Tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba e sebelisang mathata ho bacha: comorbidities, hlahloba, le kalafo (2019)

Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019 Jun 27; 12: 447-455. Doi: 10.2147 / PRBM.S208968. eCollection 2019.

Pluhar E1,2, Kavanaugh JR1, Levinson JA1, Morui M1,2.

inahaneloang

Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Mathata e Sebelisang Media (PIMU), ts'ebetso ea marang-rang kapa papatso ea lipapali tsa video, e ntse e eketseha ho hlaha ho bana bakeng sa tlhokomelo. Boholo ba bacha hona joale ba sebelisa mecha ea phatlalatso ea mehala e atisang ho buisana, ho ithuta le ho ithabisa, empa ho ba bang, lipapali tse sa laoloang tsa video, ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa sechaba, ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, le ho itlosa bolutu ka livideo tse khutšoane kapa marang-rang li kenya letsoho ho fokotseng tšebetso. PIMU e ka fella ka ho se atlehe lithutong, ho tlohela setjhaba, mathata a boitšoaro, likhohlano tsa lelapa le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le ba kelello. Ha ho na tlhahlobo ea semolao e hlalosang pherekano ea boits'oaro ba PIMU mme ka hona ha ho na mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea kalafo. Tataiso e lebelletsoeng e tla thusa ho tseba bacha ba kotsing le ho fa batsoali matla a ho lemoha le ho thibela mathata. Ntle le moo, lefu la lefu la kelello le etiology e bonts'a hore Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), mathata a amanang le mathata, le Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) a ka 'na a rera esale pele mme, maemong a mang, a hlahisoa ke PIMU, a fana ka menyetla ea kalafo e sebetsang ka ho sebetsana le methapo ea methapo. seo se iponahatsa ho tikoloho e kopanetsoeng ea mecha ea litaba. Boiteko ba ho theha liteko tse thehiloeng bopaki, ho nts'etsopele le ho lekola maano a phekolo, le ho koetlisa baoki ho amohela le ho hlokomela PIMU boa hlahlojoa.

LITLHAKISO: Boitšoaro bo hlephileng; bophelo bo botle ba lilemong tsa bocha; kalafo ya boitshwaro ya taolo; marang-rang; bophelo bo botle ba kelello

PMID: 31308769

PMCID: PMC6615461

DOI: 10.2147 / PRBM.S208968

Selelekela

Mehleng ea kajeno ea dijithale, tšebeliso e ntseng e hola ea li-media tse sebetsanang le li-smartphones, likhomphutha, lipapali tsa video le marang-rang bakeng sa mosebetsi le thabo li lebisitse nts'etsopele ea liphetho tse fapaneng tsa bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello. Ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa likarolo tsohle tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea mahlale a theknoloji le ho tseba maano a tlhahlobo le kalafo ea palo e ntseng e hola ea bacha ba nang le bothata bona. Thutong ena e khutšoanyane e phetoang, re akaretsa lintlha tse ling tse amehang haholo le lipatlisiso ka sehlooho sa Ts'ebeliso ea Mathata ea Ts'ebeliso ea Mathata (PIMU).

Methodology

Re entse patlisiso e pharaletseng ea lingoliloeng mehatong e meraro ea thuto: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, le CINAHL. Re sebelisitse mekhoa e fapaneng ea mantsoe a bohlokoa le ho batla mantsoe ka mantsoe, re sebelisa mantsoe a shebileng boitšoaro, ho kenyelletsa "tšebeliso", "mathata", "qobello", "ts'ebetso ea kelello" le "ho lemoha lintho". mahlale a marang-rang a kang "marang-rang," "papali ea video," "mecha ea litaba ea sechaba," "smartphone," "sesebelisoa sa mohala" le tse ling. Re boetse re thehile lipatlisiso ka mantsoe a lahliloeng a database. Ha re ntse re hatella taba ea ho khetha lingoliloeng tse phatlalalitsoeng nakong ea lilemo tsa 10 tse fetileng tse shebaneng le lipatlisiso tsa mantlha tsa lipatlisiso, re kenyelletsa le lingoliloeng tse seng kae tsa khale, le lihlooho tsa tlhahlobo, joalo ka ha re bona ho hlokahala. Lingoloa tse ling li ile tsa bonoa ka ho hlahloba litšupiso tsa lingoloa, hape re batlana le lingoliloeng tse putsoa inthaneteng. Ha ena e le tlhahlobo ea nalane, re ile ra khetha lingoliloeng tse lumellanang le sehlooho sa rona.

Ho hlalosa taba

PIMU e bua ka ts'ebeliso e sa laoleheng ea media e sebetsanang le litaba tse hlahisang litlamorao tse mpe tse amang ts'ebetso ea motho ka mong. Joalo ka litloaelo tse ling tsa boits'oaro, motho ea nang le PIMU a ka ba le mamello e eketsehileng ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso le karabelo e mpe ha a qobelloa ho thibela ts'ebeliso ea bona. Ka lebaka la bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba kliniki bo amanang le PIMU, American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ea Mathata a kelello, 5th ed. (DSM-5), e phatlalalitsoeng ho 2013, e thathamisitsoe Inthaneteng ea Lipapatso tsa Lipapatso tsa Inthanete (IGD) ka sehlomathisong sa maemo a hlokang hore lipatlisiso tse ling li nkuoe e le tlhahlobo e ka hlahang.1 Ho 2018, Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, ha o hlokomela hore lipapali tsa lipapali tse nang le mathata li ka hlaha kantle ho marang-rang le marang-rang, o thehile Lipapatso tsa Lipapali e le tlhahlobo ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho Ts'ebetso ea Machaba ea Ts'oarelo ea mafu, 11th.2 Leha tsena e le mehato e nepahetseng ho tsebisa ka PIMU, ha li kenyelle tšebeliso ea litaba tse ling tse amanang le mathata tse hlokang ho tsoela pele ho etsa lipatlisiso le conceptualization ea bongaka. Ha re hlokomela ho fapana hoa nalane lethathamong le sebelisitsoeng bothateng bona, re tla bua ka bothata bona e le PIMU, empa ha re lekola lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso, re tla sebelisa nomenclature e fumanoeng ke bafuputsi ba pele.

Leha tlhahiso ea bongaka e ka fapana, bonyane li-subtypes tse 'nè tse hlahelletseng tsa PIMU li hlahisitsoe bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea bongaka: papali ea chelete, ho kenyelletsoa papali ea video e fumanehang inthaneteng kapa e sa sebetseng khomphutha, komporo, kapa sesebelisoa sa mohala; ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea sechaba, ho kenyelletsa ho sebelisana le marang-rang ka ho qobella ho baka mahlomola, matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo; pono ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​moo litlhoko tsa thobalano li khotsofatsoang ka tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse hlahisang ho se sebetse hantle ka thobalano; Ho itlopa bolutu ka litaba, ho kenyelletsa ho qeta nako e telele mesebetsing e meng ea inthaneteng e kang livideo tsa ho itlopa lijo.3

Bana le bacha ba kotsing e kholo ea PIMU; cortex ea lilemong tsa bocha, e ikarabellang bakeng sa mesebetsi e metle joaloka ho ahlola liqeto, ho etsa liqeto le ho rarolla mathata, ha e hola ka botlalo ho fihlela bohareng ba 20.4 Matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang a amanang le ts'ebetso e mpe ea ts'ebetso,5 joalo ka litlatsetso tse ling tsa boitsoaro. Ha tlhahlobo le mefuta ea kalafo li le teng bakeng sa litaba tse ling tsa boits'oaro, ho fumaneha ha lisebelisoa tse joalo tsa PIMU ho ntse ho fokola, ho beha bacha kotsing e kholo ea ho tobana le liphephetso ka ts'ebetso ea thuto, nts'etsopele ea maikutlo a sechaba, phepo e ntle, boroko, bophelo bo botle ba 'mele, le likamano tsa batho.

Epidemiology

Ts'ebeliso ea litaba e sebetsanang le litaba tsa litaba e se e tloaelehile har'a bacha. Ho 2018, 88% ea bana ba lilemo tsa 13-17 e ne e khona ho kena khomphuteng ea lapeng mme 84% e ne e na le papali ea papali.6 Bokhoni ba ho ba mocha le phihlello ea li-smartphones li eketsehile ka potlako ho tloha 73% ho 20147 ho 95% ho 2018.6 Ho feta moo, maqhubu a batjha a ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba a skrineng a eketsehile haholo lilemong tse 'ne tse fetileng. Ho 2014, 24% ea bacha ba sebelisitse marang-rang "hoo e batlang e le kamehla,"7 mme liperesente tse li batla li imena habeli ho 45% ho 2018.6 Bacha ba bangata (97% ea bashanyana le 83% ea banana) ba bapala lipapali tsa video mme 97% e litsing tsa media tsa sechaba joalo ka YouTube (85%), Instagram (72%), le Snapchat (69%).6 Ho 2016, nako e tloaelehileng e sebelisoang le media mecha ea phatlalatso letsatsi le leng le le leng e ne e le li-8 hrs le li-56 li-mins tsa bacha le 5 hrs le 55 mins ho bana ba pakeng tsa 8 le 12.8 Bana ba tlasa 8 ba sebelisitse li-average tsa 2 hrs le 19 mins ea media media ka letsatsi,9 'me ka lilemo tsa 3, ba bangata ba sebelisa sesebelisoa sa mohala letsatsi le letsatsi ntle le thuso ea batsoali.10 Le ha linomoro tsena li supa hore nako ea tšebeliso ea skrine e phahame ho bana ba Amerika le bacha, ntle le tšenyo e itseng, ho thata ho tseba hore na ke ba bakae ba loanang le PIMU.

Litekanyetso tsa bacha ba "lekhoba la marang-rang" li tsoa ho 0.8% Italy11 ho 14% China12 le phahameng joaloka 26.7% Hong Kong.13 Sussman et al (2018)14 hakanya ho ata ha IGD ho tla ba phahameng haholo joaloka 9.4% United States. Phapang e pharalletseng ea kakaretso e tlalehiloeng e bonts'a litlhaloso le litekanyetso tsa maemo ana hammoho le phapang e teng tšebelisong ea litaba le litloaelo tsa boits'oaro.3 Ho ata ha PIMU ho thata ka lebaka la khaello ea nomenclature le maemo a bothata. Bafuputsi ba tsoang lithutong tse fapaneng tsa kliniki ba sebelisitse lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa ho hlahlobisisa le mehato ea tlhahlobo ho tseba mathata a ts'ebeliso ea litaba e sebetsanang le litaba. Ho haelloa ke maemo a tlhahlobo ea mafu, lisebelisoa tse ngata tse sebelisang mecha ea phatlalatso le lits'ebetso, le boits'oaro bo bongata bo sa sebetseng bo hlahisitse litlhaloso tse ngata tse fapaneng le litlhaloso tse fapaneng tsa 50 tsa ts'ebeliso ea litaba tse sebetsanang le tšebeliso ea litaba tsa Inthanete (IA).15 ho lipapali tsa video tsa pathological16 ho lemalla Facebook17 ho qobella tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.18

Likotsi le lisosa tsa kotsi

Ts'ebeliso e sa laoloeng ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale e amana le maemo a mang a kelello. Litlamorao tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ka tšebeliso e feteletseng li ntse li tsoela pele ho ithutoa ha nako e telele, empa lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li bontša hore khatello ea maikutlo le tlhalohanyo ea maikutlo / khatello ea kelello (ADHD) e atile har'a bacha ba loanang le PIMU.19 Matšoenyeho a Co-morbid le a pele a neng a le teng, mathata a ho robala, le autism spectrum disorder (ASD) le ona a tloaelehile ho ba loanang le ts'ebeliso e matla ea phatlalatso.19

ho tepella maikutlo

Bafuputsi ha joale ba ntse ba sebeletsa ho utloisisa hamolemo kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le khatello ea maikutlo ea bacha.20 Leha lithuto li sena sephetho,21 ba bangata ba senola hore bana ba sebelisang nako e ngata inthaneteng ba le khatello ea maikutlo.22 Patlisiso ho tloha mehleng ea 2003 e bonts'a hore mabenkele a marang-rang, lipapali le lipatlisiso li ne li tsamaisana le khatello ea maikutlo har'a bacha.23 Mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e ka lebisa bacha ba ikutloang ba le bang ho putsa ka ho sebelisa marang-rang feela, joalo ka ho phenya-phenya litlaleho tsa batho ba bang, e leng se ka etsang hore ba be le maikutlo a eketsehileng a ho se lekane.24 Ho utloahala hore khatello ea maikutlo e ka etsa hore bana ba sebelise marang-rang haholo ho sebetsana le maikutlo a bona.25

ADHD

ADHD e ama ho fihla ho 10% ea bana lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me ba ka ba le menyetla ea ho sebelisa mekhoa e mengata ea tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba.26 Hobane ADHD e hokahane le litaba tsa ho tsepamisa maikutlo, ho tsitsipana, le khatello ea maikutlo, bacha ba nang le bothata bona hangata ba hoheloa ke marang-rang a laolehang a marang-rang mme ba ka thatafalloa ke ho laola tšebeliso ea bona.27 Bana ba bang ba nang le ADHD ba sebetsana ka katleho le bokhoni bo fokotsehileng ba maemo a bophelo kapa mathata a bona a thuto ka ho itšireletsa le ho ithorisa ka mecha ea litaba e sebetsanang le litaba.28 Ka lebaka leo, ADHD ke e 'ngoe ea li-comorbidities tse atileng haholo tsa PIMU.29 Bana ba nang le mathata a tlhokomelo ba tloaetse ho hohela ho lipapali tse fetelletseng,30 mme ba nang le litšekamelo tse susumetsang kapa tse nang le khatello e matla ho feta bana ba methapo ea kutlo ba ka arabela ka khalefo, ba lla, kapa pefo ha ba kopuoa hore ba khaotse ho bapala.31 Patlisiso ea morao tjena e hlahisitse ngongoreho ea hore ho se sebetsane le ho etsa lintho ka tsela e hlakileng mecheng ea phatlalatso ea mehala ho ka kenya letsoho kholisong ea matšoao a ADHD har'a bacha.32

Mathata a ho tšoenyeha ka sechaba

Bana ba ka qoba ho ba le maikutlo a matla joalo ka matšoenyeho kapa khatello ea maikutlo ka ho ikakhela ka setotsoana mecha ea litaba e sebetsanang le litaba.33 Bacha ba nang le mathata a ho tšoenyeha ka maemo a sechaba ba ka hlaseleha habonolo mme ba bontšitsoe ho kenya letsoho PIMU.34 Puisano ea dijithale ka melaetsa ea litaba kapa ea sechaba e hlahisa bacha ba tšoenyehileng sechabeng ba nang le "bolelele ba letsoho le leng" la puisano, 'me bana ba nang le matšoenyeho ba ka ba le mekhoa e sebelisang mathata ka lebaka la ho phutholoha haholoanyane le taolo ea lipuisano tsena tse inthaneteng.35 Lipapatso le lipapali tsa sechaba li bonahala li fana ka mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho baleha maikutlong hobane ba lumella bacha ho arolelana maikutlo le menahano e mebe le ba bang marang-rang, athe ba ka be ba sa lokolohe ho arolelana tlhahisoleseling le lithaka ka sefahleho.36 Mokhoa ona oa ho sebetsana ka katleho o na le monyetla oa ho ama litšebelisano tsa 'nete bophelong.37 Bacha ba tšoenyehileng ka marang-rang ba ka thatafalloang ke ho haha ​​le ho boloka likamano, ho sebetsa hantle lithutong, kapa ho hlekefetsa ka marang-rang.3

Mathata a ho robala

Ho felloa ke boroko le litšitiso hangata ke letšoao la pele la tšebeliso ea mathata, ts'ehetso ea kelello kapa ts'ebeliso e akaretsang ea komporo, ho theosa le lilemo, bong, botjhaba, le PIMU subtype.38-40 Ts'ebeliso ea litaba tse sebetsanang le litaba tsa motšehare oa mantsiboea e bontšitsoe hore e ama tloaelo ea boroko ea bacha ha nako e ntse e eketseha ea skrineng e thusa ho hlobaela, ho kenyelletsa ho sitoa ho robala le ho robala.41-44 Patlisiso e bonts'itse kamano ea ho batla ho ratoa, le likhathatso tsa boroko tse boletsoeng esale pele tšebeliso ea litheko tsa skrineng, le mecha ea litaba ea skrineng e fetisang likhathatso ea boroko.42,44 Phuputso e 'ngoe e tsoang ho 2014 e bonts'a hore ho bapala papali bosiu ho etsa hore bana ba loane le ho qala ho robala, ho qeta nako le ho sebetsa hantle.45 E 'ngoe e tsoang ho 2018 e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea marang-rang, melaetsa ea sechaba, thelevishene le lipapali tsa lipapali kaofela li hokahane le ho robala ka mathata, e leng ho eketsang tlokotsi ea taolo ea maikutlo mme ho ka fella ka matšoao a sithabetsang.46 Bacha ba ka robala lihora tse seng kae ha ba robala ka mor'a nako e le 'ngoe ho buisana ka fono kapa ka marang-rang a sechaba mme ba beha lifono tsa bona pela bethe ea bona ho amohela le ho araba melaetsa.47

ASD

Bacha ba nang le ASD ka tloaelo ba qeta nako e ngata ba sebelisa mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale ho feta ba se nang eona; phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore bacha ba nang le ASD ba qeta bonyane 4.5 hrs ka letsatsi likalinyaneng, ha ba bapisoa le bana ba bona ba tloaetseng ho hola ba neng ba qeta lihora tsa 3.1 ka letsatsi ho skrini.48 Bana ba nang le papali ea ASD bakeng sa hora e le ngoe ka karolelano ho feta bana ba methapo, mme ba ts'oana le ba nang le ADHD, bacha ba nang le ASD ba ka thatafalloa ke ho laola nako ea bona ba sebelisana le mecha ea phatlalatso ea dijithale, ba araba ka bohale kapa ka maikutlo ha ba botsoa hore ba khaotse.49,50 Banana le bashanyana ba Autistic ba ka bonts'a bokhoni bo ikhethang ba theknoloji, bo sebelisitsoeng hantle ho tsa thuto le ho kenella.51 Ka lebaka la mefokolo e ka bang teng ea bokhoni ba boiketlo ba sechaba joalo ka ho se khone ho etsa mahlo, bana ba ASD hangata ba thatafalloa ke ho ba le sechaba, empa 64% ha e sebelise litaba tsa dijithale bakeng sa ts'ebelisano.50 Hangata ba na le tjantjello mabapi le khokahano ea batho, empa ba ka haelloa ke bokhoni ba ho thabela botsoalle, ho ba beha kotsing ea PIMU kaha meqoqo le inthanete li ka fana ka tsela e seng kotsi ea ho thabela botsoalle.

Tlhahlobo le kalafo

Basebeletsi ba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba khothalelitsoe ho lekola mekhoa ea bakuli ba bona litekong tse akaretsang,52 mme American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) e khothalelitse ho hlahloba bakuli ba bana bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea media ho tloha li1990s.53 Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea skrine ha e otlolohe joalo ka ha e ne e le ha AAP e khothaletse ho shebella thelevisheneng ea 2 hrs ka letsatsi.54 Ha mahlale a thuto a nkile sebaka sa lingoliloeng tsa setso, ho thatafaletsa bana "nako e itseng ea" boleng bo phahameng ba thuto "ho ntse ho thatafala haholo. Senotlolo sa ho kenella pele ho nako ke ho nka karolo ha ba fanang ka tsebo, lingaka, matichere le batsoali ba ntseng ba le teng tsebong ea bona ea litaba tsena tse hlahang.52 Baoki ba tlameha ho tseba, ho hlahloba le ho hlokomela bakuli ba nang le PIMU, empa lingaka tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le tsa bophelo bo botle ha li e-so fihle tumellano mabapi le mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea konkreiti.

Ho ruta lingaka tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le tsa bophelo ba kelello ho tseba PIMU ho bohlokoa ho fetisetsa phetisetso e nepahetseng bakeng sa kalafo ke setsebi se nang le tsebo le se nang le tsebo ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello hammoho le ho tšoara bakuli ba tlhokomelong ea bona. Ha ho ntse ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse fokolang tsa kalafo, kalafo e sebetsang e ka rarolla boits'oaro bo bobe ba litaba bo sebetsanang le maemo a tlase a entseng hore bo be le boits'oaro.55 Mokhoa o mong oa ho phekola bacha ba nang le PIMU ke ho thusa ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba ho sebetsana le bakuli e le hore ba tsebe ho laola maikutlo a bona. Morero oa mantlha ke ho bana le bacha ba loantšaneng le PIMU ho qalella mokhoa oa bona oa ho holisa bophelo bo botle ba 'mele, kelello le ts'ebetso ea kelello.

Phekolo ea boits'oaro bo nang le kelello (CBT)

CBT ke e 'ngoe ea liphutuho tsa kalafo tse netefalitsoeng ka matla tse fetotsoeng ho leka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete United States.56 CBT e qalile e thehiloe motheong oa "menahano e khethollang maikutlo," mme e ikemiselitse ho thusa bakuli ho lekola boitšoaro ba bona.57,58 CBT e ruta bakuli mokhoa oa ho lemoha le ho qoba lisosa tsa bona le ho ithuta mekhoa e mecha ea ho sebetsana le bona e le hore ba ka qala ho fokotsa mekhoa le maikutlo a seng kotsi.59

Theknoloji e fetohile ea bohlokoa bophelong ba batho ba letsatsi le letsatsi; CBT e khothaletsa phetoho ea boitšoaro ho ruta ts'ebeliso e nepahetseng ea inthanete ho e-na le ho ithiba.60 Tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta e bonts'itse hore CBT e ka tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng ka sebopeho sa motho a le mong kapa sehlopha bakeng sa bacha ba nang le mathata a lipapali.61 Liphetho tsa pele ho tlhahlobo ea 2013 ea kalafo ea kelello bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete li senola hore CBT e sebetsa hantle haholo bakeng sa ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo le nako ea skrineng.62 Ho tenyetseha ha ts'ebetso ho matlafatsoa le katleho ea ts'ebeliso ea CBT ka nako ea lihlopha tsa 1563 le likarolo tse robeli ka bomong,64,65 moo bohle ba fumaneng ntlafatso ea bohlokoa matšoao a amanang le IA. Boithuto bo bong ba motho ka mong oa bacha ba banna ba 30 ba Spain ba nang le mathata a lipapali tsa marang-rang ba tlaleha matšoao a fokolang le litekanyetso tse fokolang tsa tlhahlobo bakeng sa IGD ka mor'a ho ba le CBT.66 Phuputso e ile ea arola barupeluoa ka lihlopha tse peli moo e mong a neng a kenyelletsa psychoedfundo ho batsoali ba bakuli. Ka sehlotšoaneng seo, litheko tsa ho tloheloa li theohile haholo nakong ea kalafo, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho nka karolo ha lelapa ho hlahisa litholoana tse atlehileng haholoanyane kalafong. Mosebetsing ke Santos et al (2016),67 bakuli ba baholo ba nang le comorbid IA le matšoenyeho a tlasa CBT le ho latela, ba bontšitse matšoao a ho fokotseha haholo. Thutong ea 2016, lenaneo la 'nete la phepo e nepahetseng (VRT) bakeng sa ho lemalla papali ea marang-rang le ile la fumanoa le ts'oana le CBT ho fokotsa botebo ba temallo ea papali ea inthanete.68 Imaging-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) e boetse e bontšitse hore CBT e sebetsa. Phuputso e le 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa 26 IGD tse fumaneng tlhaiso ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka le tlhahlobo ea bongaka kamora ho qeta CBT e bonts'a hore nako e sebelisoang libapali beke le beke e ne e le khuts'oane haholo, e fihlela qeto ea hore CBT e ka laola liphetoho tse sa tloaelehang tsa maemo a tlase maemong a mantlha lithutong tsa IGD mme e ka ntlafatsa IGD -le matšoao a amanang.69

CBT-IA

Sebopeho se ntlafalitsoeng sa CBT se tsejoang ka hore ke CBT-IA se entsoeng ke Dr. Kimberly Young se entsoe ka ho khetheha bakeng sa "Internet Addiction" (IA). CBT-IA e kenyelletsa mohato o mekha e meraro oa Behaeveal Modform, Cognitive Reformifying, le Harm Reduction Therapy (HRT). Phapang ena ea CBT e thusa bakuli ho tseba le ho laola mekhoa ea inthanete, ho fetola maikutlo a ka lebisang kapa ho lumella IA, le ho alafa mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello.57 Tekong ea 2013 ea CBT-IA, 95% ea bankakarolo ba fumaneng libeke tsa 12 tsa kalafo ba ka khona ho laola tšebeliso ea bona ea inthanete hang kamora moo, mme 78% e ile ea tsoela pele ho laola ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete bonyane likhoeli tse tšeletseng.65 Le ha CBT-IA e etselitsoe IA 'me e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e lemalla, mokhoa ona o sebetsana le matšoao a fapaneng a amanang le tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba.

Mokhoa oa ho phekola ka ho khetholla (DBT)

DBT ke mofuta o felletseng oa CBT o qapiloeng qalong ho alafa Borderline botho ba motho, bothata ba khatello ea maikutlo. Motheo oa khopolo-taba bakeng sa DBT ke hore bakuli ba ba le matšoao ka lebaka la litšekamelo tsa tlhaho tse ikhethang tsa ts'oaetso, joalo ka ho sitisoa ha ho itaola, le ho pepesehela khafetsa tikolohong e sa sebetseng. DBT e thusa liphokotso tse tobileng tse bang teng ha litaba tsa maikutlo li eketsoa ke mabaka a kantle.70 Hobane ba bangata ba kenang PIMU ba etsa joalo ho laola kapa ho qoba maikutlo a matla, DBT e ka ba khetho e sebetsang ea kalafo. Haholo-holo, bacha ba loantšanang le PIMU ka lebaka la ho hlobaela maikutlong ho kopantsoeng le "ho hloka tumello" ho ka ba likhetho tse ntle tsa DBT.71 Patlisiso e sebetsang mabapi le phello ea DBT ho PIMU ha e-so ka e etsoa, ​​empa bopaki bo hlakileng bo fana ka tšepiso.

Mekhoa e meng ea DBT ea ho thusa ka PIMU e kenyelletsa Tsebo ea Ho nahanela kelello, e etselitsoeng ho eketsa bokhoni ba mokuli ba ho ba le maikutlo a boiphihlelo, menahano, le likhothaletso, ka hona li lumella mokuli ho etsa liqeto ka nepo; Mathata a ho mamella khatello, a fanang ka mekhoa e meng ea ho sebetsana le boemo le ho khothaletsa phokotso ea ts'ebeliso ea litaba; Tsebo e Sebetsang ea Ts'ebetso ea Basebetsi ho eketsa boitlhompho le boits'epo le ho fokotsa likhohlano; Bokgoni ba Taolo ea Emotion, ho ruta bakuli ho hlokomela le ho khetholla maikutlo a fapaneng, ho utloisisa ts'ebetso ea maikutlo, ho eketsa maikutlo a matle, le ho tlohela maikutlo a sa batleheng; Dialectics Walking the Middle Path, e rutang mokuli ho nahana le ho etsa lintho ka mokhoa o fapaneng, qoba maikutlo a maputsoa le bosoeu, le ho fumana "tsela e bohareng" kapa ho lekana lipakeng tsa kamohelo le phetoho.

Pheko ea sehlopha

Phekolo ea sehlopha e ka ba kalafo e sebetsang bakeng sa PIMU, haholo-holo ho bacha. Sehlopha se hlophisa lipuisano se ntlafatsa bokhoni ba puisano bo pakeng tsa motho, se ntlafatsa tšebelisano ea sechaba, hape se theha khokahano ea tšehetso e tataisang batho hore ba susumetsoe ke lithaka tsa bona.68,72,73 Ho latela tlhahlobo ea meta ea 2017 ea mekhoa ea kalafo ea IA bakeng sa bacha ba Korea, boholo ba sehlopha sa batho ba 9-12 hangata bo hlahisa litholoana tse ntle haholo.74 Ho bonolo hore ba bule maikutlo a bona ha ba ikutloa ba tšehetsoa ke moetapele oa sehlopha le litho tsa sehlopha.72 Phuputso ea China ea kalafo ea sehlopha bakeng sa bacha ba lilemo tse 12-17 e loantšanang le IA e bonts'itse ha ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e fokotseha kahare ho sehlopha sa ho kenella le sehlopha sa taolo, sehlopha sa ho kenella se ile sa ba le liphetoho tse kholo matšoao a tloaelehileng a PIMU, se fokotseha ka matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo ebile ha e tsotellehe boits'oaro, mme oa hlokomela ntlafatso taolong ea maikutlo le likamanong tsa lithaka.75 Phuputso ena e kenyelelitse koetliso ea batsoali ea ho hlokomela le ho fihlela litlhoko tsa bana ba bona tsa kelello, ho buisana ka mokhoa o atlehileng, le ho laola bacha ka PIMU.75

Koetliso ea botsoali ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho kenella ka mekhoa e mengata hobane mefuta ea lelapa, haholo mokhoa oa botsoali, e susumetsa nts'etsopele ea PIMU.76,77 Ho buisana le bahlokomeli ba bacha lilemong ho boetse ho senola tlhahisoleseling e mabapi le boitšoaro ba mocha ba inthaneteng le maano a theknoloji a lelapa.52 Phekolo ea malapa a mangata e bontšitsoe hore e fokotsa haholo bokhoba ba marang-rang bakeng sa bacha ha ba bapisoa le ba sa fumanang kalafo ena.78 Puisano e ntlafalitsoeng ea batsoali le bana le ho khotsofala li hloka ka bobeli li amanang le ho fokotseha ha IA lilemong tsa bocha tsa 12-18.78 Phuputsong ea Hong Kong ea kalafo ea IA, kalafo ea malapa e sebelisitsoe e le karolo ea mekhoa ea kalafo ea multidimensional ka bobeli (lilemo tsa 11-15) le bocha ba morao (lilemo tsa 16-18).79 Liphetho li bonts'itse hore kalafo ea IA e kenyeletsang tlhabollo ea malapa e ka lebisa phokotsong ea matšoao, ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea lelapa, le bokhoni bo eketsehileng ba mocha ba ho sebetsana le mathata a bona.79

Phekolo e mengata

Joalo ka mathata a mangata a boitšoaro, motsoako oa mekhoa ea phekolo, hammoho le ntlafatso ea tšusumetso, meriana, le ho sebetsana le bolulo ba thuto le litšusumetso tsa sechaba li ntlafatsa katleho ea kalafo ea PIMU. Hangata bakuli ba PIMU ba loantšana le ho hlobaela maikutlong ka lebaka la ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo kapa mathata a mang a bophelo ba kelello. Phuputso e 'ngoe Korea e sebelisitse mofuta oa phekolo ea sehlopha le CBT ho tšoara liithuti tsa 17 tse sebelisang marang-rang hampe. Sebelisa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang letsatsi le leng le le leng pele lenaneo le ne le le 4.75 hrs; kamora lenaneo, e ne e le 2.77 hrs.80 Phuputso e entsoeng Brazil e fumane kalafo e sebetsang ea bokuli ba matšoenyeho le IA e kopaneng le CBT le meriana.67 Phekolo ea Multidimensional le MI le kalafo ea malapa e bontšitsoe hore e fokotse tšebeliso e matla ea boralitaba ho bakuli ba Machaena.79

Puisano

Bahlokomeli ba tlhokomelo ea mantlha, bafani ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello, matichere le batsoali ba na le boikarabello ba ho laola ts'ebeliso ea bacha ea mecha ea litaba e sebetsanang le tataiso ntle le tataiso e thehiloeng ke bopaki, ho etsa thibelo le ho kenella pele ho nako ho le bohlokoa. Hobane ts'ebeliso ea skrineng e se e le ngata haholo, ho bonolo ho lahleheloa ke matšoao a pele a temoso ea PIMU le ho batla kalafo ha feela ts'ebeliso ea media e sitisitse bokhoni ba mocha ba ho etsa bophelo bo tloaelehileng ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Lingaka li ka itšetleha ka bopaki bo hlahisitsoeng tlhahlobisong ena kaofela ho bona matšoao le matšoao a tloaelehileng a bakuli ba lilemong tsa bocha ba ka bang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea bona ea media, ho hlahloba bakuli ba sebelisang tlhahlobo e hlakileng ea tlhahlobo le mokuli le bahlokomeli ( ha ho hlokahala). Lingaka li ka boela tsa nahana ka liteko tse fetileng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le thuto, tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba mokuli, ts'ebetso ea lelapa, ts'ebetso ea sechaba, ts'ebetso ea sekolo, ts'ebetso ea 'mele, le kalafo ea nakong e fetileng kapa ea hona joale. Ntle le moo, karolo ea bohlokoa ea tlhahlobo ke ho lekola mathata a maikutlo a kopanetsoeng, boits'oaro, kapa ho ithuta a ka kenyang kholisong kapa boiphihlelo bo tsoelang pele ba PIMU. Bona Lethathamo 1 bakeng sa tataiso e akaretsang ea tlhahlobo ea PIMU ho bacha.

Lethathamo 1 Tlhahlobo ea mocha lilemong ea nang le bothata ba tšebeliso ea litaba tse sebelisang mecha ea litaba

Hang ha ngaka e hlahloba dintlha tsena kaofela, ho bohlokoa ho theha moralo o akaretsang oa tlhahlobo efe kapa efe e nepahetseng e hlalositsoeng ke DSM-5, kutlwisiso e hlakileng ea matla le mathata a mokuli, le sebopeho sa biopsychosocial sa ts'ebetso ea PIMU. Le ha kalafo ea meriana e ka ba karolo ea morero oa kalafo ea mokuli oa PIMU, DBT le CBT li ipakile li na le bokhoni ba ho shebella boits'oaro le menahano ea PIMU e bakang khatello kapa likotsi. Ka temoso e ts'oanang, CBT e kanna ea hlomelloa haholoanyane ho sebetsana le maemo a mongobo joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, khaello ea tlhokomelo, ho tšoenyeha le mathata a ho robala.

fihlela qeto e

PIMU ke boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho ba Digital Age. Tšebeliso e mpe ea mecha ea litaba e sebelisanang - lipapali, litaba tsa sechaba, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​kapa tlhaiso-leseling e sa feleng ea pono le lingoloa - e ka ama ngoana kapa ngoana ea lilemong tsa bocha, e ka senya bophelo ba bona ba 'mele, ba kelello le / kapa ba bophelo ka litsela tse tebileng. PIMU e kanna ea thibeloa ka ho kenyelletsa le ho lekola ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso e sebelisang bana le bacha hore ba e sebelise ka kelello, ka tsela e leka-lekaneng, 'me ba lule ba le teng ho ba lelapa, metsoalle, le boiphihlelo bo bongata ba bophelo bo fanang ka bona. Boitsebiso, tlhahlobo le kalafo bakeng sa PIMU li bohlokoa ho thusa ho khutlisetsa bacha lits'ebetsong tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa bophelo bo botle.

Re sa ntse re lokela ho ithuta haholo ka PIMU, karolo e 'ngoe e le ka lebaka la ho fetoha le ho feto-fetoha ha lits'ebetso tse matla tsa ngoana, theknoloji le boitšoaro ba motho. Litsi tsa bongaka tsa thuto li sebetsa ka mafolofolo ho supa mathata a tšebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso e le mathata, ho nts'etsapele le ho lekola maano a kalafo, ho ruta sechaba ka thibelo, le ho koetlisa baoki hore ba hlokomele le ho hlokomela PIMU. Ka lipatlisiso le koetliso e loketseng, bafani ba tla ntlafatsa litsebo tsa ho laola PIMU le liphephetso tse ling tsa bophelo ba dijithale. Le ha pampiri ena e ne e lekantsoe feela ho li-comorbidities, liteko, le kalafo, lintlha tsa nako e tlang li ka kenyelletsa tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng e mabapi le ho khetholla lintlha tsa kotsi ea botho le tse amanang le botho tse tlatsetsang kholisong ea PIMU. Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang lia hlokahala ho hlakisa phello ea PIMU ho pholletsa le nako ea boipheliso le nts'etsopele ea nako e telele.

senoloa ha

Emily Pluhar, Jill R Kavanaugh le Michael Rich kaofela ba ikopantseng le Clinic for Interactive Media and Internet Dis shida (CIMAID) Sepetlele sa Bana sa Boston. Bangoli ba tlaleha ha ho na likhohlano tse ling tsa thahasello mosebetsing ona.

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