Prefrontal Control le Internet Addiction: Tlhahlobo ea Theoretical le Tlhahlobo ea Lipuo tsa Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging (2014)

Kenyelletso e akaretsang le mekhoa ea ho batla

Batho ba bangata ba sebelisa marang-rang e le sesebelisoa se sebetsang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi, 'me batho ba bangata ba ke ke ba nahana ho phela kantle ho marang-rang khoebong kapa bophelong ba boinotšing. Marang-rang a fana ka menyetla ea puisano, boithabiso le ho sebetsana le litlhoko tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi (mohlala, ho etsa libaka tsa phomolo, ho batla tlhaiso-leseling, ho boloka litaba li nchafalitsoe mabapi le litaba tsa lipolotiki le tsa sechaba, jj.). Ka kholo ea inthanete lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, palo ea lithuto tse bileng le litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba tsona e eketsehile haholo. Batho bana ba lahleheloa ke taolo holim'a ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete mme ba tlaleha mathata a sechaba le mathata a sekolo le / kapa a mosebetsi (Bacha, 1998a; Beard le Wolf, 2001).

Tlatsetso ena ke tlhahlobo e phetang mabapi le litheko tsa inthanete le lits'ebetso tsa taolo ea pele. E bontša mehopolo le maikutlo a bangoli a ipapisitse le lipatlisiso le boiphihlelo ba bangoli. Leha ho le joalo, re ka rata ho bua hanyane ka ts'ebetso eo re e sebelisitseng ho khetha lingoliloeng tse boletsoeng tlhahlobisong ena. Re sebelisitse li-database tse peli ho batla lingoloa tse loketseng: PubMed and PsycInfo. Patlo e entsoe ho sebelisoa mantsoe a reng: “Bokhoba ba marang-rang,” “Tšebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete,” le “tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.” Kamora kakaretso ea lintlha tse fumanoeng, polelo ka 'ngoe e ile ea kopanngoa le poleloana e' ngoe ea "preortalal cortex" kapa "mesebetsi e phahameng" kapa "neuropsychology" kapa "lits'ebetso tsa taolo" kapa "ho etsa liqeto" kapa "ho etsa qeto" kapa "ho nahana ka ts'ebetso ea kelello" ho sebelisa mohokahanyi oa "LE." Nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ho ne ho hlokahala hore ho be teng ho "Sehlooho / Abstract" tsa pampiri. Patlo tseo ka bobeli li ile tsa fokotsoa ke "Senyesemane" e le puo ea phatlalatso. Re khethile lipampiri tsa lipatlisiso tsa mantlha hammoho le lingoliloeng tsa tlhahlobo. Re boetse re sebelisitse tšebetso "lingoliloeng tse amanang." Kaha re na le sebaka se lekanyelitsoeng, re ile ra tlameha ho khetholla lingoloa tse 'maloa. Re ikemiselitse ho kenyelletsa lingoliloeng tsa khale le lithuto tsa morao-rao. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, re kenyelletsa le lingoliloeng tsa libaka tse ling tsa lipatlisiso (mohlala, papali ea tšebeliso ea methapo ea methapo, ho itšetleha ka lisebelisoa), neng kapa neng ha ho ne ho bonahala ho loketse. Ka bokhutšoanyane, kamora ho batla ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng bakeng sa lingoliloeng tse amehang, re khethile lithuto le litlhahlobo tse bontšitsoeng motheong oa setšoantšo se latelang. Ka hona re ikemiselitse ho akaretsa maikutlo le liphetho tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ka ho shebana le kamano pakeng tsa mekhoa ea taolo le matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang. Re boetse re ikemiselitse ho akaretsa lipatlisiso le mehopolo ea morao-rao e ka bang molemo bakeng sa ho khothaletsa lithuto tsa mahlale tsa nako e tlang le mekhoa e mecha ea kalafo.

Nalane ea lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang, poleloana le matšoao

Tlhaloso ea pele ea mahlale ea mohlankana ea ileng a ba le mathata a tebileng a kelello ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea hae e feteletseng ea inthanete e entsoe ke Young (1996). E ile ea lateloa ke palo e ntseng e hola ea lithuto tse ling tse nang le linyeoe tse ngata (mohlala, Griffiths, 2000). Kajeno, ho na le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse fumanehang holima phenomenology, lefu la mafu a tsoang linaheng tse fapaneng, le tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete e nang le mathata kapa ea methapo (bona tlhahlobo ea moraorao ea Spada, 2014). Tekanyetso ea ho ata e tlalehiloeng lilemong tse fetileng e na le mefuta e fapaneng ho tloha 0.8 ea Italy ho ea 26.7% ho Hong Kong (bona tlhahlobo e ntle haholo ea Kuss et al., 2013). Mabaka a phapang ena e fetelletseng e kanna ea ba le litlamorao tse ling tsa setso, empa hape le taba ea hore ho fihlela joale, ha ho na sesebelisoa se tloaelehileng sa tlhahlobo, ha ho lintlha tse hlalositsoeng hantle, le ha ho se ho fumanoe mekhoa ea tlhahlobo e fumanehang (sheba karohano bakeng sa bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete. e hlalositsoeng ka tlase).

Leha bohlokoa ba bongaka bo bonahala 'me lingaka tse ngata li bona bakuli ba nang le litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete ka kakaretso kapa lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete, polelo e sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa ketsahalo ena le ho hlophisoa ha eona e ntse e le tlasa ngangisano (Bacha, 1998b, 1999; Charlton le Danforth, 2007; Starcevic, 2013). Monyane (2004) e pheha khang ea hore litekanyetso, tse hlalositsoeng bakeng sa papali ea chelete ea ho becha le ho itšetleha ka litheko le tsona li lokela ho sebelisoa tlatsong ea inthanete. Sena se tsamaisana le bafuputsi ba bang, ho etsa mohlala le sebopeho sa karolo mabapi le boits'oaro bo lemalloang ke Griffiths (2005). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le mantsoe a mangata a fapaneng a sebelisitsoeng libukeng tsa mahlale ha a bua ka tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, joalo ka tlhekefetso ea inthanete (Bacha, 1998b, 2004; Hansen, 2002; Chou et al., 2005; Widyanto le Griffiths, 2006; Mocha et al., 2011), ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete (Meerkerk et al., 2006, 2009, 2010), Boitšoaro bo amanang le marang-rang bo amanang le marang-rang (Brenner, 1997), Mathata a amanang le inthanete (Widyanto et al., 2008), ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (Caplan, 2002), le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (Davis, 2001). Re khetha poleloana ea ho lemalla Inthanete, hobane re bona ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le lintho tse ling tse bitsoang bokhoba ba boitšoaro (mohlala, Grant et al., 2013) le ho itšetleha ka lintho (bona le Griffiths, 2005; Meerkerk et al., 2009), eo re tla e akaretsa ka Karolo ea "Li-correlates tsa Neuropsychological tsa Bokhoba ba Marang-rang"Le"Ho se nahane Lintlafatso tsa Bokhoba ba Marang-rang. "

APA joale e se e shebile lipapali tsa inthanete. Re pheha khang ea hore, le tsona likopo tse ling li ka sebelisoa ka mokhoa o tlatsetsang (Young et al., 1999; Meerkerk et al., 2006). Ka hona, re akaretsa liphetho tsa lithuto tsa pejana mabapi le bokhoba ba marang-rang ka tsela e pharalletseng, leha karolo e kholo ea lithuto tse hatisitsoeng ho fihlela joale e tsepamisitse maikutlo papaling ea inthanete. Leha e se lintlha tsohle tse lokelang ho phethahala, re rata ho totobatsa tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe e shebahalang e le bohlokoa haholo mme e phethahala hangata ho bakuli ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Morero ona ke: "Liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho laola boitšoaro" kapa ho li bua hakhutšoanyane: "Tahlehelo ea taolo." Mohlala ona hape o fumaneha khafetsa ha ho sekasekoa sebopeho sa lithuto tsa lipotso tse sebelisoang ho lekola bokhoba ba marang-rang (Chang le Molao, 2008; Korkeila et al., 2010; Widyanto et al., 2011; Lortie le Guitton, 2013;; Pawlikowski et al., 2013). Ka lebaka leo, bokhoni ba ho laola tšebeliso ea hau ea inthanete ke ntho ea bohlokoa e thibelang batho ho theha temallo ea Inthanete. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, haeba motho a le lekhoba la marang-rang, sepheo se le seng sa kalafo e lokela ho ba ho khutlisetsa mokuli taolo holim'a ts'ebeliso ea hae ea inthanete. Empa ke hobaneng ho le thata hakana ho batho ba bang ho laola tšebeliso ea inthanete? Lebaka le leng e ka ba hore litloaelo tse amanang le inthanete li kena-kenana le litsamaiso tsa taolo tse pakeng tsa cortex ea pele. Re tla akaretsa lintlha tse fumanoeng tsa morao-rao tse tsoang lipatlisisong tsa neuropsychological re totobatsa hore, kannete mehopolo e amanang le Marang-rang e kena-kenana le ho etsa liqeto le mesebetsi e meng ea pele, joalo ka memori e sebetsang le mesebetsi e meng ea bolaoli. Re tla pheha khang ea hore phokotso ea lits'ebetso tsa taolo ea pele e bapala karolo e kholo ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete.

Pele re hlalosa karolo ea lits'ebetso tsa taolo, re akaretsa mehlala ea morao-rao mabapi le tšebeliso ea litheko tsa inthanete, e le ho hlakisa hore na ke hobaneng ha lits'ebetso tse hlakileng li ka sebelisana le litšobotsi tsa batho ba bang, joalo ka botho le matšoao a psychopathological nts'etsopele le ho boloka tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ka kakaretso kapa mefuta e khethehileng ea bokhoba ba marang-rang.

Maikutlo a akaretsang mabapi le lipatlisiso tsa neuropsychological ka ho lemalla

Taolo ea kelello e bua ka bokhoni ba ho laola liketso tsa motho, boits'oaro ba hae, esita le menahano ea hae mme e hahiloe ka bongata (Cools le D'Esposito, 2011). Leha ho fokotseha taolong ea kelello ka linako tse ling ho nkuoa e le karolo ea mantlha ea bohlasoa, lits'ebetsong tsa taolo ea lipatlisiso tsa neuropsychological li fuoa mesebetsi e mengata. Ts'ebetso ea Tsamaiso ke litsamaiso tsa taolo tse re lumellang ho laola boitšoaro ba rona bo reriloeng, bo ikemiselitseng sepheo, bo feto-fetohang, le bo sebetsang (Shallice and Burgess, 1996; Jurado le Rosselli, 2007; Anderson et al., 2008). Ts'ebetso tsena li hokahane ka matla le likarolo tsa cortex ea pele-pele, haholo dortolateral preortal cortex (mohlala, Alvarez le Emory, 2006; Bari le Robbins, 2013; Yuan le Raz, 2014). Cortex ea pele e hokahane le likarolo tsa basal ganglia (mohlala, Hoshi, 2013). Bakeng sa likhokahano tsena, poleloana ea li-fronto-striatal loops e sebelisoa hangata. Li-loops tsa Fronto-striatal li kenyelletsa loop e nang le temohisiso e eketsehileng, e kopanyang khase ea caudatus le putamen le karolo ea dorsolateral ea preortal cortex (ka thalamus) le loop ea loop e kopanyang likarolo tsa limbic, joalo ka amygdala, le likarolo tse hokahaneng le likarolo tse susumetsang tsa boits'oaro, joalo ka li-nucleus bokellanang, le karolo ea orbitofrontal le moea o tsoang sebakeng sa bokong ba pele (Alexander le Crutcher, 1990). Likarolo tsena tsa boko li kentse letsoho mesebetsing e mebe ho tse etsoang maemong a phahameng, empa e boetse ke likarolo tsa mantlha tsa boitšoaro bo fetelletseng. Setšoantšo Figure22 ka kakaretso.

 

Setšoantšo sa 2

Libaka tse tlang pele tsa cortex le likarolo tse amanang le eona tsa boko li ka ba le karolo ho ntlafatseng le ho tsamaiseng tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang. (A) E bonts'a pono ea morao-rao ea boko ho kenyeletsoa likarolo tsa medial tse kang anterior cingrate gyrus le ...

Pele re shebisisa taba ena Karolong ea "Ho se nahane Lintlafatso tsa Bokhoba ba Marang-rang, ”Lintlha tse amanang le" neuropsychological "tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea inthanete li hlalositsoe ka bokhutšoanyane. Patlisisong ea bokhoba ba boits'oaro ka ts'ebetso ea neuropsychological, mesebetsi e ka sehloohong, ho etsa liqeto le mekhoa ea tlhokomelo e fumanoe ka mokhoa o pharalletseng ho sebelisa mesebetsi ea setso ea neuropsychological, joalo ka mesebetsi ea papali ea chelete. Mekhoa ena e se e fetiselitsoe litlamong tsa boitšoaro, joalo ka ho becha ka methapo (mohlala, Goudriaan et al., 2004;; Brand et al., 2005b; Goudriaan et al., 2005, 2006; van Holst et al., 2010; Conversano et al., 2012) le ho reka ka mokhoa o phehellang (mohlala, Black et al., 2012).

Mesebetsi ea Neuropsychological lithutong tse nang le bokhoba ba marang-rang

Lilemong tse fetileng, kakaretso ea lithuto le eona e phatlalalitsoe, e ileng ea lekola mesebetsi ea kakaretso ea methapo ho batho ba nang le GIA kapa SIA e itseng. Boholo ba lithuto, leha ho le joalo, li ne li etsoa ka libapali tsa inthanete tse ngata. Mohlala o mong ke phuputso e entsoeng ke Sun et al. (2009). Ba sebelisitse mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa (Bechara et al., 2000), e neng e sebelisitsoe lithutong tse ngata tse nang le bakuli ba fapaneng ba nang le mafu a methapo ea kelello le mafu a kelello ho kenyelletsa ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi le ho lemalla boits'oaro pele (cf. Dunn et al., 2006). Mosebetsi ona o lekola ho etsa liqeto tlasa maemo a thata. Ho etsa mosebetsi hantle ho hloka hore o ithute ho latela maikutlo. Basebelisi ba marang-rang ba fetelletseng thutong ke Sun et al. (2009) o ne a e-na le mathata a ho etsa mosebetsi oa papali ea chelete ea Iowa, o bonts'ang liphoso tsa ho etsa liqeto, tse neng li hokahantsoe khafetsa le boits'oaro bo bobebe (Bechara, 2005). Phuputsong e 'ngoe e entsoeng ke Pawlikowski le Brand (2011), ho ile ha bontšoa hore libapali tsa inthanete tse feteletseng li etsa likhetho tse kotsi le tse kotsi, le ha melaoana ea litlamorao tse ntle le tse mpe e hlalositsoe ka botlalo, e lekantsoe ke Game of Dice Task (Brand et al., 2005a). Sephetho sena se lumellana le se fumanoeng mehlaleng e meng e nang le temallo, joalo ka ho itšetleha ka opiate (Brand et al., 2008b), le ho becha ha li-pathological (Brand et al., 2005b). Ntle le moo, ho etsa Dice Task hantle ho hokahanngoa le botsitso ba pele (Labudda et al., 2008) le mesebetsi ea tsamaiso (mohlala, Brand et al., 2006;; Brand et al., 2008a, 2009). Ka lebaka leo, liphetho li fana ka maikutlo a hore bakuli ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ba ka ba le phokotso taolong ea pele le ts'ebetsong tse ling tsa botsamaisi.

Mabapi le bokhoni ba ho thibela likarabo ho tse ling tse susumetsang, batho ba fuputsoeng ke Sun et al. (2009) e entsoe ka tloaelo ho mosebetsi oa Go / No-Go, o lekanyang mesebetsi ea thibelo. Sephetho sena sa inhibition ea karabelo e tsitsitseng se lumellana le se fumanoeng ke Dong et al. (2010) hape e lumellana le ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ho classical Stroop paradigm (bona datha ea boits'oaro ho Dong et al., 2013b). Leha ho le joalo, thutong e 'ngoe, Dong et al. (2011b) e tlaleha liphoso tse phahameng tsa karabelo maemong a sa nepahalang a papali ea Stroop bathong ba lemaletseng inthanete ea banna. Lithutong tsena tsohle tsa taolo ea inhibitory, leha ho le joalo, ho sebelisitsoe liphetolelo tse sa nke lehlakore tsa mosebetsi oa Go / No-Go kapa Stroop paradigm, ho bolelang hore lintlha tsohle tse neng li susumetsoa li ne li sa amana le inthanete. Motho a ka nahana hore batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ba arabela ka tsela e fapaneng ka tšusumetso, e bonts'ang ka ho hlaka litaba tse amanang le inthanete mme ba thatafalloa ho thibela likarabo ho ba susumetsang feela, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi (mohlala, Pike et al., 2013). Sena se tlalehiloe ke Zhou et al. (2012) Ho sebelisa sesebelisoa sa ho feto-fetoha le maemo a amanang le papali ea inthanete. Bangoli ba pheha khang ea hore phokotso ea karabo le ho fetoha habonolo ha maikutlo ho ka ba le boikarabello bakeng sa ho boloka bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete.

Ho tsepamisa mohopolo mefuteng e meng ea bokhoba ba marang-rang, e leng tšebeliso e feteletseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete, eo hape e leng e 'ngoe ea mefuta ea mantlha ea SIA (Meerkerk et al., 2006), ntle le papali ea marang-rang, lithuto tsa pele li sebelisitse paradigms tsa khale ho lekola mesebetsi ea kelello le ho e fetola ho latela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete e le tšusumetso. Mohlala, Laier et al. (2014) o sebelisitse mosebetsi oa ho becha oa Iowa, empa o kenyelletsa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le tse se nang lehlakore lipapatsong tsa karete. Sehlopha se seng sa litho se ile sa etsa mosebetsi oo ka ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa litšoantšong tse senyehileng (A le B) le litšoantšo tse sa jeleng paate tse litletlebong tse ntle (C le D) mme sehlopha se seng se ile sa etsa mosebetsi ona ka setšoantšo se fetotseng litšoantšo tse litšila (litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso. li-deske C le D). Liphetho li bonts'itse hore sehlopha se etsang mosebetsi ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa lits'oants'o tse mpe li ne li na le lipalo tse tlase ho feta sehlopha se seng. Sena se bolela hore ba ile ba tsoela pele ho khetha likarete tse tsoang litšoantšong tse nang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​leha ba ile ba lahleheloa haholo. Phello ena e ile ea bonoa haholo lithutong tse arabileng ka karabelo e ikhethileng ea ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (papaling e ngoe hape e kenyellelitsoeng thutong). Ho fumana hona ho tsamaellana le liphetho tsa phuputso e 'ngoe ke sehlopha se le seng sa lingoli (Laier et al., 2013b), eo ho eona ba tlalehileng ts'ebetso e tlase ea memori e sebetsang bakeng sa ts'usumetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho fapana le litšoantšo tse ntle, tse mpe le tse sa jeleng paate. Bangoli ba phethela ka hore ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa ea botšehali ka lebaka la litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe tsa inthanete ho kenella mesebetsing ea kelello.

Joale re pheha khang ea hore mekhoa ea taolo ea kelello e ameha ka ho khetheha ha batho ba lemaletseng inthanete ba tobane le tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba. Leha ho le joalo, mochine ona oa hypothesised o hloka lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng bakeng sa mefuta e itseng ea SIA. Habohlokoa ka ho fetisisa, mochine ona o ka hlahlojoa hamolemo ka ho sebelisa mesebetsi e hlokolosi, e kenyelletsang tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba, eseng mesebetsi e bonolo ea tlhaiso.

Maikutlo a akaretsang mabapi le ho etsa lipatlisiso molemong oa ho lemalla

Boholo ba lithuto tse etsang lipatlisiso tsa neural amanang le bokhoba ba inthanete ka mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho nahana li se li entsoe le libapali tsa inthanete. Boithuto bona bo senotse ho tšoana ho hongata le lipotoloho tsa boko tse kenyelletsang ts'ebetsong ea mathata litlamong tse amanang le lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete ea methapo, e tla tšohloa likarolo tse latelang. Mekhoa e 'meli e fapaneng e ka khetholloa: lithuto tse sebetsang tsa ts'ebetso hammoho le lipatlisiso tsa sebopeho le lipono tsa boemo ba phomolo ho kenyelletsa monahano oa ho khelosa. Morero oa mekhoa ena ka bobeli ke ntho e tšoanang: kutlwisiso e nepahetseng ea methapo ea boko e kentsoeng ts'ebelisong e fetelletseng ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea Marang-rang kapa lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete. Lipotso tse akaretsang tsa lipatlisiso ke tse latelang: na boko bo fetoha ha nako e ntse e ea, hoo e ithutang ho sebetsana le litheko tsa inthanete ka ho khetheha, hona na liphetoho tse ka kelellong tsa hau li bontša tahlehelo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete? Ho tsoa lipatlisisong tse itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi, ho tsejoa hantle hore libaka tse fapaneng tsa boko li kenya letsoho ts'ebelisong ea lintho tse laoloang le ka boomo (mohlala, mabapi le joala) ha li bapisoa le ts'ebeliso e sa laoleheng le tloaelo. Mokhahlelong oa pele oa nts'etsopele ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, libaka tsa bokapele ba pele li ameha haholo ka qeto ea ho sebelisa moriana o itseng, o susumetsoang ke litlamorao tsa ona tse matlafatsang (Goldstein le Volkow, 2002). Ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tsa maemo a khale le tsa sebini (Everitt le Robbins, 2006), li-nucleus li bokella le likarolo tsa dorsal striatum hammoho le likarolo tsa limbic le para-limbic (mohlala, orbitofrontal cortex) li ithuta ho tloaela ho etsa lintho tse amanang le lithethefatsi ka ho lakatsa le cortex ea dorsolateral pele, e hokahantsoeng le mesebetsi e hlokolosi ea tlhaiso-leseling. , e lahleheloa ke ts'usumetso ea eona ea taolo (Bechara, 2005;; Goldstein et al., 2009). Sena se ka etsahala ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa sisteme ea meputso ea dopaminergic ke liphetoho tse tataisoang ke glutaminergic innervation ea li-nucleus tse bokellaneng le libaka tse amanang le bokong (Kalivas le Volkow, 2005). Bathong ba nang le maemo a tikoloho a itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi, joalo ka boteng ba mekhoa e amanang le lithethefatsi, ba lebisa ts'ebetsong ea ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex, hape le libaka tsa kati tsa cortex (Kühn le Gallinat, 2011; Schacht et al., 2013). Libaka tsena, empa le amygdala le orbitofrontal cortex, li amana le ho lakatsa (Chase et al., 2011). Karolong e latelang, re tla akaretsa lintlha tse fumanoeng tsa morao-rao tse amanang le bokhoba ba marang-rang mme re tla pheha khang ea hore lits'ebetso tse tlasa ts'epahalo ea lithethefatsi li boetse li nepahetse bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang.

Ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tahi ea inthanete

Lithuto tsa morao-rao tse mabapi le bokhoba ba marang-rang le ho lemalla papali ea papali ea inthanete li sebelisitse mekhoa e khahlisang ho khetholla liserekisi tsa boko tse kenyelletsang tšebetsong ea bocha le ho lakatsa ho batho ba nang le taolo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea bona ea marang-rang. Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea lithuto tseo tse phatlalalitsoeng ho 2012 le pejana li fanoe ke Kuss le Griffiths (2012). Ba supile lithuto tsa 18, tse sebelisang tšebeliso ea matla a ts'oants'o a maqhubu a matla (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), MRI ea sebopeho kapa electroencephalography (EEG). Ha u sa kenyeletse lithuto tsa EEG (lithuto tse tšeletseng tse akaretsitsoeng ke Kuss le Griffith) le lithuto tse peli tsa sebopeho sa MRI, tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho lithuto tsa 10 ka mekhoa ea khale ea tšebetso ea boko. Ha joale re sebelisitse mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho batla le ho kenyeletsa o tlalehiloeng tlhahlobo ke Kuss le Griffiths (2012) le ho bonts'a lithuto tsa 13 (ntle le lithuto tsa EEG) tse phatlalalitsoeng likoranteng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka ho tloha ka Pherekhong 2013 ho fihlela Pherekhong 2014. Mona re tsepamisa mohlala feela lithutong tsa pejana le tsa morao-rao, tse tlatsetsang kutlwisisong e ntle ea kamano pakeng tsa litsamaiso tsa taolo ea pele le tahlehelo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.

E 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa khale ka ho fetisisa mabapi le likeletso tsa boko tse ka' nang tsa e-ba teng litakatsong tse mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete (papali) e tlalehiloe ke Ko et al. (2009). Ba ithutile libapali tsa World-of-Warcraft (WoW) tse feteletseng (barupeluoa bohle ba ne ba bapala bonyane 30 ha beke) le fMRI ba sebelisa setšoantšo sa papali ea setšoantšo, se bapisoang le se kileng sa sebelisoa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba joala (mohlala, Braus et al., 2001; Grüsser et al., 2004). Liphetho li ne li ts'oana haholo le tse tlalehiloeng ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi (Schacht et al., 2013). Libapali tsa WoW li ne li bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo, ts'ebetso e matla kahare ho bokelleng ba nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex, le caudate ha ba ntse ba shebile litšoantšo tsa WoW. Ts'ebetso tsena li kopantsoe hantle le takatso ea lipapali tsa subjible. Ho sibolloa ho lekantsoeng ho tlalehiloe ke Sun et al. (2012), eo hape a ileng a etsa lipatlisiso ka libapali tsa WoW tse feteletseng ka setšoantšo sa paradigm ho tsosa takatso. Mona, liketso tsa likarolo tse kopaneng tsa cortex ea pele, haholo dortolateral preortal cortex, le cortex ea anterior li ne li tsamaisana hantle le ho lakatsa ha u shebella litšoantšo tsa WoW. Liphetho li totobatsa pono ea hore boko ba batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang bo arabela ka ho lakatsa ho tobana le likhohlano tse amanang le inthanete ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le ha boko ba batho ba itšetlehileng ka lithethefatsi bo fetoha ka tšusumetso e amanang le lithethefatsi. Tumellanong le sena, Han et al. (2011) e fumane hore takatso ea ho bapala e ne e tsamaisana hantle le ts'ebetso ho "loof" e nepahetseng ea methapo ea methapo le li-gyrus tse nepahetseng esita le lithutong tse phetseng hantle, tse koetliselitsoeng ho bapala papali e itseng ea video bakeng sa matsatsi a 10. Liphetoho libakeng tsa bokong ba pele bo amanang le cue-reactivity le litabatabelo tsa papali ho libapali tse fetelletseng le tsona li tlalehiloe lithutong tse ling tse fetileng (mohlala, Han et al., 2010b; Ko et al., 2013a; Lorenz et al., 2013) le papiso lipakeng tsa cue-reactivity ho tsa papali ea maikutlo le ho itšetleha ka lintho (mohlala, koae) ho builoe ka tsona (Ko et al., 2013b). Liphetho li bonts'a ho tšoana lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le maemo a mang a bokhoba mabapi le lits'ebetso tsa nts'etsopele, maemong a itseng a boemo (Robinson le Berridge, 2001, 2003; Thalemann et al., 2007). Ho boetse ho na le bopaki bo bong ba liphetoho tsa tšebetso tsa boko ho basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lilemong tsa bocha sebakeng sa pele, sa nakoana le sa temporo-parietal-occipital, joalo ka ha ho senotsoe ke paradigm ea bolo ea maoto (Kim et al., 2012). Phuputso e 'ngoe ea pele e ile ea hokahanya ho etsa lintho tse ncha hape ho lakatsa katleho ea bongaka lithutong tse lemaletseng lipapali tsa Inthanete (Han et al., 2010a): lipatlisisong tsa pele ka setšoantšo sa paradigm le fMRI, sehlopha sa libapali tsa StarCraft tse feteletseng (StarCraft ke papali ea video ea leano la nako e nepahetseng), ha e bapisoa le baithaopi ba nang le boiphihlelo bo tlase ba StarCraft, ba bonts'itseng ts'ebetso e matla sebakeng sa dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, libaka tsa occipital , mme o siile parahippocampal gyrus. Kamora kalafo ea beke ea 6 beke le bupropion, e sebelisoang khafetsa kalafong ea ts'epahalo ea lithethefatsi, maikutlo a ho lakatsa le nako ea ho bapala a fokotsoe ho libapali tsa inthanete mme ts'ebetso ho dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ha a ntse a shebelletse litšoantšo tsa StarCraft le tsona li fokotsehile ha li bapisoa le tsa pele Patlisiso ea fMRI. Kakaretso, lithuto tse nang le temallo ea Inthanete li bonts'a karabelo ea litakatso tse itseng tse amanang le inthanete maemong a subjective le a neural. Litakatso tse amang maikutlo li hokahane le liphetoho tsa pele tsa bokong, tse bapisoang le tse tlalehiloeng bakuli ba itšebelisang le lithethefatsi.

Hape o sebelisa fMRI, Dong et al. (2013b) ho fuputsa bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto ho batho ba nang le temallo ea inthanete (ntle le ho bolela mofuta oa bokhoba ba marang-rang). Ba sebelisitse papali ea karete e nang le likhetho tse peli mme ba laola tatellano ea moputso le tahlehelo, 'me seo sa etsa hore maemo a mararo a felle: ho hloloa ho sa feleng, tahlehelo e tsoelang pele, katleho le tahlehelo e sa khaotseng e le boemo ba taolo. Ka boitsoaro, batho ba lemaletseng inthanete ba hloka nako e telele bakeng sa liqeto tsa bona, haholo maemong a tahlehelo. Ha ho bapisoa le lithuto tse laoloang, bakuli ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ba ne ba na le ts'ebetso e matla ea boko ho "gyrus" e ka tlase e kenang, le "insulin" maemong a ho atleha le ts'ebetso e matla ho "gyrus" e tlase e tlase le maemong a tahlehelo. Karolo e ka morao ea cingrate le caudate li ne li sa sebetse haholo ho bakuli ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ha ba bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo. Bangoli ba phethela ka hore bakuli ba nang le bokhoba ba marang-rang ba na le phokotso mosebetsing oa ho etsa liqeto, hobane ba hloka boikitlaetso bo eketsehileng mesebetsing ea botsamaisi. Phatlalatsong e 'ngoe e nang le lihlopha tse tšoanang le mesebetsi, lingoli li boetse li tlaleha tlhoko e phahameng ea li-win ho bapisoa le tahlehelo lithutong tse lemaletseng Inthanete (Dong et al., 2013a), e neng e tsamaisana le ts'ebetso e matla ho "gyrus" e tlase e tlase le ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng karolong e ka morao ea cingate cortex lithutong tse nang le ts'ebeliso ea tlhekefetso ea inthanete ha li bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo. Liphetho tsena li lumellana le lipatlisiso tsa pejana ka mosebetsi o tšoanang oa ho hakanya (Dong et al., 2011a). Mathata a ho etsa liqeto tse nepahetseng, ho bolelang hore batho ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho bapala lipapali leha ba tobane le litlamorao tse mpe, ba kanna ba amana le mathata a bona bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi (bona le lipuisano ho Pawlikowski le Brand, 2011). Khang ea ho ikitlaetsa haholoanyane mesebetsing ea botsamaisi ha ho tobanoa le maemo a rarahaneng a ho etsa liqeto kapa ha ho hlokahala hore ho fetoloe maemo a kelello ho netefatsoa ke thuto e 'ngoe ea fMRI mabapi le ho fetoha le maemo ha likelello tsa lithuto tse lemalletseng inthanete (Dong et al., 2014). Ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba pele ba ho lekola phoso e fokotsehileng lithutong tse nang le tahi ea inthanete, e amanang le ts'ebetso e matla ho "anterior cingulate gyrus" (Dong et al., 2013c), sebaka se tsebahalang hape ho nka karolo taolong ea taolo ea kelello le taolo ea likhohlano (mohlala, Botvinick et al., 2004). Liphetho li lumellana le phuputso e 'ngoe mabapi le bokhoba ba marang-rang ba Dong et al. (2012b), moo ts'ebetso e kholo ho "anterior" (hape le posterior) cingex cortex e senotsoeng bakeng sa boemo ba ts'itiso ea Stroop paradigm.

Hape, lithuto tse ngata li sebelisitse tšusumetso ea ho se nke lehlakore ha ho hlahlojoa likarolo tsa neural tsa ts'ebetso ea kelello ho lemaletseng inthanete. Le ha lithuto tsena li fetoha pono ea hore lits'ebetso tsa taolo ea kelello li fokotsehile lithutong tse lemaletseng Inthanete, ho ka ba bohlokoa ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na ho etsahala eng bokong ba bokhoba ba marang-rang ha ba tobane le tšusumetso e amanang le inthanete. Kaha batho ba sebetsana le takatso ea litakatso tse amanang le inthanete (sheba tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng ka holimo), le hore ho hlakile hore ba na le mathata a itseng taolong e phahameng esita le maemong a sa nkeng lehlakore, mesebetsi ena e phahameng le e etsang liqeto e lokela ho ba mpe le ho feta ha ba le maemong. , e fanang ka tšusumetso e amanang le inthanete. Sena se lokela ho batlisisoa nakong e tlang, hobane bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi, hangata batho ba tobana le marang-rang mme ho ka ba bohlokoa hore ba utloisise hore na boko bo sebetsa joang ho ba susumetsang ha ba sebelisana le mesebetsi e fokolitsoeng ea taolo e phahameng.

Ho hlophisoa ha meetso le ho phomola ha lekhoba la inthanete

Phuputso e mabapi le libapali tsa neural tsa sebopeho le tšebetso tsa papali ea inthanete / khomphutha e nang le sampole e kholo (N  = 154) bacha ba tlalehile bophahamo bo phahameng ba taba sebakeng se ka morao sa ventral striatal khafetsa / ka mokhoa o feteletseng ha o bapisoa le libapali tse sa tloaelehang (Kühn et al., 2011). Karolong e sebetsang ea boithuto, ts'ebetso tikolohong ea "ventral striatum" e ne e phahame khafetsa ha e bapisoa le libapali tse sa sebetseng maemong a tahlehelo ea mosebetsi oa tšusumetso ea chelete. Bangoli ba phethela ka hore bophahamo ba molumo karolong e ka letsohong le letšehali e ka bonts'a liphetoho liphumatsong tsa meputso tse amanang le ho bapala khafetsa hoa lipapali tsa khomphutha. Bosholu ba litaba tsa Grey bo ile ba boela ba hlahlojoa ke Yuan et al. (2011). Sampole e nyane (N  = 18) ea bacha ba nang le bokhoba ba inthanete, bophahamo ba litaba tse bohlooho bo fokotsehileng bo fumanoe libakeng tse fapaneng tsa khethollo: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (bilaterally), orbitofrontal cortex, le motor supplementary motor, hammoho le likarolo tse ka morao tsa boko (cerebellum le lehlakoreng le letšehali la anterior cingulate cortex). Liphetoho libakeng tsa pele li ne li tsamaellana le nako e tlalehiloeng ea lefu lena. Bangoli ba fihlela qeto ea hore liphetoho tsena tsa boko li kanna tsa ikarabella bakeng sa ho senyeha ha taolo ea kelello lithutong tse nang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete le hore liphetoho tsena li na le ho tšoana ho itseng ho bohlokoa le ho bonoang ka ts'epahalo ea lithethefatsi. Phokotso ea botenya ba taba e bohlooho le eona e fumanoe ka lehlakoreng le letšehali le ka morao la cingate cortex, hammoho le insula (Zhou et al., 2011) le ho cortex ea orbitofrontal (Hong et al., 2013a; Yuan et al., 2013). Liphetoho sebakeng sa orbitofrontal li ne li tsamaisana le tšebetso ho Stroop paradigm (Yuan et al., 2013), e bonts'ang liphokotso tse sebetsang tšebetsong ea taolo ea pele. Phokotso ea litaba tsa Grey ka (ka ho le letona) orbitofrontal cortex ho batho ba nang le SIA bakeng sa lipapali, ho kenyelletsa le sebakeng sa infula (ka bobeli), le sebaka se nepahetseng sa tlatsetso sa makoloi se tlalehiloe ke Weng et al. (2013). Ho khahlisang, bophahamo ba orbitofrontal cortex bo ile ba kopantsoe le lintlha ho Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete (Bacha, 1998a), ho lekanya matšoao a boima.

Ntle le taba ea bohlooho, litlolo ho bakuli ba lemaletseng inthanete, khokahano e sebetsang e bonts'a liphetoho tse ling. Liphetoho tsena tsa khokahano li lumellana hantle, bonyane ka tsela e itseng, le liphetoho tsa sebopeho. Mohlala, Lin et al. (2012) e fumane likaroloana tse tlase tsa khatello ea kelello likarolong tse kholo tsa boko ba batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang ho kenyelletsa orbitofrontal cortex. Liphetoho tse ling hape tsa ho hlohlona ha likhahla li fumanoe litabeng tse tšoeu tsa parahippocampal gyrus (Yuan et al., 2011), tse peli tse pele lobe tšoeu taba (Weng et al., 2013), le ka bobeli (Yuan et al., 2011) le capsule ea kantle (Weng et al., 2013). Hape, tsa bohlokoa tse fokotsang ho ya kgokelo tshebetso (ho sebedisa phomolo boemo fMRI) a ile a fumanoa ka le letona tlaasana gyrus ya ntango, omimvo parietal cortex le kamorao cingulate cortex, le ya kgokelo pakeng tsa gyrus kamorao cingulate le precuneus nepahetseng, likarolo tse ling tsa thalamus, caudate, ventral striatum , sebaka se tlatselletsang sa makoloi le gyrus ea puo e ne e tsamaellana le ho teba ha boitšoaro bo kotsi ho libapali tsa inthanete (Ding et al., 2013). Leha ho le joalo, thutong e ngoe e entsoeng ke Dong et al. (2012a), ho sebelisa monahano oa ho khelosa, ho eketsa khokahano pakeng tsa libaka tse 'maloa tsa boko ho bakuli ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea inthanete bakeng sa lipapali ho tlalehiloe, ho kenyeletsa thalamus le posterior cingrate cortex. The anisotropy e qabolang ka har'a khubung ea kahare e ne e boetse e tsamaisana le nako ea boitšoaro bo lematsang (Yuan et al., 2011). Khokahano e fokolisitsoeng e boetse e fumanoe lipakeng tsa pele le tsa subcortical le tsa parietal le subcortical, haholoholo le putamen (Hong et al., 2013b). Ho na le litšupiso tse ling mabapi le liphetoho ho homogeneity ea tikoloho ka homogeneity e 'ngoe e kenang kahare bohareng le parietal gyri (le libaka tse ling tsa brainstem le cerebellum) le ho fokotseha ha homogeneity libakeng tse itseng tsa nakoana tsa nakoana, parietal, le occipital ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea libapali tsa inthanete (Dong et al. ., 2012c).

Mohala o mong oa mabaka oa ho kenya letsoho mosebetsing oa ho sebelisa taba ea cue-reacaction le takatso, o ka sitisang taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, o tsoa lithutong tse batlisisang tsamaiso ea dopamine ho bakuli ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Le ha lithuto tsena li fanoa pele, mohlala, lisampole tse nyane haholo 'me sephetho sa tsona se lokela ho nkuoa ka hloko: ho na le lintlha tsa pele tsa hore tsamaiso ea dopamine e fetotsoe ho batho ba lemaletseng inthanete. Mohlala o mong ke thuto ea SPECT (Hou et al., 2012) e bonts'a hore boemo ba polelo ea dopamine transporter seterekeng bo fokotsehile ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Ho fumana hona ho tsamaellana le liphetho tsa patlisiso ka raclopride PET (Kim et al., 2011), eo ho fumanehang ha dopamine 2 receptors ka har'a striatum ho fumanoeng ho lithethefatsi tsa inthanete (bona hape tlhahlobo ea Jovic le Ðinđić, 2011).

Le ha hona ho nahanoa ho tla fihlela joale, liphetoho tšebetsong ea dopaminergic li ka - bonyane karolo - ho hlalosa tahlehelo ea taolo ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang ho batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete. Khopolo ena e tsamaisana hantle le mehlala ea morao-rao mabapi le nts'etsopele ea boitšoaro bo lemaletseng ka kakaretso, joalo ka ha ho laetsoe ke Robinson le Berridge (2008), Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe. Ka lebaka la hore likarolo tsa cortex ea pele li kenyellelitsoeng taolong ea kelello, haholo dortolateral prefrontal cortex (bona Setšoantšo. Figure2) 2) e amohela tšebetso ea dopaminergic ho tsoa ho basal ganglia le bokong ba li-nucleus, liphetoho tse sebetsang ka har'a meaho ena li ka boela tsa fokotsa bots'epehi ba taolo e kholo (Cools le D'Esposito, 2011). Kaha li-gangal tsa basal li hokahane ka bonngoe le tse ling ka tharollo ka likhakanyo tse kenyelletsang lits'ebetso tse ling tsa neurotransmitter, haholo-holo glutamate le GABA, liphetoho tsamaisong ea dopaminergic le tsona li ka baka tsitsipano e kholo ea lefats'e ea li-loonto tsa fronto-striatal. copsitive and the legic loop (Alexander le Crutcher, 1990). Re hlahisitse khokahano lipakeng tsa khokahano ea matla le litheko tsa botsamaisi Karolong ea "Li-correlates tsa Neuropsychological tsa Bokhoba ba Marang-rang. ”Ha re nahana ka sephetho sa mantlha mabapi le liphetoho tse tlisoang ke batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang, re pheha khang ea hore liphetoho tse ling tse amanang le tšebeliso ea marang-rang li amanang le tahlehelo ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang ke liphetoho tse phethahetseng tsa pele.

Ntle le lipatlisiso tsa sisteme ea dopamine, lithuto tse ling li buile ka ts'ebetso ea boko ba mmuso ho bakuli ba lemaletseng inthanete. Ho sebelisa 18-FDG-PET, ho lekanya metabolism ea glucose bokong, Park et al. (2010) e bonts'itse hore libapali tsa inthanete tse ngata li eketsehile metabolism ea "glucose metabolism" tikolohong ea (ka ho le letona) orbitofrontal cortex, hape le libakeng tse ling tsa basal ganglia (caudate, insula), ha libaka tsa morao-rao (mohlala, libaka tsa parietal le occipital) li bontsitse metabolism e fokotsehile .

Ka kakaretso, ho na le bopaki bo bong ba pele ba liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa boemo le phomolo ho batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete. Tsena li kenyelletsa liphetoho tsa taba ea bohlooho le e tšoeu libakeng tsa bokong ba pele le libakeng tse ling tsa boko. Ho boetse ho na le bopaki ba pele ba diphetoho tsamaisong ea dopaminergic, tse ka amanang le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea matlafatso le ho lakatsa. Ha ho nahanoa hore lithuto tse ngata li entsoe ka mehlala e nyane, ho sa sebelisoe letho feela (Kühn et al., 2011), mme ha ho khethollo e lumellanang kapa e hlophisehileng pakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea bokhoba ba marang-rang le lipakeng tsa bakuli ba lilemong tsa bocha le tsa batho ba baholo, sephetho se lokela ho tšoaroa ka hloko.

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