Bothata le Boqapi ba Meriana ea Papali ea Libaesekele: Thuto e Thehiloeng ho Moemeli oa Sechaba Sample of Gamers (2016)

inahaneloang

Papali ea video e fetohile mosebetsi oa boithabiso o tummeng libakeng tse ngata tsa lefats'e, 'me palo e eketsehang ea lithuto tse matlafatsang e hlahloba sehlotšoana se shebahalang se baka mathata ka lebaka la papali e ngata. Phuputso ena e fuputse litekanyetso tsa ho ata ha batho le baphethahatsi ba papatso ea lipapali tsa video ho sampole ea libapali, tse khethiloeng ka mokhoa o khethiloeng ho National Population Registry ea Norway (N = 3389). Liphetho li bonts'a ho na le libapali tsa 1.4% tse lemaletseng, libapali tsa mathata a 7.3%, libapali tse sebetsanang le 3.9%, le libapali tse tloaelehileng tsa 87.4%. Bong (ho ba monna) le sehlopha sa lilemo (ho ba monyane) li ne li amahanngoa hantle le libapali tse lemalloang-, tse nang le mathata le tse itlotsang. Sebaka sa tsoalo (Afrika, Asia, Boroa le Amerika Bohareng) li ne li amahanngoa le batho ba lemaletseng ho bapala le ba nang le bothata. Ho lemalla papali ea video ho ne ho amahanngoa hampe le letsoalo ebile ho amana le neuroticism. Bophelo bo bobe ba kelello le kelello bo ne bo amahanngoa le mathata a ho bapala le ho bapala. Lintlha tsena li fana ka leseli lebaleng la bokhoba ba papali ea video, hape li ka thusa ho fana ka tataiso mabapi le hore na batho ba kotsing ea ho ba makhoba a lipapali ba lemalloang ba ka tsejoa joang.

Keywords: Papatso ea papali ea video, prevalence, botho, bophelo bo botle ba kelello, Lintho tse fapaneng tsa batho

Papali ea video ke e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ea boithabiso e tsebahalang haholo mehleng ena. Ho bonts'itsoe hore 59% ea Maamerika ohle a bapala lipapali tsa video (Ipsos MediaCT ). Karolelano ea Ma-Europe a 48% a bapetse lipapali tsa video (Ipsos MediaCT ), Le hore 56% ea bacha ba baholo ba Norway (ba lilemo li 16-40) ba bapala lipapali tsa video khafetsa (Mentzoni et al. ). Har'a bacha, palo ea libapali e phahame le ho feta, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe phuputsong e bonts'a hore 97% ea Maamerika a lilemo tse 12-17 a bapala lipapali tsa video (Lenhart et al. ).

Ha bapala lipapali tsa video li ntse li eketseha, ho ba le litlaleho tsa ho bapala ka mathata. Mantsoe a sebelisitsoeng ho hlalosa sebapali sa video se nang le mathata a fapana ho lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso (Brunborg et al. ). Thutong ea joale papali ea video e lemalla e sebelisoa e le polelo eo u e ratang 'me e tla sebelisoa ho bolela tšebeliso ea mathata a lipapali tsa video, moo papali e lebisang ho senyeha ho sebetsang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Lemmens et al. () hlalosa ho lemalla papali ea video e le "ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng le e qobelloang ea lipapali tsa likhomphutha kapa tsa video tse hlahisang mathata a bophelo le / kapa a maikutlo; leha mathata ana a le teng, sebapali ha se khone ho laola tšebeliso ena e ngata. ”(Lemmens et al. , leq. 78).

Ka lebaka la hore lithuto tsa pejana li sebelisitse lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa tlhahlobo mme li kenyelletsa lihlopha tse nkang karolo tse fapaneng, litekanyetso tsa tlhaselo ea papali ea lipapali tsa video li fapana ho pholletsa le lithuto (Ferguson et al. ). Tlhahlobisong ea lingoliloeng, Ferguson et al. () e fumane sekhahla sa ho ata se ka bang 6.0% bakeng sa tahi ea papali ea video. Ha ho sa kenyeletsoe tse ka khetholloang e le libapali tse sebetsanang le ba bang, ho ata ho theohetse ho 3.1%.

Sebelisa mokhoa ona oa ho qetela oa ho khetholla bokhoba ba papali ea video, moo lintho tse bonts'a bonyatsi, mamello le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ho nkoang e le lipontšo tsa boitlamo ho e-na le bokhoba, Brunborg et al. () e fumane ho ata ha 4.2% ea bapalami ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi, 12.9% ea libapali tsa mathata, 4.9% ea libapali tse sebetsanang, le 78% ea libapali tse se nang bothata har'a bacha ba Norway. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho sebelisa mekhoa ea mantlha ea ho fumana lintlha bakeng sa Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents (GASA; Lemmens et al. ), Mentzoni et al. () e hakantsoe hore sekhahla sa bongata ba sampole ea moemeli oa batho ba Norway ba lilemo li 16-40 e ka ba 0.6 le 4.1% bakeng sa ho lemalla papali ea video le ho bapala lipapali tse thata ka tatellano. GASA e ipapisitse le maemo a DSM-IV a fetotsoeng bakeng sa papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete (King et al. ), hape, Mentzoni et al. () ho ithuta ho kanna ha feta litekanyetso tsa tšoaetso, hobane ho kenyeletsoa ha Charlton) mekhoa ea ho kenella e ka bonts'a libapali tse 'maloa e le lemallo ha li ka ba.

Boithuto ka kakaretso bo lumela hore ba batona ba tlaleha mathata a mangata a amanang le papali ea video ha a bapisoa le a basali (Brunborg et al. ; Ferguson et al. ; Mentzoni et al. ). Mabapi le lilemo, phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore lilemo tsa bocha e ne e le ponelopele e matla bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lipapali tsa video (Mentzoni et al. ). Hobane (i) lipatlisiso tse ngata mabapi le lipapali tsa video li etsoa ho bacha le lilemong tsa bocha (Williams et al. ) le / kapa mehlala ea libapali (Mehala le Griffiths ), hape (ii) ho na le paucity ea lithuto tse thehiloeng ho sampole ea kakaretso ea baahi (Wenzel et al. ), ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho tseba lintlha tsa sechaba tse amanang le kotsi ea ho lemalla papali ea lipapali tsa video.

Mabapi le bohlokoa ba mefuta e meng ea palo ea batho, lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso li haella. Mabapi le boemo ba lenyalo, phuputso e 'ngoe e tlalehile hore sebapali se lemalloang se tloaelehileng se ne se sa nyaloa (Wenzel et al. ), ha thuto e 'ngoe e fumane temallo ea papali ea video ho ikemela ka morao ho thuto (Rehbein et al. ). Ntle le moo, ho bontšitsoe hore ho hloka mosebetsi ho ka ba kotsi (Elliot et al. ), hape e amahanngoa le lintlha tse phahameng ho likala tsa papali ea papali ea video (Kim et al. ).

Ho ea ka tsebo ea bangoli, ha ho na lithuto tse batlisisang kamano lipakeng tsa ho lemalla lipapali tsa video le naha eo a tsoang ho eona lithutong tsa naha tsa sechaba. Ka hona, taba ena e lokela ho hlahlojoa ho ea pele. Kakaretso ea lithuto tsa morao-rao tse fumanehang hore ho na le ts'oaetso e phahameng ea lipapali tsa video ho batho ba Asia Bochabela, ha ho bapisoa le palo ea batho ba Europe Bophirimela, Amerika Leboea le Australia (King et al. ). Ho finyeletsoe ho falla ho ba le phello e bakang khatello ea maikutlo e ka lebisang ho bokuli ba kelello (Bhugra le Jones ), empa setšoantšo se tsoakiloe mme phello ea bosholu ba bojaki e boetse e fumanoe, moo bajaki ba sirelelitsoeng khahlanong le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (Algeria et al. ). Boithuto ba litaba bo tlalehile hore naha e tsamayang e ka baka sesosa sa lipapali tsa marang-rang e le mokhoa oa ho hlola bolutu (Griffiths ).

Litšobotsi tsa botho tse thehiloeng ho Mod-Factor Model (Costa le McCrae ) pele li ne li hokahantsoe le litloaelo tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro (Andreassen et al. ). Moetso oa lintlha tse hlano o khetholla lipakeng tsa likarolo tse hlano tsa sehlooho: (1) Neuroticism (mohlala, ho ba le tšabo le maikutlo a ho tšoenyeha), (2) extindowsion (mohlala, ho bua le ho bua), (3) Ho bula boiphihlelo (ho ba le monahano le kelello ),, (4) Agreeableness (mohlala, ho ba le kutloelo-bohloko le mofuthu) le (5) Boikemisetso (mohlala, ho hlophisoa le ho potlaka) (Wiggins ).

Liphuputso tse fetileng li bontšitse hore temallo ea papali ea video e amana hantle le neuroticism, hape e fosahetse ka ho fetelletsa lintho, ho lumellana (Petros le Malesky) ) le letsoalo (Petros le Malesky ; Andreassen et al. ). Lithuto tsena tse fetileng ha lia ka tsa fumana setsoalle mabapi le ho buleha. Kaha lipatlisiso sebakeng sena li ntse li lekantsoe, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng. Boithuto ba hona joale bo fana ka leseli la hore na litšobotsi tsa botho li ka hlalosa boitšoaro bo amanang le papali ea video joang. Ntle le moo, thuto ea hona joale e fana ka leseli le lecha ka likarolo tse fapaneng tsa libapali tsa video.

Litholoana tse 'maloa tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello li tlalehiloe ka kopanelo le bokhoba ba lipapali tsa video (Choo et al. ), joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo (Mentzoni et al. ; Van Roji et al. ), khopolo ea ho ipolaea (Wenzel et al. ; Rehbein et al. ) le matšoenyeho (Wenzel et al. ; Rehbein et al. ). Ho feta moo, patlisiso e 'ngoe e fumane hore bashanyana ba lemaletseng papali ea video ba na le maemo a phahameng a pherekano ea boroko (Rehbein et al. ). Ho feta moo, Brunborg le basebetsi mmoho () e tlaleha hore bacha ba neng ba le libapali tsa mathata kapa ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba ne ba le kotsing e kholo ea ho ikutloa ba le tlase, ba sa tenehe kapa ba le mokhoeng o mobe, ba tšohile, ba khathetse ba bile ba khathetse, 'me ba ikutloa ba tšohile, ha ba bapisoa le libapali tse se nang bothata. Leha ho le joalo, libapali tse neng li tšoarehile haholo, tse neng li e-na le nako ea papali empa li sa lumellane le litekanyetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ha lia ka tsa bontša kotsi e kholo ho tse ling tsa litletlebo tsena tsa bophelo bo botle.

Le ha ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse 'maloa mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa ho lemalla papali ea bophelo bo botle le livideo, ke liphuputso tse' maloa tse sebelisitsoeng molemong oa batho ba bapalang papali ea lipapali. Kaha thuto ea hajoale e sebelisa mohlala o emelang naha ka bophara ke tlatsetso moleng ona ho lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso. Ntle le moo, kaha ho na le lithuto tse fokolang tse etsang lipatlisiso mabapi le bophelo mabapi le lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa libapali, thuto e teng hona joale e tla eketsa sengoloeng sena mabapi le taba ena.

Morero oa pele oa thupelo ea morao-rao e ne e le ho hakanyetsa likhahla tsa baatlelete ba tloaelehileng, ba nang le bothata, le mathata. Morero oa bobeli e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na likarolo tsa botho, litšobotsi tsa botho le bophelo bo botle ba kelello li amana joang le likarolo tsa lipapali tse fapaneng.

Method

barupeluoa ba

Barupeluoa ba khethiloe ka mokhoa o sa reroang ho Ngoliso ea Naha ea Baahi ea Naha ea Norway. Sampole e felletseng e ne e na le batho ba 24,000. Ba amohetse lethathamo la lipotso tse lekolang palo ea batho, bokhoba ba papali ea video, lintlha tsa botho le mefuta e fapaneng ea bophelo bo botle. Ho fihla likhopotso tse peli ho ba sa kang ba arabela. Kakaretso ea lipotso tsa 875 li khutlisitsoe ka mabaka a fapaneng (mohlala, liaterese tse fosahetseng, bankakarolo ba hlokahetseng, ba kulang haholo hore ba ka araba, ba le kantle ho naha ka nako ea thuto kapa ba sa utloisise Senorway). Kahoo, kakaretso ea likarabo tse nepahetseng tsa 10,081 e amohetsoe, e hlahisang sekhahla sa karabelo sa 43.6%. Seteishene sa ba arabelitsoeng ba 3389, ba lilemo li 16-74 (basali ba 1351, ba bolela lilemo = lilemo tse 32.6) ba tlalehile ba bapala lipapali tsa video likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng.

Litefiso tsa haufi-ufi tsa libapali tsa (libapali tsa tlatsetso-, bothata-, tse amanang- le sebapali tse tloaelehileng) li baliloe ka mekhoa e mene e fapaneng. Ho sebelisitsoe disampole tse peli tse fapaneng, e le 'ngoe e kenyelletsa barupeluoa bohle (N = 10,081) 'me e le ngoe e kenyelletsa libapali tse sebetsang feela. Ntle le moo, ho tlalehoa hore sekhahla sa kholo se sebelisa Charlton's () karohano ho litekanyetso tsa tšebeliso ea litumelo tsa mantlha le tsa pherekano, le mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho fumana sekala ka mokhoa o hlalositsoeng ke Lemmens et al. (). Litefiso tsohle tsa ho ata tse tlalehiloeng li na le boima ba tsona li sebelisa boima bo fapaneng.

Tsamaiso

Boithuto bona bo ne bo thehiloe Univesithing ea Bergen 'me bo entsoe lebitsong la Borena ba Sechaba sa Papali ea Chelete le Motheo nakong ea hoetla ea 2013. Barupeluoa bohle ba amohetse lipotso ka poso Barupeluoa ba ile ba tsebisoa hore likarabo li tla tšoaroa ka lekunutu, le hore tlhahisoleseling e mabapi le babuelli e tla bolokoa ka polokeho. Ba arabileng potso eo ba fuoe monyetla oa ho kenngoa raffle bakeng sa voutu ea limpho e boleng ba 500 Noron Kroner. Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Lebatooa ea Litekanyetso tsa Boithuto bo amanang le bongaka le tsa bophelo bo botle Norway (Kapa. 2013 / 120).

Lisebelisoa

Lipotso tse akaretsang mabapi le semelo sa barupeluoa li ne li kenyelletsa bong, lilemo, maemo a lenyalo (a nyetse / ho nyaloa kapa ho nyala / ho arohana / tlhalo / mohlolohali) ho tloha sekolong sa mathomo ho fihlela PhD), lekeno la motho pele ho lekhetho selemong se fetileng ka bongata ba 100 000 NOK (ho tloha 99,000 ho isa 1,000,000 kapa ho feta), boemo ba mosebetsi (ho sebetsa ka botlalo, ho sebetsa ka nako e itseng, moithuti, motho ea sebetsang lapeng, ea holofetseng / e fumanang ts'ireletso ea sechaba kapa ea tlohetseng mosebetsi), le sebaka sa tsoalo (Norway, linaha tse sebakeng sa Nordic empa kantle ho Norway, linaha tsa Europe, Afrika, Asia, Amerika Leboea, Amerika Boroa, Amerika Bohareng, kapa Oceania).

Litšobotsi tsa botho li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Mini International Item Pool (Mini-IPIP; Donellan et al. ). Mini-IPIP e ipapisitse le mefuta e mehlano ea sebopeho sa botho mme e na le lintho tsa 20 moo tšobotsi ka 'ngoe ea botho e nang le lintho tse' ne. Meeli e kenyellelitsoeng ke: 1) Neuroticism; 2) Extungwaneion; 3) Mahlale a kelello / Nahano; 4) Agreeableness; le 5) letsoalo. Ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e ile ea arajoa ka tekanyo ea likert-likert tse hlano (1 = ha e lumellane ka matla ho 5 = ka matla lumela). Phokotso ea kahare (alpha ea Cronbach) bakeng sa sekhahla lithutong tsa hajoale e ne e le 0.80 bakeng sa bosholu, 0.75 bakeng sa tumellano, 0.68 bakeng sa letsoalo, 0.70 bakeng sa methapo ea kutlo, le 0.66 bakeng sa kelello / monahano (n = 3622).

Ho ile ha thehoa sekhahla sa lintho tse robeli ho hlahloba matšoao a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (mahloko a hlooho, mahetla- / molala, bohloko ba mala, mathata a boroko, ho hlonama / ho sithabela maikutlo, ho ikutloa o sa phomole le ho tšoha, ho ikutloa o khathetse kapa o robetse motšeare, ) e ipapisitse le likala tse fetileng tse ntlafalitsoeng matšoao a psychosomatic (Eriksen et al. ; Setsebi ; Kroenke et al. ; Takata le Sakata ; Thorndike et al. ). Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba nahane hore na ba bile le matšoao ana hangata hakae likhoeling tse 2 tse fetileng ha ba khetha mekhoa e latelang: "ha ho mohla", "ka tlase ho hang ka khoeli", "makhetlo a 1-3 ka khoeli", "makhetlo a 1-2 ka beke ”, le“ makhetlo a 3 ka beke kapa ho feta ”. Ts'ebetso ea kahare (alpha ea Cronbach) ea sekala e ne e le 0.83 (n = 3622). Lintlha kaofela tsa lintho tse robeli li ile tsa aroloa ka tse robeli 'me tsa sebelisoa tlhahlobisong.

Mofuta oa likarolo tse supileng oa Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents (GASA; Lemmens et al. . Babuelli ba bontšitse likarabo tsa bona ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse hlano (1 = ha ho mohla ho 5 = khafetsa). Phokotso ea kahare (alpha ea Cronbach) bakeng sa sekala e ne e le 0.84 (n = 3622).

Ba arabelang ba ne ba arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e mene e fapaneng ea libapali, e leng sebapali sa lithethefatsi, sebapali sa bothata, sebapali se amehang le sebapali se tloaelehileng (Brunborg et al. , ). Babuelli ba bontšitseng hore lintho tsohle tse 'ne tse lekanyang likarolo tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba ba tahi (ho khutlela morao, ho tlohela, likhohlano le mathata) li etsahetse bonyane "ka linako tse ling" (3) li hlalositsoe e le lemallo la lipapali tsa video. Babuelli ba fumane bonyane "ka linako tse ling" (3) linthong tse peli kapa tse tharo tse tšoanang li neng li thathamisitsoe e le libapali tsa bothata. Babuelli ba fumane bonyane 3 linthong tse tharo tsa pele (sesisisi, mamello, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo) empa ba sa kang ba tšoaea 3 kapa ka holimo ho litekanyetso tse fetang e le ngoe ba thathamisitsoe e le ba kopaneng. Ba arabileng ba setseng ba ne ba arotsoe ka libapali tse se nang mathata.

Meetso ea demographic e ile ea hlophisoa ka mokhoa o latelang: bong bo ile ba hlakoloa (1 = tšehali le 2 = motona), ho thehiloe lihlopha tsa lilemo tse tharo (1 = 51-74, 2 = 31-50 le 3 = 16-30), boemo ba lenyalo bo ne bo hlakotsoe (1 = ho phela le molekane le 2 = ho lula u le mong), sebaka sa tsoalo se ile sa aroloa ka lihlopha tse tharo (1 = Afrika, Asia, Amerika Boroa le Amerika Bohareng, 2 = Europe, Leboea-Amerika, Oceania le 3 = Norway), boemo ba thuto bo arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo (1 = thuto e tlase kapa e phahameng, 2 = thuto e phahameng ea mahlale a phahameng 'me 3 = thuto e phahameng), boemo ba mosebetsi bo ne bo hlakotsoe (1 = ba sa sebetseng le 2 = mosebetsi).

Bakeng sa litšobotsi tsa botho le tekanyo ea bophelo bo botle ba psychosomatic, karohano ea Median e ne e sebelisetsoa ho tlosa dikaelo ka bobeli, ho theha lihlopha tse fotseng ka holimo (1) le ka tlase (2) mokena-lipakeng bakeng sa litšobotsi tsa botho, le ho theha lihlopha tse ikarotseng ka holimo (2) le ka tlase (1) ea mahareng bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba kelello.

Lipalo-palo li

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang tsa mefuta-futa ea mabitso li ile tsa baloa ho latela kabo. Li-coefficients tsa khokahano ea sehlahisoa sa Pearson li ile tsa baloa molemong oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa kamano pakeng tsa mefuta e sa lebelloang ea thuto. Ho sebelisa sampole e tlalehileng ho bapala lipapali tsa video likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng, litlhahlobo tse sa sebetseng le tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo tsa linaha tse ling li ile tsa etsoa ka mofuta o fapaneng oa lipapali tsa video ("gamer ea lemaletseng", "gamer ea mathata", "gamer ea itšoereng" le "gamer e tloaelehileng") joalo ka phapang e itšetlehileng ka eona. "Sebapali se tloaelehileng" se sebelisitsoe e le sehlopha sa litšupiso. Bong, lilemo, sebaka sa tsoalo, boemo ba lenyalo, boemo ba thuto le boemo ba mosebetsi li kentsoe mohato oa pele, botho bo kenyelelitsoe mohato oa bobeli, 'me bophelo bo botle ba kelello bo kentsoe mohato oa boraro. Lintho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea mofuta ona li ile tsa phethahala. Litlhahlobo tsa lipalo-palo li ne li etsoa ho sebelisoa .

Results

Lethathamo Lethathamo11 e bontša lintlha tse hlalosang sampole. Peresente ea banna ba tlalehang ba bapala lipapali tsa video likhoeling tse 6 tse fetileng e ne e le 62.7 mme 37.3% e ne e le basali (N = 3389). Tafole Lethathamo22 e bonts'a litekanyetso tsa kholo (tse boima) tsa sampuli ea papali ea video, le sampole ea palo eohle ea batho, ba sebelisa tharollo ea mantlha ea Charlton le sepheo sa ntho e kenyelletsang. Tekanyo e atileng ea ho lemalla papali ea video e ne e le 1.41% (CI = 1.03, 1.80) sampoleng ea lipapali tsa video, le 0.53% (CI = 0.39, 0.67) bakeng sa sampole eohle ea baahi.

Lethathamo 1 

Lintlha tse hlalosang tsa mohlalaN = 3389)
Lethathamo 2 

Litefiso tsa prevalence (tse boima) bakeng sa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa libapali ho palo ea libapali le ho sechaba ka kakaretso

Lethathamo Lethathamo33 e bonts'a litekanyetso tsa kholo (tse boima) bakeng sa sampole ea papali ea video, le sampole ea palo eohle ea batho kamora hore Lemmens e be le liphoso tsa mantlha. Tekanyo e atileng ea ho lemalla papali ea video e ne e le 0.89% (CI = 0.58, 1.19) sampoleng ea lipapali tsa video, le 0.33% (CI = 0.21, 0.44) bakeng sa sampole eohle ea baahi.

Lethathamo 3 

Litefiso tsa prevalence (tse boima) bakeng sa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa libapali ho palo ea libapali le ho sechaba ka kakaretso, kamora lemmens ea mantlha

Lethathamo Lethathamo44 e bonts'a khokahano lipakeng tsa lintho tsohle tse boletsoeng esale pele thutong. Lits'oants'o tse matla haholo li ne li le lipakeng tsa lilemo le boemo ba thuto (r = 0.35), boemo ba lenyalo le thuto (r = 0.38), le batho ba baholo lilemong le boemo ba lenyalo (r = 0.38).

Lethathamo 4 

Crelation coefficients (Pearson correlation) le Phi li-coefficients lipakeng tsa lintho tsohle tse ithutoang (bong, lilemo, boemo ba lenyalo, sebaka sa tsoalo, boemo ba thuto, boemo ba mosebetsi, botho [ho fetoloa, ho lumela, letsoalo, monahano / kelello, ...

Lethathamo Lethathamo55 e hlahisa sephetho ho tsoa tlhahlobisong ea khatello ea thepa e sa amaneng le letho (e sa hlonepheng) ea bongata bo fapaneng ho latela karolelano ea mathata (OR) le likhaohano tsa ts'epo tsa 95% (95% CI).

Lethathamo 5 

Multinominal logistic regression analysis (crude) moo ho lemalloang papali ea video (1 = sebapali se lemaletseng, 2 = sebapali sa mathata, 3 = sebapali se kopanetsoeng, 4 = sebapali se tloaelehileng) se ne se na le phapang e atileng, eo sebapali sa eona se tloaelehileng e nang le sehlopha sa boits'ebetso

Lethathamo Lethathamo66 e hlahisa lintlha tse tsoang tlhahlobisong e ntlafalitsoeng ea maemo a mangata a machaba.

Lethathamo 6 

Tlhahlobo e mengata ea "regression" (e fetotsoeng), moo papali ea papali ea lipapali tsa video (1 = sebapali sa papali e lemalloang, 2 = sebapali sa bothata, 3 = sebapali se kopantsoeng, 4 = sebapali se tloaelehileng) se ne se e-na le phapang e atileng, eo sebapali sa eona se tloaelehileng e nang le sehlopha sa boits'oaro

Bohlahlobisisong bo hlephileng le bo fetotsoeng, ho lemalla, ho ba le bothata- kapa sebapali se amehang se ne se amahanngoa haholo le bong, ho bonts'a hore batho ba arabang ba batona ho ka etsahala hore ho be karabelo ea basali ho ba karolo ea lihlopha tsena kaofela.

Ho ba lilemo li 31-50 ho ne ho amahanngoa haholo le ho ba sebapali se lemalloang kapa bothata ho bapisoa le sehlopha se fapaneng (lilemo tse 16-30) tlhahlobisong e mpe le e fetotsoeng. Ho ba lilemo tse 51-80 ho ne ho amahanngoa hampe le ho ba sebapali se lemalloang, sebapali sa mathata kapa sebapali se sebetsanang le papali ha se bapisoa le sehlopha se fapaneng le tlhahlobo e mpe. Phello e ne e ntse e le bohlokoa ha ho etsoa liphetoho mekhoeng ea botho, empa ho kopana le ho bapala papali ea boithabiso ha hoa lula ho le bohlokoa ha ho etsoa phetoho bakeng sa bophelo bo botle ba kelello.

Ho tsoalloa Afrika, Asia, Amerika Boroa kapa Amerika Bohareng ho ne ho ts'oana ebile ho amana haholo le ho ba sebapali sa lithethefatsi- kapa tlhahlobisong ea tlhahlobo e mpe le e ntlafalitsoeng. Tlhatlhobong e sa jeleng paate, lintlha tse phahameng ho ho fetofetisisa li ne li amahanngoa haholo le ho ba sebapali se lemalloang kapa se kenang tlatsetso ho bapisoa le ba nang le lintlha tse tlase. Thutong e ntlafalitsoeng, ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mekhatlo eo e ileng ea lula e le bohlokoa. Tlhatlhobong e bolileng, ho lumellanya ho ne ho amana haholo le ho ba sebapali sa papali ea litokelo, kapa bothata. Thutong e ntlafalitsoeng feela, kamano e mpe le ho ba sebapali sa bothata e ile ea sala. Bakeng sa letsoalo ho bile le setsoalle sa bohlokoa le se fosahetseng ka ho ba sebapali sa lithethefatsi, se nang le bothata kapa se amehang litlhahlobisong tse mpe. Bohlahlobisisong bo fosahetseng, neuroticism e ne e le ntle ebile e amana haholo le ho ba sebapali sa papali ea litokelo, kapa bothata. Leha ho le joalo, ka sebopeho se fetotsoeng, kopano le ho ba sebapali se lebelletsoeng ha ea ka ea lula e le bohlokoa. Bohlahlobisisong bo hlephileng le bo fetotsoeng, kelello / monahano o ne o amana haholo le ho ba sebapali sa bothata.

Ho ba le lintlha tse tlase lenaneong la bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho ne ho sa tsamaisane hantle le ho ba sebapali sa lithethefatsi, kapa bothata kapa sebapali tlhahlobisong e mpe. Mohlaleng o fetotsoeng, setsoalle le ho ba sebapali sa lemallo se ile sa lula se le bohlokoa.

Moetso o felletseng o nang le li-Forecast tsohle (tlhahlobo e fetotsoeng) o ne o le bohlokoa lipaloχ2 = 358.24, df = 45, p <.01). Ntle le moo, mohlala ka kakaretso o hlalositsoe lipakeng tsa 10.6% (Cox le Snell R square) le 17.3% (Nagelkerke R e lekantsoeng ka sekoli) ea phapang ea ho lemalla papali ea video le ho khetholla ka nepo 88.3% ea linyeoe tsohle.

Puisano

Ho sebelisa sampole eohle, le ho sebelisa lintlha tsa mantlha tsa GASA, ho ata ha bapalami ba lemaletseng (0.33%) le ho ata ha bapalami ba nang le mathata (3.0%), li ne li le tlase ho feta thuto ea pele ea Norway (libapali tse lemaletseng lithethefatsi: 0.6%, libapali tsa mathata : 4.1%; bona Mentzoni et al. ). Ntle le moo, ho ata ha bapalami ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ho ne ho le tlase ho feta se fumanoeng lefatšeng ka bophara (6.0%, Ferguson et al. ). Sena se ka supa hore keketseho ea ts'oaetso ea lipapali tsa video e tlase haholo ho feta lefats'eng ka bophara, kapa ho ka supa hore tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng ke Ferguson et al. () e kenyelelitse lithuto le bacha le batho ba baholo feela.

Ha ho bapisoa, ha ho sebelisoa sampuli ea libapali tsa video tse sebetsang le mokhoa oa ho kena lipakeng, lipalo-palo li ne li phahame bakeng sa lihlopha tsohle tsa libapali: lekhoba la (1.41%), bothata (7.3%) le ba kenang (3.9%). Leha ho le joalo, ho ata ha libapali tse lemalloang ho ne ho le tlase ho feta se fumanoeng lefatšeng ka bophara (Ferguson et al. ). Ho feta moo, ha ho bapisoa liphetho tsena le Brunborg et al. (), ea sebelisitseng palo ea bacha ea lilemong tsa bocha, lipalo-palo tse fumanehang mona li tlase bakeng sa mefuta eohle ea libapali. Kahoo, sepheo sena sa morao-rao se tšehetsa ho hlalosoa ha litekanyetso tsa ho ata tse tlalehiloeng ke Ferguson et al. () li ne li phahame hobane li kenyelletsa lithuto le bacha le batho ba baholo ba banyenyane feela.

Liphetho tsa boithuto ba hona joale li tsamaellana le lipatlisiso tse fetileng tse reng banna ba tlaleha mathata a mangata ka papali ho feta basali (Brunborg et al. ; Ferguson et al. ; Mentzoni et al. ). Banna ba neng ba le thutong ea hona joale e ne e le linako tsa 2.9 hangata ho feta basali hore e be karolo ea sehlopha sa libapali tse lemalloang. Ntle le moo, ha ho na liphetoho tse hlokomelehang ha ho kenyelletsa litšobotsi tsa botho le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho hlahlobisisong. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore bong ha bo ikemele ka mefuta ena. Liphetho li tsoela pele ho tšehetsa lipatlisiso tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho ba lesoha ho amana le tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video haholo (Wenzel et al. ), le lingoliloeng tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore lilemo tse nyane li amana le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa video (Mentzoni et al. ). Ba arabelitsoeng sehlopheng sa batho ba banyenyane haholo ba ne ba le menyetla ea ho ba karolo ea sehlopha sa batho ba lemaletseng ho feta batho ba lilemo tse bohareng (makhetlo a 2.9 ho feta) le sehlopha sa khale sa batho ba baholo (makhetlo a 4 hangata). Ho feta moo, ba arabetseng sehlopheng sa batho ba banyenyane haholo ba ne ba ka ba karolo ea sehlopha sa bapalami ba mathata ho feta sehlopha sa khale sa lilemo (makhetlo a 4.2 hangata). Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete ke ntho e ncha e ncha kahoo litlamorao tsa cohort li ka bapaloa. Ha moloko oa libapali tsa video o sa le monyane o ntse o hola, lipapali tsa lipapali li kanna tsa phatlalatsoa ka bongata ka bongata ka lihlopha tsa lilemo.

Babuelli ba hlahetseng Afrika, Asia, Amerika Boroa kapa Amerika Bohareng ba ne ba na le monyetla oa ho ba karolo ea sehlopha sa libapali tse lemalloang, 'me 4.9 e na le menyetla ea ho ba karolo ea sehlopha sa libapali tsa bothata, ha ho bapisoa le ba arabelitsoeng Norway. Bangoli ba hona joale ha ba khone ho khetholla lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng tsa lipatlisiso tsa papali ea video har'a bajaki. Liphumano tse fetileng li tsoakane hore na bajaki ba sehlopheng sa batho ba kotsing bakeng sa mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (mohlala, Bhugra le Jones ; Algeria et al. ). Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa pejana li fumane hore ho na le keketseho e phahameng ea lipapali tsa video tse fumanehang ho batho ba Asia Bochabela, ha ho bapisoa le palo ea batho ba Europe Bophirimela, Amerika Leboea le Australia (King et al. ), e ka fanang ka ts'ehetso ea mohopolo oa hore bajaki ba tsoang sebakeng sena ba ka ba monyetleng oa ho ntšetsa papatso ea papali ea video, ka lebaka la lithahasello tsa bona ka kakaretso bakeng sa papali, eseng ka lebaka la bojaki. Leha ho le joalo, e kanna ea ba taba ea hore lipapali li fana ka sebaka sa boithabiso bakeng sa batho ba jeoang ke bolutu le / kapa ba sa kopaneng le hore ba ka sebelisa mecha ea phatlalatso ea inthaneteng e le mokhoa oa ho theha setsoalle le batho ba bang ba nang le maikutlo a tšoanang (Cole le Griffiths ).

Papatso ea papali ea video e ne e ikemetse ka tlase ho boemo ba thuto, mme e tsamaisana le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng (Rehbein et al. ). Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsa boithuto ba hona joale li fana ka maikutlo a hore libapali tse nang le bothata le tse amehang li na le thuto e tlase. Motho a ka nahana hore libapali tse nang le boemo bo phahameng ba thuto li ka beha nako le matla a mangata mesebetsing ea tsona ho feta libapali tse nang le thuto e tlase, ka hona li sebelisa nako e fokolang ea papali. Phapang e makatsang kamanong le mokhatlo ona e kanna ea ba lilemong tse banyane, hobane sehlopha sa ba arabelang ka boemo bo tlase ba thuto se tla ba le batho ba baholo ba qetileng degree ea bona ea thuto le bacha ba ntseng ba ithuta. Tlhaloso e joalo e ts'ehetsoa ke liphetho, moo ho fumanehang khokahano e lekanang pakeng tsa lilemo le boemo ba thuto.

Lithuto tse fetileng li fumane kopano pakeng tsa ho se sebetse le lipapali tsa video tse nang le mathata le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (Elliot et al. ; Kim et al. ), empa mokhatlo ona ha oa ka oa fumanoa thutong ea hona joale mabapi le ho lemalla papali ea video. Liphetho tse teng hona joale li ts'ehetsa liphumano tse fetileng mabapi le bokhoba ba tai le lipapali tsa video mabapi le ts'oaetso ea kelello, letsoalo le kelello / monahano (Petros le Malesky ; Andreassen et al. ). Joalo ka batho ba nang le ts'oaetso e phahameng ea khatello ea kelello ba ka ba le matšoenyeho a eketsehileng le khatello ea maikutlo (Costa le McCrae ), ba ka sebelisa papali ea video e bapalang mathata a bona. Ntle le moo, ho ba matla ho neuroticism ho bontšitsoe hore ho amana le ho qhekella (Costa le McCrae) ), seo se ka etsa hore ho be bonolo ho lahla mesebetsi e meng molemong oa ho bapala lipapali tsa video. Liphetho tsa boithuto bo teng hona joale li bonts'a hore batho ba arabileng ka hloko ka lebaka la letsoalo ba na le monyetla o mongata oa ho ba karolo ea sehlopha sa libapali tse lemalloang, le hore letsoalo le ile la amahanngoa hampe le libapali tse lemalloang, kapa le mathata. Lebaka le ka hlahisoang ke sena e kanna ea ba hore batho ba hloahloang ke letsoalo le letšo hangata ke ba tlamehang ho itaola (Costa le McCrae) ), mekhoa eo ho ka thoeng e hanana le papali ea video e boima e bapaloang.

Ho fapana le Peters le Malesky (), ha ho kamano e bohlokoa e fumanoeng lipakeng tsa bosoasoi bo fetelletseng kapa tumello le papatso ea papali ea video. Hobane Peters le Malesky () o sebelisitse mohlala oa libapali ho tsoa ho papali e itseng ea inthanete (ke hore, World of Warcraft), khokahano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba papali ea video le ho fetelletsa kapa ho lumellana ho kanna ha eba ho batho ba bapalang papali ena, kapa mefuta e meng ea lipapali.

Ho fapana le lithuto tse fetileng (Rehbein et al. ; Brunborg et al. ) sephetho sa boithuto ba hajoale se bonts'a kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ho lemalla papali ea video le bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Leha ho le joalo, kamano e lipakeng tsa ho ba le lintlha tse tlase ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ho ba sehlopheng sa libapali tsa mathata kapa sehlopheng sa libapali tse kenelletseng e fumanoe. Liphetho li bonts'a hore sehlopha se phahameng sa bao ho buuoang ka bona matšoao a psychosomatic, menyetla e meraro ea ho ba karolo ea sehlopha sa bapalami ba bothata ho fapana le sehlopha sa maemo a tlaase. Lebaka leo liphetho tsa thuto ea morao-rao li fapaneng le liphumano tse fetileng li ka fapana lithutong tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Mohlala, Brunborg et al. () e shebile likarolo tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, bo kang "ho ikutloa u le tlase", "ho robala ka thata" le "ho khathala", ha thuto ea morao-rao e beha lintho tse 'maloa mmoho. Ntle le moo, taba ea hore lipatlisiso tsa hona joale tse laoloang bakeng sa lipalo tse fapaneng tsa palo ea batho le lintlha tsa botho li kanna tsa hlalosa le ho feta hore na hobaneng ho fumanoe litholoana tse fapaneng. Liphetho li tšehetsa phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa libapali ka moo litšobotsi tsa sebopeho se hlahlojoang li bonts'a likamano tse fapaneng hara lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa libapali. Mohlala, tšobotsi ea neuroticism e bohlokoa haholo ho libapali tse lemalloang le libapali tsa bothata, empa eseng ho libapali tse kenelletseng.

Ka ho sebelisa sampole e khethiloeng ka boomo ho ngoliso ea sechaba sa naha, liphetho li ka akaretsoa ho palo eohle ea libapali tsa video. Ho na le tlhoko ea lithuto tse tsoaloang ke baahi tse fuoang ho haella ha lithuto tse joalo ho fihlela joale (Wenzel et al. ). Ho feta moo, lipatlisiso tse ngata tse fetileng li entsoe ho bacha le lilemong tsa bocha (Williams et al. ). Boithuto ba hona joale bo boetse bo fumane litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa ho ata ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng ea likala. Ka tsela ena, thuto e fana ka monyetla oa ho bapisa lipalo tse fapaneng tsa tlhahlobo ea lithuto ho tloha lithutong tse fetileng.

Phoso e 'ngoe ea thuto ea hona joale ke hore e ne e sa khetholle pakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lipapali. Boithuto bo bontšitse hore likarolo tsa lipapali li ka ba tsa bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea taolo ea lipapali tsa video (King et al. ). Lithuto tse 'maloa li sebelisa lipapali tse ikhethang tse kang Everquest (Williams le al. ; Griffiths le ba bang. ) ba tlalehile sephetho se fapaneng ho feta thuto ea hona joale, 'me ka mohlala, li-MMORPG li fumanoe li le bongata haholo ho feta lipapali tse ling (Rehbein et al. ). Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho hlakisa hore na ho bapala lipapali tse ikhethang ke tloaelo ho libapali tsa lihlopha tse 'ne tse fapaneng tsa libapali. Liphetho mabapi le sebaka sa tsoalo le tsona e kanna ea ba tse fapaneng haeba ho ile ha sebelisoa mekhoa e meng e mengata ho feta kontinenteng. Phuputso e boetse e ne e sena boholo ba ba arabelang ho bapala. Ka lebaka la moralo oa karolo e bohareng, boithuto ba hona joale bo na le moeli o mongata, 'me re qheleloa thoko likamanong tsa inferefere tsa kamano ea lipallo pakeng tsa tse fapaneng. Ho hlokahala liphuputso tse ling tse telele bakeng sa ho fihlela qeto mabapi le ho tataisa lipakeng tsa tse fapaneng. Boithuto bona bo na le mathata a mangata a tsejoang a sebelisang tlhaiso-leseling ea boits'oaro (mohlala, hopola leeme, khethollo ea leeme sechabeng, jj.).

Nahanisisa

Phuputso e teng hona joale e bonts'a ho ata ha libapali tse lemalloang ho ba 1.4%, libapali tsa mathata hore e be 7.3% le libapali tse amehang ho ba 3.9%. Liphetho li bontšitse lintlha tse latelang tse amanang le tšebeliso ea papali ea papali ea video: ho ba motona oa monna, ho tloha lilemong tse tlase, ho phela u le mong, ho hlaha Afrika, Asia, Amerika Boroa kapa Amerika Bohareng, ho ipeha letsoalo le tlase, ka ho ba le letsoalo le holimo, le ho ba le bophelo bo botle ba kelello le kelello. Lintlha tsena li fana ka leseli lefapheng la taolo ea lipapali tsa video, hape li ka thusa ho fana ka tataiso ea hore na motho a ka khetholla batho ba kotsing ea ho ba libapali tsa papali ea lithethefatsi joang.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Charlotte Thoresen Wittek le Turi Reiten Finserås ke Bangoli ba Pele

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