Bothata ba ho Sebelisa Inthanete le ho Sebetsa ka 'Mele oa' mele (2015)

PLoS One. 2015 Aug 5; 10 (8): e0134538. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.

Reed P1, Vile R1, Osborne LA2, Romano M3, Truzoli R3.

inahaneloang

Tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata e amahantsoe le mefuta e fapaneng ea li-comorbidities, empa kamano le bokuli ba 'mele ha e so fumane tekanyo e tšoanang ea lipatlisiso. Boithuto ba hajoale bo ithutile barupeluoa ba 505 marang-rang, mme ba botsa ka maemo a bona a ts'ebeliso e thata ea marang-rang (Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete), khatello ea maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha (Sekala sa Kameho ea Sepetlele le Maemo a ho Tepella Maikutlo), karohano ea sechaba (UCLA Loneliness Potso), mathata a boroko (Pittsburgh S sleep Quality Index) , le bophelo ba bona ba hona joale - Potso e Akaretsang ea Bophelo bo Botle (GHQ-28), le Lenaneo la Lipotso la Immune Function. Liphetho li bontšitse hore 30% ea sampole e bonts'a litekanyetso tse bobebe kapa tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke IAT. Leha ho bile le phapang merero eo banna le basali ba sebelisang marang-rang, ho ne ho se na phapang lipakeng tsa maemo a ts'ebeliso e mpe lipakeng tsa banna ba batona. Mathata a marang-rang a ne a amana ka matla le lintho tse ling tsohle tse fapaneng tsa kelello tse kang khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho, ho itšehla thajana le mathata a ho robala. Ho lemalla marang-rang ho ne ho boetse ho amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e fokotsang ea boits'ireletso ba mmele, empa eseng joalo ka tekanyo ea bophelo bo botle ka kakaretso (GHQ-28). Kamano ena lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata le ts'ebetso e fokotsang ea ts'ireletso ea mmele e fumanoe e ikemetse ntle le tšusumetso ea ts'ebelisano 'moho. Ho khothalletsoa hore kamano e mpe lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata le ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e ka tsamaisoa ke maemo a khatello a hlahisoang ke ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang joalo, le ts'ebeliso ea morao-rao ea kutloelo-bohloko, e amanang le li-supressants tsa mmele, tse kang cortisol.

Tlhaloso: Reed P, Vile R, Osborne LA, Romano M, Truzoli R (2015) Ts'ebeliso e Ntle ea Marang-rang le Mosebetsi oa Boits'ireletso. PloS ONE 10 (8): e0134538. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538

mohlophisi: Antonio Verdejo-García, Univesithi ea Granada, SPAIN

Re amohetse: December 3, 2014; E amohetse: July 10, 2015; E phatlalalitsoe: August 5, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 Reed et al. Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng sa phihlello se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa maemo a License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons, e lumellang tšebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso, le phetiso ea mofuta o fe kapa o fe, ha fela ho ngolisitsoe mongoli oa mantlha le mohloli

Ho fumaneha ha Data: Ka lebaka la litlhoko tsa boits'oaro tse behiloeng ho lokolloe ha datha efe kapa efe e bokelloang ka elektroniki ke Lefapha la Litekanyetso tsa Boitšoaro ba Psychology, re ka se khone ho etsa hore data e be teng inthaneteng, empa re thabile haholo ho fana ka datha tsena ho mang kapa mang ea lakatsang ho e bona, ka ho ikopanya le Moprofesa Phil Reed at [imeile e sirelelitsoe].

Lithuso: Bangoli ha ba na tšehetso kapa chelete ea ho fana ka tlaleho.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.

Selelekela

Tšebeliso e feteletseng kapa e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang (kapa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang) e hlahisitsoe ke ba bang e le bothata bakeng sa lihlopha tse itseng tsa batho [1,2], le tlhoko ea thuto e eketsehileng mabapi le hore na Internet Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) ke mohopolo o sebetsang o khothalelitsoe [1,3]. Batho ka bomong ba tlalehang mathata mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ba bona matšoao a amanang le ona, a kang: tšitiso e kholo mosebetsing oa bona le likamanong tsa sechaba [4,5,6], mme li ama hampe ha li arotsoe marang-rang [7]. Keketseho ea kholo ea tšebeliso ea mathata a marang-rang ho baahi ka kakaretso e fapana pakeng tsa 2% le 8%, 'me e fihla ho 20% ka disampole tse nyane [3, 8-10], leha lipalo tsena li sa thatafalloe ho li hlalosetsa hantle ka lebaka la litlhaloso tse fapaneng tsa 'ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete' kapa 'tlatsetso ea inthanete' e hiretsoeng.

Batho bao ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ba boetse ba tlaleha mathata a mangata a amanang le kelello le sechaba [10-12]. Li-co-morbidities tsa kelello tse hlokometsoeng ho batho ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang li fumanoe li kenyeletsa: matšoenyeho [7,13,14], kelello e fokolisang khatello ea maikutlo15], likotsi tsa tšebeliso ea Autism [7,16], khatello ea maikutlo [13-15, 17], ho hlohlelletsa khatello ea maikutlo le lehloeo [18-20], le schizophrenia [7,21]. Mathata a ho tšoenyeha ka sechaba [18] le bolutu [22], hape li amahanngoa haholo le IAD. Ho feta moo, maemo a phahameng a khatello ea bophelo [23] le ho itšehla thajana [22, 24-26], le boleng bo tlase ba bophelo [24,27], li boleloa ke ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete

Maemo a holimo haholo le mefuta ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le eona e amana le liphetoho tsa methapo [28,29]. Palo e ntseng e eketseha ea lipatlisiso e fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata, e tšoanang le litlatsetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro, e amana le tlhekefetso tsamaisong ea dopaminergic [30,31], le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea kutloelo-bohloko ea letsoalo [32,33], tseo le tsona ho bontšitsoeng hore li amana le tse ling [34].

Ho fapana le lingoliloeng tse ntseng li hola mabapi le maikutlo le methapo ea maikutlo ea IAD, ho bile le lithuto tse 'maloa ka tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ho bophelo bo botle ba' mele. Kamano pakeng tsa boroko bo sitisitsoeng le tšebeliso e boima ea marang-rang e thehiloe [35,36], joalo ka kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le ho ja lijo tse fosahetseng [37] e bakang mathata a boima ba 'mele, joalo ka botenya [38]. Patlisiso e 'ngoe e fumane likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le bophelo bo botle bo tlalehiloeng ka mokhoa oa bophelo, mohopolo o amanang le bokuli, leha ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore ho na le lipontšo tse fokolang haholo mme ho na le liphapang bukeng ena [39,40]. Mohlala, bophelo bo amanang le bophelo bo botle, bo lekantsoeng ke SF-36, bo fumanoe bo lumellana le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, leha boleng ba bophelo bo sa tsamaisane le nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang [40]. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha boleng bo amanang le bophelo bo botle bo lekantsoe ke General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), kamano e nyane e hlokometsoe le IAD [9,39]. Mabaka a mekhoa e fapaneng ea liphumano a sebelisa mehato ena e 'meli ea bophelo bo amanang le bophelo ha a hlake hantle-leha a ka bonts'a liphapang ka bobeli ts'ebetsong ea khopolo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ho pholletsa le lithuto, le hore na SF-36 e mabapi le eng. boleng ba bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello bo amanang le bophelo bo ka bapisoang le sepheo sa kelello sa GHQ. Kahoo, lingoliloeng tse mabapi le bophelo bo amanang le bophelo bo botle hajoale ho thata ho li utloisisa.

Puisano e kaholimo e fana ka maikutlo a hore lipatlisiso tse ling sebakeng sena tse ka bang bohlokoa li ka lumelloa, ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea marang-rang [3], le ho haella ha bopaki bo hlakileng bo amanang le ts'usumetso ea eona ts'ebetsong ea bophelo bo botle ka bobeli ha e bapisoa le bophelo bo amanang le bophelo bo botle, hammoho le mathata a hlahelang ao mafu a amanang le bokuli a ka a bakang lits'ebetsong tsa bophelo bo botle. Ho joalo, ka lebaka la tšebelisano-mmoho e bontšitsoeng ke ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete, kamano efe kapa efe lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le bokuli ba 'mele e ka ba sehlahisoa sa efe kapa efe ea litaba. Ho se itlhokomele ke ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang mabapi le phepo e fosahetseng le mekhoa e fosahetseng ea ho robala, ba ka ameha maemong a eketsehang a bokuli ba 'mele [37,40]. Ehlile boroko bo fokolang bo bontšitsoe ho bolela likarolo tse ling tsa boits'ireletso ba mmele [41-43]. Ho feta moo, mathata a kelello a kopantsoeng le 'ona a ka bapala karolo. Ho hlokometsoe hore mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a kopantsoe le palo ea sefuba se tlalehiloeng nakong ea selemo [44]. Ka ho khetheha, khatello ea maikutlo ka bobeli [45-47], le mathata a matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo [48], haholo matšoenyeho a sechaba le bolutu [49-51], bolela esale pele ho se sebetse hantle ka mmele. Kamora nako, ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko, e bonoang ho ba nang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, e tsamaellana le keketseho ea litekanyetso tsa adrenaline le cortisol, 'me e lebisa ho fokotseha ha ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso, haholoholo ho ba nang le maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo [52]. Patlisiso efe kapa efe mabapi le kamano ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata le bokuli ba 'mele e tla hloka tlhahlobo e itseng ea menehelo e amanang le likarolo tsena tse amanang le ts'ebetso.

Ho hlakile hore bophelo bo botle ba 'mele ke mohopolo o pharalletseng, empa tlhahlobo e kaholimo e supa hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e ka ama ts'ebetso ea ts'ireletso ea mmele, e sa fumaneng thuto e tobileng.53]. Haeba ho joalo, joale mafu a kang sefuba se tloaelehileng [54], ntaramane [55], liso tse batang [56], pneumonia [57], sepsis [58], le tšoaetso ea letlalo [59], e ka ba senotlolo sa ho shebisisa ha ho hlahlojoa tšebeliso ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete matšoao a 'mele. Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, lipatlisiso tsa pejana tsa kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le bokuli ba 'mele li sekametse ho tsepamisa maikutlo litlalehong tsa bophelo bo amanang le bophelo bo botle tse fumanoeng li sebelisa lisebelisoa tse kang SF-36 le GHQ. Le ha mehato ena e ts'epahala, ha e hlile ha e lebise tlhokomelo ho mofuta o itseng oa bokuli, mme ha e amanang le mafu ao batho ba nang le boits'ireletso ba mmele ba ka a tšoaeang. Ha a lekola hore na ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e ka fokotsoa hakae, mosebetsi o fetileng o hlahlobile litlaleho tsa matšoao a amanang le ts'ebetso ea mmele ea ho itšireletsa mafung.31,44]. Ho itlaleha ho nkoa e le mokhoa o matla ntlheng ena, joalo ka ha matšoao a joalo a le bonolo ho ikhetholla, hangata ha a tlaleheloe ho litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle mme kahoo a se ke a hlaha tlalehong ea bongaka, mme hangata a ba le boiphihlelo ntle le lebaka le hlakileng la vaerase le ka netefalitsoeng. [54].

Ha ho nahanoa ka lintlha tsena tse kaholimo, thuto ea hajoale e hlahlobile kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le baetsi ba babeli ba mantlha ba bophelo bo botle (boits'ireletso ba mmele le boemo ba bophelo bo ikarabellang), hammoho le mefuta e fapaneng e amanang le bophelo bo botle (khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho, ho jeoa ke bolutu le mathata a ho robala). Ho khahlisang haholo e ne e le kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le bophelo bo botle ba 'mele bo amanang le boits'ireletso, boo pele bo neng bo sa hlahlojoe ka kotloloho. Mabapi le taba ena, sepheo sa mantlha sa thuto e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na maemo a phahameng a tšebeliso ea marang-rang a nang le mathata a tla amahanngoa le tlaleho e kholo ea maloetse a amanang le boits'ireletso (ka holim'a tšusumetso ea mathata a marang-rang mefuteng e meng e amanang le bophelo bo botle e lekantsoeng. ). Ntle le moo, ho bile le sepheo sa bobeli se seng se neng se sa hlahlojoe pele ho thuto, ho kenyelletsa ho hlahloba mofuta oa kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le bothata le boemo ba bophelo bo ikemetseng. Sena se ile sa hlahlojoa ho bona hore na phapang ee e bonts'a kamano e tšoanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e le litlaleho tsa matšoao a amanang le boits'ireletso ba mmele. Mathata a mang a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang a nang le bothata, a fumanoeng a boletse esale pele ts'ebetso e mpe ea ts'ireletso ea mmele, joalo ka matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo, ho jeoa ke bolutu le mathata a ho robala, a lekantsoe leka ho tseba kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang. le matšoao a bophelo bo botle a 'mele a ikemetseng mathateng ana a kopaneng. Sena se lokela ho lumella mohato oa pele oa ho theha mofuta oa likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le ts'ebetso e fokotsang ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso ba mmele, ha mokhatlo o ka fumanoa o le teng.

Method

Polelo ea Boitšoaro

Tumello ea boithuto bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsena e fumanoe ho Lefapha la Komiti ea Litekanyetso tsa Mahlale a Psychology, Univesithi ea Swansea. Barupeluoa ba fane ka tumello e nang le tsebo ea ho nka karolo thutong ena ka ho saena foromo ea tumello kamora ho bala leqephe la tlhahisoleseling le ba fuoeng, mme Komiti ea Boitšoaro e amohetse mokhoa ona oa tumello.

barupeluoa ba

Barupeluoa ba makholo a mahlano le ba bahlano (basali ba 265 le ba batona ba 240) ba ile ba hapuoa ka likhokahano tse romelletsoeng marang-rang a marang-rang (libaka tsa marang-rang tsa sechaba, li-blog le li-site tsa micoblogging, le libaka tsa lipapali. Leano la ho hira marang-rang le ile la amoheloa tumellanong le lipatlisiso tsa pejana mabapi le phello ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang [60,61].

Barupeluoa bohle e ne e le baithaopi, 'me ha ho le ea mong ea fumaneng mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa matšeliso ka ho nka karolo. Barupeluoa ba ne ba le lilemo li bolelele ba 29.73 (+ 13.65, range 18-101) lilemo: <20 years = 7.5%; Lilemo tse 21–29 = 61.8%; Lilemo tse 30 ho isa ho tse 39 = 15.5%; Lilemo tse 40-49 = 4.6%; Lilemo tse 50-59 = 4.2%; Lilemo tse 60+ = 5.9%. Morabe o itlalehileng oa bankakarolo e ne e le: 202 (40%) Bosoeu; 50 (10%) Lihlopha tse kopaneng / tse ngata tsa merabe; 141 (28%) Asia; 106 (21%) Batsho / Maafrika / Caribbean; le 6 (1%) Morabe o mong. Boemo ba lenyalo la sampole e ne e le: 305 (60%) ba masoha, 65 (13%) ba nyetse kapa ba sebelisana 'moho; 105 (21%) ka mefuta e meng ea likamano; mme ba 30 (6%) ba hlalane kapa ba hlokahalloa ke basali.

Ts'ebeliso e tloaelehileng ea bankakarolo ea inthanete

Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho hakanya tšebeliso ea bona ea inthanete e tloaelehileng ka ho ba botsa hore ba hakanyetse palo ea lihora tse ngata ka beke tseo ba li qetileng inthaneteng likhoeling tse 'maloa tse fetileng; mohato ona o nkoa hangata lithutong tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang [40,61]. Leha ho fanoe ka tlhahiso ea hore ke ts'ebeliso ea 'eo eseng ea setsebi' e lumellanang le mathata a mangata a amanang le ts'ebeliso e boima ea inthanete [40], ho ne ho nahanoa hore khethollo ea litsebi / eo e seng ea profeshenale e ka se sebetse ho bohle ba arabang, le hore ho ka ba thata ho khetholla ba arabelitsoeng. Ho feta moo, ts'ebeliso eohle ea marang-rang, ka boeona, e fumanoe e amana le mathata a amanang le inthanete [40].

Palo ea lihora tse sebelisoang ka inthanete ka beke e tlalehiloe 39.57 (+ 28.06, range = 1 ho 135): 28.3% e tlalehile tšebeliso lipakeng tsa lihora tsa 1 le 20 ka beke ea inthanete; 29.5% e tlalehile ho sebelisa 21 ho lihora tsa 40 ka beke inthaneteng; 22.4% e tlalehile ho sebelisa 41 ho lihora tsa 60 ka beke marang-rang, mme 19.8% e tlaleha ho qeta lihora tse 61 ka beke inthaneteng. Palo e bolelang lihora tse ngata ka beke tse sebelisitsoeng marang-rang ke basali e ne e le 34.77 (± 26.84, range = 1-135), 'me, ho banna, sena e ne e le 44.88 (± 28.46, range = 6-130). Teko ea sehlopha se ikemetseng e senotse hore phapano ena e ne e le bohlokoa ka lipalo, ka phello e lekanang, t(503) = 4.11, p <0.001, d = 0.366. Ho bile le kamano ea bohlokoa, empa e fokolang, e ntle pakeng tsa lilemo le nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng, F(1,503) = 6.74, p <0.05, R2 = 0.013, empa kamano e matla ea pakeng tsa li-U pakeng tsa lintho tsena, F(1,502) = 11.10, p <0.001, R2 = 0.042). Leha ho le joalo, ha mohlala o ne o arotsoe ho bao ka nako eo e neng e le masoha (N = 331), le ba bang ka sebopeho se itseng sa kamano (N = 174), ho ne ho se na phapang ea bohlokoa ea lipalo nakong e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng t (503) = 1.48, p > .10, d = 0.146. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo ea lipalo pakeng tsa nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng ho pholletsa le merabe e fapaneng, F <1.

Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hape ka mefuta ea ts'ebeliso eo ba e entseng marang-rang, mme ba botsoa ho supa hore na ba kile ba etela mefuta e meng ea sebaka sa marang-rang likhoeling tse 'maloa tse fetileng. Likarabo tsa potso ena li bonts'itsoe Lethathamo 1, e bonts'a liperesente tsa sampole eohle e neng e etetse liwebsaete tsa mefuta e fapaneng, hammoho le liperesente tsa banna le basali, le ba banyenyane (ba ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 29) le ba baholo (lilemo tsa 30 le ho feta), barupeluoa ba etelang libaka. Holim'a moo, Lethathamo 1 e bonts'a li-coefficients tsa Phi tsa data ena (e baloa ka lipalo tsa barupeluoa ba nnete, ho fapana le liperesente tse bontšitsoeng Lethathamo 1). Li-coefficients tsa Phi li fana ka letšoao la tekanyo ea kopano pakeng tsa lintho tse fetohang (mme li bohlokoa lipalo-palo ha lipalo-palo tse lumellanang tsa chi-mraba li bohlokoa).

ponahalo e nyane
Tafole 1. Peresente ea mehlala ea ho etela liwebsaete tsa mefuta e fapaneng, hammoho le liperesente tsa banna le basali, le ba banyenyane le ba baholo, barupeluoa ba etelang libaka hammoho le li-coefficients tsa Phi.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.t001

Lintlha tsena li senola hore marang-rang a sechaba (mohlala, Facebook, Twitter) le libaka tsa marang-rang tsa mabenkele ke mefuta e sebelisoang haholo sebakeng sa marang-rang. Ho becha (ho kenyeletsoa libaka tsa lothari), lipapali le libaka tsa marang-rang tse amanang le thobalano, li ne li sebelisoa khafetsa khafetsa, ka lipalo tse nyane tse kenang ho li-blog tsa setso (ntle le Twitter) kapa libaka tsa ho qoqa. Ho ne ho e-na le liphapang tsa bong mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, basali ba sebelisa mecha ea phatlalatso ea sechaba le libaka tsa mabenkele ho feta banna, mme banna ba sebelisa lipapali, libaka tsa thobalano / tsa marato, le likamore tsa puisano ho feta tsa basali. Batho ba bangata ba ka tlase ho lilemo tsa 30 ba sebelisitse libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang, le liwebsaete tsa lipatlisiso, khafetsa ho feta tsa 30. Leha ho le joalo, ba lilemo tse ka holimo ho 30 ba sebelisitse libaka tsa mabenkele / tsa banka, hammoho le libaka tsa litaba, li-blog tsa setso le libaka tsa ho qoqa hangata hangata ho feta ba tlasa lilemo tsa 30.

thepa

Teko ea Inthanete ea ho Lemalla Inthanete (IAT)

IAT [62] sekhechana sa 20 se koahelang tekanyo eo tšebeliso ea marang-rang e sitisang bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi (mohlala, mosebetsi, boroko, likamano, jj.). Ntho e 'ngoe le e ngoe e filoe sekala sa 1-4,' me lintlha kaofela li tsoa 20 ho 100. Sebopeho sa IAT hajoale se ntse se ngangisana [61,63], empa palo e felisitsoeng ea 40 kapa ho feta bakeng sa kakaretso eohle ea IAT e nkuoa e le boemo bo itseng ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le mathata [7,62,64] Ho ts'epahala kahare ho sekala ho fumanoe ho le lipakeng tsa .90 [64] le .93 [62].

Matšoenyeho a Sepetlele le ho Tepella Maemo a Sepetlele (HADS)

HADS [65] ke mokhoa o sebelisoang haholo oa matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo. E etselitsoe hore e sebelisoe ke lingoliso tse akaretsang tsa bongaka sepetlele, e sebelisitsoe bakeng sa mehlala e seng ea bongaka [66,67]. E na le lintho tsa 14 (7 tsa matšoenyeho le 7 bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo) tse amanang le beke e fetileng. Ho na le lipotso tsa 7 e 'ngoe bakeng sa matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo, potso ka' ngoe e tšoailoe ho tloha 0 ho 3 ho latela botebo ba letšoao; kakaretso e phahameng ke 21 bakeng sa sekala ka seng. Ba arabelang ba ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e mene: 0-7 tloaelehileng; 8-10 bonolo; 11-14 e leka-lekaneng; le 15-21 e matla. Ho tšepahala le ho nepahala ha liteko ka bobeli li matla [65], 'me ho ts'epahalla kahare ke .82 ea sekhahla sa matšoenyeho, le .77 bakeng sa sekhahla sa khatello ea maikutlo, bakeng sa baahi bao e seng baoki [67].

UCLA Monyetla oa ho Jeoa ke Bolutu

Cale Lonelness Scale [68] e na le lipolelo tsa 20 tse etselitsoeng ho lekola bolutu. Barupeluoa ba araba potso ka 'ngoe ba sebelisa tekanyo ea lintlha tsa 4 ("hangata ke ikutloa ka tsela ena", "ka linako tse ling ke ikutloa ka tsela ena", "Ke ka seoelo ke ikutloang ka tsela ena", le "Ha ho mohla ke utloang ka tsela ena"),' me ntho e ngoe le e ngoe ke lintlha ho tloha 0 ho 3, ho fana ka lintlha kaofela ho tloha 0 ho 60. Lintlha tse phahameng li bontša ho jeoa ke bolutu ho hoholo. Sebaka se felisitsoeng sa mathata a ho jeoa ke bolutu hangata se fanoa ho khelohileng e le 'ngoe e kaholimo ho moelelo oa sampole. Sekala se na le ts'epahalo e phahameng, e na le maemo a ka hare a .92, le ts'ebetso e tšepahalang ea .73 [69].

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

PSQI ena [70] e na le lipotso tsa mantlha tsa 10, tse ling li na le likarolo tse tlase, moo morupeluoa a tlamehang ho kenya data ka mekhoa ea bona ea boroko. Potso ea lipotso e fana ka lintlha lipakeng tsa 0 le 21, moo lintlha tse phahameng li bonts'a boroko bo bobe haholo, le lintlha tse phahameng ho feta 5 li bonts'a motho ea sa robala hantle [70]. PSQI e fumanoe e na le "ts'ehetso e kholo ea liteko" hape e nepahetse ha e sebelisoa ho etsa liteko [70].

Kakaretso ea lipotso tsa bophelo bo botle (GHQ-28)

GHQ-28 [71] e lekanya mathata a fapaneng a kelello le a bophelo bo botle, mme e arotsoe likhaolong tse ka tlase tsa 4: matšoao a somatic, matšoenyeho le ho hloka boroko, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng, le khatello ea maikutlo e matla. Sekhechana se seng le se seng se na le lintho tsa 7, kaofela li hloka karabo molemong oa mofuta oa likhetho tsa 4: Che ha ho joalo, Ha ho na ho feta tloaelo, Sebakeng se fetang se tloaelehileng, Ho feta ho tloaelehileng, ho fumana 0 ho 3, ka ho latellana. Ho ts'epahala kahare ho sekala se kaholimo .90. Bakeng sa boithuto ba hona joale, ho hlahlobisitsoe sekhahla sa matšoao a somatic, se ileng sa kopa barupeluoa ho lekanya tekanyo eo ba utloileng ka eona: bophelong bo botle ka kakaretso, ba hlokang tonki, ba fokotse, ba kula, ba opeloa ke hlooho, ba tiile kapa ba le khatello ho hlooho, le linepe tse chesang kapa tse batang.

Potso ea Mosebetsi o Sireletsehileng oa Mosebetsi o Sireletsehileng (IFQ)

IFQconsists ea lintho tsa 15 tse lekolang khafetsa matšoao a fapaneng a amanang le ts'ebetso e mpe ea boits'ireletso ba mmele. Ho ipapisitsoe le khafetsa bongata ba bona ka kakaretso, le kamano e tobileng le bofokoli ba boits'ireletso ba mmele, maemo a latelang a ile a khethoa e le motheo oa lintho tse fumanehang pampiring ea lipotso: serame se tloaelehileng [54], ntaramane [55], liso tse batang [56], pneumonia [57], sepsis [58], le tšoaetso ea letlalo [59]. Kamora ho hlahlojoa ha matšoao a mantlha a maemo ana, lintho tsa matšoao a 19 li kentsoe lebokoseng la lipotso e le lipontšo tsa ho fokola hoa sesole sa 'mele: ho opeloa ke mokokotlo, ho opeloa ke hlooho, feberu, nko e emang, ho khohlela, ho bata, ho ruruha, makhopho, mocheso, warts / verrucas , pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, feberu e phahameng ka tšohanyetso, ts'oaetso ea tsebe, lets'ollo, meningitis, ts'oaetso ea mahlo, sepsis le likotsi tse telele tsa pholiso. Li ne li lekantsoe sethaleng sa mofuta oa 5-point Likert (Ha ho mohla, Hang kapa habeli, Nako le nako, khafetsa, khafetsa, ka lintlha ho tloha 0 ho 4 ka tatellano). Ka kakaretso lintlha li tsoa ho 0 ho 79, tse nang le lintlha tse phahameng tse bonts'ang ts'ebetso e mpe ea boits'ireletso ba mmele. IFQ e ne e kile ea sebelisoa ho ithuta tšusumetso ea liketsahalo tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo bo botle bo tlalehiloeng, joalo ka ho hlahloba tšusumetso ea ho ba le ngoana ea nang le ASD. Mosebetsing o fetileng [72], lintlha tsa IFQ li fumanoe li ka rarolla hantle (r = .578, p <.001) le palo ea batho ba etelang Ngaka e Akaretsang ea Bongaka, ho na le kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa IFQ le lintlha tsohle tsa GHQ (r = .410, p <.01), hammoho le kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa IFQ le matšoao a somatic a sekhahla sa GHQ (r = .493, p <.01).

Tsamaiso

Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba arabela likhokahanong tse ngolisitsoeng marang-rang tse reretsoeng ho fihlela batho ba fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa libaka tsa marang-rang (mohlala, Mashable), libaka tsa lipapali (mohlala, Eurogamer.com), le liwebsaete tse thusang ho lemalla inthanete. Lihokela tsena li file barupeluoa kenyelletso e nyane thutong eo, moo ba ileng ba bolelloa hore lipatlisiso li ama kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le litaba tse fapaneng tsa botho le tsa bophelo bo botle. Haeba ba ne ba rata ho nka karolo, ba ile ba laeloa ho latela sehokela sa inthaneteng ho lipotso. Khokahano ena e nkile barupeluoa leqephe la sebaka sa marang-rang e nang le tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le thuto: e boetse e hlakisa hore sepheo sa thuto se ne se amana le tšebeliso ea marang-rang le litaba tse fapaneng tsa botho le tsa bophelo bo botle, hape se hlalosang mefuta ea lipotso tseo ba tla beng ba li araba. Leqephe la tlhaiso-leseling le boetse le fane ka lintlha tsa tokelo ea bona ea ho itokolla thutong nako efe kapa efe, le mehato e nkiloeng ho netefatsa liphiri tsa bona. Tlhahisoleseling e ile ea lateloa ke polelo ea tumello, e laela barupeluoa hore ba tobe feela ho qala lenane la lipotso haeba ba ikemiselitse ho fana ka tumello le haeba ba le ka holimo ho lilemo tsa 18. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahisoa ka lipotso.

Ha ho na moeli oa nako o fanoeng bakeng sa likarabo tse lokelang ho etsoa, ​​'me barupeluoa ba ile ba fuoa khetho ea ho boloka tlhahlobo ea bona le ho khutlela ho eona hamorao ha ho hlokahala. Ha lipotso tsohle li se li phethiloe, tse nkileng barupeluoa ba ka bang metsotso ea 30, barupeluoa ba ile ba lebisoa leqephe la letsoalo, le ileng la ba leboha ka tlatsetso ea bona, ba fumana lintlha ka botlalo mabapi le sepheo le sepheo sa thuto, mme ba fana ka lintlha tsa puisano bakeng sa mofuputsi le tšebeletso ea tlhabollo, haeba ba ikutloa ba hloka tšehetso, ho latela lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng boithuto. Khokahano ea thuto e lutse e bulehile likhoeli tse tharo (nakong ea selemo), ebe e koaloa.

Tlhahlobo ea data

Pele, ho ne ho hlahlobisisoa liphapang tse bang teng lipapatsong tse sebelisang marang-rang pakeng tsa barupeluoa ba nang le litšobotsi tse fapaneng (mohlala, bong, lilemo, joalo-joalo). Barupeluoa ba ile ba aroloa lihlopha tsa mathata a marang-rang le a holimo ka ho sebelisa sebaka se arotsoeng bakeng sa mathata a marang-rang a bobebe kapa a mabe ho latela IAT (ke hore 40), le kamano lipakeng tsa mathata a tšebeliso ea inthanete le bong, khatello ea maikutlo , joalo-joalo, ho ile ha hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa liteko tsa chi-squared. Kamano lipakeng tsa lenane la tšebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung le e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea lintho tse boletsoeng esale pele li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa likarolo tse ling (ho khetholla tšusumetso ea baetsi ba bang ba pele),' me ho ile ha sebelisoa mokhoa o boits'oaro ho tsebahatsa mathata a bothata ba marang-rang mabapi le ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso ba mmele. ka holim'a tšusumetso ea lintho tse ling tse boletsoeng esale pele. Litlhahlobo tse tšoanang li bile tsa etsoa bakeng sa tlhaiso ea bophelo bo botle ea ho itlaleha (GHQ). Kamora nako, lihlopha li ile tsa aroloa tšebetsong e phahameng le e tlase ea boits'ireletso, 'me boemo ba bophelo bo holimo le bo tlase bo tlalehiloeng (GHQ), mme lihlopha tsena li ile tsa bapisoa ho latela lintlha tsa bona tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ka tlhahlobo ea covariance, li sebelisa tse boletsoeng esale pele e le li-covariates. Moo lipapiso tse ngata li ileng tsa etsoa, ​​ho ile ha amoheloa mokhoa oa ho hana ka mokhoa o matla haholo bakeng sa liteko tsa bohlokoa, mme boholo ba phello bo ile ba baloa ho pholletsa le bona.

Results

Palo e bolelang mathata a marang-rang (IAT) bakeng sa sampole e ne e le 37.25 (± 16.18, range = 0-96). Moetso oa IAT bakeng sa basali e ne e le 36.26 (± 15.36, range = 0-69), 'me lenane lena la banna ke 38.35 (± 17.00, range = 9-96). Teko ea tlhahlobo ea lihlopha tse ikemetseng ha e supe phapang ea lipalo pakeng tsa lintlha tsena, t <1, d = 0.006. Litlhahiso tsa Pearson li senole kamano e bohlokoa lipalo, le maemo a manyane pakeng tsa nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang le lintlha tsa IAT, r(503) = .485, p <.001, R2 = .235, empa ho ne ho sena kamano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa lilemo tsa bankakarolo le palo ea bona ea IAT, r(503) = -025, p > .50, R2 = .0006.

Karolelano ea sampole e oelang ka holim'a sebaka se felisitsoeng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea bothata ba inthanete kapa bo bobe ka ho fetesisa (ke hore, IAT ea 40 kapa ka holimo ho [62]) li bonts'itsoe Setšoantšo sa 1 bakeng sa sampole eohle, hammoho le lintlha tsena tsa basali le tsa banna, ka thoko. Bakeng sa sampole, barupeluoa ba 192 (103 fem, 89 male) ba oetse kaholimo ho sebaka se felisitsoeng bakeng sa mathata a marang-rang. Ha ho na phapang e kholo lipalo pakeng tsa monyetla oa tlhaelo-leseling ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang pakeng tsa batšehali, chi squared = .17, p > .60, Phi = .018. LITLHAKISO TSE KHOLO TSE LING TSE LING rpb(503) = -.002, p > .30, Rpb2 = .102, leha ho ne ho ena le kamano ea bohlokoa lipalo, le maemo a manyane, pakeng tsa lihora tse sebelisitsoeng marang-rang le ho oela hofihlelle ka ntlha e khaotseng ea mathata a bokhoba ba marang-rang, r(503) = .320, p <.001, Rpb2 = .102.

ponahalo e nyane
Mofuta oa 1. Peresente ea bankakarolo ka holimo le ka tlase ho sebaka se khaotsoeng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le bothata bo leka-lekaneng kapa bo bobe haholo (ke hore, IAT ea 40 kapa ka holimo), hammoho le lintlha tsena bakeng sa basali le ba batšehali.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.g001

Panopo e kaholimo ea Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a mekhoa ea mohlala le ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng bakeng sa mathata a marang-rang (IAT), lihora tse sebelisitsoeng marang-rang, khatello ea maikutlo (HADS), matšoenyeho (HADS), bolutu (UCLA) le mathata a ho robala (PSQI). Mekhoa ena e lumellana haholo le tse bonoeng lipatlisisong tse fetileng tsa sampole tse joalo [7]. E bonts'a le liperesente tsa batho ba oelang ka holim'a sebaka se khaotsoeng bakeng sa likala tseo, ntle le mathata a boroko, li neng li lebelletsoe ho sampole e joalo. Lethathamo 2 hape e bonts'a liperesente tsa sampole le IAD e oelang kaholimo ho sehiloeng bakeng sa likala tse ling tsa kelello. Liphesente tsa ba nang le IAD le tsona tse bonts'ang ts'oaetso li phahame ho feta tsa sampole ka kakaretso. Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa likamano tsena ho ea pele, letoto la liteko tsa 2 × 2 chi-square (mathata a kopanetsoeng a teng kapa a le sieo ha a bapisoa le marang-rang a teng kapa a le sieo) a ile a etsoa molemong o mong le o mong, mme a senola hore litlokotsi tsohle li amana haholo le boteng ba bothata ba inthanete: khatello ea maikutlo--chi-mraba(1) = 30.56, p <.001, Phi = .246; matšoenyeho-cselikalikoe(1) = 38.98, p <.001, Phi = .278; bolutu-- cselikalikoe(1) = 15.31, p <.001, Phi = .174; le boroko cselikalikoe(1) = 9.38, p <.01, Phi = .136. Litokellano tsa Pearson lipakeng tsa mefuta eohle, le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba motho (GHQ) le matšoao a boits'ireletso ba mmele le tsona li bonts'itsoe ho Lethathamo 2, 'me litlhahlobo tsena li senotse likamano tsa bohlokoa lipalo lipakeng tsa lintho tsohle tse fapaneng.

ponahalo e nyane
Tafole 2. Mehato (mekhoa e tloaelehileng) ea mathata a marang-rang (IAT), lihora tse sebelisoang marang-rang, khatello ea maikutlo (HADS), matšoenyeho (HADS), ho jeoa ke bolutu (UCLA) le mathata a ho robala (PSQI), hammoho le liperesente tsa batho ba oelang ka holim'a sebaka se felisitsoeng bakeng sa mathata a marang-rang bakeng sa sekala seo, le liperesente tsa batho ba nang le IAD ba oelang holimo ho sehiloeng bakeng sa likala tseo.

 

Litokellano tsa Pearson lipakeng tsa mefuta eohle, le mathata a bophelo bo botle (GHQ) le matšoao li bonts'itsoe.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.t002

Mohlala oa ho bontša lintlha bakeng sa matšoao a somatic (GHQ-S) was 7.28 (± 3.87; range = 0 – 19), mme moelelo oa lipotso tse amanang le boits'ireletso e ne e le 15.20 (± 9.43; range = 0-37). Sekala sena se ne se na le kamano ea r = 0.345, p <.001, R2 = .119, hammoho. Sekolo sa GHQ (S) se ne se amana haholo le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le mathata a ho robala, hape, ho isa tekanyong e fokolang, le tse ling tse fapaneng. Tekanyo ea matšoao a amanang le boits'ireletso e ne e amana haholo le matšoenyeho, boroko le mathata a inthanete, le ho isa tekanyong e fokolang le lintho tse ling tse fapaneng.

Ka lebaka la hore mefuta-futa ea bokuli (GHQ-S le IFQ) e ne e hokahane le mefuta eohle e meng, le hore IAT e ne e amana le mefuta eohle e meng, e le hore u ka lekola hore na mathata a marang-rang (ke hore nalane ea IAT) a kentse letsoho hobaneng lipalo tsena tsa bokuli, ho ile ha etsoa li-regression tse peli tse arohaneng-e 'ngoe e le ho bolela esale pele lintlha tsa GHQ-S,' me e ngoe ea ho bolela esale pele lintlha tsa IFQ. Maemong ana ka bobeli, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho jeoa ke bolutu, ho robala le lihora tse sebelisitsoeng marang-rang, li ile tsa kenngoa mohlaleng oa regression mohatong oa pele. Liphetoho tsena kaofela hammoho le bothata ba inthanete (IAT) li ile tsa kenngoa mohatong mohatong oa bobeli, mme tekanyo eo palo ea phapang e tlalehiloeng e ntlafalitsoeng ka eona ke ho kenyelletsa lintlha tsa IAT.

Linoko tse ka tlase tsa Lethathamo 2 bonts'a sephetho sa litlhahlobo tsena. Tlhahlobo ea data ho tsoa ka tlase letsohong le letona bakeng sa sekhahla sa GHQ-S e bonts'a hore mehato ka bobeli ea regression e ne e le bohlokoa ka lipalo, ka phokotso ea phoso e hlahisitsoeng ke tlatsetso ea IAT mohatong oa 2 le eona e hlahisitse ntlafatso ea lipalo ponelopele ea sekhahla sa GHQ-S. Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore ntlafatso ponelopele ea GHQ-S e hlahisoang ke kenyelletso ea IAT e ne e se kholo haholo. Mokhoa o tšoanang oa data o boetse o fumanoe ho tsoa tlhahlobisong e entsoeng ho bolela lintlha tse amanang le boits'ireletso (IFQ). Leha ho le joalo, kenyelletso ea IAT mohato oa 2 e hlahisitse ntlafatso e kholo ho feta ea tlhaiso-leseling bakeng sa lintlha tse amanang le boits'ireletso (IFQ), ho feta kamoo e bileng le matšoao a somatic (GHQ-S).

Ho hlahloba ka ho eketsehileng mofuta oa likamano lipakeng tsa lintho tse fetohang, likhokahano tse sa lekanang pakeng tsa ba boletsoeng esale pele (ke hore, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho robala, ho jeoa ke bolutu, lihora tse fumanehang marang-rang le mathata a marang-rang) le matšoao a mabeli (GHQ-S le IFQ) li ne li baloa ka thoko. Likahare tse sa lumellaneng li ne li etsoa lipakeng tsa moetapele o mong le o mong tse fapaneng tse amanang le bokuli li sebelisa mefuta eohle ea tse boletsoeng esale pele ka ho tšoana. Sena se lumella kamano e ikhethang lipakeng tsa lintho tse peli e ka bonoa ho sa sebetsanoe le tšebeliso ea lintho tse ling tse fapaneng, mme lintlha tsena li ka bonoa ho Setšoantšo sa 2 bakeng sa lintho tse peli tse amanang le bokuli. Lintlha tsena li bonts'a mokhoa o ts'oanang oa kamano lipakeng tsa bolepi le matšoao ho GHQ-S le IFQ; ka hore, khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le mathata a ho robala, kaofela li ne li e-na le likamano tsa bohlokoa tsa lipalo le liphetho ka bobeli ha ts'usumetso ea mefuta e meng e laoloa. Leha ho le joalo, athe mathata a marang-rang (IAT) a ne a bolelela pele haholo ka matšoao a amanang le boits'ireletso (IFQ), sena ha se ne se amana haholo le lipalo tsa GHQ (S).

ponahalo e nyane
Mofuta oa 2. Litlhaloso tse lekanang pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo (HADS), matšoenyeho (HADS), boroko (PSQI), ho jeoa ke bolutu (UCLA), lihora tse fumanehang marang-rang, le mathata a marang-rang (IAT), le matšoao a mabeli (GHQ (S) le IFQ).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.g002

Ho hlahloba ka ho eketsehileng kamano pakeng tsa mathata a amanang le marang-rang (marang-rang a IAT) le mathata a bophelo ka kakaretso-somatic (GHQ-S) le a amanang le boits'ireletso, sampole e ile ea aroloa ho bao ba fang lintlha tse ka tlase le kaholimo ho felisoa ha 40 ea mathata a amanang le marang-rang a leka-lekaneng kapa a bobebe ho IAT [62]. Sena se thehile lihlopha tse peli: sehlopha se se nang mathata a inthanete (N = 313; bolela IAT = 26.89 + 7.89; mefuta = 0-39), le sehlopha se nang le mathata a marang-rang (N = 313; bolela IAT = 54.14 ± 11.23; mefuta = 40-96). Setšoantšo sa 3 e bonts'a lintlha tse akaretsang tsa bophelo bo botle-somatic health (GHQ-S) (phanele e ka letsohong le letšehali), le palo ea bophelo bo amanang le boits'ireletso (IFQ). Tlhahlobo ea data bakeng sa GHQ-S e senola phapang e nyane lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse tlase tsa IAT le tse phahameng ho latela lintlha tsa bona tsa GHQ-S. Lintlha tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea covariance, le sehlopha sa marang-rang e le sesosa sa lipakeng, le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho, mathata a ho robala, ho jeoa ke bolutu le lihora tse ngata inthaneteng e le li-covariates. Tlhahlobo ena e senotse phapang e kholo lipalo pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa mathata a marang-rang ho latela lintlha tsa bona tsa GHQ-S, F <1, karolo eta2 = .001. Ho fapana le hoo, sebaka se nepahetseng sa Setšoantšo sa 3 e bonts'a sehlopha se phahameng se nang le mathata a bophelo bo botle bo amanang le boits'ireletso ho feta sehlopha se senang marang-rang, F(1,498) = 27.79, p <.001, karolo eta2 = .046.

ponahalo e nyane
Mofuta oa 3. Iketsetse bophelo bo akaretsang-somatic health (GHQ (S)) (phanele e ka letsohong le letšehali), le palo ea bophelo bo amanang le boits'ireletso (IFQ) bakeng sa lihlopha tse peli tsa IAT (mathata a tlase le a phahameng).

 

Phanele ka ho le letšehali = lintlha tse amanang le somali GHQ (S); phanele e nepahetseng = lintlha tse amanang le boits'ireletso (IFQ).

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538.g003

Puisano

Phuputso e teng hajoale e fuputsitse likamano lipakeng tsa litlhahlobo tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le litekanyetso tsa bophelo bo botle, li tsepamisa maikutlo litlhahlobong tsa ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso ba mmele le boemo ba bophelo ka kakaretso. Sena se ne se nahanoa hore ke sebaka sa bohlokoa sa ho etsa lipatlisiso kaha ho ne ho se na data e fetileng e hlahisitsoeng ka phello ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ts'ebetsong ea boits'ireletso ba mmele; Ntle le moo, litlaleho tsa pejana mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le boleng bo amanang le bophelo bo botle li ne li sa utloane haholo [9,39,40]. Ho ne ho nahanoa hore liphapang tsa morao-rao li ka amana le mofuta oa mehato e sebelisitsoeng ho lekola boemo ba bophelo bo botle, ka sekala sa litlaleho tsa bophelo bo botle sa kelello, se kang GHQ, se sa amanang haholo le ts'ebeliso ea mathata a marang-rang ho feta mehato e amanang ka kotloloho le ho sebetsa hoa mmele.

Leha leano la ho hira marang-rang le ile la amoheloa, sampole ea hajoale e ne e na le litšobotsi tse ts'oanang le tse ling tse ngata tse kileng tsa sebelisoa thutong ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang. Mohlala o ne o le monyane (tlasa 30 ea lilemo tse), empa o ne o na le lilemo tse kholo. Nako e tloaelehileng ea nako e sebelisitsoeng marang-rang e ne e le haufi le lihora tsa 5-6 ka letsatsi, e lumellanang le likhakanyo tse 'maloa tsa hona joale [40,61]. Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore boleng bona ha boa fapana pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litsebi le ea motho ka mong, mme ho boletsoe hore ena ke ea bohlokoa ho latela mathata a marang-rang [40]. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlake hore na phapang e joalo ho bonolo ho e etsa bakeng sa barupeluoa. Mefuta ea mesebetsi e etsoang inthaneteng ke barupeluoa ba hajoale e ne e tšoana le e boletsoeng lithutong tse fetileng [61]. Ho bile le phapang ea bong mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Basali ba ne ba tloaetse ho sebelisa mecha ea phatlalatso ea sechaba le libaka tsa mabenkele ho feta banna, empa banna ba ne ba tloaetse ho sebelisa lipapali, libaka tsa thobalano le batho ba ratanang, le likamore tsa ho qoqa, ho feta basali. Ho joalo, sena se itšetleha ka data ea ho itlaleha, mme liphapang, leha li tšepahala, li ne li le nyane ho tse ling tsa lipapiso tsena. Maemo a tšebeliso ea marang-rang a nang le bothata sampiring ea hajoale, haufi le 30% ea sampole e bonts'itsoeng matšoao a bobebe kapa a mabe ka ho fetisisa a ho lemalla marang-rang, e lumellana haholo le lipatlisiso tse fetileng [7].

Sephetho sa mantlha sa thuto ea morao-rao ke hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e ikarotseng e ne e amana le ts'ebetso e mpe ea boits'oaro ea boits'ireletso, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe lipalo tsa matšoao a amanang le boits'ireletso ba mmele. Sena se tiisa litholoana tsa liphuputso tse ileng tsa lekola bophelo ba bophelo bo amanang le bophelo bo tlalehiloeng ke SF-36 le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang ea marang-rang [40]. Leha ho le joalo, leha ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung le bophelo bo botle bo tlalehiloeng e ne e amana, ho sebelisa marang-rang ka mathata ha hoa ka ha bolela esale pele matšoao a bophelo bo tlalehiloeng, joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe sekhahla sa GHQ. Ho fumana hona hoa morao-rao ho tsamaisana le lithuto tse 'maloa tse fetileng tse ileng tsa sitoa ho fumana kamano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa IAT le lintlha tsa GHQ [9,39]. Phumano e teng hona joale, mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa marang-rang a IAT le ts'ebetso ea 'mele e sa sebetseng hantle, e ka supa hore ho lekanya matšoao a amanang le boits'ireletso khafetsa, joalo ka ha ho etsoa thutong ea morao-rao, ho lekola karolo ena ea bophelo bo botle ho feta GHQ e nang le kelello. tekanyo.

Ntle le mathata a tekanyo ea ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e boletsoeng pejana (bona le ka tlase), bohlokoa ba tlhahlobo ea bongaka ba lipatlisiso bo lokela ho beoa molemong oa meeli ea thuto. Boithuto bona ke bo kopanyang, ho bolelang hore ho ts'oaroa ha hoa lokela ho khelloa feela moqoqong o joalo. Ho ka etsahala hore ba nang le maemo a mangata a bokuli ba tloaetse ho sebelisa marang-rang khafetsa ho feta ba nang le botoka. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho nahanoa ka boholo ba ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, le kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea bacha le marang-rang, sena se bonahala se sa ratehe, leha ho le joalo e ntse e le monyetla o tla hloka hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele. Ntle le moo, ho ka etsahala hore ebe ntho e 'ngoe ea boraro e bolela esale pele ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le bophelo bo botle. Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso ea mmele e ipoletseng e fumanoe e ts'oara matla a libaka tse ling tsa ts'ebetso (khatello ea maikutlo, letsoalo, ho jeoa ke bolutu) tse amanang le marang-rang a nang le mathata sebelisa [10-12], tseo le tsona ka botsona li amanang le ts'ebetso e fokolitsoeng ea boits'ireletso ba mmele [45,46,48,49]. Sena se etsa hore ho se hlake hore na karolo ea boraro ea karohano e ka ba eng.

Haeba ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e ne e bonts'a ts'ebetso e mpe ea ho itšireletsa mafung, potso e hlakileng bakeng sa baoki e ka ama mekhoa. Monyetla o mong ke hore maemo a phahameng a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang a hlokometsoe ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko ea methapo [32,33]. Ts'ebetso e joalo e nang le kutloelo-bohloko e nang le kutloelo-bohloko e lebisa ho eketseho ea maemo a nor-epinephrone le / kapa cortisteroids (cortisol), eo, qetellong, e lebisang ho fokotseheng ha ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso ba mmele [52]. Kahoo, tsela ena e ka theha kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le ts'ebetso ea mmele ea ts'ireletso, empa e tla hloka tlhahlobo e ngoe hape. Tlhahiso ea morao-rao e na le bohlokoa bo itseng mohopolong oa nako e tlang le tlhahlobisong ea likarolo tsa bongaka tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang.

Kamano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa IAT le ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e bonts'a' nete ea hore tšebeliso ea marang-rang ea batho ba bang e nkoa e le bothata, leha ho le joalo, seo ba se sebelisang marang-rang se tla fapana lipakeng tsa batho bana. Mohlala, boithuto ba hajoale bo fumane phapang ea bong mesebetsing eo batho ba neng ba e-na le eona marang-rang, mme ho ka etsahala hore ts'ebeliso e itseng e amana le phokotso ea ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso mafelong a batšehali. Mosebetsi o mong o qaqileng mabapi le mofuta oa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, joalo ka mofuta oa ts'ebeliso, le nako e sebelisitsoeng inthaneteng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea bongaka le ea motho ka mong, e ka hlakisa kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le phokotso ea ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso ba mmele.

Joalo ka mehla, ho na le mefokolo ho boithuto ba hona joale bo hlokang ho hlokomeloa. Sampole ea hajoale e ile ea ngolisoa inthaneteng, 'me ho ka etsahala hore ebe sena se ne se khetholla mofuta oa motho ea neng a nkile karolo lithutong. Leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho boleloa hore bongata ba batho ba mohlaleng bo ne bo pharaletse haholo ho latela lilemo tsa bona, le litšobotsi tsa bona tse ling, mme sampole e ne e bonahala e tsamaellana le e sebelisitsoeng lithutong tse fetileng. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore thuto ea hajoale e ne e sa khetholle pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le litsebi tsa marang-rang, tseo ho ka bang bohlokoa ho li hlahloba. Mohlala, boemo ba ho qobelloa le ho potlaka ho sebelisa marang-rang bo ka ama maemo a khatello maemong a maholo ho feta lihora tse lokelang ho sebelisoa marang-rang bakeng sa mosebetsi. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho ka ba le phapang lipakeng tsa ba sebetsang ka thata mme ba hatelloa ka lebaka leo, le batho ba nang le bothata ba inthanete mme ba sithabetse ebile ba sa utloisisehe ka lebaka la bothata bona.

Mabapi le batho ba ka 'nang ba bolela esale pele ts'ebetso e fokolisitsoeng ea ts'oaetso ea' mele e bonahala ho basebelisi ba mathata a mangata, ts'ebetso ea nako e tlang e kanna ea nka karolo ea litheko tse ngata tse ka amang sehlopha sa basebelisi ba marang-rang. Tlhahisoleseling mabapi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi le tseo e seng tsa meriana ha ea ka ea bokelloa tlalehong ea hona joale, mme hona ho ka ba le mathata a marang-rang, le ho ama ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso ba mmele. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, liketsahalo tsa morao-rao tse sithabetsang tsa bophelo li kanna tsa ba le tšusumetso e matla boits'ebetsong le boits'ireletso ba 'mele, joalo ka maemo a sechaba a bapalang karolo. Lintlha tsena ka bobeli li ka hlahlojoa ke lipatlisiso tse ling.

Ho itšetleha ka tlaleho ea boits'ireletso bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ho kanna ha matlafatsoa ka ts'ebeliso ea tlhahlobo ea lisele tsa mali, e leng ho eketsang ts'ehetso liqetong tsa hajoale. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo, ha ho kamano e phethahetseng lipakeng tsa physiology ea ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso le boiphihlelo ba matšoao [54], 'me tlaleho ea mafu a sefuba le mafura a nkoang e le mohato o nepahetseng oa tšebetso ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung hona [31,44]. Ehlile ho fumanoe hore litlaleho tsa ho kula tsa matšoao a bokuli - haholo-holo malebana le tšoaetso ea phefumoloho e phahameng (mohlala, sefuba le sefuba), joalo ka ha se sebelisitsoe thutong ea morao-rao, se lumellana hantle le ho baloa ka sepheo sa immunoglobin [73].

Kamora nako, ho lokela ho amoheloa hore leha thuto ea morao-rao e bontšitse likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le matšoao a amanang le boits'ireletso ba mmele, ho na le mabaka a mabeli a ho fihlela sephetho sa kopano ena se lokelang ho boleloa. Taba ea mantlha, kaha thuto e ne e se telele ka sebopeho, ho ts'oaroa ha ts'usumetso ea cause ha hoa lokela ho nkoa e le ho paka. Taba ea bobeli ke hore, ha lintho tse ngata tse boletsoeng esale pele li ne li hokahanngoe, e ka 'na eaba sena se hlahisitse tšebelisano-mmoho litekanyetsong tsa regression tse etsang hore phetolelo e be thata. Leha ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore tšebeliso ea likhokahanyo tsa karolo e fokolang e etsa, ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, e khotsofatsa bothata bona.

Ka kakaretso, tlaleho ea hajoale e thehile khokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le ho tlaleha matšoao a mangata a amanang le ts'ebetso ea sesole ea 'mele e fokotsang matla. Kamano ena e ne e sa ikemetse ka palo ea lihora tse sebelisitsoeng marang-rang, hape le phello ea matšoao afe kapa afe a kopanetsoeng a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ho itšehla thajana le matšoenyeho. Ho ile ha boleloa hore tšusumetso e mpe ea ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro e ka tsamaisoa ke khatello ea maikutlo, le ts'ebetso e mpe ea kutloelo-bohloko eo ka linako tse ling e hlahisoang ke bokhoba ba marang-rang.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

O ile a amohela le ho hlophisa liteko: PR RV LAO MR RT. O entse liteko: RV. Ho hlahlobisisa data: RV PR. Li-reagents tse kentsoeng / lisebelisoa / lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo: LAO. Ngola pampiri: PR LAO MR RT.

References

  1. 1. Thibela JJ. Litaba tsa DSM-V: bokhoba ba marang-rang. Ke J Psychiatry 2008; 165: 306-7. Doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.2007.07101556. thapama: 18316427
  2. 2. KS e monyane. Bokhoba ba inthanete: Ho hlaha ha lefu le lecha la bongaka. CyberPsychology & Boitšoaro 1998; 1 (3): 237-244. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.1998.1.237
  3. Sheba Article
  4. PubMed / NCBI
  5. Google Setsebi
  6. Sheba Article
  7. PubMed / NCBI
  8. Google Setsebi
  9. Sheba Article
  10. PubMed / NCBI
  11. Google Setsebi
  12. Sheba Article
  13. PubMed / NCBI
  14. Google Setsebi
  15. Sheba Article
  16. PubMed / NCBI
  17. Google Setsebi
  18. Sheba Article
  19. PubMed / NCBI
  20. Google Setsebi
  21. Sheba Article
  22. PubMed / NCBI
  23. Google Setsebi
  24. Sheba Article
  25. PubMed / NCBI
  26. Google Setsebi
  27. Sheba Article
  28. PubMed / NCBI
  29. Google Setsebi
  30. Sheba Article
  31. PubMed / NCBI
  32. Google Setsebi
  33. Sheba Article
  34. PubMed / NCBI
  35. Google Setsebi
  36. Sheba Article
  37. PubMed / NCBI
  38. Google Setsebi
  39. Sheba Article
  40. PubMed / NCBI
  41. Google Setsebi
  42. Sheba Article
  43. PubMed / NCBI
  44. Google Setsebi
  45. Sheba Article
  46. PubMed / NCBI
  47. Google Setsebi
  48. Sheba Article
  49. PubMed / NCBI
  50. Google Setsebi
  51. Sheba Article
  52. PubMed / NCBI
  53. Google Setsebi
  54. Sheba Article
  55. PubMed / NCBI
  56. Google Setsebi
  57. Sheba Article
  58. PubMed / NCBI
  59. Google Setsebi
  60. Sheba Article
  61. PubMed / NCBI
  62. Google Setsebi
  63. Sheba Article
  64. PubMed / NCBI
  65. Google Setsebi
  66. Sheba Article
  67. PubMed / NCBI
  68. Google Setsebi
  69. Sheba Article
  70. PubMed / NCBI
  71. Google Setsebi
  72. Sheba Article
  73. PubMed / NCBI
  74. Google Setsebi
  75. Sheba Article
  76. PubMed / NCBI
  77. Google Setsebi
  78. Sheba Article
  79. PubMed / NCBI
  80. Google Setsebi
  81. Sheba Article
  82. PubMed / NCBI
  83. Google Setsebi
  84. Sheba Article
  85. PubMed / NCBI
  86. Google Setsebi
  87. Sheba Article
  88. PubMed / NCBI
  89. Google Setsebi
  90. Sheba Article
  91. PubMed / NCBI
  92. Google Setsebi
  93. Sheba Article
  94. PubMed / NCBI
  95. Google Setsebi
  96. Sheba Article
  97. PubMed / NCBI
  98. Google Setsebi
  99. Sheba Article
  100. PubMed / NCBI
  101. Google Setsebi
  102. Sheba Article
  103. PubMed / NCBI
  104. Google Setsebi
  105. Sheba Article
  106. PubMed / NCBI
  107. Google Setsebi
  108. Sheba Article
  109. PubMed / NCBI
  110. Google Setsebi
  111. Sheba Article
  112. PubMed / NCBI
  113. Google Setsebi
  114. Sheba Article
  115. PubMed / NCBI
  116. Google Setsebi
  117. Sheba Article
  118. PubMed / NCBI
  119. Google Setsebi
  120. Sheba Article
  121. PubMed / NCBI
  122. Google Setsebi
  123. Sheba Article
  124. PubMed / NCBI
  125. Google Setsebi
  126. Sheba Article
  127. PubMed / NCBI
  128. Google Setsebi
  129. Sheba Article
  130. PubMed / NCBI
  131. Google Setsebi
  132. Sheba Article
  133. PubMed / NCBI
  134. Google Setsebi
  135. Sheba Article
  136. PubMed / NCBI
  137. Google Setsebi
  138. Sheba Article
  139. PubMed / NCBI
  140. Google Setsebi
  141. Sheba Article
  142. PubMed / NCBI
  143. Google Setsebi
  144. Sheba Article
  145. PubMed / NCBI
  146. Google Setsebi
  147. Sheba Article
  148. PubMed / NCBI
  149. Google Setsebi
  150. Sheba Article
  151. PubMed / NCBI
  152. Google Setsebi
  153. Sheba Article
  154. PubMed / NCBI
  155. Google Setsebi
  156. Sheba Article
  157. PubMed / NCBI
  158. Google Setsebi
  159. Sheba Article
  160. PubMed / NCBI
  161. Google Setsebi
  162. Sheba Article
  163. PubMed / NCBI
  164. Google Setsebi
  165. Sheba Article
  166. PubMed / NCBI
  167. Google Setsebi
  168. Sheba Article
  169. PubMed / NCBI
  170. Google Setsebi
  171. Sheba Article
  172. PubMed / NCBI
  173. Google Setsebi
  174. Sheba Article
  175. PubMed / NCBI
  176. Google Setsebi
  177. Sheba Article
  178. PubMed / NCBI
  179. Google Setsebi
  180. Sheba Article
  181. PubMed / NCBI
  182. Google Setsebi
  183. 3. Christakis DA. Bokhoba ba marang-rang: seoa sa 21st century? BMC Medicine 2010; 8 (1): 61. doi: 10.1186 / 1741-7015-8-61
  184. Sheba Article
  185. PubMed / NCBI
  186. Google Setsebi
  187. Sheba Article
  188. PubMed / NCBI
  189. Google Setsebi
  190. 4. Caplan SE, AC e phahameng. Khokahano ea marang-rang ea sechaba, bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang. Tlatsetso ea inthanete: Buka ea letsoho le tataiso bakeng sa tlhahlobo le kalafo 201; 35-53. Doi: 10.1002 / 9781118013991.ch3
  191. Sheba Article
  192. PubMed / NCBI
  193. Google Setsebi
  194. Sheba Article
  195. PubMed / NCBI
  196. Google Setsebi
  197. Sheba Article
  198. PubMed / NCBI
  199. Google Setsebi
  200. Sheba Article
  201. PubMed / NCBI
  202. Google Setsebi
  203. Sheba Article
  204. PubMed / NCBI
  205. Google Setsebi
  206. Sheba Article
  207. PubMed / NCBI
  208. Google Setsebi
  209. Sheba Article
  210. PubMed / NCBI
  211. Google Setsebi
  212. Sheba Article
  213. PubMed / NCBI
  214. Google Setsebi
  215. 5. Shaw M, e ntšo DW. Bokhoba ba marang-rang. Lithethefatsi tsa CNS 2008; 22: 353-65. shoalane: 18399706 doi: 10.2165 / 00023210-200822050-00001
  216. 6. Griffiths M. Nako ea ho lemalla inthanete e lokela ho nkuoa ka botebo? Patlisiso ea Lithethefatsi le Khopolo 2000; 8: 413–418. doi: 10.3109 / 16066350009005587
  217. 7. Romano M, Osborne LA, Truzoli R, Reed P. Phapang e fapaneng ea kelello ea phello ea inthanete ho batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang. Plos ONE 2013; 8 (2): e55162. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0055162. thapama: 23408958
  218. 8. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, Binder JF. Tlhahiso ea inthanete ho baithuti: Ho ba haufi le maemo a kotsi. Lik'homphieutha ho Behavio ea Batho 2013; 29 (3): 959-966. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2012.12.024
  219. Niemz K, Griffiths M, Banyard P. Ho ata ha ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea marang-rang har'a baithuti ba univesithi le likamano le boitšepo, lenane la lipotso tsa bophelo bo botle ka kakaretso (GHQ) le thibelo ea meriana. CyberPsychology & Boitšoaro 9; 2005 (8): 6-562. doi: 570 / cpb.10.1089
  220. 10. Weinstein A, Lejoyeux M. Bokhoba ba marang-rang kapa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete. Koranta ea Amerika ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Lithethefatsi le Joala 2010; 36 (5): 277-283. Doi: 10.3109 / 00952990.2010.491880. thapama: 20545603
  221. 11. Bernardi S, Pallanti S. Tlatsetso ea inthanete: thuto e hlalositsoeng ea bongaka e lebisang tlhokomelo ho li-comorbidities le matšoao a ho khetholoha. Comprehensive Psychiatry 2009; 50 (6): 510-516. Doi: 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2008.11.011. thapama: 19840588
  222. 12. Ko CH, Yen JY, Yen CF, Chen CS, Chen CC. Kopano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le bokhopo ba kelello: tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng. European Psychiatry 2012; 27 (1): 1-8. Doi: 10.1016 / j.eurpsy.2010.04.011. thapama: 22153731
  223. 13. Akin A, Iskender M. Ho lemalla ha inthanete le khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Ts'ebetso ea Lithuto tsa Mahlale 2011; 3 (1): 138-148.
  224. 14. Yen CF, Chou WJ, Liu TL, Yang P, Hu. Kopano ea matšoao a bokhoba ba marang-rang a nang le ho tšoenyeha, khatello ea maikutlo le boitšepo har'a bacha ba nang le bothata ba ho tsepamisa maikutlo / khatello ea kelello. Tlhatlhobo e akaretsang ea Psychiatry 2014. Doi: 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2014.05.025
  225. 15. Gundogar A, Bakim B, Ozer OA, Karamustafalioglu. P-32-Kopano e pakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang, khatello ea maikutlo le ADHD har'a liithuti tsa sekolo se phahameng. European Psychiatry 201; 27: 1. doi: 10.1016 / s0924-9338 (12) 74199-8
  226. 16. Romano M, Truzoli R, Osborne LA, Reed P. Kamano e lipakeng tsa autism quotient, matšoenyeho le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang. Patlisiso ho Autism Spectrum Disallen 2014; 11: 1521-1526. Doi: 10.1016 / j.rasd.2014.08.002
  227. 17. KS e monyane, Rogers RC. Kamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho lemalla lithethefatsi. CyberPsychology & Boitšoaro 1998; 1 (1): 25–28. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.1998.1.25
  228. 18. Ko CH, Liu TL, Wang PW, Chen CS, Yen CF, Yen JY. Ho eketsoa hoa khatello ea maikutlo, lehloeo, le matšoenyeho a sechaba nakong ea bokhoba ba marang-rang har'a bacha: thuto e tla ba teng. Tlhatlhobo e akaretsang ea Psychiatry 2014. Doi: 10.1016 / j.comppsych.2014.05.003
  229. 19. Lee HW, Choi JS, Shin YC, Lee JY, Jung HY, Kwon JS. Ho susumetsoa ke bokhoba ba marang-rang: papiso le papali ea chelete ea methapo. Cyberpsychology, Boitšoaro, le Khokahano ea Khokahano ea Sechaba 2012; 15 (7): 373-377. Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2012.0063
  230. 20. Yen JY, Yen CF, Wu HY, Huang CJ, Ko CH. Boholo lefatšeng la 'nete le inthaneteng: litlamorao tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang, khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebetso ea inthanete. Cyberpsychology, Boitšoaro, le Khokahano ea Khokahano ea Sechaba 2011; 14 (11): 649-655. Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2010.0393
  231. 21. Heim C. Ts'ebeliso e boima haholo ea komporo le marang-rang e le eona e ka behang batho kotsing ea ho ba le mathata a mafu a basali. Koranta ea Australia le New Zealand ea Psychiatry 2012; 46 (8): 791-792. Doi: 10.1177 / 0004867412442407. thapama: 22403394
  232. 22. Caplan SE. Khetho ea litšebelisano tsa marang-rang: Khopolo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang le boiketlo ba kelello. Patlisiso ea Puisano 2003; 30: 625-648. Doi: 10.1177 / 0093650203257842
  233. 23. Yan W, Li Y, Sui N. Kamano pakeng tsa liketsahalo tsa bophelo ba morao-rao tse sithabetsang maikutlo, litsobotsi tsa botho, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lelapa le ho lemalla ha marang-rang har'a liithuti tsa koleche. Khatello ea Kelello le Bophelo 2014; 30 (1): 3-11. Doi: 10.1002 / smi.2490. thapama: 23616371
  234. 24. Bozoglan B, Demirer V, Sahin I. Ho jeoa ke bolutu, ho ikhala, le khotsofalo ea bophelo e le baphethahatsi ba litheko tsa marang-rang: Thutong ea boithuto bo pakeng tsa baithuti ba univesithi ea Turkey. Koranta ea Scandinavia ea Psychology 2013; 54 (4): 313-319. Doi: 10.1111 / sjop.12049. thapama: 23577670
  235. 25. Nalwa K, Anand AP. Bokhoba ba inthanete ho baithuti: sesosa sa ho tšoenyeha. CyberPsychology & Boitšoaro 2003; 6 (6): 653-656. doi: 10.1089 / 109493103322725441
  236. 26. Sanders CE, Field TM, Diego M, Kaplan M. Kamano ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho sithabela maikutlo le ho itšehla thajana har'a bacha. Nako ea bocha 2000; 35 (138): 237-242. thapama: 11019768
  237. 27. Tonioni F, D'Alessandris L, Lai C, Martinelli D, Corvino S, Vasale M,… Bria P. Ho lemalla marang-rang: lihora tse sebelisitsoeng marang-rang, boits'oaro le matšoao a kelello. Sepetlele se akaretsang sa mafu a kelello 2012; 34 (1): 80-87. doi: 10.1016 / j.genhosppsych.2011.09.013. thapama: 22036735
  238. 28. Yuan K, Qin W, Wang G, Zeng F, Zhao L, Yang X, et al. Mathata a tlisoang ke Microstosition ho bacha ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla ho sebelisa inthanete. PloS ONE 2011; 6 (6): e20708. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0020708. thapama: 21677775
  239. 29. Zhou Y, Lin FC, Du YS, Qin LD, Zhao ZM, Xu JR, et al. Litla-morao tsa litaba tsa bosholu ba temallo ea inthanete: Boithuto ba morphometry bo thehiloeng voxel. Koranta ea Europe ea Radiology 2011; 79 (1): 92-95. Doi: 10.1016 / j.ejrad.2009.10.025. thapama: 19926237
  240. 30. Hou H, Jia S, Hu S, Fan R, Sun W, Sun T, et al Fokotsa ba tsamaisang dopamine ba tsamaisang dopamine ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ho lemalla marang-rang. BioMed Research International 2012; 2012. Doi: 10.1155 / 2012 / 854524
  241. 31. Kim SH, Baik SH, Park CS, Kim SJ, Choi SW, Kim SE. Fokotsa li-receptor tsa driamine dopamine D2 ho batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete. Neuroreport 2011; 22 (8): 407-411. Doi: 10.1097 / WNR.0b013e328346e16e. thapama: 21499141
  242. 32. Lu DW, Wang JW, Huang ACW. Phapang ea boemo ba kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e thehiloeng karabong ea methapo ea kutlo: ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ea ts'ebetso ea boikemelo. Cyberpsychology, Boitšoaro, le Khokahano ea Khokahano ea Sechaba 2010; 13 (4): 371-378. Doi: 10.1089 / cyber.2009.0254
  243. 33. Lin PC, Kuo SY, Lee PH, Sheen TC, Chen SR. Litlamorao tsa ho lemalla ha marang-rang litabeng tsa ho feto-fetoha ha pelo ho bana ba lilemo li kenang sekolo. Tlaleho ea Cardiovascular Nursing 2013. Doi: 10.1097 / jcn.0b013e3182a477d5
  244. 34. Zheng H, Liu X, Patel K K. Karolo ea dopamine ho karabelo ea kutloelo-bohloko bo akaretsang lithutong tse nang le lefu la tsoekere la mofuta oa 2 le susumetsoang ke streptozotocin le lijo tse nang le mafura a mangata. Koranta ea FASEB 2011; 25: 1028-11.
  245. 35. Bélanger RE, Akre C, Berchtold A, Michaud PA. Kopano e nang le sebopeho sa U pakeng tsa matla a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le bophelo ba bocha. Lingaka tsa bana 2014; 127: e330-e335. Doi: 10.1542 / peds.2010-1235
  246. 36. Lam LT. Tlatsetso ea lipapali tsa inthanete, tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, le mathata a ho robala: Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng. Litlaleho tsa hajoale tsa Psychiatry 2014; 16 (4): 1-9. doi: 10.1007 / s11920-014-0444-1
  247. 37. Kim Y, Park JY, Kim SB, Jung IK, Lim YS, Kim JH. Litlamorao tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang mabapi le mokhoa oa bophelo le boits'oaro ba bacha ba Korea. Patlisiso ea Nutrition and Exercise 2010; 4 (1): 51-57. Doi: 10.4162 / nrp.2010.4.1.51. thapama: 20198209
  248. 38. Li M, Deng Y, Ren Y, Guo S, He X. Boemo ba boteng ba baithuti ba sekolo se mahareng sa Xiangtan le kamano ea eona le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Obesity 2014; 22 (2): 482-487. Doi: 10.1002 / oby.20595. thapama: 23929670
  249. 39. Jenaro C, Flores N, Gomez-Vela M, Gonzalez-Gil F, Caballo C. Tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete le tšebeliso ea mehala ea selefouno: Psychological, boitšoaro le litaba tsa bophelo bo botle. Patlisiso ea Tlatsetso le Theory 2007; 15: 309-320. Doi: 10.1080 / 16066350701350247
  250. 40. Kelley KJ, Gruber EM. Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete le bophelo bo botle ba 'mele. Tlaleho ea Bongoli ba Bokhopo ba Ts'ebetso 2013; 2 (2): 108-112. Doi: 10.1556 / JBA.1.2012.016. thapama: 26165930
  251. 41. Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Ho robala le ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung. Pflügers Archiv-European Journal ea Physiology 2012; 463 (1): 121-137. doi: 10.1007 / s00424-011-1044-0. thapama: 22071480
  252. 42. Cheung LM, Wong WS. Litlamorao tsa ho hloka boroko le ho lemalla marang-rang ho tepelletseng maikutlong ho bacha ba China Chaena: tlhahlobo e sekasekang ea likarolo. Patlisiso ea Boroko 2011; 20: 311-317. Doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-2869.2010.00883.x
  253. 43. Irwin M. Liphello tsa boroko le tahlehelo ea boroko ho boits'ireletso le li-cytokine. Brain, Behavior, and immune immune 2002; 16 (5): 503-512. Doi: 10.1016 / s0889-1591 (02) 00003-x
  254. 44. Adam Y, Meinlschmidt G, Lieb R. Litloaelano lipakeng tsa mathata a kelello le sefuba se tloaelehileng ho batho ba baholo: Phuputso e entsoeng ke batho ka kakaretso. Jeniki ea Patlisiso ea Psychosomatic 2013; 74 (1): 69-73. Doi: 10.1016 / j.jpsychores.2012.08.013. thapama: 23272991
  255. 45. Irwin M, Patterson T, Smith TL, Caldwell C, Brown SA, Gillin JC, et al Phokotso ea ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso mo khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Biological Psychiatry 1990; 27 (1): 22-30. shoalane: 2297549 doi: 10.1016 / 0006-3223 (90) 90016-u
  256. 46. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R. Ho sithabela maikutlo le ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung: litsela tse bohareng tsa ho fokola hoa mmele le lefu. Jeniki ea Patlisiso ea Psychosomatic 2002; 53 (4): 873-876. shoalane: 12377296 doi: 10.1016 / s0022-3999 (02) 00309-4
  257. 47. Kim HC, Park SG, Leem JH, Jung DY, Hwang SH. Matšoao a sithabetsang e le sesosa sa kotsi bakeng sa sefuba se tloaelehileng har'a basebetsi: Phuputso ea ho latela khoeli ea 4. Jeniki ea Patlisiso ea Psychosomatic 2011; 71 (3): 194-196. Doi: 10.1016 / j.jpsychores.2011.01.014. thapama: 21843756
  258. 48. Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME. Likhatello tse matla le likarabo tsa cortisol: ho hokahanya theoretical le synthesis ea patlisiso ea laboratori. Bulletin Bulletin 2004; 130 (3): 355. shoalane: 15122924 doi: 10.1037 / 0033-2909.130.3.355
  259. 49. Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC. Ho ikarola sechabeng le bophelo bo botle, ka ho hatisa mehato ea bohlokoa. Liphetoho ho Biology le Medicine 2003; 46 (3): S39-S52. shoalane: 14563073 doi: 10.1353 / pbm.2003.0049
  260. 50. Cohen S. Likamano tsa sechaba le bophelo bo botle. Setsebi sa Psychology sa Amerika 2004; 59 (8): 676. shoalane: 15554821 doi: 10.1037 / 0003-066x.59.8.676
  261. 51. Jaremka LM, Fagundes CP, Glaser R, Bennett JM, Malarkey WB, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Ho jeoa ke bolutu ho bolela bohloko, khatello ea maikutlo le mokhathala: Ho utloisisa karolo ea taolo ea 'mele. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38 (8): 1310-1317. Doi: 10.1016 / j.psyneuen.2012.11.016. thapama: 23273678
  262. 52. McClelland DC, Floor E, Davidson RJ, Saron C. E hatelletse matla a susumetsang, ts'ebetso ea kutloelo-bohloko, ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung le bokuli. Tlaleho ea khatello ea kelello ea batho 1980; 6 (2): 11-19. shoalane: 7391555 doi: 10.1080 / 0097840x.1980.9934531
  263. 53. Cao H, Letsatsi Y, Wan Y, Hao J, Tao F. BMC Health Health 2011; 11: 802. doi: 10.1186 / 1471-2458-11-802. thapama: 21995654
  264. 54. Heikkinen T, Järvinen A. Sefuba se tloaelehileng. Lancet 2003; 361: 51-59. shoalane: 12517470 doi: 10.1016 / s0140-6736 (03) 12162-9
  265. 55. WHO. Tlhahlobo ea sehla sa feberu ea mariha ea 2012-2013, hemisphere e ka leboea. Tlaleho ea lefu la seoa la beke le beke la 2013; 88: 225-232. E khutlisoa ho http://www.who.int/wer/2013/wer8822.pdf
  266. 56. Grout P, ​​Barber V E. Cold lores-tlhahlobo ea mafu a seoa. Tlaleho ea Royal College of General Practitioners 1976; 26: 428-434. thapama: 957310
  267. 57. Glaser R, Sheridan J, Malarkey WB, MacCallum RC, Kiecolt-Glaser J K. khatello ea maikutlo e sa feleng e fetolela karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ea pneumoccocal pneumonia vaccine. Psychosomatic Medicine 2000; 62: 804-807. shoalane: 11139000 doi: 10.1097 / 00006842-200011000-00010
  268. 58. Hass HS, Schauenstein K. Ho se sireletsehe ha mmele, lihormone le bokong. Allergy 2001; 56: 470-77 pmid: 11421890 doi: 10.1034 / j.1398-9995.2001.056006470.x
  269. 59. Aberg KM, Radeck KA, Choi EH, Kim DK, Demerjian M, Hupe M, et al Psychological stress downregulates epidermal antimicrobial peptide expression le ho eketsa ho teba ha ts'oaetso ea cutaneous ho litoeba. Koranta ea Patlisiso ea Tleliniking 2007; 117: 3339-3349. shoalane: 17975669 doi: 10.1172 / jci31726
  270. 60. Ng BD, Wiemer-Hastings P. Ho lemalla inthanete le papali ea inthanete. CyberPsychology & Boitšoaro 2005; 8 (2): 110–113. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2005.8.110
  271. 61. Widyanto L, McMurran M. Matla a psychometric a teko ea bokhoba ba inthanete. Cyberpsychology & Boitšoaro 2004; 7: 443-450. doi: 10.1089 / cpb.2004.7.443
  272. 62. Mocha KS. Teko ea Tebello ea Tebeliso ea Inthanete (IAT) 2009.
  273. 63. Chang MK, Molao oa Monna oa SP. Sebopeho sa lintlha bakeng sa Tlhahlobo ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete ea Young: Tlhahlobo e netefatsang. Lik'homphieutha ho Behavio ea Batho 2008; 24: 2597-2619. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2008.03.001
  274. 64. Hardie E, Tee ea ka. Ts'ebeliso e kholo ea inthanete: Karolo ea botho, bolutu le marang-rang a tšehetso ea sechaba ho lemaletseng marang-rang. Koranta ea Australia ea Emerging Technologies le Society 2007; 5: 34-47.
  275. 65. Snaith RP, Zigmond AS. HADS: Matšoenyeho a Sepetlele le ho Tepella Maikutlong 1994. Windsor: NFER Nelson.
  276. 66. Andrew B, Wilding J M. Kamano ea khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho ho ‐ khatello ea bophelo le katleho ho baithuti. Koranta ea Brithani ea Psychology 2004; 95 (4): 509-521. Doi: 10.1348 / 0007126042369802
  277. 67. Crawford JR, Henry JD, Crombie C, Taylor EP. Lintlha tse tloaelehileng bakeng sa HADS ho tsoa sampole e kholo ea ". Sa" ea bongaka. Koranta ea Brithani ea Clinical Psychology 2001; 40 (4): 429-434. Doi: 10.1348 / 014466501163904
  278. 68. Russell DW. UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Ho tšepahala, ho nepahala, le sebopeho sa lintlha. Tlaleho ea Tlhahlobo ea Botho 1996; 66 (1): 20-40. shoalane: 8576833 doi: 10.1207 / s15327752jpa6601_2
  279. 69. Jobe LE, Williams White S. Bolutu, likamano tsa sechaba le mokhoa o pharaletseng oa autism ho baithuti ba koleche. Botho le Phapang ea Botho 2007; 42 (8): 1479-1489. Doi: 10.1016 / j.paid.2006.10.021
  280. 70. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. Pittsburgh S sleep Quality Index (PSQI): Sesebelisoa se secha sa lipatlisiso tsa kelello le boikoetliso. Patlisiso ea Psychiki 1989; 28 (2): 193-213. doi: 10.1016 / 0165-1781 (89) 90047-4
  281. 71. Goldberg DP, Hilfer V F. Phetolelo e scared ea General Health lipotso. Phekolo ea Psychological 1979; 9: 139-145. shoalane: 424481 doi: 10.1017 / s0033291700021644
  282. 72. Reed P., & Senunaite K. Kameho ea ngoana ea nang le ASD ho boits'oaro ba boits'ireletso ba mmele ba batsoali ba hae. Tlas'a tlhahlobo.
  283. 73. McClelland DC, Alexander C, Marks E. Tlhokahalo ea matla, khatello ea maikutlo, boits'ireletso ba mmele, le bokuli har'a batšoaruoa ba banna. Raliphatlalatso la Psychology e sa tloaelehang 1982; 91 (1): 61. shoalane: 7056944 doi: 10.1037 / 0021-843x.91.1.61