Tams, Stefan, Renaud Legoux le Pierre-Majorique Léger.
Lik'homphieutha ka Boitšoaro ba Botho 81 (2018): 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.026
Lintlha-khōlō Tsa
- Shebana le Nomophobia, ketsahalo ea bohlokoa eo re hlokang ho e utloisisa hamolemo.
- Ho hlalosa hore na hobaneng Nomophobia e susumetsa khatello ea maikutlo (boemeli).
- Ho hlalosa hore na Nomophobia o lebisa tlasa maemo afe ho isa khatello ea maikutlo.
- Ho nka mokhoa o tsamaisoang ke khopolo ho ithuta Nomophobia (mohlala oa taolo ea motho ea hlokang taolo).
inahaneloang
Bongata ba lingoliloeng bo ntseng bo hola bo bontša hore ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone e ka ba mathata ha batho ba hlahisa ts'epahalo ea theknoloji joalo ka tšabo. Tšabo ena hangata e bitsoa Nomophobia, ho bolelang tšabo ea ho se khone ho sebelisa mohala oa motho. Ha lingoliloeng (haholo-holo ho technostress le ts'ebeliso e thata ea li-smartphone) li hlakile hantle mabapi le hore na ke lintlha life tse tlatsetsang ntlafatsong ea Nomophobia, e ntse e sa hlake hore na hobaneng, hobaneng, le tlasa maemo afe Nomophobia, le eona e baka litlamorao tse mpe , haholo-holo khatello ea maikutlo. Ho latela mohlala oa motho ea hlokang taolo, motho ea ithutang o hlahisa mofuta oa lipatlisiso o bonts'ang hore Nomophobia e ama khatello ea maikutlo ka maikutlo a ts'okelo ea sechaba le hore phello ena e sa tobang e latela maemo a boemo ba ho hula fono. Lintlha tse bokelletsoeng ho tsoa ho basebelisi ba li-smartphone tsa 270 le ho hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa lihlopha tse ngata li tšehetse mohlala oa rona. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso e sa tobang e sa tobang ha e bohlokoa ha feela bonnete le taolo ea maemo li kopana, ke hore, ha batho ba tseba hore na ba ke ke ba khona ho sebelisa lifono tsa bona nako e kae le hore na ba na le taolo holima boemo bofe. Batsamaisi ba ka thusa bahiruoa ba bona ba ikhethileng ka ho kenya ts'epo ho bona le maikutlo a boteng ba sechaba ha ba ntse ba ba fa taolo e fetang ts'ebeliso ea bona ea li-smartphone nakong ea liboka.
1. Selelekela
Tloaelo e ntseng e hola maemong a khoebo ke ho hloka hore basebetsi ba tlohele lisebelisoa tsa bona tsa puisano, haholo-holo li-smartphone, kantle ho kamore ea liboka (Forbes, 2014). Leano lena le reriloeng hantle hangata le reretsoe ho theha maemo a sebetsang a nang le tlhahiso le tlhompho moo basebetsi ba sa keng ba khelosoa ke litšitiso tsa mahlale (mohlala, ho lekola le ho ngola melaetsa ka li-smartphone). Leha ho le joalo, re pheha khang sehloohong sena hore leano le joalo le ka ba le litlamorao tse sa lebelloang ho basebetsi le mekhatlo ka ho ts'oana hobane ho tlosoa ha smartphone ho ka baka tšabo e ncha ea sechaba: Nomophobia kapa tšabo ea ho se khone ho sebelisa smartphone le litšebeletso tseo e fanang ka tsona (Kang & Jung, 2014; Morena, Valença, & Nardi, 2010a, 2010b; King et al., 2013; Paka, Kim, Shon, & Shim, 2013). Nomophobia ke phobia ea sejoale-joale e amanang le tahlehelo ea phihlello ea tlhaiso-leseling, tahlehelo ea khokahano le tahlehelo ea bokhoni ba puisano (King et al., 2013, 2014; Yildirim le Correia, 2015). Nomophobia e ikhethile maemong a itseng hoo e hlahisoang ke maemo a bakang ho se fumanehe ha smartphone ea motho (Yildirim le Correia, 2015).
Joalo ka phobia e ikhethileng ea boemo bo itseng, Nomophobia o sa tsoa khothalletsoa ho lebisa mehopolong e matla ea matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo (Cheever, Rosen, Mofani oa thepa, & Chavez, 2014; Choy, Fyer, & Lipsitz, 2007; Yildirim le Correia, 2015). Ebile, ba bang ba re Nomophobia e ka ba khatello ea maikutlo hoo e tlamehang ho nkuoa e le psychopathology (Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014). Patlisiso ea morao-rao e tšehetsang mohopolo ona, e bonts'a hore batho ba ikhethileng ba na le khatello ea maikutlo ha li-smartphone tsa bona li sa fihlellehe (Samaha & Hawi, 2016). Ho imeloa kelellong le hona ho na le litlamorao tse fapaneng tse mpe ho batho ka bomong le mekhatlo, ho kenyeletsoa le bophelo bo fokotsehileng, mathata a hlobaetsang le a sa foleng a bophelo bo botle, hammoho le tlhahiso e fokotsehileng ea mokhatlo (Ayyagari, Grover, & Purvis, 2011; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Lazaro, 1999; Riedl, Kindermann, Auinger, & Javor, 2012; Tams, Hill, de Guinea, Thatcher, & Grover, 2014). Kahoo, khatello ea maikutlo ke phapano ea bohlokoa e itšetlehileng ka ho ithuta maemong a Nomophobia.
Leha ho le joalo, ha lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li fana ka litlhaloso tse hlakileng le tse felletseng tsa hore na Nomophobia o hola joang (Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; Hadlington, 2015; Morena, Valença, & Nardi, 2010a, 2010b; King et al., 2014; Sharma, Sharma, Sharma, & Wavare, 2015; Smetaniuk, 2014; Yildirim le Correia, 2015), ho ntse ho sa hlaka hore na hobaneng, hobaneng, hona neng (ke hore, tlasa maemo afe) Nomophobia, le eona, e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo. Kutloisiso e sieo ea mekhoa e hokahanyang Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo, lipatlisiso li ka fana ka tataiso e fokolang feela ho batho ka bomong le ho lingaka le batsamaisi mabapi le mokhoa oa ho theha maano a ho kenella (MacKinnon le Luecken, 2008). Ho utloisisa ka botlalo se boleloang ke Nomophobia bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo le ho fana ka tataiso e ntlafalitsoeng, lipatlisiso li tlameha ho hlahisa litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse ikhethang tsa mabaka a kenellang le a maemo. Taba ea mantlha, lipatlisiso li tlameha ho hlahisa litlhaloso tse felletseng tsa litsela tse amanang le ts'ebetso eo litlamorao tse amanang le Nomophobia li hlahang ka tsona (ke hore, bonamoli).1 Taba ea bobeli, e tlameha ho fana ka leseli la lintlha tsa maemo tseo litlamorao tse amanang le Nomophobia li itšetlehileng ka tsona (ke hore, tekanyetso). Ka mantsoe a mang, lipatlisiso li hloka ho hlahisa litlhaloso tsa lintlha tse tsamaisang tšusumetso ea Nomophobia ho isa khatello ea maikutlo (boemeli) le lintlha tsa maemo tseo tšusumetso ena e itšetlehileng ka tsona (tekanyetso). Ka lebaka leo, thuto ea hajoale e qala ho bula lebokose le letšo la litšebelisano lipakeng tsa Nomophobia le lintlha tse ling tse Hlalosa ka ho qaqileng hore na hobaneng Nomophobia e ka lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo (bonamoli) le hore na maemo a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo a Nomophobia a khanya hakae (tekano).
Ho utloisisa litlamorao tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo ka botlalo, re sebelisa mofuta oa taolo ea motho ea hlokang tlhokomelo o ntlafalitsoeng ke Bakker le Leiter (2008) 'moho le Rubino, Perry, Milam, Spitzmueller, le Zapf (2012). Moralo ona oa khopolo ke katoloso ea Karasek (1979) mohlala oa taolo ea tlhokeho, e 'ngoe ea likhopolo tsa bohlokoahali tsa khatello ea maikutlo (Siegrist, 1996). Moetso oa motho ea hlokang taolo-o ka fana ka tlhaloso ea mohopolo bakeng sa litlamorao tse mpe tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo maemong ao phobic ea motho eo (Nomophobia) li mpefatsoa ke litlhoko tse sithabetsang, haholoholo ho se ts'oane, le ka khaello ea boits'ebetso ba botsamaisi mabapi le ho fana ho laola boemo. Moetso o boetse o fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka motho ea ikhethileng ea tobaneng le boemo ba ho tlohela mohala, e baka khatello ea maikutlo ka ho sokela lisebelisoa tse ling tsa boleng bo phahameng (mohl., boiketlo ba sechaba, kamohelo ea sechaba, kapa tlhompho sechabeng). Re sebelisa mohlala ona, re hlahloba hore na litlamorao tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo li hokahantsoe ke ts'okelo ea sechaba le hore na phello ee e sa tobang e fapana tlasa maemo a fapaneng a ho se ts'oane le taolo, e leng maemo a bohlokoa a ts'ebetso litokisetsong tsa mokhatlo tsa mehleng ena (Galluch, Grover, & Thatcher, 2015).
Ka ho batlisisa ho its'etleha pakeng tsa Nomophobia, ts'okelo ea sechaba, ho se ts'oanehe le taolo taolong ea khatello ea maikutlo, boithuto bona bo etsa menehelo ea bohlokoa. Mohlomong habohlokoa ka ho fetisisa, thuto e thusa lipatlisiso mabapi le tsoelo-pele ea Nomophobia litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse ikhethang tsa ts'ebetso eo Nomophobia e fellang ka khatello ea maikutlo (re fumana hore Nomophobia e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo ka ho hlahisa ts'okelo e lemohuoang sechabeng). Ho feta moo, thuto e theha maemo a itseng a mosebetsi (ho se ts'oanehe le taolo) e le lintlha tsa maemo ao litlamorao tse mpe tsa Nomophobia li itšetlehileng ka tsona. Ka kakaretso, thuto ena e fana ka tlhaloso e ntlafalitsoeng le ho bolela esale pele hore na Nomophobia o lebisa khatello ea maikutlo joang, neng.
Pampiri e tsoela pele ka tsela e latelang. Karolo e latelang e fana ka semelo sa moelelo oa boithuto e le mokhoa oa ho rala mofuta oa patlisiso o kopanyang oa Nomophobia, khatello ea maikutlo, le lintlha tse loketseng tsa ho kena lipakeng le ho lekanyetsa. Moetso ona o kopanyang o nahana hore Nomophobia e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo ka ts'oso e lemohuoang sechabeng le hore phello ena e sa tobang e matlafatsoa ke ho se ts'oane ka boemo ba ho hula mohala le ho fokolisoa ke taolo holim'a boemo. Karolo kamora moo e tlaleha ka mokhoa o sebelisitsoeng ho leka mofuta oa rona oa kopanyo le ka liphetho tse fumanoeng. Kamora nako, re tšohla litlamorao tsa lipatlisiso le boits'oaro.
2. Semelo le likhopolo-taba
Mokhoa oa rona oa ho shebana le ho kopanya likhopolo tsa Nomophobia, khatello ea maikutlo, le ts'okelo ea sechaba le maemo a mosebetsi (ke hore, ho se ts'oane le taolo), tseo boholo ba tsona li ithutiloeng ka thoko pele (bona Setšoantšo sa 1). Ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tse shebileng mateano a libaka tse joalo tse peli (mohlala, Samaha and Hawi (2016) e hlahlobile hore na Nomophobia e ka baka khatello ea maikutlo), 'me ha ho lipatlisiso ho fihlela joale tse hlahlobileng ka matla matla ao libaka tsena tse tharo li kopanang ho ona. Ke tsela ena e ts'oereng matla a ho hlalosa litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa Nomophobia ka botlalo; ho latela mehopolo e tsoetseng pele ea morao-rao, ts'okelo ea sechaba e ka ba bohlokoa ho Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo, mme maemo a mosebetsi a joalo ka ho se ts'oanehe le ho hloka taolo e ka ba mabaka a bohlokoa ho eketsang litšobotsi tsa phobic tse kang Nomophobia (Cooper, Dewe, & O'Driscoll, 2001; Dickerson, Gruenewald, & Kemeny, 2004; Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004; King et al., 2014; Rubino et al., 2012; Yildirim le Correia, 2015).
Setšoantšo sa 1. Lithuto tse Bontšang ho Maemo a Nomophobia, khatello ea maikutlo, le ts'okelo ea sechaba le maemo a mosebetsi.
Ho kopanya mohopolo oa Nomophobia, khatello ea maikutlo le ts'okelo ea sechaba le maemo a mosebetsi, re ipapisa le mofuta oa taolo ea batloangBakker & Leiter, 2008; Rubino et al., 2012), katoloso ea Karasek (1979) mohlala oa taolo ea tlhokeho. Taba ea morao-rao e bonts'a hore litlhoko tsa tikoloho li sebelisana le taolo eo batho ba nang le eona tikolohong ea bona ho baka khatello ea maikutlo, ke hore, tšebelisano lipakeng tsa litlhoko le taolo e laolang palo ea khatello ea maikutlo eo batho ba nang le eona. Mabapi le litlhoko, tsena ka kakaretso li nkuoa li le khatello; ka hona, khatello ea maikutlo e eketseha ka litlhoko tse phahameng. Tlhokahalo ea bohlokoa maemong a thuto ea rona ke ho se ts'oane (Molemo ka ho fetisisa, Stapleton, & Downey, 2005). Ho se ts'oanehe ke mofuta o sa hlakang khatello ea maikutlo e supang khaello ea tlhaiso-leseling eo batho ba e bonang mabapi le tikoloho ea bona (Beehr, Glaser, Canali, & Wallwey, 2001; Wright & Cordery, 1999). Mohlala, khaello ea tlhaiso-leseling ka nako ea kopano e ka nkoa e le e sithabetsang. Ho latela lingoliloeng tse mabapi le khatello ea mokhatlo, khaello ena ea tlhaiso-leseling, kapa ho se ts'oane, e ka baka mefuta e fapaneng ea khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka ho se khotsofale, ho tepella le khatello ea maikutlo e akaretsang (Rubino et al., 2012).
Mabapi le karolo ea taolo ea Karasek (1979) mohlala, e bua ka bolokolohi ba liqeto, ke hore, taolo e bolela tokoloho ea batho, boipuso, le temoho mabapi le ho tseba hore na ba ka sebetsana joang le khatello ea maikutlo. Kahoo, taolo e thusa batho ho sebetsana hantle le litlhoko tsa tikoloho. Ka ho etsa joalo, taolo e sebetsa e le sesosa sa khahlano le khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka thebe e sirelletsang batho liphellong tse mpe tsa khatello ea maikutlo maphelong a bona. Ho latela mohopolo ona, lipatlisiso li bontšitse khafetsa hore batho ba laolang tikoloho ea bona ha ba na khatello ea maikutlo (Van der Doef & Maes, 1999).
Mohlala oa taolo ea tlhokeho (Karasek, 1979) o atlehile haholo thutong ea khatello ea maikutlo (Siegrist, 1996). Leha ho le joalo, mohlala o na le meeli ea bohlokoa, haholoholo mabapi le boholo ba kaho; mohlala o nyatsitsoe ka hore ha o na botlalo bo lekaneng (Van der Doef & Maes, 1999). Ka hona, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li fana ka maikutlo a ho holisa mohlala ka ho kenyelletsa liphapang tsa batho ka bomong (Bakker & Leiter, 2008). Liphapang tsa batho ka bomong ke tsona tse laolang hore na batho ba talima tikoloho ea bona joang 'me ba itšoara joang ho eona. Ka ho etsa joalo, ba supa maemo a batho a ho hatelloa. Ho ipapisitsoe le mehopolo ena, Rubino le al. (2012) e hlahisitse mofuta oa taolo ea tlhokeho ea motho. Moetso ona ke katoloso ea mofuta oa taolo ea tlhokeho e kenyeletsang liphapang tsa batho ka bomong. Kahoo, mofuta oa taolo-ea motho ea hlokang tlhokomelo o supa lintlha tse tharo tse khethollang boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo: litlhoko tsa tikoloho joalo ka ho se ts'oanehe, taolo holim'a tikoloho ea motho le liphapang tsa batho ka bomong. Ha a ntse a Rubino le al. (2012) ba lekotse botsitso ba maikutlo e le phapang ea motho ka mong, bangoli bana ba fihletse qeto ea hore liphapang tse ling tsa batho ka bomong (mohlala, phobias sechabeng tse kang Nomophobia) le tsona li ka susumetsa boiphihlelo ba batho ba khatello ea maikutlo le litlamorao tsa litlhoko tsa tikoloho le taolo maemong a khatello ea maikutlo.
Mohlala oa taolo ea tlhoko ea taolo ke moralo o akaretsang le o felletseng oa ho hlahloba sebopeho sa khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ka bomong. Ka hona, ea mohlala e ka sebelisoa ho maemo le maemo a fapaneng a khatello (Bakker & Leiter, 2008; Rubino et al., 2012). Ka ho hatella liphapang tsa batho ka bomong, joalo ka phobias tsa sechaba, mofuta ona o na le likokoana-hloko moelelong oa rona oa ho ithuta. Kahoo, re sebelisa mofuta ona ho hlahloba tšusumetso ea Nomophobia khatello ea maikutlo.
Ho latela mofuta oa tlhokeho-taolo ea motho, ebile e tsamaellanang le Karasek (1979) Mohlala oa taolo ea tlhokeho joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pejana, ho se ts'oanehe maemong a ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone ho ka ba khatello (mohlala, khaello ea tlhaiso-leseling ka nako ea kopano eo basebetsi ba sa khoneng ho sebelisa li-smartphones tsa bona ba ka ba le boiphihlelo ba ho lefisa batho ba khethang). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, taolo e ka thusa ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo (mohlala, liqeto tse ling tsa hore na smartphone e ka sebelisoa nakong ea kopano e ka sebetsana le litlamorao tse bakoang ke Nomophobia). Kamora nako, Nomophobia e ka baka khatello ea maikutlo, mme phello ena ea Nomophobia e ka mpefatsoa ke ho se ts'oane le ho hloka taolo. Potso e sala ea hore na hobaneng, Nomophobia e baka khatello ea maikutlo. Ho latela mofuta oa tlhokeho-taolo ea motho, khatello ea maikutlo e kang phobias ea sechaba e baka khatello ea maikutlo ka ho sokela lisebelisoa tse ling tsa boleng bo phahameng (mohlala, hlompho ea sechaba, kamohelo ea sechaba, kapa tlhompho sechabeng;Rubino et al., 2012)). Mohopolo ona o fana ka maikutlo a hore phobias tsa sechaba, joalo ka Nomophobia, li lebisa khatello ea maikutlo ka ho hlahisa maikutlo a ho sokeloa sechabeng; ke hore, ho latela mohlala oa taolo-ea-tlhokeho, Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo li hokahane ka ts'oaetso e lemohuoang sechabeng. Mohopolo ona o tsamaellana le lipatlisiso mabapi le leeme la tlhokomelo.
Liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bonts'a hore matšoenyeho a kliniki a amahanngoa le khethollo e tsotellang ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling e amanang le ts'okelo e ikhethileng ho li-syndromes tse itseng tsa matšoenyeho (Amir, Elias, Klumpp, le Przeworski, 2003; Asmundson & Stein, 1994; Tšepo, Rapee, Heimberg, & Dombeck, 1990). Mohlala, batho ba nang le tšabo ea sechaba ba na le menyetla e mengata ho feta ba bang ea ho bona ts'okelo ea sechaba tikolohong ea bona (Amir et al., 2003; Asmundson & Stein, 1994). Mochini o amehang ke tlhokomelo e khethiloeng, e ikarabellang ho ajoeng hantle ha lisebelisoa tsa kelello (ke hore, lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso-leseling). Tlhokomelo e khethiloeng e bolela bokhoni ba ho khetha mehloli e meng ea tlhaiso-leseling ha u ntse u hlokomoloha e meng (Moqapi & Drews, 2007). Maemong a batho ba nang le mathata a ho tšoenyeha, joalo ka ba nang le ts'abo ea sechaba, tlhokomelo e khethiloeng e lebisa linthong tse mpe; ke hore, batho ba nang le mathata a ho tšoenyeha ba khetha ho fana ka tlhahisoleseling e sokelang e amanang haholo le lefu la bona (Asmundson & Stein, 1994).
Ts'ebetso ena ea tlhokomelo e bontšitsoe ho sebelisoa lipalo tse 'maloa tsa kelello ea kelello. Mohlala, phuputso ea pele ho khethollo e amanang le phobia ea sechaba e sebelisitse paradigm ea letheba ho bontša hore ha tlhokomelo e ne e abuoa sebakeng sa sebaka sa ts'usumetso, batho ba nang le phobia ea sechaba ba ile ba arabela ka potlako ho lipatlisiso tse ileng tsa latela lits'oso tsa sechaba ho fapana le ho mekhoa e latelang e sa nke lehlakore kapa e sokelang 'mele, phello e neng e sa bonoe hara lihlooho tsa taolo (Asmundson & Stein, 1994). Liphumano tsena li bonts'itse hore batho ba nang le ts'abo ea sechaba ba khetha mekhoa ea ts'okelo e hlahlobang sechaba ka tlhaho; ke hore, ba batla tlhaiso-leseling e ba etsang hore ba ikutloe ba sokeloa sechabeng. Phuputso e 'ngoe e mabapi le khethollo e amanang le phobia ea sechaba e sebelisitse paradigm e nang le lintlha tse nepahetseng le tse sa sebetseng tse hlahisitsoeng libakeng tse fapaneng skrineng sa komporo (Amir et al., 2003). Thutong ena, batho ba nang le phobia sechabeng ba bonts'itse nako e telele ea karabelo ha ba fumana liphofu tse sa sebetseng ho feta taolo, empa hafeela probe e latela lentsoe le sokelang sechaba. Liphetho tsena li boetse li netefalitse mohopolo oa hore batho ba nang le phobia ea sechaba ba na le bothata ba ho tlosa tlhokomelo ea bona boitsebisong bo sokelang sechaba, ho bolelang hore batho ba nang le phobia ea sechaba ba na le monyetla oa ho ikutloa ba sokeloa sechabeng ho feta batho ba se nang phobia ea sechaba. Tšokelo ea sechaba le eona e thehiloe e le khatello e kholo ea maikutlo. Mohlala, Trier Social Stress Test e shebaneng le litšokelo tsa sechaba ke e 'ngoe ea li-paradigms tse hlahelletseng tsa khatello ea maikutlo (Granger, Kivlighan, El-Sheikh, Gordis, & Stroud, 2007).
Kaha Nomophobia ke tšabo ea sechaba eo mohlala oa motho ea laolang ho batla le lingoliloeng tse nang le leeme li sebetsang ho eona (Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; King et al., 2013), Motho a ka pheha khang ea hore ts'okelo ea sechaba e na le tšusumetso ea Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo. Re lebelletse hore ts'okelo ea sechaba maemong a Nomophobia e tla bonahala ka maikutlo a ho se fihlelle litebello tsa ba bang mabapi le ho fumaneha khafetsa le ho arabela hanghang ho mahlale a joalo ka mangolo tsoibila, melaetsa e potlakileng, Voice over IP, tweets le melaetsa ea Facebook (King et al., 2014). Kahoo, tšokelo ea sechaba e ka hlalosa ka botlalo haholoanyane kamano e teng pakeng tsa Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo. Ntle le moo, phello e sa tobang ea Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo ka ts'oso ea sechaba e lokela ho mpefatsoa ke ho se ts'oanehe le ho hloka taolo joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo (ho ipapisitsoe le mofuta oa taolo ea batloang). Ka kakaretso, motheong oa mofuta oa taolo ea tlhoko ea taolo le lingoliloeng tse mabapi le leeme re ntšetsa pele likhopolo-taba tse latelang (ka kopo bona Setšoantšo sa 2):
H1
Tšokelo ea sechaba e buisana le kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo.
H2
Ho se ts'oane mabapi le nako ea ho hula fono ho lekanyetsa litlamorao tse sa tobang tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo (ka ts'okelo ea Sechaba) hore phello ena e sa tobang e tla ba matla bakeng sa maemo a mangata a ho se ts'oanehe.
H3
Ho laola maemo a ho hula fono ho lekola litlamorao tse sa tobang tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo (ka ts'okelo ea Sechaba) hore phello ena e sa tobang e tla fokola bakeng sa maemo a maholo a taolo.
Sa feiga 2. Mohlala oa Lipatlisiso.
3. Mokhoa le liphetho
Ho ile ha etsoa liteko ho leka likhopolo tsa rona. Moralo oa liteko o ne o kenyelletsa lintlha tse peli tse ka sebelisoang ho se ts'oane 'me ho laola boemo, e hlahisa lihlopha tse 'ne tsa liteko. Basebetsi ba bacha ba khoebo ba 270 ba ile ba hiroa ka sehlopha sa lipatlisiso tsa univesithi mme, kamora moo, ba aroloa ka lihlopha tsena tse 'ne ka kabo e sa reroang. Ho nka karolo e ne e le ka boithatelo mme thuto e ile ea ananeloa ke boto ea tlhahlobo ea setheo. Teko e sebelisitse lenane la lipotso e le mokhoa oa ho bokella lintlha. Lenane la lipotso le entsoe ka lebaka la lipatlisiso tsa pele.
3.1. Protocol: lintlha tse mabapi le lipotso tse sebelisoang e le mokhoa oa ho bokella lintlha
Barupeluoa ba ile ba abeloa e 'ngoe ea maemo a mane: 1) ho hloka bonnete bo tlase, taolo e tlase, 2) ho hloka bonnete bo tlase, taolo e phahameng, 3) ho se ts'oanehe ho phahameng, taolo e tlase, le 4) ho se ts'oane ho phahameng, taolo e phahameng. Ho ipapisitse le maemo a bona, barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahisoa ka maemo. Ba fuoe litaelo tse hlakileng hore ba inahane ba le sebokeng sa khoebo se iqapetsoeng nakong eo ba neng ba sa khone ho sebelisa li-smartphone tsa bona. Lenaneong la ho hloka bonnete bo tlase boemo, boemo bo bonts'itse nako ea kopano (ke hore, kopano ea 1-h), athe kopanong ea ho se ts'oane ho phahameng Boemo ba kopano bo siiloe bo sa boleloa. Lenaneong la boemo bo phahameng ba taolo, boemo bo bonts'itse hore bankakarolo ba ka tsoa kopanong neng kapa neng ho sebelisa li-smartphone tsa bona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho taolo e tlase Boemo bo bontšitsoe ka ho hlaka hore ho tsoa sebokeng ho sebelisa mohala oa motho ho ne ho sa khonehe. Ho hlahisitsoe maemo a mane ho Tafole 1:
Tafole ea 1. Liketsahalo.
Ho se ts'oanehe ho tlase, taolo e phahameng | Ho se ts'oanehe ho fokolang, taolo e tlase |
|---|---|
| Kopano e tla nka 1 h. Le ha o sa khone ho sebelisa smartphone ea hau nakong ea kopano, o ka tloha sebokeng ho e sebelisa bakeng sa mehala e kenang kapa melaetsa, kapa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa ho tsoa inthaneteng. Tlhokomeliso: Ha u na monyetla oa ho fumana komporo ea laptop. | Kopano e tla nka 1 h. Nakong ea seboka, O KA SE TSOE ka phapusing, ho bolelang hore O KA SE TSOE sebokeng ho ea sebelisa mohala o bohlale bakeng sa mehala e kenang kapa melaetsa, kapa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa ho tsoa inthaneteng. Tlhokomeliso: Ha u na monyetla oa ho fumana komporo ea laptop. |
| Ho se ts'oanehe ho phahameng, taolo e phahameng | Ho se ts'oanehe ho phahameng, taolo e tlase |
| HA U tsebe bolelele ba kopano. Le ha o sa khone ho sebelisa smartphone ea hau nakong ea kopano, o ka tloha sebokeng ho e sebelisa bakeng sa mehala e kenang kapa melaetsa, kapa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa ho tsoa inthaneteng. Tlhokomeliso: Ha u na monyetla oa ho fumana komporo ea laptop. | HA U tsebe bolelele ba kopano. Nakong ea seboka, O KA SE TSOE ka phapusing, ho bolelang hore O KA SE TSOE sebokeng ho ea sebelisa mohala o bohlale bakeng sa mehala e kenang kapa melaetsa, kapa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa ho tsoa inthaneteng. Tlhokomeliso: Ha u na monyetla oa ho fumana komporo ea laptop. |
Phetolelo ea Sefora ea lipotso tsa NMP-Q e ntlafalitsoeng ke (Yildirim le Correia, 2015) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekanya nomophobia. Ho ile ha etsoa phetolelo e habeli ho netefatsa bonnete ba lenane la lipotso la Fora (Grisay, 2003). Pono ea khatello ea kelello e ne e lekantsoe ka sekala sa likert se ntlafalitsoeng ke Litlhapi le al. (2014) motheong oa Moore (2000, maq. 141-168) tekanyo. Tšokelo ea sechaba e ne e lekanngoa ho sebelisoa sekala se tsoang ho (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991). Lethathamo la lintho tsa litekanyo tse neng li sebelisoa li hlahisoa ho Sehlomathiso 1.
3.2. Tekolo ea litekanyo
Boleng ba psychometric ea mehato ea rona bo ile ba hlahlojoa ka ho hakanya ho ts'epahala le ho fetoha le ho khetholla hoa khethollo. Tšepahalo ea kahare ea botsitso, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke alpha ea coefficient ea alpha, e ne e khotsofatsa bakeng sa mehato eohle. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Tafole 2, alphas tsohle li feta moeli oa 0.70 (Ka Nunnally, 1978).
Tafole ea 2. Litekanyetso tsa boleng le litlhaloso tsa mehato ea kaho.
Etsa | N. ea lintho | Rd | Alpha | E bolelang | SD | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nomophobia | 20 | 0.51 | 0.95 | 2.95 | 1.26 | 6 |
| Tšokelo ea sechaba | 6 | 0.67 | 0.90 | 2.13 | 1.19 | 6 |
| Khatello ea Kelello | 8 | 0.64 | 0.92 | 3.11 | 1.32 | 6 |
AVE = Karolelano ea Phapang e Tlositsoe.
Matla a phetoho a ntse a hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele ho ipapisitsoe le phapano ea karolelano ea moaho e ntšitsoeng (AVE). AVE e emela palo ea phapano eo litekanyetso tsa moaho li hapiloeng ho tsoa linthong tse amanang le eona ho latela chelete e bakoang ke phoso ea tekanyo. AVE ea bonyane 0.50 e bonts'a bonnete ba sehlahisoa se lekanang, se bonts'a hore liakhaonto li ikarabella bakeng sa phapang e ngata linthong tsa eona (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). Netefatso ea khethollo ea moaho hangata e nkuoa e lekane ha motso oa sekoere oa AVE oa moaho o phahame ho feta likhokahano tse hahang tsa mofuta ona (Chin, 1998). Litekanyetso tsohle tsa AVE li ne li le kaholimo ho 0.50 (bona Tafole 2) le motso o lisekoere oa AVE bakeng sa moaho ka mong (0.71, 0.82, le 0.80 bakeng sa Nomophobia, ts'okelo ea sechaba, le khatello ea maikutlo, ka ho latellana) e ne e phahame ho feta likhokahano lipakeng tsa moaho oo le kaho tse ling tsa mofuta ona (ρTšoso ea Nomo = 0.44, hoKhatello ea Kelello = 0.53 le ρTšokelo-Khatello ea kelello = 0.61), e bonts'a semolao se lekaneng sa phetoho le khethollo.
Tekanyo ea nomophobia ka lenane la lipotso la NMP-Q e ntlafalitsoeng ke (Yildirim le Correia, 2015) qalong e na le litekanyo tse 'ne. Moelelong oa boithuto bona, re nkile moaho joalo ka ha o sa bonahaleng. Taba ea mantlha, nts'etsopele ea likhopolo-taba le likhopolo-taba tsa rona li ile tsa beoa boemong bohle ba kaho eseng ka litekanyo tsa motho ka mong. Taba ea bobeli, morero oa scree o tsoang tlhahlobisong ea lintlha, ka ho lekola ntlha ea karohano kapa "setsoe", e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e sa lekanyetsoang e lekane. Eigenvalue e amanang le karolo ea pele e ne e le 10.12. E theohetse ho 1.89, 1.22, le 0.98 bakeng sa litekanyo tse latelang. Ntho ea pele e ntšitsoeng e hlalositse 50.6% ea phapang eohle. Lintlafatso tse felletseng li ne li le kholo ho feta 0.40, ho fana ka maikutlo a ngollano e ntle ea lintlha-lintlha (Thompson, 2004). Taba ea boraro, ha ho lekoa bonnete ba NMP-Q, Yildirim le Correia (2015) hape o sebelisitse mokhoa o sa amaneng le letho ho lekanya mohopolo.
latelang Podsakoff et al. (2003), ho sebelisitsoe litlhare tsa tšebetso hammoho le lipalo ho laola mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea leeme. Mabapi le ts'ebetso, re netefalitse karabo ea ho se tsejoe mme ra arola litekanyo tsa selelekela le mefuta ea litekanyetso. Ho latela lipalo, tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea lintlha e senotse hore ntlha e le' ngoe e hlalosa feela 40.32% ea phapang. Ntle le moo, mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha ha lesupa o sebelisitsoe lipatlisisong (Malhotra, Kim, & Patil, 2006). Tekano e khethiloe e le phapang ea lesupa kaha ha ho na khokahano ea thuto pakeng tsa phapang ena le nomophobia, boemo bo hlokehang bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha ha lesupa. Khokahano e tloaelehileng le lihahi tse ling e ne e le tlase ho 0.10 lihlopheng tse 'ne. Ho lokisa metrices ea khokahano ho lekana litlhahlobo tsa tsela ho hlahisitse liphetho tse ts'oanang ho tse tsoang litlhahlobisong tse kholo (tse hlahisitsoeng ka tlase). Kahoo, tloaelo e tloaelehileng ea leeme ha ea ka ea bonahala e le bothata phuputsong ena (Podsakoff et al., 2003).
3.3. Ga tlhaloso Model
Mokhoa oa ho hlahloba lihlopha tsa lihlopha tse ngata o sebelisitsoe ho leka likhakanyo tsa rona tse sa tobang. Mokhoa ona o lumelletse tsela e otlolohileng le ka nako e le ngoe ea ho lekola litlamorao tsa bao e ka bang batsamaisi ba babeli (ke hore, ho se ts'oane le taolo). Tlhahlobo ea litsela tsa lihlopha tse ngata e ne e loketse haholo hobane re ne re ka nka boemo bo bong le bo bong ba liteko e le sehlopha se fapaneng moo re ileng ra etsa tlhahlobo ea tsela. Boima ba khatello ea maikutlo, li-covariances le masala li ka hakanngoa ka thoko mme tsa bapisoa le maemo a joalo a lihlopha tse ngata. Mokhoa ona, ka hona, o ne o fetoha habonolo ha ho hakanngoa litlamorao tse itekanetseng tsa bonamoli ho feta li-macros tse lokiselitsoeng pele, joalo ka (Moreri, Rucker, & Hayes, 2007tse kholo. Software ea lipalo ea AMOS e sebelisitsoe ho hakanya mofuta (Arbuckle, 2006). Ho sebelisitsoe mokhoa o moholo oa menyetla.
Bakeng sa ho lekola ho fetoha ha lipakeng tsa maemo a liteko, ho ile ha kenyelletsoa lipehelo tse 'ne tse latellanang. Mohlala 1 masala a thibetsoeng, li-covariances le litekanyo tsa khatello hore li lekane lipakeng tsa maemo a liteko; Model 2 e lumelletsoe bakeng sa masalla a sa itšireletsang empa e le lithibelo tsa covariances le boima ba khatello; Model 3 bakeng sa boima ba khatello ea boima; le Model 4 bakeng sa lintlha tse sa lekanyetsoang ka botlalo.
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Tafole 3, li-covariances le masala a sa thibeleng ha a phaelle haholo mohlala oa mohlala; leq> 0.10. Leha ho le joalo, boima ba khatello bo bonahala bo fapana pakeng tsa maemo a liteko; Χ χ2 = 26.38, = PDF = 9, p Kahoo, karolo e setseng ea tlhahlobo ena e tla tlaleha litlhaloso tsa mohlala moo masala le li-covariances li sa fetoheng lipakeng tsa maemo a liteko.
Tafole ea 3. Papiso ea mohlala.
ea mohlala | Papiso ea mohlala | Δdf | Χ χ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mohlala 1: Matlo a thibetsoeng + C + R | 2 khahlanong le 1 | 6 | 3,65 | |
| Setšoantšo sa 2: Li-covariances tse thibetsoeng (C) + R | 3 khahlanong le 2 | 3 | 2,88 | |
| Setšoantšo sa 3: Boima ba boima ba khatello (R) | 4 khahlanong le 3 | 9 | 26,38 | ** |
**p <0.01.
4. Liphetho
Tafole 4 e hlahisa litekanyo tse sa lekanyetsoang tsa khatello ea mohlala bakeng sa li-covariances tse thibetsoeng le masalla. Li-indices tsa Fit li bonts'a ho lekana hantle le data; GFI = 0.961 le NFI = 0.931. Lipalopalo tsa chi-square li haufi le boleng bo lebelletsoeng; CMIN = 14.394, df = 16. Ka mantsoe a mang CMIN / df e haufi le 1. Tekanyo ena ea ho lekana, eo li-indices tse ling li nkiloeng ho eona, e baka hore RMSEA e be tlase haholo (<0.001) le CFI e be holimo (> Metsoalle ea 0.999) Kamano lipakeng tsa Tšokelo ea Sechaba le khatello ea maikutlo (Path B in Tafole 4) e ne e le bohlokoa ebile e le ntle bakeng sa lihlopha tsohle; tsohle Betas>. 45 e nang le li-p-values tsohle <0.001. Tsela A - Nomophobia ho Tšokelo ea Sechaba - le C - Nomophobia ho Stress - e ne e se bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo e phahameng, boemo bo tlase ba ho se ts'oanehe; βA = 0.091, Boemo bo Bohlokoa (CR) = 0.82, p> 0.10 le βB = 0.118, CR = 1.15, leq> 0.10. Litsela tsena tse peli li ne li le bohlokoa bakeng sa maemo a mang ohle a liteko; tsohle Betas> 0.25 ka li-p-values tsohle <0.05.
Tafole ea 4. Boima ba khatello bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tsela.
Control | Ho se ts'oane | Boima ba khatello ea maikutlo | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Nomophobia -> Tšokelo ea sechaba (Tsela A) | Tšokelo ea sechaba -> khatello ea maikutlo (Tsela B) | Nomophobia -> Khatello ea maikutlo (Tsela C) | ||
| Low | Low | 0.490 (0.108)*** | 0.457 (0.120)*** | 0.512 (0.115)*** |
| Low | High | 0.483 (0.104)*** | 0.468 (0.115)*** | 0.597 (0.110)*** |
| High | Low | 0.091 (0.112) | 0.582 (0.124)*** | 0.118 (0.103) |
| High | High | 0.577 (0.109)*** | 0.461 (0.121)*** | 0.263 (0.122)* |
***p <0.001, **p <0.01, *p <0.05.
Ho leka ho ntšetsa pele paterone ena ea liphetho, re entse tlhahlobo ea phapang ea sekwere lipakeng tsa mofuta o sa lekanyetsoang oa boima ba 'mele o nang le mohlala moo litsela tsa A le C li neng li lumelloa ho fapana feela bakeng sa taolo e phahameng, boemo bo tlase ba ho se ts'oanehe; Χ χ2 = 6.805, ΔDF = 8, leq> 0.10. Kahoo, ho thibela taolo e tlase, ho se ts'oanehe ho tlase, taolo e tlase, ho se ts'oanehe ho hoholo, le taolo e phahameng, maemo a phahameng a ho se ts'oanehe ho ba le litekanyo tse ts'oanang tsa khatello ea tsela A le C hape le ho ba le litsela tsohle tsa B ho lekana maemong ohle eseng fokotsa haholo ho lekana. Litsela tse kopaneng tsa maemo ana a mararo kaofela li ne li le ntle ebile li le bohlokoa:A = 0.521, CR = 8.45, p <0.001, pB = 0.480, CR = 7.92, p <0.001, le βC = 0.431, CR = 6.58, p <0.001. Litsela A le C li lula li se bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo e phahameng, boemo bo tlase ba ho se ts'oanehe: βA = 0.091, CR = 0.82, p> 0.10, le βC = 0.128, CR = 1.22, le> 0.10.
Kameho e sa tobang ea Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo bakeng sa taolo e phahameng, boemo bo tlase ba ho se ts'oanehe e ne e le 0.053. Tsamaiso ea bootstrapping e ntlafalitsoeng ke Moreri le Hayes (2008) e bontšitse hore ts'ebetso ena ea bonamoli e ne e se ea bohlokoa (LL = -0.048, UL = 0.156, p> 0.05). Bakeng sa maemo a mang a mararo, litlamorao tse sa tobang tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo e ne e le 0.224, 0.226 le 0.226. Tsamaiso ea bootstrapping e bontšitse hore litlamorao tsena tse tharo tse sa tobang kaofela li bohlokoa, ka 0 kantle ho likhaohano tsa ts'epo tsa 95% (LL = 0.097, UL = 0.397; LL = 0.113, UL = 0.457; le LL = 0.096, UL = 0.481, ka ho latellana) . Kahoo, Hypothesis 1 e ne e tšehelitsoe ka karolo e 'ngoe ka hore likamano tse pakeng tsa nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo ka ts'oso ea sechaba li ne li le teng ha feela ho se ts'oanehe ho le holimo kapa taolo e le tlase.
Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho hlokahala maemo a phahameng a taolo le boemo bo tlase ba ho se ts'oanehe bakeng sa nomophobia -> ts'okelo ea sechaba -> sehokela sa khatello se lokelang ho qojoa. Batho ba khethiloeng ke batho ba ikhethileng ba bontša tšekamelo e tlase ea ho ba le maikutlo a ts'okelo ea sechaba (Path A) e lebisang khatellong ea maikutlo maemong a taolo e phahameng le ho se ts'oanehe ho tlase. Mokhoa ona oa liphetho oa tiisa Menahano 2 'me 3 ka ho se ts'oane le taolo eo ho lekola litlamorao tse sa tobang tsa nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo. Hape, likamano tse tobileng lipakeng tsa nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo li fokotsehile feela bakeng sa maemo a taolo e phahameng le ho se ts'oanehe ho tlase (Path C). Ka mantsoe a mang, haeba taolo e le tlase kapa ho se ts'oanehe ho phahameng, nomophobia e tla lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo empa le ts'osetsong ea sechaba e tla baka khatello ea maikutlo.
5. Puisano
Phuputso e fetileng e shebaneng le ebang Nomophobia e na le litlamorao tse mpe tse tlase tse bontšitseng hore khatello ea maikutlo ke bothata ba bohlokoa bo amanang le Nomophobia (phello e tobileng), empa ha e so fane ka litlhaloso tsa thuto joang hona hobaneng Nomophobia e lebisa khatello ea maikutlo (phello e sa tobang). Ho ntšetsa pele tsebo sebakeng sena le ho fana ka tataiso e tobileng ho batho ka bomong, litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle le batsamaisi, phuputso ena e hlahlobile tšebetso eo phello ea Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo e hlahang ka eona. Ka ho etsa joalo, boithuto bo thusa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka Nomophobia tsoelo-pele ho tloha ho fana ka litlhaloso tse akaretsang tsa kamano lipakeng tsa Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo ho litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse tobileng ea tsela ea causal e amehang. Patlisiso ena e bonts'itse hore Nomophobia e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo ka ho hlahisa maikutlo a ho sokeloa sechabeng; ka mantsoe a mang, Nomophobia e fana ka tšusumetso ea eona khatellong ea maikutlo ka ho sokela sechaba.
Ntle le moo, thuto ena e atolosa mosebetsi oa nakong e fetileng ka ho fana ka kutloisiso e sa hlakang ea maemo a tlamang a tlamang ts'ebeliso ea litlamorao tsa Nomophobia. Re fumane hore Nomophobia e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo ka ts'oso ea sechaba neng ho se ts'oane kapa ho hloka taolo ho teng. Ke feela tlasa maemo a ho se ts'oanehe le taolo e phahameng moo Nomophobia a sa lebiseng khatello ea maikutlo. Kahoo, joalo ka monehelo oa bobeli, liphetho tsa rona li thusa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka Nomophobia tsoelo-pele ho tloha ho fuputsa kamano e akaretsang pakeng tsa Nomophobia le litlamorao tsa eona tse mpe, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ho fihlela litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse ikhethang tsa neng, kapa tlasa maemo afe, Nomophobia e lebisa khatello ea maikutlo. Ka mantsoe a mang, liphetho li fana ka leseli la maemo a moeli, kapa lintlha tsa maemo, tseo litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa Nomophobia li itšetlehileng ka tsona, tlatsetso e kholo ntlafatsong ea liteko le tekong (Bacharach, 1989; Cohen, Cohen, Bophirimela, & Aiken, 2013). Litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa Nomophobia li fokotseha ha feela maemo a mabeli a matle a kopana. Tlhahiso ena e ka thusa litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo le batsamaisi meralo ea ho kena lipakeng e reretsoeng ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba ikhethileng. Ntle le moo, se fumanoeng se fana ka maikutlo a hore Nomophobia e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo maemong a mangata mme ka hona, ke khatello ea maikutlo e matla.
Ka kakaretso, boithuto bona bo etsa menehelo e meraro ea bohlokoa kutloisisong ea rona ea ketsahalo ea Nomophobia. Taba ea mantlha, lipatlisiso tsena li senola hore ts'okelo ea sechaba ke tsela eo ka eona Nomophobia e lebisang liphellong tse mpe, haholoholo khatello ea maikutlo. Pele ho thuto ena, Nomophobia o ile a bonts'oa a hokahana le khatello ea maikutlo; ke hore, lipatlisiso tsa pele li ntlafalitse kutloisiso ea rona ea ebang Nomophobia e na le litlamorao tse mpe joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho na le ho haelloa ke kutloisiso ea litsela tse bakang kamano pakeng tsa Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo. Ka mantsoe a mang, phello e tobileng ea Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo e thehiloe, empa ho lula ho sa hlaka hore na ke mabaka afe a ikarabellang bakeng sa ts'usumetso ea Nomophobia ho isa khatello ea maikutlo. Boithuto bona bo a bontša joang hona hobaneng Nomophobia e ama khatello ea maikutlo (ka ho hlahisa maikutlo a ts'okelo ea sechaba). Ka ho etsa joalo, boithuto bona bo hlahisa kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea thuto ea kamano lipakeng tsa Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo, e senolang tšokelo ea sechaba e le mokhoa oa ho kena lipakeng o loketseng. Ho latela pono e sebetsang, batsamaisi ba tlameha ho tseba hore Nomophobia e ka baka maikutlo a ho sokeloa sechabeng, mme qetellong ea baka khatello ea maikutlo (Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; Samaha & Hawi, 2016; Yildirim le Correia, 2015).
Taba ea bobeli, boithuto bona bo thehile maemo a mosebetsi (ho se ts'oanehe le taolo) joalo ka bo-mookameli ba bohlokoa ketsahalong ea Nomophobia. Patlisiso ea pele e ne e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho bakhanni le litlamorao tsa Nomophobia ho sa kenyelelloe mabaka a moelelo oa litaba ao litlamorao tse amanang le Nomophobia li itšetlehileng ka tsona. Kahoo, ho ne ho na le tlhokeho ea kutloisiso ea karolo e hlahelletseng eo maemo a mosebetsi a ka e bapalang ketsahalong ea Nomophobia, ka ho thusa batho ho sebetsana le Nomophobia (ke hore, batsamaisi ba sehokela sa khatello ea maikutlo sa Nomophobia). Ho latela pono ea boits'oaro, batsamaisi ba tlameha ho tseba karolo ea mantlha ea taolo ea basebetsi le bonnete ho batho ba ikhethileng le ka bokhoni ba bona ba ho felisa litlamorao tsa Nomophobia (Bakker & Leiter, 2008; Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; Karasek, 1979; Riedl, 2013; Rubino et al., 2012; Samaha & Hawi, 2016).
Taba ea boraro, ts'ebeliso ea rona ea motho ea batlang taolo-ea tlhokeho e eketsa phapang ea mehopolo ea mohopolo e tlisoang molemong oa thuto ea Nomophobia. Phapang ena e kholo e matlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea thuto ea Nomophobia hammoho le kutloisiso ea rona ea marang-rang a ketsahalo eo. Pele ho thuto ena, lingoliloeng tsa Nomophobia le Technostress e ne e le tsona feela tse sebelisitsoeng ho utloisisa litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa Nomophobia. Le ha lipatlisiso tsa Technostress le lipatlisiso tsa pele ho Nomophobia li le molemo haholo ho utloisisa litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo, ha li bolelele, ke likhopolo tse nepahetseng tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Kahoo, ho eketsa katoloso ea mofuta oa taolo ea tlhokeho ho motsoako ho ntlafatsa ponelopele ea litlamorao tsa Nomophobia. Ka bokhutšoanyane, katamelo ea rona e eketsa phapang ea thuto ho thuto ea Nomophobia, ho matlafatsa tsela eo re ithutang ketsahalo ea Nomophobia le seo re ka se bolelang esale pele (Bakker & Leiter, 2008; Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; Rubino et al., 2012; Samaha & Hawi, 2016; Yildirim le Correia, 2015). Bakeng sa batsamaisi, ba ka fumana kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng haholoanyane ea ts'ebetso ea khatello ea maikutlo ea Nomophobia le hore na ba ka loantša Nomophobia joang; ha li sa lekanyetsoa feela mehopolong e hlahisitsoeng ke lipatlisiso ka technostress.
Ntle le moo, thuto ena e bonts'a hore Nomophobia ke matla khatello ea maikutlo; Nomophobia e lebisa khatellong ea maikutlo tlasa maemo ohle a ithutoang mona, ntle le tlasa motswako oa (a) ho se ts'oane hantle mabapi le nako ea ho tlosoa hoa mohala le (b) taolo e phahameng holim'a boemo.
Ho loants'a khatello ea maikutlo e hlahang maemong a ho khaotsa, batsamaisi ba ka qala ho ts'epa basebetsi ba bona, ba ba etsa hore ba lumele hore boemo ba ho hula bo ke ke ba nka nako e telele ho feta kamoo ho hlokehang (ke hore, ho ts'epa hore nako ea boemo ba ho khaotsa lekanyelitsoeng). Tšepo ke mokhoa oa khale oa ho fokotsa maikutlo a ho se ts'oanehe (mohlala, Carter, Tams, & Grover, 2017; McKnight, Carter, Thatcher, & Clay, 2011; Pavlou, Liang, & Xue, 2007; Riedl, Mohr, Kenning, Davis, & Heekeren, 2014; Litlhapi, 2012). E aha maikutlo a polokeho le polokeho a hananang ka kotloloho le ho se ts'oanehe (Kelly le Noonan, 2008). Ka ho etsa joalo, ts'epo e ka tima maikutlo a mabe a amanang le ho se ts'oanehe le litlhoko tse ling tsa mosebetsi (McKnight et al., 2011; Litlhapi, Thatcher, & Craig, 2017). Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e ka lekola mohopolo ona oa pele ka matla.
Mokhoa o mong oa ho thusa basebetsi ba ikhethileng hore ba sebetsane hantle le ho se ts'oanehe e ka ba boteng ba sechaba. Boteng ba sechaba bo fokotsa mathata a amanang le ho se ts'oanehe ka ho hlahisa maikutlo a hore likopano tsa bohlokoa tsa sechaba li etsahala nakong ea kopano. Batsamaisi ba ne ba ka tsebisa bahiruoa ba bona molaetsa oa hore kopano e fanoeng e bohlokoa mme e hloka tlhokomelo ea motho e mong le e mong. Ho fihlela sena, mookameli a kanna a sebelisa lifomate tsa ho hapa tlhokomelo tsa tlhahiso-leseling nakong ea kopano. Maikutlo a hlahang a boteng ba sechaba a ka fokotsa litlhoko tsa basebetsi tsa ho sebelisa fono (Pavlou et al., 2007). Mohopolo ona o ka netefatsoa ka matla lipatlisisong tse tlang.
Joalo ka lipatlisiso life kapa life, ho na le likhaello tse itseng thutong ea rona tse lokelang ho nahaneloa ha ho tolokoa sephetho sa rona. Boithuto bona bo ne bo khannoa le setsebi se secha sa khoebo. Le ha khetho ena e ka fokotsa matla a thuto a kantle, ho ne ho loketse hore thuto e fane ka tsebo ea ba arabelitsoeng ka theknoloji ea tsepamiso le bohlokoa ba eona maphelong a bona. Ho feta moo, mokhoa ona o ne o amahanngoa le matla a kahare a kahare ka lebaka la homogeneity e teng ho sampuli ena ea batho. Ho feta moo, ka lebaka la hore theknoloji ea rona e shebiloeng e ne e le smartphone, e sebelisoang haholo likarolong tsohle tsa bophelo ba batho (Samaha & Hawi, 2016), Seo re se fumaneng se ka akaretsa maemo a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le mekhatlo. Ntle le moo, patlisiso ea rona e ipapisitse le mokhoa oa "psychometric monomethod" o ts'oereng maikutlo a khatello ea maikutlo maemong a inahaneloang. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho ikemisetsa ho pheta liphetho tsena maemong a loketseng tikoloho, ho ka sebelisoa mehato ea sepheo sa khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka cortisol.
Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li ka lekola mekhoa e meng eo nomophobia e hlahisang likarabo tsa khatello ho batho ka bomong. Re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ts'okelo ea sechaba joalo ka mokena-lipakeng ka lebaka la bohlokoa ba eona bakeng sa batho ba ikhethileng. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta e meng e ka ba babuelli ba eketsehileng ba amehang. Mohlala, ho imeloa haholo sechabeng ho ka ba bohlokoa bo bong maemong a thuto ea rona. Patlisiso sebakeng sa bokhoba ba marang-rang, e amanang le moelelo oa thuto ea rona, e fumane hore ho imeloa haholo sechabeng ho hokahanya kamano lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa motho le ho lemalla (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2015). Phuputso e ile ea etsoa maemong a ts'ebeliso ea Facebook, ho bonts'a hore tšehetso ea sechaba e hokahanya khokahano lipakeng tsa, mohlala, palo ea metsoalle ho Facebook le mokhathala ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e atolositsoeng ea Facebook (Maier et al., 2015). Ho imeloa sechabeng ho hlalosoa e le mohopolo o fosahetseng oa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ha basebelisi ba fumana likopo tse ngata haholo tsa ts'ehetso ea sechaba mme ba ikutloa eka ba fana ka ts'ehetso e ngata haholo ea sechaba ho batho ba bang ba kenelletseng marang-rang a bona. Ha re nahana hore moelelo oa nomophobia o boetse o kenyelletsa lintho tse lemalloang, ho imeloa sechabeng e kanna ea ba mokena-lipakeng ea tlatselletsang molemong oa thuto ea rona, o hokahanya nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo.
E tsamaellanang le MacKinnon le Luecken (2008; leq. S99), liphumano tsa rona, ha li kopantsoe hammoho, li fana ka kutloisiso e "tsoetseng pele" ea hore na hobaneng, hobaneng, hona neng (kapa tlasa maemo afe) Nomophobia e na le litlamorao tse mpe tse tlase. Kutloisiso ena e ntlafalitsoeng e thusa nts'etsopele ea maano a ho kenella a reretsoeng ho fokotsa litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa Nomophobia.
6. Qetello
Phuputso ea nakong e fetileng e thehile khatello ea maikutlo e le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa Nomophobia empa ha e so hlahlobe litsela tsa mabaka kapa maemo a amanang le kamano ena ea bohlokoa, ho fella ka tlhoko ea ho ntšetsa pele tsebo sebakeng sena. Ho ipapisitse le mofuta oa Tlhokahalo ea Batho ba Laolang Tlhokahalo le likhakanyo tsa eona mabapi le litšobotsi tsa boikhohomoso, ho se ts'oanehe, taolo le ts'okelo ea sechaba, pampiri ena e hlahisitse kutlwisiso e ntlafalitsoeng haholoanyane ea ts'ebetso eo Nomophobia e lebisang khatellong ea maikutlo, hammoho le lintlha tse amanang le maemo tseo ts'ebetso ena e latela. Ka hona, phuputso ena e thusa lipatlisiso mabapi le tsoelo-pele ea Nomophobia ho fihlela litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse ikhethang tsa hore na hobaneng, hobaneng, le ha Nomophobia e baka khatello ea maikutlo. Litlhaloso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lipatlisiso tse mabapi le Nomophobia ha li so khotsofale empa tataiso e hlakileng e ka fuoa batho ka bomong, litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle le baokameli lefats'eng la rona le ntseng le eketseha la li-smartphone.
Sehlomathiso 1. Lethathamo la lintho tsa litekanyo
Likolo tse bolelang | Ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng | |
|---|---|---|
Nomophobia | ||
| 1. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke sa phutholoha ha ke sa fumane phihlello ea tlhahiso-leseling khafetsa ka smartphone ea ka | 2.52 | 1.81 |
| 2. Ke ne ke tla teneha haeba ke sitoa ho sheba tlhahisoleseling ho smartphone ea ka ha ke batla ho etsa joalo | 3.53 | 1.74 |
| 3. Ho sitoa ho fumana litaba (mohlala, liketsahalo, boemo ba leholimo, jj.) Ho smartphone ea ka ho ka ntšosa | 1.89 | 1.65 |
| 4. Ke ne ke tla teneha haeba ke sa khone ho sebelisa smartphone ea ka le / kapa bokhoni ba eona ha ke batla ho etsa joalo | 3.45 | 1.87 |
| 5. Ho felloa ke betri ka har'a smartphone ho ka ntšosa | 2.91 | 1.91 |
| 6. Haeba nka felloa ke mekoloto kapa ka fihla moeling oa ka oa khoeli le khoeli, ke ne ke tla tšoha | 2.45 | 1.91 |
| 7. Haeba ke ne ke sena lets'oao la data kapa ke sa khone ho hokela ho Wi-Fi, ke ne ke lula ke sheba ho bona hore na ke na le lets'oao kapa nka fumana netweke ea Wi-Fi | 2.37 | 1.95 |
| 8. Haeba ke ne ke sa khone ho sebelisa smartphone ea ka, ke ne ke tla tšaba ho qabelloa kae kae | 2.15 | 1.85 |
| 9. Haeba ke ne ke sitoa ho sheba smartphone ea ka nakoana, ke ne ke tla ikutloa ke lakatsa ho e hlahloba Haeba ke ne ke se na smartphone sa ka | 2.81 | 1.95 |
| 10. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke tšoenyehile hobane ke ne ke sa khone ho buisana hanghang le ba lelapa leso le / kapa metsoalle | 3.67 | 1.75 |
| 11. Ke ne ke tla tšoenyeha hobane ba lelapa leso le / kapa metsoalle ba ne ba sitoa ho fihlela nna | 4.01 | 1.77 |
| 12. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke tšohile hobane ke ne ke tla sitoa ho fumana melaetsa le mehala | 3.92 | 1.77 |
| 13. Ke ne ke tla tšoenyeha hobane ke ne ke sitoa ho lula ke buisana le ba lelapa leso le / kapa metsoalle | 3.45 | 1.71 |
| 14. Ke ne ke tla tšoha hobane ke ne ke sa tsebe hore na ho na le motho ea lekileng ho ntšoara | 3.90 | 1.82 |
| 15. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke tšoenyehile hobane khokahano ea ka ea kamehla le ba lelapa leso le metsoalle e tla senyeha | 3.08 | 1.64 |
| 16. Ke ne ke tla tšoha hobane ke ne ke tla hakolla boitsebiso ba ka ba inthanete | 2.49 | 1.58 |
| 17. Ke tla be ke sa phutholoha hobane ke ne nke ke ka lula ke le morao-rao ka litaba tsa sechaba le marang-rang a marang-rang | 2.21 | 1.50 |
| 18. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke sa phutholoha hobane ke ne ke sitoa ho lekola litsebiso tsa ka bakeng sa liapdeite ho tsoa likhokahanong tsa ka le marang-rang a inthaneteng | 2.31 | 1.59 |
| 19. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke tšoenyehile hobane ke sitoa ho sheba melaetsa ea ka ea lengolo tsoibila | 3.43 | 1.94 |
| 20. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke maketse hobane ke ne ke sa tsebe hore na ke etseng | 2.65 | 1.83 |
Khatello ea Kelello | ||
| 1. U ne u tla ikutloa u ferekane. | 3.26 | 1.73 |
| 2. U ne u tla ikutloa u tšoenyehile. | 3.31 | 1.66 |
| 3. U ne u tla utloa khatello. | 3.52 | 1.70 |
| 4. U ka ikutloa u imetsoe kelellong. | 3.60 | 1.78 |
| 5. U ne u tla ikutloa u khathetse moeeng. | 2.72 | 1.56 |
| 6. U ne u tla ikutloa u tloaetse. | 2.67 | 1.57 |
| 7. U ne u tla utloa mokhathala. | 3.04 | 1.62 |
| 8. U ka ikutloa u khathetse. | 2.82 | 1.56 |
Tšokelo ea sechaba | ||
| 1. Ke ne ke tla tšoenyeha ka hore na ke nkuoa ke atlehile kapa ke hlolehile. | 1.89 | 1.28 |
| 2. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke sa itšepe. | 2.44 | 1.71 |
| 3. Ke ne ke tla ikutloa ke sa thaba le 'na. | 2.38 | 1.36 |
| 4. Nka ikutloa ke le tlase ho ba bang ka motsotso ona. | 1.69 | 1.16 |
| 5. Nka ikutloa ke tšoenyehile ka maikutlo ao ke a etsang. | 2.43 | 1.73 |
| 6. Ke ne ke tla tšoenyeha ka ho shebahala ke sethoto. | 1.98 | 1.47 |
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Lintlha-khōlō Tsa
Shebana le Nomophobia, ketsahalo ea bohlokoa eo re hlokang ho e utloisisa hamolemo.
Ho hlalosa hore na hobaneng Nomophobia e susumetsa khatello ea maikutlo (boemeli).
Ho hlalosa hore na Nomophobia o lebisa tlasa maemo afe ho isa khatello ea maikutlo.
Ho nka mokhoa o tsamaisoang ke khopolo ho ithuta Nomophobia (mohlala oa taolo ea motho ea hlokang taolo).
inahaneloang
Bongata ba lingoliloeng bo ntseng bo hola bo bontša hore ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone e ka ba mathata ha batho ba hlahisa ts'epahalo ea theknoloji joalo ka tšabo. Tšabo ena hangata e bitsoa Nomophobia, ho bolelang tšabo ea ho se khone ho sebelisa mohala oa motho. Ha lingoliloeng (haholo-holo ho technostress le ts'ebeliso e thata ea li-smartphone) li hlakile hantle mabapi le hore na ke lintlha life tse tlatsetsang ntlafatsong ea Nomophobia, e ntse e sa hlake hore na hobaneng, hobaneng, le tlasa maemo afe Nomophobia, le eona e baka litlamorao tse mpe , haholo-holo khatello ea maikutlo. Ho latela mohlala oa motho ea hlokang taolo, motho ea ithutang o hlahisa mofuta oa lipatlisiso o bonts'ang hore Nomophobia e ama khatello ea maikutlo ka maikutlo a ts'okelo ea sechaba le hore phello ena e sa tobang e latela maemo a boemo ba ho hula fono. Lintlha tse bokelletsoeng ho tsoa ho basebelisi ba li-smartphone tsa 270 le ho hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa lihlopha tse ngata li tšehetse mohlala oa rona. Liphetho li bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso e sa tobang e sa tobang ha e bohlokoa ha feela bonnete le taolo ea maemo li kopana, ke hore, ha batho ba tseba hore na ba ke ke ba khona ho sebelisa lifono tsa bona nako e kae le hore na ba na le taolo holima boemo bofe. Batsamaisi ba ka thusa bahiruoa ba bona ba ikhethileng ka ho kenya ts'epo ho bona le maikutlo a boteng ba sechaba ha ba ntse ba ba fa taolo e fetang ts'ebeliso ea bona ea li-smartphone nakong ea liboka.
1. Selelekela
Tloaelo e ntseng e hola maemong a khoebo ke ho hloka hore basebetsi ba tlohele lisebelisoa tsa bona tsa puisano, haholo-holo li-smartphone, kantle ho kamore ea liboka (Forbes, 2014). Leano lena le reriloeng hantle hangata le reretsoe ho theha maemo a sebetsang a nang le tlhahiso le tlhompho moo basebetsi ba sa keng ba khelosoa ke litšitiso tsa mahlale (mohlala, ho lekola le ho ngola melaetsa ka li-smartphone). Leha ho le joalo, re pheha khang sehloohong sena hore leano le joalo le ka ba le litlamorao tse sa lebelloang ho basebetsi le mekhatlo ka ho ts'oana hobane ho tlosoa ha smartphone ho ka baka tšabo e ncha ea sechaba: Nomophobia kapa tšabo ea ho se khone ho sebelisa smartphone le litšebeletso tseo e fanang ka tsona (Kang & Jung, 2014; Morena, Valença, & Nardi, 2010a, 2010b; King et al., 2013; Paka, Kim, Shon, & Shim, 2013). Nomophobia ke phobia ea sejoale-joale e amanang le tahlehelo ea phihlello ea tlhaiso-leseling, tahlehelo ea khokahano le tahlehelo ea bokhoni ba puisano (King et al., 2013, 2014; Yildirim le Correia, 2015). Nomophobia e ikhethile maemong a itseng hoo e hlahisoang ke maemo a bakang ho se fumanehe ha smartphone ea motho (Yildirim le Correia, 2015).
Joalo ka phobia e ikhethileng ea boemo bo itseng, Nomophobia o sa tsoa khothalletsoa ho lebisa mehopolong e matla ea matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo (Cheever, Rosen, Mofani oa thepa, & Chavez, 2014; Choy, Fyer, & Lipsitz, 2007; Yildirim le Correia, 2015). Ebile, ba bang ba re Nomophobia e ka ba khatello ea maikutlo hoo e tlamehang ho nkuoa e le psychopathology (Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014). Patlisiso ea morao-rao e tšehetsang mohopolo ona, e bonts'a hore batho ba ikhethileng ba na le khatello ea maikutlo ha li-smartphone tsa bona li sa fihlellehe (Samaha & Hawi, 2016). Ho imeloa kelellong le hona ho na le litlamorao tse fapaneng tse mpe ho batho ka bomong le mekhatlo, ho kenyeletsoa le bophelo bo fokotsehileng, mathata a hlobaetsang le a sa foleng a bophelo bo botle, hammoho le tlhahiso e fokotsehileng ea mokhatlo (Ayyagari, Grover, & Purvis, 2011; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Lazaro, 1999; Riedl, Kindermann, Auinger, & Javor, 2012; Tams, Hill, de Guinea, Thatcher, & Grover, 2014). Kahoo, khatello ea maikutlo ke phapano ea bohlokoa e itšetlehileng ka ho ithuta maemong a Nomophobia.
Leha ho le joalo, ha lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li fana ka litlhaloso tse hlakileng le tse felletseng tsa hore na Nomophobia o hola joang (Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; Hadlington, 2015; Morena, Valença, & Nardi, 2010a, 2010b; King et al., 2014; Sharma, Sharma, Sharma, & Wavare, 2015; Smetaniuk, 2014; Yildirim le Correia, 2015), ho ntse ho sa hlaka hore na hobaneng, hobaneng, hona neng (ke hore, tlasa maemo afe) Nomophobia, le eona, e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo. Kutloisiso e sieo ea mekhoa e hokahanyang Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo, lipatlisiso li ka fana ka tataiso e fokolang feela ho batho ka bomong le ho lingaka le batsamaisi mabapi le mokhoa oa ho theha maano a ho kenella (MacKinnon le Luecken, 2008). Ho utloisisa ka botlalo se boleloang ke Nomophobia bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo le ho fana ka tataiso e ntlafalitsoeng, lipatlisiso li tlameha ho hlahisa litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse ikhethang tsa mabaka a kenellang le a maemo. Taba ea mantlha, lipatlisiso li tlameha ho hlahisa litlhaloso tse felletseng tsa litsela tse amanang le ts'ebetso eo litlamorao tse amanang le Nomophobia li hlahang ka tsona (ke hore, bonamoli).1 Taba ea bobeli, e tlameha ho fana ka leseli la lintlha tsa maemo tseo litlamorao tse amanang le Nomophobia li itšetlehileng ka tsona (ke hore, tekanyetso). Ka mantsoe a mang, lipatlisiso li hloka ho hlahisa litlhaloso tsa lintlha tse tsamaisang tšusumetso ea Nomophobia ho isa khatello ea maikutlo (boemeli) le lintlha tsa maemo tseo tšusumetso ena e itšetlehileng ka tsona (tekanyetso). Ka lebaka leo, thuto ea hajoale e qala ho bula lebokose le letšo la litšebelisano lipakeng tsa Nomophobia le lintlha tse ling tse Hlalosa ka ho qaqileng hore na hobaneng Nomophobia e ka lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo (bonamoli) le hore na maemo a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo a Nomophobia a khanya hakae (tekano).
Ho utloisisa litlamorao tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo ka botlalo, re sebelisa mofuta oa taolo ea motho ea hlokang tlhokomelo o ntlafalitsoeng ke Bakker le Leiter (2008) 'moho le Rubino, Perry, Milam, Spitzmueller, le Zapf (2012). Moralo ona oa khopolo ke katoloso ea Karasek (1979) mohlala oa taolo ea tlhokeho, e 'ngoe ea likhopolo tsa bohlokoahali tsa khatello ea maikutlo (Siegrist, 1996). Moetso oa motho ea hlokang taolo-o ka fana ka tlhaloso ea mohopolo bakeng sa litlamorao tse mpe tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo maemong ao phobic ea motho eo (Nomophobia) li mpefatsoa ke litlhoko tse sithabetsang, haholoholo ho se ts'oane, le ka khaello ea boits'ebetso ba botsamaisi mabapi le ho fana ho laola boemo. Moetso o boetse o fana ka maikutlo a hore khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka motho ea ikhethileng ea tobaneng le boemo ba ho tlohela mohala, e baka khatello ea maikutlo ka ho sokela lisebelisoa tse ling tsa boleng bo phahameng (mohl., boiketlo ba sechaba, kamohelo ea sechaba, kapa tlhompho sechabeng). Re sebelisa mohlala ona, re hlahloba hore na litlamorao tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo li hokahantsoe ke ts'okelo ea sechaba le hore na phello ee e sa tobang e fapana tlasa maemo a fapaneng a ho se ts'oane le taolo, e leng maemo a bohlokoa a ts'ebetso litokisetsong tsa mokhatlo tsa mehleng ena (Galluch, Grover, & Thatcher, 2015).
Ka ho batlisisa ho its'etleha pakeng tsa Nomophobia, ts'okelo ea sechaba, ho se ts'oanehe le taolo taolong ea khatello ea maikutlo, boithuto bona bo etsa menehelo ea bohlokoa. Mohlomong habohlokoa ka ho fetisisa, thuto e thusa lipatlisiso mabapi le tsoelo-pele ea Nomophobia litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse ikhethang tsa ts'ebetso eo Nomophobia e fellang ka khatello ea maikutlo (re fumana hore Nomophobia e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo ka ho hlahisa ts'okelo e lemohuoang sechabeng). Ho feta moo, thuto e theha maemo a itseng a mosebetsi (ho se ts'oanehe le taolo) e le lintlha tsa maemo ao litlamorao tse mpe tsa Nomophobia li itšetlehileng ka tsona. Ka kakaretso, thuto ena e fana ka tlhaloso e ntlafalitsoeng le ho bolela esale pele hore na Nomophobia o lebisa khatello ea maikutlo joang, neng.
Pampiri e tsoela pele ka tsela e latelang. Karolo e latelang e fana ka semelo sa moelelo oa boithuto e le mokhoa oa ho rala mofuta oa patlisiso o kopanyang oa Nomophobia, khatello ea maikutlo, le lintlha tse loketseng tsa ho kena lipakeng le ho lekanyetsa. Moetso ona o kopanyang o nahana hore Nomophobia e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo ka ts'oso e lemohuoang sechabeng le hore phello ena e sa tobang e matlafatsoa ke ho se ts'oane ka boemo ba ho hula mohala le ho fokolisoa ke taolo holim'a boemo. Karolo kamora moo e tlaleha ka mokhoa o sebelisitsoeng ho leka mofuta oa rona oa kopanyo le ka liphetho tse fumanoeng. Kamora nako, re tšohla litlamorao tsa lipatlisiso le boits'oaro.
2. Semelo le likhopolo-taba
Mokhoa oa rona oa ho shebana le ho kopanya likhopolo tsa Nomophobia, khatello ea maikutlo, le ts'okelo ea sechaba le maemo a mosebetsi (ke hore, ho se ts'oane le taolo), tseo boholo ba tsona li ithutiloeng ka thoko pele (bona Setšoantšo sa 1). Ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tse shebileng mateano a libaka tse joalo tse peli (mohlala, Samaha and Hawi (2016) e hlahlobile hore na Nomophobia e ka baka khatello ea maikutlo), 'me ha ho lipatlisiso ho fihlela joale tse hlahlobileng ka matla matla ao libaka tsena tse tharo li kopanang ho ona. Ke tsela ena e ts'oereng matla a ho hlalosa litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa Nomophobia ka botlalo; ho latela mehopolo e tsoetseng pele ea morao-rao, ts'okelo ea sechaba e ka ba bohlokoa ho Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo, mme maemo a mosebetsi a joalo ka ho se ts'oanehe le ho hloka taolo e ka ba mabaka a bohlokoa ho eketsang litšobotsi tsa phobic tse kang Nomophobia (Cooper, Dewe, & O'Driscoll, 2001; Dickerson, Gruenewald, & Kemeny, 2004; Dickerson & Kemeny, 2004; King et al., 2014; Rubino et al., 2012; Yildirim le Correia, 2015).
Setšoantšo sa 1. Lithuto tse Bontšang ho Maemo a Nomophobia, khatello ea maikutlo, le ts'okelo ea sechaba le maemo a mosebetsi.
Ho kopanya mohopolo oa Nomophobia, khatello ea maikutlo le ts'okelo ea sechaba le maemo a mosebetsi, re ipapisa le mofuta oa taolo ea batloangBakker & Leiter, 2008; Rubino et al., 2012), katoloso ea Karasek (1979) mohlala oa taolo ea tlhokeho. Taba ea morao-rao e bonts'a hore litlhoko tsa tikoloho li sebelisana le taolo eo batho ba nang le eona tikolohong ea bona ho baka khatello ea maikutlo, ke hore, tšebelisano lipakeng tsa litlhoko le taolo e laolang palo ea khatello ea maikutlo eo batho ba nang le eona. Mabapi le litlhoko, tsena ka kakaretso li nkuoa li le khatello; ka hona, khatello ea maikutlo e eketseha ka litlhoko tse phahameng. Tlhokahalo ea bohlokoa maemong a thuto ea rona ke ho se ts'oane (Molemo ka ho fetisisa, Stapleton, & Downey, 2005). Ho se ts'oanehe ke mofuta o sa hlakang khatello ea maikutlo e supang khaello ea tlhaiso-leseling eo batho ba e bonang mabapi le tikoloho ea bona (Beehr, Glaser, Canali, & Wallwey, 2001; Wright & Cordery, 1999). Mohlala, khaello ea tlhaiso-leseling ka nako ea kopano e ka nkoa e le e sithabetsang. Ho latela lingoliloeng tse mabapi le khatello ea mokhatlo, khaello ena ea tlhaiso-leseling, kapa ho se ts'oane, e ka baka mefuta e fapaneng ea khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka ho se khotsofale, ho tepella le khatello ea maikutlo e akaretsang (Rubino et al., 2012).
Mabapi le karolo ea taolo ea Karasek (1979) mohlala, e bua ka bolokolohi ba liqeto, ke hore, taolo e bolela tokoloho ea batho, boipuso, le temoho mabapi le ho tseba hore na ba ka sebetsana joang le khatello ea maikutlo. Kahoo, taolo e thusa batho ho sebetsana hantle le litlhoko tsa tikoloho. Ka ho etsa joalo, taolo e sebetsa e le sesosa sa khahlano le khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka thebe e sirelletsang batho liphellong tse mpe tsa khatello ea maikutlo maphelong a bona. Ho latela mohopolo ona, lipatlisiso li bontšitse khafetsa hore batho ba laolang tikoloho ea bona ha ba na khatello ea maikutlo (Van der Doef & Maes, 1999).
Mohlala oa taolo ea tlhokeho (Karasek, 1979) o atlehile haholo thutong ea khatello ea maikutlo (Siegrist, 1996). Leha ho le joalo, mohlala o na le meeli ea bohlokoa, haholoholo mabapi le boholo ba kaho; mohlala o nyatsitsoe ka hore ha o na botlalo bo lekaneng (Van der Doef & Maes, 1999). Ka hona, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li fana ka maikutlo a ho holisa mohlala ka ho kenyelletsa liphapang tsa batho ka bomong (Bakker & Leiter, 2008). Liphapang tsa batho ka bomong ke tsona tse laolang hore na batho ba talima tikoloho ea bona joang 'me ba itšoara joang ho eona. Ka ho etsa joalo, ba supa maemo a batho a ho hatelloa. Ho ipapisitsoe le mehopolo ena, Rubino le al. (2012) e hlahisitse mofuta oa taolo ea tlhokeho ea motho. Moetso ona ke katoloso ea mofuta oa taolo ea tlhokeho e kenyeletsang liphapang tsa batho ka bomong. Kahoo, mofuta oa taolo-ea motho ea hlokang tlhokomelo o supa lintlha tse tharo tse khethollang boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo: litlhoko tsa tikoloho joalo ka ho se ts'oanehe, taolo holim'a tikoloho ea motho le liphapang tsa batho ka bomong. Ha a ntse a Rubino le al. (2012) ba lekotse botsitso ba maikutlo e le phapang ea motho ka mong, bangoli bana ba fihletse qeto ea hore liphapang tse ling tsa batho ka bomong (mohlala, phobias sechabeng tse kang Nomophobia) le tsona li ka susumetsa boiphihlelo ba batho ba khatello ea maikutlo le litlamorao tsa litlhoko tsa tikoloho le taolo maemong a khatello ea maikutlo.
Mohlala oa taolo ea tlhoko ea taolo ke moralo o akaretsang le o felletseng oa ho hlahloba sebopeho sa khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ka bomong. Ka hona, ea mohlala e ka sebelisoa ho maemo le maemo a fapaneng a khatello (Bakker & Leiter, 2008; Rubino et al., 2012). Ka ho hatella liphapang tsa batho ka bomong, joalo ka phobias tsa sechaba, mofuta ona o na le likokoana-hloko moelelong oa rona oa ho ithuta. Kahoo, re sebelisa mofuta ona ho hlahloba tšusumetso ea Nomophobia khatello ea maikutlo.
Ho latela mofuta oa tlhokeho-taolo ea motho, ebile e tsamaellanang le Karasek (1979) Mohlala oa taolo ea tlhokeho joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pejana, ho se ts'oanehe maemong a ts'ebeliso ea li-smartphone ho ka ba khatello (mohlala, khaello ea tlhaiso-leseling ka nako ea kopano eo basebetsi ba sa khoneng ho sebelisa li-smartphones tsa bona ba ka ba le boiphihlelo ba ho lefisa batho ba khethang). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, taolo e ka thusa ho fokotsa khatello ea maikutlo (mohlala, liqeto tse ling tsa hore na smartphone e ka sebelisoa nakong ea kopano e ka sebetsana le litlamorao tse bakoang ke Nomophobia). Kamora nako, Nomophobia e ka baka khatello ea maikutlo, mme phello ena ea Nomophobia e ka mpefatsoa ke ho se ts'oane le ho hloka taolo. Potso e sala ea hore na hobaneng, Nomophobia e baka khatello ea maikutlo. Ho latela mofuta oa tlhokeho-taolo ea motho, khatello ea maikutlo e kang phobias ea sechaba e baka khatello ea maikutlo ka ho sokela lisebelisoa tse ling tsa boleng bo phahameng (mohlala, hlompho ea sechaba, kamohelo ea sechaba, kapa tlhompho sechabeng;Rubino et al., 2012)). Mohopolo ona o fana ka maikutlo a hore phobias tsa sechaba, joalo ka Nomophobia, li lebisa khatello ea maikutlo ka ho hlahisa maikutlo a ho sokeloa sechabeng; ke hore, ho latela mohlala oa taolo-ea-tlhokeho, Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo li hokahane ka ts'oaetso e lemohuoang sechabeng. Mohopolo ona o tsamaellana le lipatlisiso mabapi le leeme la tlhokomelo.
Liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bonts'a hore matšoenyeho a kliniki a amahanngoa le khethollo e tsotellang ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling e amanang le ts'okelo e ikhethileng ho li-syndromes tse itseng tsa matšoenyeho (Amir, Elias, Klumpp, le Przeworski, 2003; Asmundson & Stein, 1994; Tšepo, Rapee, Heimberg, & Dombeck, 1990). Mohlala, batho ba nang le tšabo ea sechaba ba na le menyetla e mengata ho feta ba bang ea ho bona ts'okelo ea sechaba tikolohong ea bona (Amir et al., 2003; Asmundson & Stein, 1994). Mochini o amehang ke tlhokomelo e khethiloeng, e ikarabellang ho ajoeng hantle ha lisebelisoa tsa kelello (ke hore, lisebelisoa tsa tlhahiso-leseling). Tlhokomelo e khethiloeng e bolela bokhoni ba ho khetha mehloli e meng ea tlhaiso-leseling ha u ntse u hlokomoloha e meng (Moqapi & Drews, 2007). Maemong a batho ba nang le mathata a ho tšoenyeha, joalo ka ba nang le ts'abo ea sechaba, tlhokomelo e khethiloeng e lebisa linthong tse mpe; ke hore, batho ba nang le mathata a ho tšoenyeha ba khetha ho fana ka tlhahisoleseling e sokelang e amanang haholo le lefu la bona (Asmundson & Stein, 1994).
Ts'ebetso ena ea tlhokomelo e bontšitsoe ho sebelisoa lipalo tse 'maloa tsa kelello ea kelello. Mohlala, phuputso ea pele ho khethollo e amanang le phobia ea sechaba e sebelisitse paradigm ea letheba ho bontša hore ha tlhokomelo e ne e abuoa sebakeng sa sebaka sa ts'usumetso, batho ba nang le phobia ea sechaba ba ile ba arabela ka potlako ho lipatlisiso tse ileng tsa latela lits'oso tsa sechaba ho fapana le ho mekhoa e latelang e sa nke lehlakore kapa e sokelang 'mele, phello e neng e sa bonoe hara lihlooho tsa taolo (Asmundson & Stein, 1994). Liphumano tsena li bonts'itse hore batho ba nang le ts'abo ea sechaba ba khetha mekhoa ea ts'okelo e hlahlobang sechaba ka tlhaho; ke hore, ba batla tlhaiso-leseling e ba etsang hore ba ikutloe ba sokeloa sechabeng. Phuputso e 'ngoe e mabapi le khethollo e amanang le phobia ea sechaba e sebelisitse paradigm e nang le lintlha tse nepahetseng le tse sa sebetseng tse hlahisitsoeng libakeng tse fapaneng skrineng sa komporo (Amir et al., 2003). Thutong ena, batho ba nang le phobia sechabeng ba bonts'itse nako e telele ea karabelo ha ba fumana liphofu tse sa sebetseng ho feta taolo, empa hafeela probe e latela lentsoe le sokelang sechaba. Liphetho tsena li boetse li netefalitse mohopolo oa hore batho ba nang le phobia ea sechaba ba na le bothata ba ho tlosa tlhokomelo ea bona boitsebisong bo sokelang sechaba, ho bolelang hore batho ba nang le phobia ea sechaba ba na le monyetla oa ho ikutloa ba sokeloa sechabeng ho feta batho ba se nang phobia ea sechaba. Tšokelo ea sechaba le eona e thehiloe e le khatello e kholo ea maikutlo. Mohlala, Trier Social Stress Test e shebaneng le litšokelo tsa sechaba ke e 'ngoe ea li-paradigms tse hlahelletseng tsa khatello ea maikutlo (Granger, Kivlighan, El-Sheikh, Gordis, & Stroud, 2007).
Kaha Nomophobia ke tšabo ea sechaba eo mohlala oa motho ea laolang ho batla le lingoliloeng tse nang le leeme li sebetsang ho eona (Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; King et al., 2013), Motho a ka pheha khang ea hore ts'okelo ea sechaba e na le tšusumetso ea Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo. Re lebelletse hore ts'okelo ea sechaba maemong a Nomophobia e tla bonahala ka maikutlo a ho se fihlelle litebello tsa ba bang mabapi le ho fumaneha khafetsa le ho arabela hanghang ho mahlale a joalo ka mangolo tsoibila, melaetsa e potlakileng, Voice over IP, tweets le melaetsa ea Facebook (King et al., 2014). Kahoo, tšokelo ea sechaba e ka hlalosa ka botlalo haholoanyane kamano e teng pakeng tsa Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo. Ntle le moo, phello e sa tobang ea Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo ka ts'oso ea sechaba e lokela ho mpefatsoa ke ho se ts'oanehe le ho hloka taolo joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo (ho ipapisitsoe le mofuta oa taolo ea batloang). Ka kakaretso, motheong oa mofuta oa taolo ea tlhoko ea taolo le lingoliloeng tse mabapi le leeme re ntšetsa pele likhopolo-taba tse latelang (ka kopo bona Setšoantšo sa 2):
H1
Tšokelo ea sechaba e buisana le kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo.
H2
Ho se ts'oane mabapi le nako ea ho hula fono ho lekanyetsa litlamorao tse sa tobang tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo (ka ts'okelo ea Sechaba) hore phello ena e sa tobang e tla ba matla bakeng sa maemo a mangata a ho se ts'oanehe.
H3
Ho laola maemo a ho hula fono ho lekola litlamorao tse sa tobang tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo (ka ts'okelo ea Sechaba) hore phello ena e sa tobang e tla fokola bakeng sa maemo a maholo a taolo.
Sa feiga 2. Mohlala oa Lipatlisiso.
3. Mokhoa le liphetho
Ho ile ha etsoa liteko ho leka likhopolo tsa rona. Moralo oa liteko o ne o kenyelletsa lintlha tse peli tse ka sebelisoang ho se ts'oane 'me ho laola boemo, e hlahisa lihlopha tse 'ne tsa liteko. Basebetsi ba bacha ba khoebo ba 270 ba ile ba hiroa ka sehlopha sa lipatlisiso tsa univesithi mme, kamora moo, ba aroloa ka lihlopha tsena tse 'ne ka kabo e sa reroang. Ho nka karolo e ne e le ka boithatelo mme thuto e ile ea ananeloa ke boto ea tlhahlobo ea setheo. Teko e sebelisitse lenane la lipotso e le mokhoa oa ho bokella lintlha. Lenane la lipotso le entsoe ka lebaka la lipatlisiso tsa pele.
3.1. Protocol: lintlha tse mabapi le lipotso tse sebelisoang e le mokhoa oa ho bokella lintlha
Barupeluoa ba ile ba abeloa e 'ngoe ea maemo a mane: 1) ho hloka bonnete bo tlase, taolo e tlase, 2) ho hloka bonnete bo tlase, taolo e phahameng, 3) ho se ts'oanehe ho phahameng, taolo e tlase, le 4) ho se ts'oane ho phahameng, taolo e phahameng. Ho ipapisitse le maemo a bona, barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahisoa ka maemo. Ba fuoe litaelo tse hlakileng hore ba inahane ba le sebokeng sa khoebo se iqapetsoeng nakong eo ba neng ba sa khone ho sebelisa li-smartphone tsa bona. Lenaneong la ho hloka bonnete bo tlase boemo, boemo bo bonts'itse nako ea kopano (ke hore, kopano ea 1-h), athe kopanong ea ho se ts'oane ho phahameng Boemo ba kopano bo siiloe bo sa boleloa. Lenaneong la boemo bo phahameng ba taolo, boemo bo bonts'itse hore bankakarolo ba ka tsoa kopanong neng kapa neng ho sebelisa li-smartphone tsa bona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho taolo e tlase Boemo bo bontšitsoe ka ho hlaka hore ho tsoa sebokeng ho sebelisa mohala oa motho ho ne ho sa khonehe. Ho hlahisitsoe maemo a mane ho Tafole 1:
Tafole ea 1. Liketsahalo.
Ho se ts'oanehe ho tlase, taolo e phahameng | Ho se ts'oanehe ho fokolang, taolo e tlase |
|---|---|
| Kopano e tla nka 1 h. Le ha o sa khone ho sebelisa smartphone ea hau nakong ea kopano, o ka tloha sebokeng ho e sebelisa bakeng sa mehala e kenang kapa melaetsa, kapa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa ho tsoa inthaneteng. Tlhokomeliso: Ha u na monyetla oa ho fumana komporo ea laptop. | Kopano e tla nka 1 h. Nakong ea seboka, O KA SE TSOE ka phapusing, ho bolelang hore O KA SE TSOE sebokeng ho ea sebelisa mohala o bohlale bakeng sa mehala e kenang kapa melaetsa, kapa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa ho tsoa inthaneteng. Tlhokomeliso: Ha u na monyetla oa ho fumana komporo ea laptop. |
| Ho se ts'oanehe ho phahameng, taolo e phahameng | Ho se ts'oanehe ho phahameng, taolo e tlase |
| HA U tsebe bolelele ba kopano. Le ha o sa khone ho sebelisa smartphone ea hau nakong ea kopano, o ka tloha sebokeng ho e sebelisa bakeng sa mehala e kenang kapa melaetsa, kapa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa ho tsoa inthaneteng. Tlhokomeliso: Ha u na monyetla oa ho fumana komporo ea laptop. | HA U tsebe bolelele ba kopano. Nakong ea seboka, O KA SE TSOE ka phapusing, ho bolelang hore O KA SE TSOE sebokeng ho ea sebelisa mohala o bohlale bakeng sa mehala e kenang kapa melaetsa, kapa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ea bohlokoa ho tsoa inthaneteng. Tlhokomeliso: Ha u na monyetla oa ho fumana komporo ea laptop. |
Phetolelo ea Sefora ea lipotso tsa NMP-Q e ntlafalitsoeng ke (Yildirim le Correia, 2015) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekanya nomophobia. Ho ile ha etsoa phetolelo e habeli ho netefatsa bonnete ba lenane la lipotso la Fora (Grisay, 2003). Pono ea khatello ea kelello e ne e lekantsoe ka sekala sa likert se ntlafalitsoeng ke Litlhapi le al. (2014) motheong oa Moore (2000, maq. 141-168) tekanyo. Tšokelo ea sechaba e ne e lekanngoa ho sebelisoa sekala se tsoang ho (Heatherton & Polivy, 1991). Lethathamo la lintho tsa litekanyo tse neng li sebelisoa li hlahisoa ho Sehlomathiso 1.
3.2. Tekolo ea litekanyo
Boleng ba psychometric ea mehato ea rona bo ile ba hlahlojoa ka ho hakanya ho ts'epahala le ho fetoha le ho khetholla hoa khethollo. Tšepahalo ea kahare ea botsitso, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke alpha ea coefficient ea alpha, e ne e khotsofatsa bakeng sa mehato eohle. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Tafole 2, alphas tsohle li feta moeli oa 0.70 (Ka Nunnally, 1978).
Tafole ea 2. Litekanyetso tsa boleng le litlhaloso tsa mehato ea kaho.
Etsa | N. ea lintho | Rd | Alpha | E bolelang | SD | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nomophobia | 20 | 0.51 | 0.95 | 2.95 | 1.26 | 6 |
| Tšokelo ea sechaba | 6 | 0.67 | 0.90 | 2.13 | 1.19 | 6 |
| Khatello ea Kelello | 8 | 0.64 | 0.92 | 3.11 | 1.32 | 6 |
AVE = Karolelano ea Phapang e Tlositsoe.
Matla a phetoho a ntse a hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele ho ipapisitsoe le phapano ea karolelano ea moaho e ntšitsoeng (AVE). AVE e emela palo ea phapano eo litekanyetso tsa moaho li hapiloeng ho tsoa linthong tse amanang le eona ho latela chelete e bakoang ke phoso ea tekanyo. AVE ea bonyane 0.50 e bonts'a bonnete ba sehlahisoa se lekanang, se bonts'a hore liakhaonto li ikarabella bakeng sa phapang e ngata linthong tsa eona (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). Netefatso ea khethollo ea moaho hangata e nkuoa e lekane ha motso oa sekoere oa AVE oa moaho o phahame ho feta likhokahano tse hahang tsa mofuta ona (Chin, 1998). Litekanyetso tsohle tsa AVE li ne li le kaholimo ho 0.50 (bona Tafole 2) le motso o lisekoere oa AVE bakeng sa moaho ka mong (0.71, 0.82, le 0.80 bakeng sa Nomophobia, ts'okelo ea sechaba, le khatello ea maikutlo, ka ho latellana) e ne e phahame ho feta likhokahano lipakeng tsa moaho oo le kaho tse ling tsa mofuta ona (ρTšoso ea Nomo = 0.44, hoKhatello ea Kelello = 0.53 le ρTšokelo-Khatello ea kelello = 0.61), e bonts'a semolao se lekaneng sa phetoho le khethollo.
Tekanyo ea nomophobia ka lenane la lipotso la NMP-Q e ntlafalitsoeng ke (Yildirim le Correia, 2015) qalong e na le litekanyo tse 'ne. Moelelong oa boithuto bona, re nkile moaho joalo ka ha o sa bonahaleng. Taba ea mantlha, nts'etsopele ea likhopolo-taba le likhopolo-taba tsa rona li ile tsa beoa boemong bohle ba kaho eseng ka litekanyo tsa motho ka mong. Taba ea bobeli, morero oa scree o tsoang tlhahlobisong ea lintlha, ka ho lekola ntlha ea karohano kapa "setsoe", e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso e sa lekanyetsoang e lekane. Eigenvalue e amanang le karolo ea pele e ne e le 10.12. E theohetse ho 1.89, 1.22, le 0.98 bakeng sa litekanyo tse latelang. Ntho ea pele e ntšitsoeng e hlalositse 50.6% ea phapang eohle. Lintlafatso tse felletseng li ne li le kholo ho feta 0.40, ho fana ka maikutlo a ngollano e ntle ea lintlha-lintlha (Thompson, 2004). Taba ea boraro, ha ho lekoa bonnete ba NMP-Q, Yildirim le Correia (2015) hape o sebelisitse mokhoa o sa amaneng le letho ho lekanya mohopolo.
latelang Podsakoff et al. (2003), ho sebelisitsoe litlhare tsa tšebetso hammoho le lipalo ho laola mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea leeme. Mabapi le ts'ebetso, re netefalitse karabo ea ho se tsejoe mme ra arola litekanyo tsa selelekela le mefuta ea litekanyetso. Ho latela lipalo, tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea lintlha e senotse hore ntlha e le' ngoe e hlalosa feela 40.32% ea phapang. Ntle le moo, mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha ha lesupa o sebelisitsoe lipatlisisong (Malhotra, Kim, & Patil, 2006). Tekano e khethiloe e le phapang ea lesupa kaha ha ho na khokahano ea thuto pakeng tsa phapang ena le nomophobia, boemo bo hlokehang bakeng sa mokhoa oa ho feto-fetoha ha lesupa. Khokahano e tloaelehileng le lihahi tse ling e ne e le tlase ho 0.10 lihlopheng tse 'ne. Ho lokisa metrices ea khokahano ho lekana litlhahlobo tsa tsela ho hlahisitse liphetho tse ts'oanang ho tse tsoang litlhahlobisong tse kholo (tse hlahisitsoeng ka tlase). Kahoo, tloaelo e tloaelehileng ea leeme ha ea ka ea bonahala e le bothata phuputsong ena (Podsakoff et al., 2003).
3.3. Ga tlhaloso Model
Mokhoa oa ho hlahloba lihlopha tsa lihlopha tse ngata o sebelisitsoe ho leka likhakanyo tsa rona tse sa tobang. Mokhoa ona o lumelletse tsela e otlolohileng le ka nako e le ngoe ea ho lekola litlamorao tsa bao e ka bang batsamaisi ba babeli (ke hore, ho se ts'oane le taolo). Tlhahlobo ea litsela tsa lihlopha tse ngata e ne e loketse haholo hobane re ne re ka nka boemo bo bong le bo bong ba liteko e le sehlopha se fapaneng moo re ileng ra etsa tlhahlobo ea tsela. Boima ba khatello ea maikutlo, li-covariances le masala li ka hakanngoa ka thoko mme tsa bapisoa le maemo a joalo a lihlopha tse ngata. Mokhoa ona, ka hona, o ne o fetoha habonolo ha ho hakanngoa litlamorao tse itekanetseng tsa bonamoli ho feta li-macros tse lokiselitsoeng pele, joalo ka (Moreri, Rucker, & Hayes, 2007tse kholo. Software ea lipalo ea AMOS e sebelisitsoe ho hakanya mofuta (Arbuckle, 2006). Ho sebelisitsoe mokhoa o moholo oa menyetla.
Bakeng sa ho lekola ho fetoha ha lipakeng tsa maemo a liteko, ho ile ha kenyelletsoa lipehelo tse 'ne tse latellanang. Mohlala 1 masala a thibetsoeng, li-covariances le litekanyo tsa khatello hore li lekane lipakeng tsa maemo a liteko; Model 2 e lumelletsoe bakeng sa masalla a sa itšireletsang empa e le lithibelo tsa covariances le boima ba khatello; Model 3 bakeng sa boima ba khatello ea boima; le Model 4 bakeng sa lintlha tse sa lekanyetsoang ka botlalo.
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Tafole 3, li-covariances le masala a sa thibeleng ha a phaelle haholo mohlala oa mohlala; leq> 0.10. Leha ho le joalo, boima ba khatello bo bonahala bo fapana pakeng tsa maemo a liteko; Χ χ2 = 26.38, = PDF = 9, p Kahoo, karolo e setseng ea tlhahlobo ena e tla tlaleha litlhaloso tsa mohlala moo masala le li-covariances li sa fetoheng lipakeng tsa maemo a liteko.
Tafole ea 3. Papiso ea mohlala.
ea mohlala | Papiso ea mohlala | Δdf | Χ χ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mohlala 1: Matlo a thibetsoeng + C + R | 2 khahlanong le 1 | 6 | 3,65 | |
| Setšoantšo sa 2: Li-covariances tse thibetsoeng (C) + R | 3 khahlanong le 2 | 3 | 2,88 | |
| Setšoantšo sa 3: Boima ba boima ba khatello (R) | 4 khahlanong le 3 | 9 | 26,38 | ** |
**p <0.01.
4. Liphetho
Tafole 4 e hlahisa litekanyo tse sa lekanyetsoang tsa khatello ea mohlala bakeng sa li-covariances tse thibetsoeng le masalla. Li-indices tsa Fit li bonts'a ho lekana hantle le data; GFI = 0.961 le NFI = 0.931. Lipalopalo tsa chi-square li haufi le boleng bo lebelletsoeng; CMIN = 14.394, df = 16. Ka mantsoe a mang CMIN / df e haufi le 1. Tekanyo ena ea ho lekana, eo li-indices tse ling li nkiloeng ho eona, e baka hore RMSEA e be tlase haholo (<0.001) le CFI e be holimo (> Metsoalle ea 0.999) Kamano lipakeng tsa Tšokelo ea Sechaba le khatello ea maikutlo (Path B in Tafole 4) e ne e le bohlokoa ebile e le ntle bakeng sa lihlopha tsohle; tsohle Betas>. 45 e nang le li-p-values tsohle <0.001. Tsela A - Nomophobia ho Tšokelo ea Sechaba - le C - Nomophobia ho Stress - e ne e se bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo e phahameng, boemo bo tlase ba ho se ts'oanehe; βA = 0.091, Boemo bo Bohlokoa (CR) = 0.82, p> 0.10 le βB = 0.118, CR = 1.15, leq> 0.10. Litsela tsena tse peli li ne li le bohlokoa bakeng sa maemo a mang ohle a liteko; tsohle Betas> 0.25 ka li-p-values tsohle <0.05.
Tafole ea 4. Boima ba khatello bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tsela.
Control | Ho se ts'oane | Boima ba khatello ea maikutlo | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Nomophobia -> Tšokelo ea sechaba (Tsela A) | Tšokelo ea sechaba -> khatello ea maikutlo (Tsela B) | Nomophobia -> Khatello ea maikutlo (Tsela C) | ||
| Low | Low | 0.490 (0.108)*** | 0.457 (0.120)*** | 0.512 (0.115)*** |
| Low | High | 0.483 (0.104)*** | 0.468 (0.115)*** | 0.597 (0.110)*** |
| High | Low | 0.091 (0.112) | 0.582 (0.124)*** | 0.118 (0.103) |
| High | High | 0.577 (0.109)*** | 0.461 (0.121)*** | 0.263 (0.122)* |
***p <0.001, **p <0.01, *p <0.05.
Ho leka ho ntšetsa pele paterone ena ea liphetho, re entse tlhahlobo ea phapang ea sekwere lipakeng tsa mofuta o sa lekanyetsoang oa boima ba 'mele o nang le mohlala moo litsela tsa A le C li neng li lumelloa ho fapana feela bakeng sa taolo e phahameng, boemo bo tlase ba ho se ts'oanehe; Χ χ2 = 6.805, ΔDF = 8, leq> 0.10. Kahoo, ho thibela taolo e tlase, ho se ts'oanehe ho tlase, taolo e tlase, ho se ts'oanehe ho hoholo, le taolo e phahameng, maemo a phahameng a ho se ts'oanehe ho ba le litekanyo tse ts'oanang tsa khatello ea tsela A le C hape le ho ba le litsela tsohle tsa B ho lekana maemong ohle eseng fokotsa haholo ho lekana. Litsela tse kopaneng tsa maemo ana a mararo kaofela li ne li le ntle ebile li le bohlokoa:A = 0.521, CR = 8.45, p <0.001, pB = 0.480, CR = 7.92, p <0.001, le βC = 0.431, CR = 6.58, p <0.001. Litsela A le C li lula li se bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo e phahameng, boemo bo tlase ba ho se ts'oanehe: βA = 0.091, CR = 0.82, p> 0.10, le βC = 0.128, CR = 1.22, le> 0.10.
Kameho e sa tobang ea Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo bakeng sa taolo e phahameng, boemo bo tlase ba ho se ts'oanehe e ne e le 0.053. Tsamaiso ea bootstrapping e ntlafalitsoeng ke Moreri le Hayes (2008) e bontšitse hore ts'ebetso ena ea bonamoli e ne e se ea bohlokoa (LL = -0.048, UL = 0.156, p> 0.05). Bakeng sa maemo a mang a mararo, litlamorao tse sa tobang tsa Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo e ne e le 0.224, 0.226 le 0.226. Tsamaiso ea bootstrapping e bontšitse hore litlamorao tsena tse tharo tse sa tobang kaofela li bohlokoa, ka 0 kantle ho likhaohano tsa ts'epo tsa 95% (LL = 0.097, UL = 0.397; LL = 0.113, UL = 0.457; le LL = 0.096, UL = 0.481, ka ho latellana) . Kahoo, Hypothesis 1 e ne e tšehelitsoe ka karolo e 'ngoe ka hore likamano tse pakeng tsa nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo ka ts'oso ea sechaba li ne li le teng ha feela ho se ts'oanehe ho le holimo kapa taolo e le tlase.
Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho hlokahala maemo a phahameng a taolo le boemo bo tlase ba ho se ts'oanehe bakeng sa nomophobia -> ts'okelo ea sechaba -> sehokela sa khatello se lokelang ho qojoa. Batho ba khethiloeng ke batho ba ikhethileng ba bontša tšekamelo e tlase ea ho ba le maikutlo a ts'okelo ea sechaba (Path A) e lebisang khatellong ea maikutlo maemong a taolo e phahameng le ho se ts'oanehe ho tlase. Mokhoa ona oa liphetho oa tiisa Menahano 2 'me 3 ka ho se ts'oane le taolo eo ho lekola litlamorao tse sa tobang tsa nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo. Hape, likamano tse tobileng lipakeng tsa nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo li fokotsehile feela bakeng sa maemo a taolo e phahameng le ho se ts'oanehe ho tlase (Path C). Ka mantsoe a mang, haeba taolo e le tlase kapa ho se ts'oanehe ho phahameng, nomophobia e tla lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo empa le ts'osetsong ea sechaba e tla baka khatello ea maikutlo.
5. Puisano
Phuputso e fetileng e shebaneng le ebang Nomophobia e na le litlamorao tse mpe tse tlase tse bontšitseng hore khatello ea maikutlo ke bothata ba bohlokoa bo amanang le Nomophobia (phello e tobileng), empa ha e so fane ka litlhaloso tsa thuto joang hona hobaneng Nomophobia e lebisa khatello ea maikutlo (phello e sa tobang). Ho ntšetsa pele tsebo sebakeng sena le ho fana ka tataiso e tobileng ho batho ka bomong, litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle le batsamaisi, phuputso ena e hlahlobile tšebetso eo phello ea Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo e hlahang ka eona. Ka ho etsa joalo, boithuto bo thusa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka Nomophobia tsoelo-pele ho tloha ho fana ka litlhaloso tse akaretsang tsa kamano lipakeng tsa Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo ho litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse tobileng ea tsela ea causal e amehang. Patlisiso ena e bonts'itse hore Nomophobia e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo ka ho hlahisa maikutlo a ho sokeloa sechabeng; ka mantsoe a mang, Nomophobia e fana ka tšusumetso ea eona khatellong ea maikutlo ka ho sokela sechaba.
Ntle le moo, thuto ena e atolosa mosebetsi oa nakong e fetileng ka ho fana ka kutloisiso e sa hlakang ea maemo a tlamang a tlamang ts'ebeliso ea litlamorao tsa Nomophobia. Re fumane hore Nomophobia e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo ka ts'oso ea sechaba neng ho se ts'oane kapa ho hloka taolo ho teng. Ke feela tlasa maemo a ho se ts'oanehe le taolo e phahameng moo Nomophobia a sa lebiseng khatello ea maikutlo. Kahoo, joalo ka monehelo oa bobeli, liphetho tsa rona li thusa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka Nomophobia tsoelo-pele ho tloha ho fuputsa kamano e akaretsang pakeng tsa Nomophobia le litlamorao tsa eona tse mpe, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ho fihlela litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse ikhethang tsa neng, kapa tlasa maemo afe, Nomophobia e lebisa khatello ea maikutlo. Ka mantsoe a mang, liphetho li fana ka leseli la maemo a moeli, kapa lintlha tsa maemo, tseo litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa Nomophobia li itšetlehileng ka tsona, tlatsetso e kholo ntlafatsong ea liteko le tekong (Bacharach, 1989; Cohen, Cohen, Bophirimela, & Aiken, 2013). Litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa Nomophobia li fokotseha ha feela maemo a mabeli a matle a kopana. Tlhahiso ena e ka thusa litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo le batsamaisi meralo ea ho kena lipakeng e reretsoeng ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba ikhethileng. Ntle le moo, se fumanoeng se fana ka maikutlo a hore Nomophobia e lebisa ho khatello ea maikutlo maemong a mangata mme ka hona, ke khatello ea maikutlo e matla.
Ka kakaretso, boithuto bona bo etsa menehelo e meraro ea bohlokoa kutloisisong ea rona ea ketsahalo ea Nomophobia. Taba ea mantlha, lipatlisiso tsena li senola hore ts'okelo ea sechaba ke tsela eo ka eona Nomophobia e lebisang liphellong tse mpe, haholoholo khatello ea maikutlo. Pele ho thuto ena, Nomophobia o ile a bonts'oa a hokahana le khatello ea maikutlo; ke hore, lipatlisiso tsa pele li ntlafalitse kutloisiso ea rona ea ebang Nomophobia e na le litlamorao tse mpe joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho na le ho haelloa ke kutloisiso ea litsela tse bakang kamano pakeng tsa Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo. Ka mantsoe a mang, phello e tobileng ea Nomophobia ho khatello ea maikutlo e thehiloe, empa ho lula ho sa hlaka hore na ke mabaka afe a ikarabellang bakeng sa ts'usumetso ea Nomophobia ho isa khatello ea maikutlo. Boithuto bona bo a bontša joang hona hobaneng Nomophobia e ama khatello ea maikutlo (ka ho hlahisa maikutlo a ts'okelo ea sechaba). Ka ho etsa joalo, boithuto bona bo hlahisa kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea thuto ea kamano lipakeng tsa Nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo, e senolang tšokelo ea sechaba e le mokhoa oa ho kena lipakeng o loketseng. Ho latela pono e sebetsang, batsamaisi ba tlameha ho tseba hore Nomophobia e ka baka maikutlo a ho sokeloa sechabeng, mme qetellong ea baka khatello ea maikutlo (Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; Samaha & Hawi, 2016; Yildirim le Correia, 2015).
Taba ea bobeli, boithuto bona bo thehile maemo a mosebetsi (ho se ts'oanehe le taolo) joalo ka bo-mookameli ba bohlokoa ketsahalong ea Nomophobia. Patlisiso ea pele e ne e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho bakhanni le litlamorao tsa Nomophobia ho sa kenyelelloe mabaka a moelelo oa litaba ao litlamorao tse amanang le Nomophobia li itšetlehileng ka tsona. Kahoo, ho ne ho na le tlhokeho ea kutloisiso ea karolo e hlahelletseng eo maemo a mosebetsi a ka e bapalang ketsahalong ea Nomophobia, ka ho thusa batho ho sebetsana le Nomophobia (ke hore, batsamaisi ba sehokela sa khatello ea maikutlo sa Nomophobia). Ho latela pono ea boits'oaro, batsamaisi ba tlameha ho tseba karolo ea mantlha ea taolo ea basebetsi le bonnete ho batho ba ikhethileng le ka bokhoni ba bona ba ho felisa litlamorao tsa Nomophobia (Bakker & Leiter, 2008; Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; Karasek, 1979; Riedl, 2013; Rubino et al., 2012; Samaha & Hawi, 2016).
Taba ea boraro, ts'ebeliso ea rona ea motho ea batlang taolo-ea tlhokeho e eketsa phapang ea mehopolo ea mohopolo e tlisoang molemong oa thuto ea Nomophobia. Phapang ena e kholo e matlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea thuto ea Nomophobia hammoho le kutloisiso ea rona ea marang-rang a ketsahalo eo. Pele ho thuto ena, lingoliloeng tsa Nomophobia le Technostress e ne e le tsona feela tse sebelisitsoeng ho utloisisa litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa Nomophobia. Le ha lipatlisiso tsa Technostress le lipatlisiso tsa pele ho Nomophobia li le molemo haholo ho utloisisa litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo, ha li bolelele, ke likhopolo tse nepahetseng tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Kahoo, ho eketsa katoloso ea mofuta oa taolo ea tlhokeho ho motsoako ho ntlafatsa ponelopele ea litlamorao tsa Nomophobia. Ka bokhutšoanyane, katamelo ea rona e eketsa phapang ea thuto ho thuto ea Nomophobia, ho matlafatsa tsela eo re ithutang ketsahalo ea Nomophobia le seo re ka se bolelang esale pele (Bakker & Leiter, 2008; Bragazzi & Del Puente, 2014; Rubino et al., 2012; Samaha & Hawi, 2016; Yildirim le Correia, 2015). Bakeng sa batsamaisi, ba ka fumana kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng haholoanyane ea ts'ebetso ea khatello ea maikutlo ea Nomophobia le hore na ba ka loantša Nomophobia joang; ha li sa lekanyetsoa feela mehopolong e hlahisitsoeng ke lipatlisiso ka technostress.
Ntle le moo, thuto ena e bonts'a hore Nomophobia ke matla khatello ea maikutlo; Nomophobia e lebisa khatellong ea maikutlo tlasa maemo ohle a ithutoang mona, ntle le tlasa motswako oa (a) ho se ts'oane hantle mabapi le nako ea ho tlosoa hoa mohala le (b) taolo e phahameng holim'a boemo.
Ho loants'a khatello ea maikutlo e hlahang maemong a ho khaotsa, batsamaisi ba ka qala ho ts'epa basebetsi ba bona, ba ba etsa hore ba lumele hore boemo ba ho hula bo ke ke ba nka nako e telele ho feta kamoo ho hlokehang (ke hore, ho ts'epa hore nako ea boemo ba ho khaotsa lekanyelitsoeng). Tšepo ke mokhoa oa khale oa ho fokotsa maikutlo a ho se ts'oanehe (mohlala, Carter, Tams, & Grover, 2017; McKnight, Carter, Thatcher, & Clay, 2011; Pavlou, Liang, & Xue, 2007; Riedl, Mohr, Kenning, Davis, & Heekeren, 2014; Litlhapi, 2012). E aha maikutlo a polokeho le polokeho a hananang ka kotloloho le ho se ts'oanehe (Kelly le Noonan, 2008). Ka ho etsa joalo, ts'epo e ka tima maikutlo a mabe a amanang le ho se ts'oanehe le litlhoko tse ling tsa mosebetsi (McKnight et al., 2011; Litlhapi, Thatcher, & Craig, 2017). Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e ka lekola mohopolo ona oa pele ka matla.
Mokhoa o mong oa ho thusa basebetsi ba ikhethileng hore ba sebetsane hantle le ho se ts'oanehe e ka ba boteng ba sechaba. Boteng ba sechaba bo fokotsa mathata a amanang le ho se ts'oanehe ka ho hlahisa maikutlo a hore likopano tsa bohlokoa tsa sechaba li etsahala nakong ea kopano. Batsamaisi ba ne ba ka tsebisa bahiruoa ba bona molaetsa oa hore kopano e fanoeng e bohlokoa mme e hloka tlhokomelo ea motho e mong le e mong. Ho fihlela sena, mookameli a kanna a sebelisa lifomate tsa ho hapa tlhokomelo tsa tlhahiso-leseling nakong ea kopano. Maikutlo a hlahang a boteng ba sechaba a ka fokotsa litlhoko tsa basebetsi tsa ho sebelisa fono (Pavlou et al., 2007). Mohopolo ona o ka netefatsoa ka matla lipatlisisong tse tlang.
Joalo ka lipatlisiso life kapa life, ho na le likhaello tse itseng thutong ea rona tse lokelang ho nahaneloa ha ho tolokoa sephetho sa rona. Boithuto bona bo ne bo khannoa le setsebi se secha sa khoebo. Le ha khetho ena e ka fokotsa matla a thuto a kantle, ho ne ho loketse hore thuto e fane ka tsebo ea ba arabelitsoeng ka theknoloji ea tsepamiso le bohlokoa ba eona maphelong a bona. Ho feta moo, mokhoa ona o ne o amahanngoa le matla a kahare a kahare ka lebaka la homogeneity e teng ho sampuli ena ea batho. Ho feta moo, ka lebaka la hore theknoloji ea rona e shebiloeng e ne e le smartphone, e sebelisoang haholo likarolong tsohle tsa bophelo ba batho (Samaha & Hawi, 2016), Seo re se fumaneng se ka akaretsa maemo a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa le mekhatlo. Ntle le moo, patlisiso ea rona e ipapisitse le mokhoa oa "psychometric monomethod" o ts'oereng maikutlo a khatello ea maikutlo maemong a inahaneloang. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho ikemisetsa ho pheta liphetho tsena maemong a loketseng tikoloho, ho ka sebelisoa mehato ea sepheo sa khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka cortisol.
Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li ka lekola mekhoa e meng eo nomophobia e hlahisang likarabo tsa khatello ho batho ka bomong. Re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho ts'okelo ea sechaba joalo ka mokena-lipakeng ka lebaka la bohlokoa ba eona bakeng sa batho ba ikhethileng. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta e meng e ka ba babuelli ba eketsehileng ba amehang. Mohlala, ho imeloa haholo sechabeng ho ka ba bohlokoa bo bong maemong a thuto ea rona. Patlisiso sebakeng sa bokhoba ba marang-rang, e amanang le moelelo oa thuto ea rona, e fumane hore ho imeloa haholo sechabeng ho hokahanya kamano lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa motho le ho lemalla (Maier, Laumer, Eckhardt, & Weitzel, 2015). Phuputso e ile ea etsoa maemong a ts'ebeliso ea Facebook, ho bonts'a hore tšehetso ea sechaba e hokahanya khokahano lipakeng tsa, mohlala, palo ea metsoalle ho Facebook le mokhathala ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e atolositsoeng ea Facebook (Maier et al., 2015). Ho imeloa sechabeng ho hlalosoa e le mohopolo o fosahetseng oa ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ha basebelisi ba fumana likopo tse ngata haholo tsa ts'ehetso ea sechaba mme ba ikutloa eka ba fana ka ts'ehetso e ngata haholo ea sechaba ho batho ba bang ba kenelletseng marang-rang a bona. Ha re nahana hore moelelo oa nomophobia o boetse o kenyelletsa lintho tse lemalloang, ho imeloa sechabeng e kanna ea ba mokena-lipakeng ea tlatselletsang molemong oa thuto ea rona, o hokahanya nomophobia le khatello ea maikutlo.
E tsamaellanang le MacKinnon le Luecken (2008; leq. S99), liphumano tsa rona, ha li kopantsoe hammoho, li fana ka kutloisiso e "tsoetseng pele" ea hore na hobaneng, hobaneng, hona neng (kapa tlasa maemo afe) Nomophobia e na le litlamorao tse mpe tse tlase. Kutloisiso ena e ntlafalitsoeng e thusa nts'etsopele ea maano a ho kenella a reretsoeng ho fokotsa litlamorao tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo tsa Nomophobia.
6. Qetello
Phuputso ea nakong e fetileng e thehile khatello ea maikutlo e le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa Nomophobia empa ha e so hlahlobe litsela tsa mabaka kapa maemo a amanang le kamano ena ea bohlokoa, ho fella ka tlhoko ea ho ntšetsa pele tsebo sebakeng sena. Ho ipapisitse le mofuta oa Tlhokahalo ea Batho ba Laolang Tlhokahalo le likhakanyo tsa eona mabapi le litšobotsi tsa boikhohomoso, ho se ts'oanehe, taolo le ts'okelo ea sechaba, pampiri ena e hlahisitse kutlwisiso e ntlafalitsoeng haholoanyane ea ts'ebetso eo Nomophobia e lebisang khatellong ea maikutlo, hammoho le lintlha tse amanang le maemo tseo ts'ebetso ena e latela. Ka hona, phuputso ena e thusa lipatlisiso mabapi le tsoelo-pele ea Nomophobia ho fihlela litlhaloso tse qaqileng le tse ikhethang tsa hore na hobaneng, hobaneng, le ha Nomophobia e baka khatello ea maikutlo. Litlhaloso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lipatlisiso tse mabapi le Nomophobia ha li so khotsofale empa tataiso e hlakileng e ka fuoa batho ka bomong, litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle le baokameli lefats'eng la rona le ntseng le eketseha la li-smartphone.
Sehlomathiso 1. Lethathamo la lintho tsa litekanyo
Likolo tse bolelang | Ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng | |
|---|---|---|
Nomophobia | ||
| 1. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke sa phutholoha ha ke sa fumane phihlello ea tlhahiso-leseling khafetsa ka smartphone ea ka | 2.52 | 1.81 |
| 2. Ke ne ke tla teneha haeba ke sitoa ho sheba tlhahisoleseling ho smartphone ea ka ha ke batla ho etsa joalo | 3.53 | 1.74 |
| 3. Ho sitoa ho fumana litaba (mohlala, liketsahalo, boemo ba leholimo, jj.) Ho smartphone ea ka ho ka ntšosa | 1.89 | 1.65 |
| 4. Ke ne ke tla teneha haeba ke sa khone ho sebelisa smartphone ea ka le / kapa bokhoni ba eona ha ke batla ho etsa joalo | 3.45 | 1.87 |
| 5. Ho felloa ke betri ka har'a smartphone ho ka ntšosa | 2.91 | 1.91 |
| 6. Haeba nka felloa ke mekoloto kapa ka fihla moeling oa ka oa khoeli le khoeli, ke ne ke tla tšoha | 2.45 | 1.91 |
| 7. Haeba ke ne ke sena lets'oao la data kapa ke sa khone ho hokela ho Wi-Fi, ke ne ke lula ke sheba ho bona hore na ke na le lets'oao kapa nka fumana netweke ea Wi-Fi | 2.37 | 1.95 |
| 8. Haeba ke ne ke sa khone ho sebelisa smartphone ea ka, ke ne ke tla tšaba ho qabelloa kae kae | 2.15 | 1.85 |
| 9. Haeba ke ne ke sitoa ho sheba smartphone ea ka nakoana, ke ne ke tla ikutloa ke lakatsa ho e hlahloba Haeba ke ne ke se na smartphone sa ka | 2.81 | 1.95 |
| 10. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke tšoenyehile hobane ke ne ke sa khone ho buisana hanghang le ba lelapa leso le / kapa metsoalle | 3.67 | 1.75 |
| 11. Ke ne ke tla tšoenyeha hobane ba lelapa leso le / kapa metsoalle ba ne ba sitoa ho fihlela nna | 4.01 | 1.77 |
| 12. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke tšohile hobane ke ne ke tla sitoa ho fumana melaetsa le mehala | 3.92 | 1.77 |
| 13. Ke ne ke tla tšoenyeha hobane ke ne ke sitoa ho lula ke buisana le ba lelapa leso le / kapa metsoalle | 3.45 | 1.71 |
| 14. Ke ne ke tla tšoha hobane ke ne ke sa tsebe hore na ho na le motho ea lekileng ho ntšoara | 3.90 | 1.82 |
| 15. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke tšoenyehile hobane khokahano ea ka ea kamehla le ba lelapa leso le metsoalle e tla senyeha | 3.08 | 1.64 |
| 16. Ke ne ke tla tšoha hobane ke ne ke tla hakolla boitsebiso ba ka ba inthanete | 2.49 | 1.58 |
| 17. Ke tla be ke sa phutholoha hobane ke ne nke ke ka lula ke le morao-rao ka litaba tsa sechaba le marang-rang a marang-rang | 2.21 | 1.50 |
| 18. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke sa phutholoha hobane ke ne ke sitoa ho lekola litsebiso tsa ka bakeng sa liapdeite ho tsoa likhokahanong tsa ka le marang-rang a inthaneteng | 2.31 | 1.59 |
| 19. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke tšoenyehile hobane ke sitoa ho sheba melaetsa ea ka ea lengolo tsoibila | 3.43 | 1.94 |
| 20. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke maketse hobane ke ne ke sa tsebe hore na ke etseng | 2.65 | 1.83 |
Khatello ea Kelello | ||
| 1. U ne u tla ikutloa u ferekane. | 3.26 | 1.73 |
| 2. U ne u tla ikutloa u tšoenyehile. | 3.31 | 1.66 |
| 3. U ne u tla utloa khatello. | 3.52 | 1.70 |
| 4. U ka ikutloa u imetsoe kelellong. | 3.60 | 1.78 |
| 5. U ne u tla ikutloa u khathetse moeeng. | 2.72 | 1.56 |
| 6. U ne u tla ikutloa u tloaetse. | 2.67 | 1.57 |
| 7. U ne u tla utloa mokhathala. | 3.04 | 1.62 |
| 8. U ka ikutloa u khathetse. | 2.82 | 1.56 |
Tšokelo ea sechaba | ||
| 1. Ke ne ke tla tšoenyeha ka hore na ke nkuoa ke atlehile kapa ke hlolehile. | 1.89 | 1.28 |
| 2. Ke ne ke ikutloa ke sa itšepe. | 2.44 | 1.71 |
| 3. Ke ne ke tla ikutloa ke sa thaba le 'na. | 2.38 | 1.36 |
| 4. Nka ikutloa ke le tlase ho ba bang ka motsotso ona. | 1.69 | 1.16 |
| 5. Nka ikutloa ke tšoenyehile ka maikutlo ao ke a etsang. | 2.43 | 1.73 |
| 6. Ke ne ke tla tšoenyeha ka ho shebahala ke sethoto. | 1.98 | 1.47 |
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