Ho Batla Maikutlo le ho Bapala Inthaneteng Ho lemalla Bana Bacha: Mohlala oa Moderated Mediation oa Likamano Tse Molemo Tse Amehang le Boikutlo ba Tšusumetso (2017)

Front Psychol. 2017; 8: 699.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2017 May 5. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2017.00699

PMCID: PMC5418345

Jianping Hu,¹ Shuangju Zhen,² Chengfu Yu,³ Qiuyan Zhang,⁴ 'me Wei Zhang^2,^*

inahaneloang

E Thehiloe ho Modular Ds Systems (Somerville et al., 2010; Steinberg, 2010a) le mohlala oa biosocial -athiri (Romer le Hennessy, 2007) ea maikutlo a bongoana le boits'oaro ba mathata, boithuto bo teng bo ithutile hore na (litloaelano tse amehang le lipapali tsa marang-rang e le mokena-lipakeng) le neng (maikutlo a hore ke motsamaisi) a ile a fumana tšusumetso ea ho lemalla papali ea papali ea bohlasoa bongoaneng. Kakaretso ea bacha ba bacha ba 375 ba China (ba bolela lilemo = 16.02 lilemo, SD = 0.85) e tsoang ka boroa ho China e tlatsitse lipotso tse sa tsejoeng mabapi le ho batla maikutlo, likamano tse ntle tsa likamano tse ntle le lipapali tsa inthanete, ho qhekella le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete. Seo re se fumaneng se senotse hore ho batla maikutlo a boithabiso, litloaelano tse ntle tsa boithabiso le lipapali tsa inthanete le ho susumetsoa ke mong le e mong li ne li amana haholo le bokhoba ba papali ea marang-rang ho bacha. Mekhatlo e atlehileng ea likamano e sebelisitse kamano lipakeng tsa ho ts'oasa maikutlo le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete. Ho feta moo, ho hloka matla ho ile ha ntlafatsa likamano lipakeng tsa mekhatlo e metle e amanang le papali ea papali ea chelete, hoo kamano e lipakeng tsa mokhatlo o motle oa papali le ho lemalla papali ea papali ea inthanete li neng li le matla haholo ho feta ho bacha ba tlamang ntle ho mabaka. Liphumano tsena li totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho kopanya mohlala o amang biosocial-Model le Modular Systems Model ho utloisisa hore na maikutlo a ho batla ho ama a kenang bokhobeng ba bongoaneng joang.

Keywords: maikutlo a ho batla, litloaelano tse ntle tsa bolekane, ho se ts'oenyehe, bokhoba ba papali ea marang-rang, bocha

Selelekela

Ha batho ba bangata ba ntse ba fihlella marang-rang a lebelo le phahameng, lipapali tsa inthanete li se li atile haholo, haholo bacheng. Ha botumo ba lipapali tsa inthanete bo ntse bo eketseha, eba le lipelaelo ka sephetho sa ts'ebeliso e feteletseng. Joalo ka ho lemalla joala kapa lithethefatsi, libapali tse lemalloang li bonts'a matšoao a makatsang a bokhoba, ho kenyelletsa ho ameha haholo ka lipapali tsa khomphutha, ho tlohela bophelo ba boithabiso ho bapala lipapali, ho sebelisa lipapali ho baleha khatello ea lefats'e.Kuss le Griffiths, 2012; Mai et al., 2012; Gunuc, 2015). Ho lemalla papali ea chelete Inthaneteng e fetohile bothata bo tebileng ba bophelo ba sechaba ho pota lefatše, haholo China le linaheng tse ling tsa Asia (Thibela, 2008). Ho potlakile ho utloisisa mekhoa ea kelello ea ho lemalla papali ea inthanete, e leng motheo oa thibelo le ho kenella.

Tebello ea inthanete e amahanngoa le ho ata ha boitšoaro ba bothata bo tsoang kantle (mohlala, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi le thobalano; Ko et al., 2008; Sung et al., 2013), le ho hlakola boits'oaro ba bothata (mohlala, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho a sechaba; Ko et al., 2014). Mekgwa ena ya mathata e bontshitswe e amana haholo le ho batla ha maikutlo (Smith le al., 1992; Crawford et al., 2003; Mann et al., 2015; Engel-Yeger et al., 2016). Ho batla ho utloisa bohloko ho hlalosa boikemisetso le liketso tsa ho ipeha kotsing ea ho fumana lipale le liphihlelo tse susumetsang haholo.Zuckerman, 1979; Steinberg et al., 2008). Ke tšobotsi e khahlisang ea botho, e ka bang kotsi le tšireletso bakeng sa boits'oaro bo itseng ba boitšoaro (Norbury le Husain, 2015). Leha ho na le bopaki bo bokelletsoeng mabapi le phello e ntle ea maikutlo a ho batla ho lemalla bokhoba ba marang-rang ba bongoana ((Ko et al., 2006; Li et al., 2010, 2016; Bitton le Medina, 2015), ke lithuto tse fokolang tse ileng tsa hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa ho ts'oasa maikutlo le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete (Mehroof le Griffiths, 2010). Ntle le moo, e ntse e sa hlaka hantle hore na (ho bolelang, mochine oa ho kenella) le hore na (ho re, mochine o hlophisang) o etsa joang ho fumana tšusumetso ho papatso ea papali ea inthanete. Ho rarolla mathata ana ha ho bohlokoa feela ho utloisisa temoso ea papali ea papali ea inthanete empa hape le ho nts'etsapele mananeo a kenelletseng a ts'ebetso (Li et al., 2010).

Mekhatlo e amehang joaloka Mokena-lipakeng

Mefuta e amang biosocial e amang boitšoaro ba bohlankanaRomer le Hennessy, 2007) e khothalelitse hore, maikutlo a batjha a ho batla ho susumetsa mekhatlo ea bona e amanang le boitšoaro, e ka bang le tšusumetso ho ipeheng ha bona kotsing. Etsahala Kiviniemi et al. (2007), mekhatlo e ananelang e bua ka maikutlo a amanang le tšusumetso kapa boits'oaro bo itseng. Tumellanong le sebopeho sena sa theoretical, lithuto tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore ho ba le kamano e ntle le boits'oaro bo kotsi e le mokena-lipakeng oa maikutlo a batlang ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Romer le Hennessy, 2007) le tšebeliso ea joala (Urbán et al., 2008). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le tlhoko ea hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tsa boiphetetso ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na mofuta ona o ka sebelisoa ho ts'ebeliso ea papali ea marang-rang bongoaneng.

Bopaki bo bong bo sa reroang bo bonts'itse hore mekhatlo e metle e nang le kamano e ntle pakeng tsa batho e batla ho ba le kamano lipakeng tsa bonyatsi. Liphetoho tse ntle (ho kenyelletsa kelello le boiketlo ba sechaba) ho boiphihlelo le liphihlelo tse khothatsang e bile karolo ea bohlokoa ea tlhaloso ea ho batla maikutlo (Zuckerman, 1996). Bopaki ba morao-rao bo boetse bo bonts'itse hore libapali tse nang le maikutlo a holimo li batlang lipapali tsa k'homphieutha li fumane monate ho feta libapali tse nang le maikutlo a tlase a batlang (Fang le Zhao, 2010). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lithuto tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore litloaelano tse ntle tsa metsoalle li ka ama boitšoaro ba motho bo lemalloang (Karlsson, 2012; Stautz le Cooper, 2015). Ka mohlala, Lee et al. (2014) fumana hore thabo e anngoeng le e amanang le eona e ama hantle tsoelo-pele ea tšebeliso ea lipapali tse ngata tsa inthanete. Tone et al. (2014) e tlaleha hore khahloa ea papali ea marang-rang e ne e amana hantle le bokhoba ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Ha ho kopantsoe hammoho, ho batla maikutlo ho ka amahanngoa le litloaelano tse ntle le lipapali tsa inthanete, tseo le tsona li amanang le bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete. Leha ho le joalo, ho fihlela joale, ha ho na lithuto tse tsejoang tse seng li hlahlobile ka kotloloho karolo e kopanyang ea litloaelano tse ntle tsa boithabiso le lipapali tsa inthanete khokahanong lipakeng tsa ho batla maikutlo le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete bongoaneng.

Ho susumetsa joalo ka Mookameli

E ipapisitse le liphumano tsa batho tse natefisang, Dual Systems Model (Somerville et al., 2010; Steinberg, 2010a) e ntlafalitsoe ho hlalosa hore na hobaneng bacha ba etsa boitšoaro bo bobe. Boitšoaro bo eketsehang ba boits'oaro bo lilemong tsa bocha ke sehlahisoa sa "systemoemotional" e holileng tsebong e atlehileng holim'a tsamaiso ea pele (ea kelello).Steinberg et al., 2008; Steinberg, 2010a). Patlisiso e ntseng e eketseha e se e qalile ho hokahanya liphetoho le mekhoa ea neural le liphetoho mokhoeng oa bocha (Steinberg et al., 2008; Steinberg, 2010b; Harden le Tucker-Drob, 2011; Quinn le Harden, 2013; Lisa Marco, 2013). Mohlala, likarolo tsa (Steinberg et al., 2008le longitudinal (Harden le Tucker-Drob, 2011) lipatlisiso li bonts'itse hore liphapang tsa lilemo tsa ho ts'oaroa ha maikutlo le ho ts'oaroa ha maemo li fapana lipakeng tsa lilemo ho litsamaiso tsa kutlo tsa kelello le taolo ea kelello. Quinn and Harden (2013) e tlaleha hore, liphetoho tse amanang le lilemo tsa ho batla maikutlo le ho ts'oaroa li ne li amana le liphetoho tse sebelisong ea lithethefatsi. Liphumano tsena li fana ka bopaki ba boits'oaro bakeng sa Modular Ds Systems. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsena ha lia ka tsa leka ka ho toba hore na litsamaiso tsena tse peli li sebelisana joang ho susumetsa boitšoaro ba bacha ba bocha. Le ha maikutlo a ho batla ho nahanoa hore a tsoa botebong ba pelo le maikutlo a phelisang, ho khothaletsoa ho susumetsoa ke phello e mpe ea ts'ebetso e mpe ea ts'ebetso ea taolo ea kelello (Steinberg et al., 2008; Harden le Tucker-Drob, 2011; Quinn le Harden, 2013). Phuputso e teng hona joale e hlahisitse phapang ea ho se ts'oanehe 'me e fuputsetse hore na ho tsitsipana ho lekana kamano pakeng tsa tsamaiso ea maikutlo le boitšoaro ba mathata, ho leka ka kotlolloho hore na litsamaiso tsa taolo ea sechaba le boithuto ba kelello li sebelisana joang ho susumetsa bokhoba ba lipapali tsa inthanete tsa bacha.

Hajoale ha ho tsejoe letho ka karolo e leka-lekaneng ea ho nkeha maikutlo khokahanong lipakeng tsa mekhatlo e amehang le papatso ea papali ea chelete inthaneteng, leha ho na le bopaki bo bongata bo bontšang hore ho susumetsa ho laola kamano e lipakeng tsa mefuta e amehang le e nowang (Colder le Chassin, 1997; Lindgren et al., 2014). Ka mohlala, Colder le Chassin (1997) e bonts'a karolo ea bohlasoa e le motsamaisi oa khokahano lipakeng tsa khokahano e ntle le tšebeliso ea joala. Phuputsong e sa tsoa etsoa, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahiso ea ho itaola (e bonts'a mohopolo o fetang le khatello ea maikutlo) joalo ka motsamaisi oa tšusumetso ea mekhatlo e meng e amanang le tšebeliso ea lino tse tahang (Lindgren et al., 2014). Motheong oa liphumano tsena tse boletsoeng ka holimo le Moetso oa Dual Systems, hoa utloahala ho nyenyefatsa hore maikutlo a susumetsang a laola kamano pakeng tsa mekhatlo e mebe le lipapali tsa inthanete le bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete.

Ka kakaretso, ho latela mohlala oa ts'ebetso ea bosholu ba bongoana le Dual Systems Model, thuto e teng hona joale e batlile ho senola lisosa tsa kamano pakeng tsa maikutlo a ho batla le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete ka lipheo tse peli tse ikhethang: (1) ho hlahloba hore na Mekhatlo e amanang le papali ea papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete e kenella lipakeng tsa bosholu ba maikutlo le lipapatso tsa bacha tsa lipapali tsa inthaneteng, le (2) ho lekola hore na kamano e teng lipakeng tsa mekhatlo e mebe le tšebeliso ea papali ea papali ea inthanete e lekantsoe ke tšekamelo ea motho ka mong. Ka hona, ho ka khothaletsoa litšupiso tse peli tse latelang ka tsela e latelang:

lintho tse tloaelehileng tse
Hypothesis 1: ho batla maikutlo ho ka eketsa likamano tse ntle le lipapali tsa inthanete, tseo le tsona li tlatsetsang ho lematseng papali ea chelete Inthaneteng bohlankaneng.
lintho tse tloaelehileng tse
Hypothesis 2: tšekamelo ea motho ka mong e ka fokotsa litlamorao tsa litloaelano tse ntle tsa bokhoba ba papali ea marang-rang, e le hore likamano lipakeng tsa litloaelano tse ntle tsa boits'oaro le ho lemalla papali ea papali ea inthanete li ka ba matla ho feta lilemong tsa bocha tse phahameng ha li bapisoa le ho ts'oaroa ho tlase.

Ntle le moo, ha ho na bopaki ba hore na kamano lipakeng tsa ho batla maikutlo le mekhatlo e metle e amanang le eona kapa kamano e lipakeng tsa ho ts'oasa maikutlo le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete e lekantsoe ke ho hloka toka. Kahoo ha re fane ka litlhahiso tse qaqileng mabapi le likamano tsena.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

sampole

Bacha ba kotsing e kotsing ea ho lemalla papali ea chelete Inthaneteng.Li le Wang, 2013; Ha le Hwang, 2014; Wang et al., 2015). Ho lumella ho hlomphuoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng bakeng sa sehlopha sena, thuto ena e ile ea etsoa feela ho bacha ba batona. Mohlala oa mantlha o ne o e-na le bacha ba 413 ba batona ba tsoang ho X XUMUMX le 10 ka boroa ho China. Ho tsena, 11 (38%) ba ne ba qheletsoe ka thoko hobane ba ne ba sena boiphihlelo ba ho bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang, e ileng ea fella ka sampole ea hona joale ea bacha ba 9.2. Lilemo tse boleloang ke mohlala ona e ne e le lilemo tsa 375 (SD, lilemo tsa 16.02), ho tloha ho 0.85 ho isa ho lilemo tsa 15.

Mehato

Ho batla

Ho batla ha bacha lilemong ho ile ha hlahlojoa ke mofuta o mokhuts'oanyane oa takatso ea maikutlo, e bonts'ang ho ts'epahala le ho nepahala (Steinberg et al., 2008; Li et al., 2010). E na le lintho tse ts'eletseng, tse pakiloeng sekaleng sa lintlha tse tšeletseng ho tloha 1 (hoo e batlang e se 'nete ka uena) ho 6 (hoo e batlang e le' nete ka uena). Mefuta e phahameng e emela maemo a phahameng a takatso ea maikutlo. Cronbach's α ea sampole ea hona joale e ne e le 0.68.

Ho se tsitsisehe

Tšusumetso ea Bacha e ile ea hlahlojoa ke liphallelo tse tharo tsa lintho tse tšeletseng ho tsoa ho Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Version 11 (Patton le Stanford, 1995) e sebelisoang hape ka ho Steinberg et al. (2008). Ts'ebetso ea phetolelo ea morao-rao le ea morao-rao e ne e etsoa ho theha mofuta oa China oa tekanyo eo. Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e filoe lintlha tse 'ne ho tloha ho 1 (ka seoelo / ha ho mohla) ho 4 (hoo e ka bang kamehla / kamehla). Likarolo tse nyane li ile tsa kenyelletsoa hore li thehe lintlha kaofela tse sa hlokahaleng. Moelelo o phahameng o emela boemo bo phahameng ba ho qobelloa. Cronbach's α e lekaneng bakeng sa sampole ea hona joale e ne e le 0.65.

Mekhatlo e amehang

Phuputsong ea sefofane, re sebelisitse tekanyo ea letamo le amang e hlahisoang ke Peters le Slovic (1996) ho lekanya tse amang lipapaling tsa marang-rang (kapa lipapali). Libapali tse mashome a mahlano tsa libapali tsa marang-rang li ile tsa hloaa (46 e le monna; lilemo tse bolelang ± SD, 17 ± 2.03). Ba ile ba kopuoa ho tlaleha mantsoe a pele a mararo a ileng a fihla kelellong ha ba bolelloa hore ba nahane ka papali ea marang-rang. Ba ne ba lekanya lentsoe le leng le le leng ka lintlha tse hlano ho tloha ho tse mpe haholo ho isa ho tse ntle haholo. Mantsoe a holimo a supileng a hlahang khafetsa a thathamisitsoeng ke libapali tsena a ne a thabile, a khahla, a khahla, a ratoa, a phomola, a tsepamisa maikutlo a bile a etsa metsoalle. Joale re sebelisitse mantsoe ana a supileng ho etsa lipolelo lithutong tsa morao tjena. Mohlala, "ha u bapala lipapali tsa marang-rang, ke ikutloa ke thabile." Barupeluoa ba ile ba lekanya hore na polelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e le 'nete hakae maemong a tšeletseng ho tloha 1 (hoo e batlang e se' nete ka uena) ho 6 (hoo e batlang e le 'nete ka uena). Mantsoe ana a supileng a ne a le monate, ka hona, moelelo o phahameng o emela kamano e ntle e amanang le papali ea inthanete. Cronbach's α e lekaneng bakeng sa sampole ea hona joale e ne e le 0.90.

Tlatsetso ea Lipapatso Inthaneteng

Sekala sa ho lemalla papali ea inthanete se fetotsoe ho tsoa ho Revised Chinese Addiction Scale (CIAS) e ntlafalitsoeng ea China.Chen le al., 2003) ho lekanya tekanyo ea tloaelo ea ho lemalla papali ea inthanete ho barupeluoa. Sekala se na le lintho tsa 26 mme se na le lipeeletso tse peli: Matšoao a Core le Mathata a amanang. Ea pele e kenyelletsa likarolo tse tharo: tšebeliso e qobelloang, ho tlosoa, le mamello; ea bobeli e kenyelletsa likarolo tse peli: mathata a amanang le bophelo bo botle le mathata a taolo ea nako. Bakeng sa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, barupeluoa ba bontšitse hore na polelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e le 'nete hakae boemong ba lintlha tse' ne ho tloha 1 (hoo e batlang e se 'nete ka uena) ho 4 (hoo e batlang e le' nete ka uena). Moelelo o ile oa nkuoa ka mokhoa o phahameng o emelang bokhoba ba papali ea marang-rang. Coonffach ea Cronbach ea boholo le likhakanyo tse peli thutong e ne e le 0.94, 0.91, le 0.87, ka ho latellana.

Litsela

Lisebelisoa tse tsebisitsoeng li fumanoe sekolong, bankakarolo bohle le batsoali ba bona. Barupeluoa lithutong tsena e ne e le ba boithatelo ebile ba sa tsejoe. Ba fuoe metsotso e ka bang 30 hore ba qete ho etsa lipotso ka lipapaling tsa bona. Lisebelisoa tsohle le lits'ebetso li amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Patlisiso ea Botho ea Univesithi ea China Chaena.

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Pele, re hlahisitse lipalo-palo tse hlalosang le li-biquariate tsa bivariate bakeng sa mefuta e meholo. Taba ea bobeli, hore re leke Hypothesis 1, re ile ra latela MacKinnon's (2008) mehato e mene ea ho lekola phello ea bobuelli. Taba ea boraro, ho etsa liteko tsa Hypothesis 2, re ile ra latela litlhaloso tsa Muller et al's (2005) mabapi le tlhahlobo ea boimamelo bo fetotsoeng.

Results

Tlhahlobo ea pele

Mekhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng, le matrix ea maiketsetso ea liemahale tse kholo li hlahisoa ka Lethathamo Lethathamo11. Ho batla ho kopanya, litloaelano tse ntle tsa papali ea papali ea chelete le ho se ts'oanelehe ho bonts'itse khokahano ea bohlokoa le e nepahetseng le matšoao a mantlha le mathata a amanang le papatso ea papali ea inthanete, a fana ka maikutlo a hore lintlha tsena tsohle tse tharo ke mabaka a kotsi a ho lemalla papali ea chelete ea inthaneteng. Ho batla ho kopantsoe hantle le litloaelano tse ntle; le ha ho le joalo, ho ikamahanya le litaba tsa botsoalle le likamano tse ntle tsa basebetsi ho ne ho sa bohlokoa.

Mokhoa le ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng ha lintho tse ka sehloohong tse fetohang hammoho le khokahano ea tsona.

Ho Hypothesis 1, ho lekola phello e kopanyang ea litloaelano tse ntle le lipapali tsa inthanete, MacKinnon's (2008) ho sebelisitsoe mehato e mene. Mehato ea pele e meraro e ne e le ho leka sephetho se tobileng a sebelisa ho sarolla methapo, ho kenyelletsa (1) khokahano pakeng tsa ho batla maikutlo le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete; (2) khokahano lipakeng tsa ho batla maikutlo le metsoalle e nepahetseng e amanang le lipapali tsa marang-rang; (3) khokahano lipakeng tsa litloaelano tse ntle tsa papali le papali ea papali ea inthanete ha u ntse u laola ho batla maikutlo. Lihokela tsohle tse mehatong ena e meraro li lokela ho ipaka li le bohlokoa. Karolong ea bone, ho ts'oana le maikutlo a monate le litloaelano tse ntle tsa lipapali lipapaling tsa marang-rang li ile tsa kenngoa moleng oa morao-rao oa ho khutlisa. Re sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea Sobel ho bona hore na litlamorao tsa ho ba le kamano e ntle le lipapali tsa inthanete li ntse li bohlokoa.

Liphetho tsa mofuta oa bobuelli tse hlahlobang kamano lipakeng tsa ho ts'oara maikutlo, litumellano tse amanang le lipapali tsa inthanete le papatso ea lipapali tsa inthanete li hlahisoa ho Lethathamo Lethathamo22. Kameho ea maikutlo a ho batla ho lemalla papali ea inthanete (b = 0.152, p <0.01), phello ea maikutlo a ho batla mekhatlong e amanang le lipapali tsa inthanete (b = 0.199, p <0.001), le litlamorao tsa botsoalle bo amanang le bokhoba ba lipapali tsa inthanete (b = 0.463, p <0.001) li ne li le bohlokoa. Mohato oa bone, ha ho laoloa bakeng sa ho batla maikutlo, phello ea mekhatlo e amanang le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete e ne e le bohlokoa (b = 0.450, p <0.001); leha ho le joalo, phello ea ho batla maikutlo ho lemalla papali ea inthanete e ne e se e sa bohlokoab = 0.062, p > 0.1). Kamora nako, tlhahlobo ea Sobel e bonts'itse phello e felletseng ea bonamoli ea mekhatlo e amanang le lipapali tsa inthanete kamanong e teng lipakeng tsa ho batla maikutlo le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete e bohlokoa (Z = 3.63, p <0.001). Khopolo-taba ea 1 e ne e tšehelitsoe.

Ho etsa liteko tsa tšibollo ea maikutlo lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete bongoaneng.

Teko bakeng sa Mediation Mediation

Ho etsa liteko tsa Hypothesis 2, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo e lekanyelitsoeng ea bobuelli ka mefuta e meraro ea boiphetetso joalokaha e boletsoe ke Muller et al. (2005). Mohlaleng oa pele, ho lekantsoe phello e fetisang ea ho se ts'oenyehe ka tsela eo maikutlo a batlang ts'usumetso ho lemalla ts'ebeliso ea papali ea inthanete e hakantsoeng. Mofuteng oa bobeli, phello e leka-lekaneng ea ho se ts'oenyehe ka tsela eo maikutlo a batlang ts'usumetso ho mekhatlo e amanang le lipapali tsa inthanete e hakantsoeng. Mohlaleng oa boraro, ho hakantsoe phello e leka-lekanang ea ho se ts'oaroe ke litlamorao ho mekhatlo e meng e lemaletseng ho lemeng papali ea papali ea inthanete le sephetho se setseng sa maikutlo a ho batla ho lemalla papali ea papali ea inthanete. Liphetoho tsohle li ne li emisitsoe ho fokotsa multicollinearity.

Mohlaleng oa pele (Lethathamo Lethathamo33), sephetho se akaretsang sa maikutlo a ho lemalla papali ea papali ea inthanete se fumanoe, b = 0.105, p <0.05. Phello ena e ne e sa lekanyetsoa ke ho se ts'oenyehe, b = -0.057, p > 0.05. Mofuteng oa bobeli, mokena-lipakeng, mekhatlo e amehang, e ne e le moelelo. Ho bile le phello e kholo ea ho batla maikutlo, b = 0.184, p <0.001, le maikutlo a bohlokoa a ho batla × tšebelisano 'moho mekhatlong e amehang, b = -0.105, p <0.05. Ho tsamaisa tlhaloso ea tšebelisano ena, re rerile hore na ho batla maikutlo ho amana joang le mekhatlo e amanang le maemo a tlase le a phahameng a ho se tsotelle (ke hore, ho 1 SD ka tlase le kaholimo ho se boleloang, Figure Figure11). Teko e bonolo ea selomong e bontšitse hore bakeng sa bacha ba sa kenelle habonolo, ho batla maikutlo a phahameng ho ne ho amana le mekhatlo e metle e ntle, b = 0.285, p <0.001. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa bacha ba nang le ho se ts'oenyehe ho hoholo, phello ea maikutlo a ho batla mekhatlong e amanang e ne e se ea bohlokoa, b = 0.084, p = 0.249. Kamora nako, sebopeho sa boraro se bonts'itse hore litlamorao tsa mekhatlo e meng e ananeloang bokhobeng ba marang-rang e ne e le bohlokoa, b = 0.422, p <0.001, 'me phello ena e ne e lekantsoe ke ho se ts'oarehe, ka mekhatlo e matla e amanang le ts'ebelisano' moho, b = 0.125, p <0.01. Re boetse re rerile ho lemalla papali ea papali ea inthanete khahlano le mekhatlo e amanang le maemo a tlase le a phahameng a ho se tsotelle (Figure Figure22). Teko e bobebe ea ho thella e bonts'a hore bakeng sa bacha ba bangata ba ho tsubelleha, mekhatlo e amehang e ne e amahanngoa le bokhoba ba papali ea marang-rang, b = 0.532, p <0.001. Bakeng sa bocha ba lilemong tsa bocha, phello ea mekhatlo e amanang le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete e ne e fokola, b = 0.334, p <0.001.

Ho hlahloba litlamorao tse lekanyelitsoeng tsa maikutlo a ho batla ho lemalla papali ea inthanete bongoaneng.

Tšoantšiso 1

Litloaelano tse ntle tsa lipapatso tse fumanehang lipapaling tsa marang-rang e le ts'ebetso ea maikutlo a ho batla le ho susumetsa. E tlase ebile e phahameng e bua ka boleng ba 1 e kheloha ka tlase le ka holimo ho se boleloang, ka ho latellana.

Tšoantšiso 2

Ho lemalla papali ea papali ea bohlankana lilemong tsa bocha e le ts'ebetso ea litloaelano tse ntle tsa boits'oaro le ho se kenelle. E tlase ebile e phahameng e bua ka boleng ba 1 e kheloha ka tlase le ka holimo ho se boleloang, ka ho latellana.

Puisano

Thutong ea hajoale, re lekile mokhoa oa ho leka-lekanya oo litlamorao tsa maikutlo a ho batla ho lemalla papali ea inthanete ka litloaelano tse ntle li neng li tsamaisoa ka tšusumetso. Boithuto bona bo kenya letsoho hore ho be le palo e kholo ea lingoliloeng ka bonyane ka mekhoa e meraro.

Taba ea mantlha, liphetho tsa rona li fana ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa ts'ebetso e amanang le ts'oaetso ea biosocial ho ea papaling ea marang-rang, e le hore maikutlo a phahameng a ho batla a ne a amahanngoa le litloaelano tse ntle tsa mekhatlo e metle ea papali ea inthanete, eo hamorao e ileng ea amahanngoa le monyetla o moholo oa ho lemalla papali ea inthanete. Tsela ena e lumellana le mohlala oa biosocial-hampe, o reng maikutlo a ho batla a susumetsa ts'ebetso ea mathata ka ho theha mokhatlo o ananelang boitshwaro ba mathata (Romer le Hennessy, 2007). Bacha ba batlang ba natefeloa maikutlo ba na le litloaelano tse ntle le lipapali tsa inthanete, tseo le tsona li hlahisang temallo ea lipapali tsa inthaneteng bongoaneng. Tšusumetso ea litloaelano tse ntle tsa ho lemalla papali ea papali ea chelete inthaneteng e lumellana le mohlala o amanang le tšebeliso e mpe (Slovic et al., 2007) hape e fetisa mohlalaKiviniemi et al., 2007; Kiviniemi le Duangdao, 2009) ho lemalla papali ea papali ea inthanete, kaha mehlala ena hangata e ikarabella bakeng sa boits'oaro bo amanang le bophelo bo botle, joalo ka boits'oaro mesebetsing ea 'mele (Kiviniemi et al., 2007), khetho ea lijo (Walsh le Kiviniemi, 2014), le ho tsuba (Wilkinson, 2010). Ho fumana sena sa mantlha ho fana ka ts'ehetso le ho phahamisa lithuto tsa pejana tse fumaneng hore lintlha tsa bohlokoa, joalo ka ho natefeloa, li amana le tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lipapali tsa marang-rang (Lee le al., 2014).

Taba ea bobeli, liphetho tsa rona li fana ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa Moetso oa Dual Systems. Re fumane ho ts'oaroa ho lekantsoe le tsusumetso ea mekhatlo e mebe ho lemaletseng papali ea chelete inthaneteng. Ha khatello ea maikutlo e ntse e eketseha, setsoalle lipakeng tsa mekhatlo e mebe le ho lemalla papali ea chelete Inthaneteng e ba matla le ho feta. Mokhoa ona oa liphumano o bonts'a hore ho ikitlaelletsa ho matlafatsa kamano lipakeng tsa litloaelano tse ntle tsa bosholu le ho lemalla papali ea chelete Inthaneteng. Ho fumana hona ho fana ka bopaki bo tobileng bakeng sa Modular Ds Systems. Ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, ho ba kotsing ea ho lemalla papali ea papali ea inthanete ke sehlahisoa sa likamano tse ntle tse phahameng tse amanang le lipapali tsa inthanete le taolo e tlase ea tšusumetso. Maemo a phahameng a litloaelano tse ntle tsa papali le lipapali tsa inthanete li susumetsa bacha ho lipapali tsa inthanete; ka nako e ts'oanang, bokhoni ba boits'oaro bo sa tsebeng letho bo ka se thibele tšusumetso ena (Steinberg et al., 2008; Steinberg, 2010a). Ka mantsoe a mang, lits'ebetso tsa taolo ea bacha ba kenelletseng lilemong tsa bocha li "fokola", mme boits'oaro ba bona ba lipapali tsa inthanete bo ka tataisoa ke litloaelano tse ntle le lipapali tsa inthanete. Ho tsebo ea rona, ke thuto ea pele e sebetsang ho Dual Systems Model ho lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba lipapali tsa bongoaneng tsa bongoaneng.

Ho makatsang ke hore re fumane hore ho hloka boikaketsi ho ile ha ntlafatsa tšusumetso ea maikutlo a ho batla ho mekhatlo e hoketsoeng. Haholo-holo, ha ho ts'oaroa ha maikutlo ho fokotseha, bacha ba maemong a phahameng a maikutlo ba batlang menyetla ea bona ba ne ba ka ba le tšusumetso e ntle lipapaling tsa inthanete. Mohlomong bacha ba haelloang ke takatso ea nakoana ba ka fokotsa takatso ea ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete mme ka nako e loketseng ba hlophise nako ea papali ea inthanete. Maemong ana, ha ho thata ho utloisisa hore bacha ba nang le maikutlo a phahameng a ho batla ba ka natefeloa ke ho thabela lipapali tsa inthanete.

Boithuto ba rona bo na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa. Taba ea pele, seo re se fumaneng se ka thusa litsebi ho utloisisa hore na ho ts'oara maikutlo ho amana joang le bokhoba ba lipapali tsa inthanete, ho fana ka bopaki bo ka tšeptjoang ba ho kenella. Mohlala, ho fokotsa litloaelano tse ntle tsa lipapali tsa marang-rang ho ka senya tse ling tsa litlamorao tse tlisoang ke maikutlo a ho lemalla ho lemalla papali ea inthanete bongoaneng. Kahoo, ho ka ba molemo ho nahana ka mekhoa ea ho kenella e lebisang ho likamano tsena tse amanang le lipapali tsa inthanete. Ho sebelisa paradigm e sa bonahaleng ho leka mekhatlo e meng e amehang ea batho ba nkang karolo le litholoana, Walsh le Kiviniemi (2014) ba fumane hore barupeluoa ba maemong a nepahetseng a priming ba khethile litholoana khafetsa ha ba bapisoa le maemo a mabe a priming. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e ka sebelisa mekhoa e joalo (mohlala, lipapali tse amanang le marang-rang tse amanang le litšoantšo tse amanang le mantsoe kapa litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore) ho lekola hore na likamano tse ntle tsa bacha tsa lipapali tsa marang-rang li ka fetoloa. Taba ea bobeli, ha ho nahanoa hore tšusumetso e kotsi ea litloaelano tse ntle tsa batho ba lemaletseng ho becha Inthaneteng e matla ho bacha ba potlakileng, ho lahla mekhatlo e hoketsoeng lipapaling tsa inthanete har'a bacha ba nang le tšusumetso e matla ho ka ba molemo haholo ho fokotsa ho lemalla papali ea papali ea chelete Inthaneteng.

Ho na le meeli e 'maloa e hlokang ho hlahlojoa. Taba ea mantlha, ho latela mofuta oa thuto ena, re ke ke ra etsa infusions tsa sephetho sa liphetho. Boithuto ba nako e tlang bo ka leka mehlala e sebelisa meralo ea nako e telele kapa liteko ho fihlela sephetho sa caasm. Taba ea bobeli, mefuta eohle e ile ea bokelloa ho sebelisoa tekanyo ea ho itlaleha, e ka bakang mathata a fapaneng a mokhoa. Lithuto tse ling li ka sebelisa mekhoa e mengata, e mengata bakeng sa ho lekola mefuta-futa. Taba ea boraro, mohlala oa rona o ne o kenyeletsa bacha ba mahareng. Bacha ba lilemong tsa bohareng ho nahanoa hore ba na le tlhoro ea ho arabela litabeng tse amanang le mathata empa ba ntse ba e-na le bokhoni ba ho ba le taolo ea bohlasoa (Harden le Tucker-Drob, 2011). Matla a lekanyelitsoeng a sistimi ea maikutlo a bophelo le maikutlo a taolo a lilemong tsa bocha a fapana bakeng sa bacha ba pele le ba morao. Kahoo, mokhoa oa rona oa ho etsa lintho ka tekano o kanna oa se keng oa akaretsoa ho ba lilemong tsa bocha kapa ba morao haholo. Liphumano tsa hajoale le tsona li kanna tsa se akaretse ho bacha ba basali ka lebaka la khetho ea bacha ba batona feela. Taba ea bone, thuto ea hona joale e bua feela ka kamano lipakeng tsa mekhatlo e metle e amanang, empa eseng litloaelano tse mpe, le bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete. Ka kakaretso, amang a ka aroloa ho ba le tšusumetso e ntle le tse mpe tse mpe. Bopaki bo pharaletseng bo bonts'itse hore ts'usumetso e ntle le e mpe e ikemetse ntle ho e mong (Diener et al., 1985). Ho joalo le ka likamano tse ntle le tse mpe tse amanang le khothatso (Shu le Peck, 2011). Thutong ea Hou and Fang (2014). papatso ea papali ea chelete. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa hore na litloaelano tse mpe li ka susumetsa tšebeliso ea papali ea chelete inthaneteng kapa che. Ntle le moo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li hloka ho hlahloba hore na mekhatlo e amehang lipapaling tsa inthanete e etsoa joang, e leng se sa hlakileng.

fihlela qeto e

Re tlaleha ka moo maikutlo a ho batla le maikutlo a teng a amanang teng le bokhoba ba lipapali tsa inthanete bongoaneng. Litloaelano tse ntle tsa lipapali tse fumanehang lipapatsong tsa marang-rang li loants'itse kotsi ea maikutlo a ho batla ho lemalla papali ea inthanete bongoaneng. Ho feta moo, litlamorao tsa kotsi ea litloaelano tse ntle tsa lipapali tsa marang-rang li ile tsa fetoloa ka ho hloka toka. Liphumano tsena li eketsa kutloisiso ea rona ea lintho tse lipakeng le tse fetohang tse sebetsang pakeng tsa ho batla maikutlo le ho lemalla papali ea inthanete bongoaneng. Liphetho li fana ka bopaki bo eketsehileng bo hlakileng ba sebopeho sa Dual Systems Model le mekhoa e amanang le biosocial le mokhoa o mocha oa ho hlahloba le ho utloisisa mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea papali ea bohlankana ea lilemong tsa bocha.

Boitšoaro ba Melao

Boithuto bona bo entsoe ho latela likhothaletso tsa Komiti ea Litekanyetso tsa Setsi sa Psychology, Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea China China ka tumello e ngotsoeng e tsoang ho lithuto tsohle. Lithuto tsohle li fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Protocol e amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Patlisiso ea Botho ea Univesithi ea China China e Tloaelehileng.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Oa tseba ebile o qapile lipatlisiso: WZ, JH. Etsa lipatlisiso: JH, SZ, CY, QZ. Ho hlahlobisisa data: JH, SZ, CY, QZ. E kentse letsoho mosebetsing oa ho ngola mongolo o ngotsoeng: JH, SZ, CY, QZ, WZ.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Boithuto bona bo tšehelitsoe ke National Natural Science Foundation ea China (31671154), Mokhatlo oa Bacha bakeng sa Botho le Saense ea Sechaba ea Lekala la Thuto ea China (12YJC190040), Motheo oa Likarolo tse Ncha tse ikhethang Thutong e Phahameng ea Guangdong, China (2012WYM_0041) le Bacha Motheo oa Tichere oa Univesithi e Tloaelehileng ea China.

Notes

Pampiri ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tse latelang:

Motheo oa Naha oa Saense ea Tlhaho ea China10.13039/501100001809 31671154.

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