Ho ata ha Inthaneteng le Litho Tse Kopantsoeng Har'a Liithuti Tsa Bongaka Ho tloha Mashhad, Iran ho 2013 (2014)

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

1. Semelo

Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e ntse e eketseha ka potlako lefatšeng ka bophara. Ha e le 2002, ho ne ho e-na le basebelisi ba limilione tse 665 lefatšeng ka bophara. Iran, ho bile le keketseho ea 3100% palong ea basebelisi ba marang-rang pakeng tsa 2002 le 2006, 'me hajoale palo ena e fihla ho basebelisi ba fetang limilione tse 11.5 (1), ha sekhahla sa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang se eketsehile 2500% ho tloha 2000 ho isa 2010 linaheng tse buang Searabia le 281% linaheng tse buang Senyesemane (2). Leha ho na le melemo e mengata, mathata a mangata a kang ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo le litaba tse sa nepahalang, ho ba sieo ha lekunutu le ho lemalla marang-rang ho tlalehiloe ka lebaka la tšebeliso e ntseng e eketseha (1). Young o lumela hore poleloana "temallo" e ka sebelisoa ho basebelisi ba inthanete, hobane matšoao a bokhoba ba inthanete a ts'oana le matšoao a bokhoba ba nicotine, joala kapa lithethefatsi. Ho ts'oana le litla-morao tse ling, ts'epahalo ke eona khubu ea bokhoba ba inthanete, bo hlalosoang ka boteng ba lintlha tse joalo ka khaello ea ts'oaetso, mamello, ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo le ho se khone ho laola ts'ebeliso (1). Poleloana 'tlhekefetso ea marang-rang' e qalile ho hlahisoa ke Dr. Ivan Goldberg ho 1995 ho hlalosa 'ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello le ts'usumetso ea inthanete'. Griffith o arotse polelo ena e le sehlopha sa litlatsetso tsa boitšoaro (3). Ho hlahisitsoe mekhoa e mengata ea tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo e ileng ea akaretsoa ke Buyn le basebetsi mmoho (4). Ntle le moo, mehato e fapaneng ea kelello e teng ho lekola litheko tsa inthanete tse kenyeletsang: Teko ea Bacha ba Inthanete ea Inthanete, Tlhahlobo ea Motsoako oa Inthanete ea Tšebeliso (PIUQ), Tšebeliso ea Inthanete ea Tšebeliso ea Inthanete (CIUS) (4), le Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) (5). Lintho tse amanang le setso le sechaba (joalo ka lipalo tsa batho, ho nolofalloa ho fihlella le ho tsebahala marang-rang), matla a tlhaho (joalo ka lintlha tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, lits'ebetso tse sa tloaelehang tsa lik'hemik'hale), tšebeliso ea kelello (joalo ka litšobotsi tsa motho, tšusumetso e mpe), le inthanete - Libopeho tse ikhethang li khetha batho hore ba sebelise marang-rang haholo (4). Joalokaha Chen le balekane ba hae ba ngangisana (2003), ba bonahatsang boitšoaro bo makatsang, ba na le menyetla e mengata ea ho ba le mathata a bophelo bo botle, moruo le boitšoaro (4). Ho na le litlaleho tse fapaneng ka bongata ka sekhahla sa ho lemalla ha marang-rang (0.3% ho 38%) (6). Bacha ba hakantse hore hoo e ka bang 5-10% ea basebelisi ba marang-rang ba lemaletse eona (1). Ho latela litlaleho tsa Lejoyeux le Weinstein, tekanyo e atileng ea ho lemalla ha marang-rang United States le Europe e tloha 1.5 ho isa 8.2% (4). Baithuti ba Univesithi ba kotsing ea ho lemalla ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka lebaka la mabaka a mangata a latelang.

1. Litsi tsa univesithi li fana ka phihlello e bonolo le e se nang meeli ea marang-rang;
2. Baithuti ba banyenyane ba thabela tokoloho le khutso ho taolo ea botsoali ka lekhetlo la pele bophelong ba bona;
3. Ho fumana metsoalle e mecha hangata ho etsoa ka marang-rang;
4. Baithuti ba kopana le mathata a tebileng maemong a yunivesithi;
5. Khothatso ea tšebeliso ea mahlale a sejoale-joale e matla haholo ho bacha ho feta batho ba lilemo tse ling;
6. Moea o atileng oa marang-rang o khella liithuti khatello ea ho etsa mesebetsi ea univesithi le mesebetsi ea lapeng le ho ngola litlhahlobo.

Lithuto tsa pele li hakantsoe hore 3-13% ea liithuti tsohle tsa univesithi ke bokhoba ba marang-rang (5). Ho 2003, patlisiso ho 1360 freshmen Univesithing ea Taiwan, e sebelisang Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS), e hakantse hore 17.9% ea bona e lemaletse marang-rang (7). Phuputsong e bitsoang "Tlhatlhobo ea Inthanete le ho Ts'oants'a Likotsi Tsa Tsona hara Baithuti ba Bongaka ba Arak, Univesithi ea Iran", ba sebelisa lipotso tse nyane, ho ata ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete ho hakanngoa hore e ne e le 10.8%. Phuputsong ena ho fumanoe hore lintlha tsa lilemo tse ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 20, bong ba banna, le ho sebelisa libaka tsa ho qoqa e ne e le tsona tsa pele-pele tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang har'a liithuti (8).

2. Sepheo

Kaha batho ba baholo ba banyane ba nkoe ba le kotsing ea ho lemalla marang-rang, hape hape ka lebaka la ho fihlella ha barutoana ba mahlale a tsa bongaka le inthanete liunivesithing tsa bongaka, le hobane ho se tsotelle taba ena ho ka baka mathata a botho, sechabeng le thutong, re nkile qeto ea ho khetha boholo ba bothata bona le lintlha tse tsamaisanang le bona har’a liithuti tsa bongaka. Liphetho tsa boithuto ba rona li ka thusa ho thibela bothata bona nakong e tlang le ho rala lithuto tse nepahetseng tsa nako le nako.

3. Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Boithuto bona ba karolo ea sefapano bo entsoe ho baithuti ba bongaka Mashhad, Iran nakong ea thuto ea 2012-2013. Boholo ba sampole bo ne bo hakangoa ho latela foromo ea ho hakanya palo. Ho latela palo ea batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang lithutong tse peli tse fetileng (ba sebelisa lipotso tse tšoanang) (1, 7), ho shebella ho ata ha 10%, α = 0.05 le ho nepahala ha 0.03, boholo ba sampole bo ile ba baloa hore e be 400. Kamora hore morero o ngolisoe, litho tsa 400 tsa sechaba se hlotsoeng li ile tsa khethoa ka mehlala e 'meli ea mohlala. Baithuti ba bongaka ba ne ba arotsoe ho latela sethala sa thuto (saense ea mantlha, physiopathology, kantle le ho kena sekolo). Joale, palo e hlokahalang ea barupeluoa e ile ea khethoa ke sampole ea bonolo ho tloha sehlopheng se seng le se seng ho ea palo ea baithuti sehlopheng ka seng. Baithuti ba ile ba ngolisoa feela ka mor'a ho fana ka tumello e nang le tsebo ea ho nka karolo ho ithuteng. Bohle ba neng ba nka karolo ba ne ba tlameha ho sebelisa marang-rang likhoeling tse tharo tse fetileng pele ho thuto. Ba ile ba tiisetsoa hore lipotso tsa marang-rang ha li tsejoe 'me tlhaiso-leseling e ithutoang e le lekunutu. Tekanyo ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea Chen (CIAS) le lenane la tlhahlobo li ile tsa sebelisoa ho bokella lintlha le tlhaiso-leseling. Phetolelo ea puo ea Farsi ea CIAS e na le lintho tsa 26 le likhakanyo tsa 5. CIAS e ne e entsoe ke Chen le basebetsi mmoho le 2003 ho lekola ts'ebetso ea inthanete (5). Lintho tseo li laetsoe ho latela sekala tse 'ne tsa Likert:

1. hana haholo
2. ba bang ha ba lumellane,
3. ba bang ba lumellana, 'me
4. lumela ka matla.

Lenane la lintlha le ne le le lipakeng tsa 26 le 104 mme lintlha tse holimo li bonts'a ho teba ha litokelo tsa marang-rang (26-63 e bonts'a tšebeliso e tloaelehileng, 64-67 e bonts'a ts'ebeliso ea kotsi le tlhoko ea tlhahlobo le 68-104 e bonts'a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang). Ramazani le basebetsi mmoho (2012) ba netefalitse lipotso tsena har'a liithuti tsa bongaka tsa Iran (1). Liphetho tsa lenane lena la lipotso li na le thuso bakeng sa ho hlalosa lenane le felletseng, likala tse peli tsa 'matšoao a mantlha a ho lemalla inthanete' (IA-Sym), 'mathata a amanang le lithethefatsi' (IA-RP), le liphallelo tse hlano tsa matšoao a qobelloang (Com ), ho ikhula (Wit), matšoao a mamello (Tol), mathata a bophelo bo botle ba batho (IH) le mathata a taolo ea nako (TM). Thutong ea mantlha, Chen le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba hakantsoe hore alpha ea sekala sa Cronbach le liphallelo tsa lipotso tsa lipotso tsa CIAS ho tloha ho 0.79 ho isa ho 0.93. Ho 2005, phuputso e ts'oanang ea Ku et al. alpha ea Cronbach e khethiloeng hore e be 0.94 (9). Ramazani le basebetsi-'moho le eena ba ne ba tlalehile boleng ba alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa liphallelo tse neng li le lipakeng tsa 0.67 le 0.85. Hape, thutong ena tšebelisano-'moho e sebetsanang hantle ea r = 0.85 le P <0.001 lipakeng tsa CIAS le IAT (Potso ea lipotso tse nyane ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete) e bonts'itse bonnete ba lenane lena la lipotso (1). Kahoo, lithuto tse fetileng li netefalitse ho tšepahala le ho nepahala ha lenane lena la lipotso. Thutong ea rona, phapano e itšetlehileng ka eona e ne e le bokhoba ba inthanete. Mefuta e ikemetseng le ea semelo sa thuto ena e kenyelelitse: lilemo, bong, sebaka sa bolulo, boemo ba lenyalo, boemo ba thuto, litšenyehelo tsa khoeli le khoeli tsa lits'ebeletso tsa inthanete, nako e kholo ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, bolelele ba ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, mofuta oa ts'ebetso ea inthanete le tee, kofi le tshebediso ya sekarete. Palo e hlokahalang ea lipotso e tlatsitsoe ke baithuti ba bongaka, lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa tsa ntan'o hlahlojoa ke mofuta oa SPSS 11.5. Taba ea mantlha, litšobotsi tsa sehlopha ka seng li hlalositsoe ho sebelisoa mehato ea bohareng le ho hasana mme li hlahisitsoe ka litafole le lichate. Ebe, ho bapisa maemo a boleng har'a lihlopha, ho ile ha sebelisoa teko ea Chi-square. Bakeng sa mefuta-futa ea bongata, tloaelo ea data e ile ea lekoa ke tlhahlobo ea KS. T-Teko e ne e sebelisetsoa ho bapisa mekhoa lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tse ikemetseng tse nang le kabo e tloaelehileng. Maemong a kabo e sa tloaelehang, ho ile ha sebelisoa teko e lekanang eo e seng ea parametric (Mann-Whitney). Bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsohle, boemo ba bohlokoa bo ile ba beoa ho P <0.05.

4. Liphetho

Ntle le 400 e tsamaisitsoeng ea lipotso, liithuti tsa 383 li nkile karolo thutong ea rona, bao 149 (38.9%) e neng e le banna, mme 234 (61.1%) e ne e le basali. Lilemo tsa barupeluoa e ne e le 21.79 ± 2.42 (bophara = 17-30). Lethathamo 1 e bonts'a likarolo tsa batho le lintlha tse ling tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang har'a barupeluoa. Bolelele ba ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e ne e le lihora tsa 1.87 ± 1.72 ka letsatsi 'me bophara ba eona bo ne bo le pakeng tsa zero ho isa ho lihora tse leshome.

 

Tafole 1.

Litšoaneleho tsa Demographic le Lintlha tse ling tse amanang le Ts'ebeliso ea Inthanete Har'a Baithuti ba Bongaka ba Univesithi ea Mashhad e 2013^a

Barupeluoa bohle ba 383 ba sebelisitse marang-rang bakeng sa merero e fapaneng: Batho ba 11 (2.9%) ba sebelisitse marang-rang bakeng sa ho bapala lipapali; Batho ba 129 (33.7%) bakeng sa ho jarolla lifilimi le mmino; Batho ba 24 (6.3%) bakeng sa ho qoqa le batho ba bacha; Batho ba 153 (39.9%) bakeng sa patlo ea mahlale; Batho ba 134 (35%) bakeng sa ho buisana le metsoalle le malapa; Batho ba 207 (54%) bakeng sa ho hlahloba lengolo-tsoibila; Batho ba 22 (5.7%) bakeng sa mabenkele a marang-rang; Batho ba 96 (25.1%) bakeng sa ho bala litaba; mme qetellong, batho ba 21 (5.5%) bakeng sa ho ngola li-weblogs. Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng, le maemo a fapaneng a sekala le subscales tsa lipotso tsa CIAS thutong ena. Ho ea ka potso ea CIAS le ho sheba lintlha tse sehiloeng tsa 63, 67, 92.7% ea batho ba ithutileng ba ne ba sa lemaleloe marang-rang empa 2.1% e ne e le kotsing mme 5.2% e ne e le lekhoba la marang-rang, lihlopha tse peli tsa ho qetela li nkuoa e le lihlopha tse nang le mathata (Lethathamo 3).

 

Tafole 2.

Ho ata ha marang-rang a ho lemalla (ho ea ka Defines Scores) Har'a Baithuti ba Univesithi ea Mashhad ea Saense ea Bongaka ho 2013

 

Tafole 3.

Morero, Phokotso e Tloaelehileng, le Range of Scores for Scale and Subscales of Chen Internet Addiction Questionnaire (CIAS)

Liphetho li senotse kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa thobalano le mokhoa oa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, joalo ka 72% ea sehlopha se sebelisang mathata le 36% ea sehlopha se tloaelehileng e ne e le banna (P <0.001). Ho ne ho na le kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa sethala sa thuto le mokhoa oa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, kaha baithuti ba mahlale a mantlha ba thehile karolo e kholo ea sehlopha se nang le mathata (P = 0.04). Mabapi le lilemo tse bolelang le boemo ba lenyalo, ha ho phapang e kholo e ileng ea bonoa lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli (Lethathamo 4).

 

Tafole 4.

Liphetho tsa Liteko tsa Tlhahlobo ho Bapisa Libopeho tsa Batho le Lintlha Tse Ling Tse Amanang le Ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang Lipakeng tsa Lihlopha Tse Tloaelehileng le Tse Thata^a

Bolelele ba ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ea letsatsi le letsatsi, nako e sebelisoang haholo, le litšenyehelo tsa khoeli le khoeli tsa lits'ebeletso tsa inthanete li ne li fapane haholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli. Kahoo, sehlopheng se nang le ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng, ho bolela hore ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ea letsatsi le letsatsi e ne e le lihora tsa 1.7 ± 1.54 ka letsatsi, ha a le sehlopheng se nang le mathata, e ne e le 3.92 ± 2.39 (P <0.001) mme sehlopha sa morao se ne se sebelisa marang-rang bosiu le har'a mp'a bosiu haholo hangata ho feta sehlopha se tloaelehileng (P = 0.02). Hape, basebelisi ba nang le mathata ba sebelisa chelete e ngata marang-rang ho feta basebelisi ba tloaelehileng (P <0.001). Ts'ebeliso ea tee ea letsatsi le letsatsi e ne e fapane haholo har'a lihlopha tsena e le hore basebelisi ba nang le mathata ba noe tee ho feta sehlopha se tloaelehileng. Leha ho le joalo, ho noa kofi ho ne ho sa fapane lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena. Ho tsuba sakerete ho ne ho sa fapana haholo har'a lihlopha (P = 0.81) (Lethathamo 4).

Khafetsa maqhubu a mofuta o mong le o mong oa ts'ebetso ea inthanete a bontšoa ho Lethathamo 5, moo mefuta ea bona e neng e batla e le sieo haholo ho bona e neng e hlahloba mangolo-tsoibila le ho bapala lipapali, ka ho latellana. Ho sebelisa liteko tse nepahetseng tsa lipalo, ho hasoa ha lipapali tsa ho bapala hangata, ho qoqa le batho ba bacha le ho buisana le metsoalle le malapa ho fumanoe ho etsahala khafetsa sehlopheng se nang le mathata ha ho bapisoa le sehlopha se tloaelehileng 'me ho se tšoane hona ho ne ho le bohlokoa ho feta lipalo. Ho fapana le moo, ho jarolla lifilimi le 'mino, lipatlisiso tsa mahlale, ho sheba mangolo-tsoibila, mabenkele a marang-rang, litaba tsa ho bala le ho ngola li-weblog li ne li sa fapana haholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli.

 

Tafole 5.

Liphetho tsa Liteko tsa Hlahlobisisa ho Bapisa Kamehla ea Mesebetsi ea Inthanete lipakeng tsa Lihlopha tse Tloaelehileng le tse Thata ^a

5. Puisano

Phuputso ena e bontšitse hore 2.1% ea palo eohle ea barupeluoa e ne e le kotsing mme 5.2% e ne e le basebelisi ba lemallo, ka hona 7.3% ea bankakarolo bohle e ne e nkuoa e le basebelisi ba nang le mathata. Phuputsong e entsoeng ke Deng le basebetsi mmoho le yena, ho ile ha fumaneha hape hore ho ata ha boteng bona ke 5.52% hara baithuti e lumellanang le sephetho sa rona. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Ramazani le basebetsi mmoho le bona ba fumane kakaretso ea 3% bakeng sa baithuti ba bongaka ba Iran (1). Phuputso e ts'oanang e ile ea etsoa har'a liithuti tsa Univesithi ea Turkey ea Medical Science e bonts'ang ho ata ha bokhoba ba marang-rang ke 24 (10.3%) har'a liithuti tsa baoki, 7 (9.9%) har'a baithuti ba mahareng, 5 (9.1%) har'a baithuti ba pholoso ea bongaka le 42 (19.6 %) hara baithuti ba physiotherapy (10, 11). Ho tlameha ho hlokomeloe hore ho bapisa lithuto tsena ke mosebetsi o boima hobane ho fapana ka palo ea batho ba ithutang, lisebelisoa tse sebelisitsoeng le phapang litabeng tsa maemo a bophelo le setso. Barupeluoa ba thuto ena ba boletse merero ea mantlha ea ho sebelisa marang-rang e le e latelang (ka tatellano ea bohlokoa): ho hlahloba mangolo-tsoibila, lipatlisiso tsa mahlale, ho buisana le metsoalle le malapa, ho jarolla lifilimi le mmino, ho qoqa le batho ba bacha, ho reka mabenkeleng, ho ngolla liblog le qetellong o bapala lipapali. Thutong ena, tšebeliso ea marang-rang e atisang ho hlaha har'a basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nang le mathata e ne e le moqoqo le batho ba bacha, ba buisana le metsoalle le malapa le lipapali tsa inthanete. Mesebetsi e 'meli ea pele ke mesebetsi ea bohlokoa e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e lumellanang le' nete e netefalitsoeng ke lipatlisiso tse ling tseo basebelisi ba lemalloang haholo ba ratang likamore tsa ho qoqa (1, 3, 8, 10, 12, 13). Joalo ka lithuto tse ling tse ngata, boithuto bona bo bonts'itse hore ha ho kamano e bohlokoa pakeng tsa ho its'etleha ka marang-rang le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa mahlale; fumana sena se ne se tsamaisana le lithuto tse ling (14). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, phuputsong e bitsoang "Internet Addiction and the Related Factors in Residents of Zone 2 of Western Tehran", e ileng ea etsa lipatlisiso ho batho ba lilemo li 15 ho isa ho tse 39, Dargahi le basebetsi-'moho le bona ba paka hore ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e amana le mesebetsi ea mahlale (15); khanyetsano ena e ne e hlahisoa haholo ke phapang ea palo ea batho ba ithutang. Hoa tšoana le lithuto tse fetileng, liphetho tsa thuto ena li boetse li bonts'itse hore ho na le kamano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ho bapala lipapali le bokhoba ba marang-rang (12, 16). Phuputsong ena, ho fumanoe hore lilemo tsa barupeluoa li ne li sa fapana haholo pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tse lumellanang le sephetho sa lithuto tse entsoeng ke Bernardi le basebetsi mmoho (17) le Mohammad Beigi le basebetsi mmoho le baithuti ba Arak University of Medical Science. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba bafuputsi ba pejana ba ne ba nkile qeto ea hore ho na le kamano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba bokhoba le lilemo, ka hona, batho ba bacha ba kotsing e kholo ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi inthaneteng (7, 8, 15, 18-20). Mohlomong lebaka la khang ena e ne e le hore batho ba ithutileng lithuto tsa pele ba ne ba le lilemo tse ngata. Ho latela thuto ena, bokhoba ba marang-rang bo ne bo atile haholo ho banna bao ho lumellanang le lipatlisiso tse fetileng (3, 7, 8, 12, 21-24). Phuputsong e entsoeng ke Ikenna Adiele le Wole Olatokun mabapi le bacha, tekanyo ea monna le mosali e ne e batla e le 3: 1 ea lithuto tse lemalloang ke inthanete (25).

Ho latela thuto ena, basebelisi ba marang-rang ba nang le mathata ba ile ba qeta lihora tse telele ba sebelisa marang-rang ho feta basebelisi ba tloaelehileng, bo neng bo lumellana le lithuto tse fetileng (13, 23). Nako ea ho senya ke e 'ngoe ea lisosa tse kholo tsa ho se sebetse hantle har'a basebelisi ba lemalloang.

Phuputso ea rona e khothalelitse kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa sethala sa thuto le bokhoba ba marang-rang. Boithuto ba rona ha bo fumane kamano e teng lipakeng tsa boemo ba lenyalo le bokhoba ba marang-rang. Leha ho le joalo, kamano e joalo e fumanoe lithutong tse ngata tse fetileng tse boneng hore temallo ea inthanete e ne e atile haholo har'a balekane ho fapana le lithuto tsa ba nyalaneng (15). Thutong ea rona, sebaka se ka sehloohong sa tšebeliso ea marang-rang se ne se sa fapana haholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa boithuto. Boithuto bo fumane hore sebaka seo phihlello ea marang-rang e leng sona se ka behang kotsing ea ho lemalla marang-rang (12, 22, 26, 27). Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse hore basebelisi ba nang le mathata ba ne ba tloaetse ho sebelisa marang-rang bosiu le bosiu. Har'a liithuti tsa bongaka, ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang bosiu le har'a mp'a bosiu e baka mathata sechabeng, lithutong kapa mosebetsing, tse ka eketsang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete sehlopheng sena (28). E 'ngoe ea matla a thuto ena ke hore barupeluoa ba khethiloe ho tsoa mekhatlong eohle ea thuto mme le lintlha tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litheko tsa inthanete li ile tsa hlahlojoa. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le meeli e itseng thutong ea rona. Taba ea mantlha, ha ho lipotso tse ileng tsa etsoa ho netefatsa ho lemalla bokhoba ba marang-rang. Taba ea bobeli, re lekile feela ho theha kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le lintlha tse ka bang teng ntle le ho paka lebaka le kamano lipakeng tsa bona. Qetellong, ba bang ba ile ba hana ho tlatsa lipampiri tsa lipotso tse ka amang hampe thuto ea rona. Leha thuto ea rona e bonts'itse hore kholo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang e ne e se kholo ho feta palo ea batho le liunivesithi tse ling, kaha keketseho ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete e ntse e eketseha ka potlako lefatšeng ka bophara, baahi ba ithutileng le bona ba ka ba kotsing e kholo ea ho lemalla inthanete. Kahoo, ho tsepamisa mohopolo linthong tse amanang le tse bakang seo ho ka re thusa ho rala mekhoa e metle ea ho kenella le kalafo bakeng sa sehlopha sena se kotsing. Qetellong, re fana ka maikutlo a hore lithuto tse ling li etsoe ka ho buisana le liithuti ho fumana lisosa le lintlha tse amanang le tahi ea marang-rang har'a baithuti.

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References