nts'etsopele ea OSNA ka nepo. Taba ea bobeli, ho bohlokoa ho lekola maemo a matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo e le sesupo sa ts'oaetso ea OSNA. Mehato le lithibelo tse shebileng bacha ba kotsing e kholo ka matšoao a sithabetsang a ka fokotsa menyetla ea ho ba le OSNA har'a bacha ba sekolo. Taba ea boraro, bakeng sa ponelopele e matla ea phetoho maemong a OSNA (ke hore, OSNA e phehellang le OSNA e hlahellang) ka maemo a khatello ea maikutlo le ho bolela esale pele phetoho ea maemo a khatello ea maikutlo (ke hore, khatello ea maikutlo e tsoelang pele le khatello ea maikutlo e hlahang) ketsahalong ea OSNA, ho bolela hore OSNA e ts'oaroa haholo ke khatello ea maikutlo, e bonts'ang mochini o matlafatsang.
Ho na le meelelo ea lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Taba ea mantlha, liphetho tsa rona le lithuto tse fetileng li bonts'a hore boemo ba OSNA le matšoao a sithabetsang li matla ebile li fetoha nakong ea thuto ho fapana le ho fetoha ha maikutlo ka tšohanyetso ka monyetla (Lau et al., 2017). Liphuputso tsa nakong e tlang tse amanang le mehato ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa OSNA li khothalelitsoe ho lekanya mathata ana khafetsa ho fapana le ho lekanya nako e le 'ngoe feela ka ho a nka a sa fetohe ha nako e ntse e feta. Ntle le moo, mokhoa oa lipalo-palo o lokela ho nahana ka phetoho e joalo ea maemo maemong a ho etsa mohlala, joalo ka ho sebelisa phetoho maemong a ho kula ha nako ho feta maemo a mantlha e le selelekela sa liphetho tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Taba ea bobeli, e hlahisitse ngongoreho ea hore na mathata ana (ke hore, matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo le boits'oaro bo amanang le inthanete) ke a nako e telele kapa a nakoana. Liphuputso tse ling tsa nako e telele tse kenyelletsang mokhoa oa morao-rao oa mokhoa oa ho etsa mohlala ke mokhoa o mong oa ho hakanya kholo ea kholo ea mathata ana.
Ho tsebo ea rona, boithuto ba rona ba sehlopha sa pele ke ba pele ba ho hakanya mokhatlo o kopang maikutlo pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo har'a bacha. Matla a mantlha a thuto ena ke moralo o kholo oa ho ithuta o nang le mehato e phetoang ea OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo. Monyetla o mong o moholo ke hore mokhatlo o kopantseng takatso, ho kenyelletsa le polelo ea nako e telele ea OSNA mabapi le nts'etsopele ea khatello ea maikutlo le polelo e telele ea khatello ea maikutlo mabapi le nts'etsopele ea OSNA, e ile ea lekoa ka mohlala o tšoanang.
Leha ho le joalo, ho na le meeli e mengata e lokelang ho hlokomeloa ha ho hlalosoa se fumanoeng. Taba ea mantlha, ka lebaka la ho itlaleha ha mokhoa oa ho bokella lintlha, leeme la ho tlaleha le kanna la ba teng (mohlala, leeme le lakatsehang sechabeng le leeme la ho hopola). Taba ea bobeli, phuputso ena e ne e shebile haholo-holo ho batho ba itseng (ke hore, bao e seng ba tsa bongaka, baithuti ba likolo), le kakaretso ea liphetho ho baahi ba bang e lokela ho ba hlokolosi. Liphuputso ho baahi ba bang ba sechaba (ke hore, palo ea bakuli ba mafu a kelello) lia hlokahala ho netefatsa mekhatlo e joalo ea bolelele bo fumanoang thutong ena. Taba ea boraro, ho kanna ha ba le khethollo e fosahetseng bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo e le sesosa sa phoso ha ho nahanoa hore khatello ea maikutlo e lekantsoe ke sekhahla sa ho itlhahloba ha mafu ho itlhahloba ho fapana le ho hlahlojoa ke lingaka ho hlahloba khatello ea maikutlo. Ea bone, thuto ena e ne e lekanyelitsoe lintlheng tse peli feela ka nako ea likhoeli tsa 9. Joalokaha re hlalositse phetoho ho OSNA / khatello ea maikutlo (ke hore, ho phehella ONSA / khatello ea maikutlo le ts'oarelo e tsoang ho OSNA / khatello ea maikutlo) ka ho bapisa liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa mantlha le tse latellanang tse ileng tsa etsoa likhoeli tse 9 ka thoko, ha re tsebe hore na boemo ba OSNA / khatello bo fetohile kapa e feto-fetohile nakong ea likhoeli tse 9. Lithuto tsa nako e telele tse nang le maikutlo a mangata le nako e khuts'oane ea nako lia hlokahala ho fumana setšoantšo se matla sa maemo ana a mabe. Ea bohlano, ha ho nahanoa hore ha ho na sesebelisoa sa maemo a khauta se fumanehang bakeng sa OSNA, re sebelisitse ho hlakola ha leshome la lintlha tsa OSNA maemong a mantlha ho hlalosa linyeoe tsa OSNA kamora thuto e tšoanang e phatlalalitsoeng (Verkuijl et al., 2014). Boikutlo le ho hlaka ha bohloeki bo joalo ba boemo ba OSNA ha bo hlake ebile ho hloka ho hlahlojoa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Leha ho le joalo, tekanyo ea OSNA e bontšitse thepa e amohelehang ea psychometric thutong ena le lithutong tsa rona tse fetileng. Taba ea botšelela, litloaelano tse telele pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo li ne li hakangoa ka thoko ho sebelisa subsamples tse peli. Re lumela hore ho sebelisa boemo ba "pathological" joalo ka sephetho eseng lintlha tse tsoelang pele ho ka fana ka litlhaloso tse hlakileng lithutong tsa lefutso. Meetso e kopaneng ea likarolo tse arohaneng e ka ba mokhoa o mong oa ho lekola tataiso ea lithuto tsa morao-rao ka lithuto tse tharo kapa ho feta. Ntle le moo, lintho tseo re li fumaneng li fana ka bopaki bo matla ba mekhatlo ea nakoana (boits'oaro bo le bong ba bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea Causal pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, re ka se khone ho fana ka monyetla oa hore monyetla oa boraro o sa kenyelletsoeng thutong ena o hokahanya likamano tse telele pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo.
Nahanisisa
Boithuto bona bo senoletse mokhatlo o kopaneng oa maikutlo pakeng tsa OSNA le khatello ea maikutlo bathong ba lilemong tsa bocha, ho bolelang hore khatello ea maikutlo e kenya letsoho haholo kholisong ea OSNA, 'me ka lehlakoreng le leng, batho ba tepelletseng maikutlong ba ba le litlamorao tse fetelletseng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang a marang-rang. Lithuto tse eketsehileng tsa nako e telele tse nang le lintlha tse ngata tsa nako ea ho shebella le nako e khuts'oanyane li netefalitsoe bakeng sa netefatso e eketsehileng ea se fumanoeng thutong ena.
Menehelo ea bangoli
J-BL, JTFL, PKHM, le X-FS ba ile ba emisa mme ba qapa thuto. J-BL, J-CM, le Y-XC ba fumane data. J-BL, JTFL, le PKHM ba entse tlhahlobo ea lipalo. J-BL, JTFL, PKHM, XZ, le AMSW ba ile ba ngola le ho ntlafatsa buka e ngotsoeng. Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho ho toloka sephetho le ho ntlafatsa phetolelo e ngotsoeng ka letsoho bakeng sa dikahare tsa bohlokoa tsa thuto mme ba amohela mofuta oa ho qetela oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.
Khohlano ea thahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
Liteboho
Bangoli ba ka thabela ho leboha barupeluoa bohle le malapa a bona le likolo ka ho tšehetsa thuto ena.
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