Sebaka sa Inthaneteng sa Inthanete Sebelisa Ha U ntse U khanna: ADHD le Mesebetsi e Phelisanang ea Khatello ea Kelello, Boithati le Boikemisetso (2016)

Front Psychol. 2016 Mar 30; 7: 455. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00455. eCollection 2016.

Turel O1, Bechara A2.

inahaneloang

LITLHAHISO:

Batho ba baholo ba hlahisang matšoao a ADHD ba na le menyetla e eketsehileng ea likotsi tsa koloi. Tlaleho e 'ngoe eo motho a ka e hlokomolohang molemong oa mokhatlo ona ke monyetla oa hore batho ba nang le matšoao a ADHD ba sebelise theknoloji e nang le moputso e kang liwebosaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona (SNS) ha ba ntse ba khanna, ho feta ba bang. Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho utloisisa hore na matšoao a ADHD a ka khothaletsa tšebeliso ea SNS joang ha a ntse a khanna, ka ho hlaka le ho hlahloba mekhoa e ka thellisang mokhatlo ona. Ho etsa joalo, ADHD e talingoa thutong ena e le sesosa sa motheo se khothalletsang ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le kamoo li-syndromes tse lemalloang li khothalletsang ho batla ka mokhoa o phehellang meputso ea lithethefatsi.

LITLHAHISO:

Lintlha tsa tlhahlobo tsa nako e telele tse mabapi le ADHD, khatello ea maikutlo, boitšepo, boiphihlelo ba SNS ba ho lakatsa, tšebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna, le taolo e fetohang li ile tsa bokelloa ho tsoa mehlala ea barupeluoa ba 457 ba sebelisang SNS e tsebahalang (Facebook) le drive, kamora tlhahlobo ea netefatso ea sefahleho ka phanele ea basebelisi ba bahlano le e khabisitsoeng ka sampole ea 47. Lintlha tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa sebopeho sa sebopeho sa sebopeho sa sebopeho (SEM) se hlahloba ho sebelisoa ha matšoao a ADHD a lekantsoeng le ASRS v1.1 Karolo A e le phapano e tsoelang pele, hammoho le tlhaiso ea multivariate ea phapang e sebelisang tlhaiso ea ADHD e ipapisitse le litataiso tsa tlhahlobo ea ASRS v1.1.

LIKOTSO:

Matšoao a ADHD a khothalletsa khatello ea maikutlo le ho fokotsa boits'epo, le bona, hammoho le matšoao a ADHD, ba ekelitse takatso ea motho ea ho sebelisa SNS. Litakatso tsena qetellong li fetoleloa ts'ebelisong e eketsehileng ea SNS ha o ntse o khanna. Sebelisa tlhophiso ea ASRS v1.1, batho ba nang le matšoao a lumellanang hantle le ADHD ba hlahisitse maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo, litakatso tsa ho sebelisa SNS, le ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha ba ntse ba khanna, hammoho le maemo a fokolang a boitšepo. Litakatso tsa ho sebelisa SNS har'a banna li ne li le matla haholo ho feta basali.

QETELLO:

Ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna e kanna ea apareloa ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanoa pele mme e ka amahanngoa ka tsela e sa tobang le matšoao a ADHD. Ke mofuta o mocha oa boits'oaro bo potlakileng le bo kotsi bo atileng haholo bathong ba nang le matšoao a lumellanang le ADHD ho feta har'a ba bang. Tumellanong le litekanyetso tsa bokhoba le ho etsa liqeto, tšebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna e ka talingoa e le mokhoa oa ho batla moputso o khotsofatsang. Kahoo, ts'ebetso ea ts'ireletso le phokotso tse lebisang meelelo ea lipakeng le linaha li lokela ho qaloa.

LINKOTSO: ADHD; boitšoaro le bokhoba ba ho lemalla; litakatso; ts'ebeliso ea facebook; boitšepo; liwebosaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona

"Haeba 24% ea bakhanni ba tsofetseng ba 17-24 ba ne ba khanna joala, ho na le mohoo o moholo oa sechaba. Hona [ho sebelisa li-smartphone bakeng sa lengolo-tsoibila le liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona ha a ntse a khanna] ho hobe le ho feta, empa re amohela taba ena ea thekenoloji e jang bophelo ba batho ba likete ”(Hanlon, 2012).

Selelekela

Attic deficit / Hyperacaction disorder (ADHD) ke ts'oaetso ea kelello ea methapo ea methapo eo hangata e etsoang pele ho lilemo tsa 7; e bonahala ka matšoao a kenyelletsang ho tšoaea-tšoaea liphoso tse ngata, ho tsepamisa mohopolo nako e telele, le ho ba le letsoalo le phahameng la khatello ea kelello (Jensen et al., 1997). Etiology le pathogenesis ea ts'oaetso ena e pharalletse, 'me e kenyelletsa litlolo tse sebetsang mesebetsing ea boko e amanang le ho etsa liqeto. Tsena li ka kenyelletsa likarolo tse kang striatum le neurotransmitter dopamine, e hokahaneng le ho eketseha ha matla (Lou, 1996), le "cortex" e tlang pele ho nako, eo ha e holofetse e lebisa ho bokhoni ba ho thibela (Zametkin le Liotta, 1998). Bofokoli bona bo boits'oaro bo botle bo ka amahangoa haholo le liphatsa tsa lefutso, empa hape le lintlha tsa "ho holisa" joalo ka ho holisa le boemo ba moruo oa sechaba.Cortese, 2012).

Boithuto ba morao-rao bo lebisitse tlhokomelong ea hore ADHD e ka phehella kapa ea bonoa feela nakong ea ho ba motho e moholo.Davidson, 2008), le hore batho ba baholo le bona hangata ba ka hlahisa matšoao a fapaneng a ADHD (Fayyad et al., 2007). Ho hakanngoa hore e ka ba 4.4% (Kessler et al., 2006) ho 5.2% (Fayyad et al., 2007) ea baahi ba US e kopana le litekanyetso tse thata tsa khethollo ea ADHD, mme ba bang ba bangata ba na le matšoao a amanang le ADHD mme ha ba fumanoe. Matšoao a ADHD ho batho ba baholo a hokahantsoe le mathata a ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha, boits'oaro bo kotsing joalo ka tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi (Kessler et al., 2006), ho ja ho feta tekano le botenyaDavis et al., 2006), ho fokotsa kelello, le mathata litšebelisanong tsa sechaba (Fayyad et al., 2007). Liphetho tse fapaneng li beha moroalo o boima ho batho ba nang le matšoao a lumellanang le ADHD, e leng ho khanna ho eketsehileng ho theotseng boleng ba boroko, ho eketsa ketelo ea sepetlele le ho lula, le ho fokotsa bophelo bo botle le boiketlo har'a bona (Kirino et al., 2015).

Batho ba baholo ba nang le ADHD le bona ba ka ba lipakeng tsa 1.5 (Chang le al., 2014hoo e ka bang tse 'ne (Barkley et al., 1993) linako tse ngata ho feta tse ling tsa ho ameha likotsi tsa koloi. Sena se etsahala ka mohlomong, har'a mabaka a mang, ho se tsotelle tseleng (Barkley le Cox, 2007; Cox et al., 2011). Tlhaloso e le 'ngoe e ka etsoang e sa tsotelleng le ea sejoale-joale bakeng sa mokhatlo ona, leha ho le joalo, ke monyetla oa hore batho ba nang le matšoao a ADHD ba kenelletse ho sebeliseng theknoloji ea morao rao e kang Social Networking Sites (SNS) lisebelisoa tsa bona tsa mehala ha ba khanna, ho feta ba bang, leha mosebetsi ona e le e kotsi ebile ha e molaong ebile e thibetsoe, bonyane United States of America. Ha e le hantle, ho ka etsahala hore theknoloji ea sejoale-joale e fe batho ba nang le matšoao a ADHD moputso o khothalletsang oo SNS e o sebelisang, esita le maemong a kotsi joalo ka ha o khanna (Winstanley et al., 2006). Ts'ebeliso ea SNS e ka ba molemo haholo 'me ea hlahisa meputso e matla ea khothatso (Oh le Syn, 2015), haholo bakeng sa batho ba nang le botho, boitšepo le bofokoli ba sechaba (Sheldon et al., 2011), mme mohlomong le ho feta maemong a khatello ea maikutlo (Goeders, 2002; Aston-Jones le Harris, 2004). Ha ho makatse hore ebe ho fumana li-comorbidities lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea mathata a litheknoloji, litsi tse seng ntle le tse sithabetsang, le ADHD (Yoo et al., 2004; Yen et al., 2007). Leha ho le joalo, likamano tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa ADHD le ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna li sa ntse li lokela ho hlahlojoa.

Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ts'ebelisong ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna ho lokeloa ke ho fuoa boholo le bophahamo ba likotsi tsa boitšoaro bona. Mohlala, bonyane 23% ea likotsi tsa koloi e kenyelletsa tšebeliso ea mehala ea selefouno; le ho romellana melaetsa (ho kenyelletsa ho sebelisa SNS) ha u ntse u khanna ho etsa hore likotsi tsa 23 li be le menyetla e mengata ((Ho RomellaThumbBands.com, 2015). Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha o ntse o khanna ke tšitiso e kholo e hlokang tlhokomelo e ngata; Nako ea karabelo ea bakhanni ha ba ntse ba sebelisa SNS joalo ka Facebook e ile ea liehisoa ke hoo e ka bang 38% mme ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha o ntse o khanna ka hona e kotsi ho feta ho noa, ho romellana melaetsa kapa ho khanna tlasa ts'usumetso ea matekoane (Hanlon, 2012). Bakhanni ba bangata (ba ka bang 27% ea US)Burns, 2015)), leha ho le joalo, hlokomoloha likotsi tse joalo tsa bophelo bo botle le tsa molao mme o sebelisa SNS ha o ntse o khanna (RAC, 2011). Na matšoao a ADHD e ka ba sesosa?

Morero oa thuto ena ke ho utloisisa hore na mats'oao a ADHD a ka khothaletsa tšebeliso ea SNS joang ha a ntse a khanna, le ho hlakisa le ho hlahloba mekhoa e ka fokotsang mokhatlo ona. Ho etsa joalo, re tšepile menahano e 'meli e boletsoeng ho tsoa bokhobeng ba ho etsa liqeto le ho etsa liqeto: thuto e theola mohopolo oa tšusumetso le bokhoba (Wolpe, 1950; E sootho, 1955), le maikutlo a susumetsang a susumetsang maikutlo le psychostimulant (Noel et al., 2013), tseo ka bobeli li hlalosang hore na ke hobaneng ha batho ba etsa boitšoaro bo bobe hangata. Ho kopa chelete ho tsoa meheleng le mehlaleng ea ho nka liqeto ho hlalosa boitšoaro tlasa maemo a ADHD hoa utloahala (Malloy-Diniz et al., 2007), kaha bofokoli bo ka tlase ba boko ba ADHD le bokhoba bo ts'oana ebile bo amana le mekhoa e mebe ea meputso le lithibelo tse fosahetseng ((Durston et al., 2003; Casey et al., 2007) mme haholo-holo ka ts'ebetso ea hypo-ea lits'ebetso tsa boko tse kenyelletsang ho thibelo (Zametkin le Liotta, 1998) hammoho le hyperacaction ea meralo e kenyelletsang se tsejoang e le ts'ebetso ea kelello e sa sisinyeheng (Lou, 1996).

Ho latela pono ea likhopolo tsa ho khanna koloi, ho khanna koloi ho ka bora, ho sitisa batho ho fumana meputso e kahare ka ho sebelisa SNS, le ho eketsa likhathatso tsa bona mabapi le seo ba ka beng ba se na sona ka mehala ea bona ea sechaba (Gil et al., 2015). Tlas'a maemo ana, batho ba ka ba le takatso e matla le e khahlisang ea ho sebelisa SNS, e sa thabiseng, mme e ka phehellang haholo ha o khanna (Collins le Lapp, 1992). Litakatso tsena li susumetsa ketso, mohlala, SNS e sebelisa ha u ntse u khanna, molemong oa ho felisa litakatso tse sa thabiseng. Litakatso li ka ba matla le ho feta, 'me tsa kenyelletsa litšoantšo tse hlakileng ho batho ba nang le matšoao a ADHD, hobane matšoao ana a fokotsa bokhoni ba batho ba ho khelosa maikutlo a bona ho tsoa mehopolong e kenang (Malloy-Diniz et al., 2007) le tšebeliso ea SNS e ka ba moputso o moholo ho batho ba joalo; bana le bacha ba nang le matšoao a ADHD ba fana ka karabelo e matla meputsong ea sechaba (Kohls et al., 2009) eo hangata e fanoang ke SNS. Sena se etsahala hobane tšebeliso ea SNS e ka thusa batho ba joalo ho itlhahisa ka leseli le letle (Gil-Kapa et al., 2015), baleha mesarelo ea bona ea letsatsi le letsatsi (Masur et al., 2014), eketsa boitšepo le boiketlo ba batho (Zywica le Danowski, 2008), mme o fokotse bodutu ba bona (Deters le Mehl, 2013). Ho tloha boteng ba matšoao a ADHD hangata ho kokobetsa khatello ea maikutlo (Randazzo et al., 2008; Hirvikoski et al., 2009) mme e fokotsa boitšepo ba batho (Bussing et al., 2000; Richman et al., 2010), hoa utloahala ho nahana hore boholo ba litakatso tsa ho sebelisa SNS bonyane ka karolo e susumetsoang ke maikutlo a khelohileng a kelello a hlahisang, bonyane ka karolo, ho tloha ho ba le matšoao a ADHD.

Ho tsoa ponong ea khothatso le ts'usumetso ea kelello, ADHD e amahanngoa le tebello e fokotsitsoeng ea moputso e khothalletsang litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa boitšoaro bo batlang meputso (Scheres et al., 2007), ka linako tse ling ka thibelo e thehiloeng kahare ea letsohoNigg, 2005), le mathata a ho lieha ho khotsofatsa (Luman et al., 2005). Tsena tsohle li ka amahanngoa le litakatso tse eketsehileng tsa ho sebelisa SNS (Ko et al., 2009, 2013), leha o khanna, 'me qetellong o sebelisa ts'ebeliso e kotsi ea SNS (Malloy-Diniz et al., 2007). Ho ipapisitsoe le pono ena, boiphihlelo ba litakatso ke mokhanni oa bohlokoa oa boitšoaro bo sa susumetseng (Verdejo-Garcia le Bechara, 2009), E ka eketsoang ke ts'ebetso ea insular-cortex e khothalletsang tlhokomeliso e kenelletseng ea litakatso tse joalo, e eketsa ts'epahalo ea mesolimbic dopamine system (ke hore, e khothaletsa boits'oaro bo sa tsitsang), mme e fokotsa bokhoni ba motho ba ho laola litakatso tse joalo (ke hore, boiketsiso ba boikhethelo mekhoa ea cortex; Naqvi et al., 2007; Naqvi le Bechara, 2010; Noel et al., 2013). Ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea ho ikoahlaela ho ka tsamaisana le tlhokomeliso e poteletseng ea meroalo eo matšoao a ADHD a e tsamaisang, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo (Flynn et al., 1999; Wright et al., 2003) le bohloko bo boholo sechabeng ka tsela ea boitšepo bo fokotsehileng (Eisenberger et al., 2011; Eisenberger, 2012; Hughes le Beer, 2013). Kahoo, ho latela pono ena, matšoao a ADHD le meroalo e amanang le eona (ho fokotsa boitšepo le khatello e eketsehileng ea maikutlo) li ka khothaletsa boits'oaro ba ho batla moputso le ho fokotsa bokhoni ba motho ba ho li thibela (Noel et al., 2013).

Ha re kopane, re kopa ho leka liteko tse latelang:

H1a: Boemo ba matšoao a ADHD bo tla tsamaellana hantle le khatello ea maikutlo.

H1b: Boemo ba matšoao a ADHD bo tla amahanngoa hampe le ho itšepa.

H2a: Matšoenyeho a tla tsamaisana le ho lakatsa ho sebelisa sebaka sa marang-rang sa batho.

H2b: Boikhohomoso bo tla amahanngoa hampe le ho lakatsa ho sebelisa sebaka sa marang-rang sa marang-rang.

H2c: Boemo ba matšoao a ADHD bo tla amahanngoa hantle le ho lakatsa ho sebelisa sebaka sa marang-rang sa marang-rang.

  H3: Ho labalabela ho sebelisa sebaka sa marang-rang sa marang-rang se tla ikamahanya le tšebeliso ea Marangrang a Marang-rang ha u ntse u khanna.

mekhoa

Barupeluoa ba Ithuta le Mekhoa ea ho Ithuta

Barupeluoa bohle e ne e le baithuti ba univesithi e kholo ea Amerika Leboea ba sebelisitseng SNS e tsebahalang, e leng Facebook, ka nako ea thuto, ba ne ba ntse ba khannela sekolo kapa mosebetsi, mme ba ne ba sa ithute ho bafuputsi. Barupeluoa bohle ba saenetse liforomo tsa tumello tse nang le tsebo (tse amohetsoeng ke IRB ea California State University, Fullerton) pele ba phethela lipatlisiso tsa inthaneteng, mme ba fuoa lintlha tsa bonase lithutong tsa bona e le phapanyetsano bakeng sa nako ea bona. Re qalile ka sehlopha sa basebelisi ba bahlano ba SNS bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bonnete ba sefahleho, e lateloa ke boithuto ba mofofisi ba barupeluoa ba 47 (ho ba 60, sekhahla sa karabelo sa 78%) bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea pele le ho netefatsa. Patlisiso ea mofofisi e ile ea nka mehato e meng e amanang le mohopolo (ho khothaletsa ho sebelisa SNS le lenane la Teko le Thibelo le sebelisitsoeng ho SNS) e le mokhoa oa ho netefatsa bonnete ba kahare, hammoho le ho itlaleha ka boholo ba ts'ebeliso ea SNS e le mokhoa oa ho theha likhakanyo. bonnete.

Lintlha tse bolokiloeng ka nako bakeng sa ho leka mofuta ona li ile tsa bokelloa ho tsoa mehlala ea barupeluoa ba 457 (kantle ho 560, tekanyo ea karabelo ea 82%) ho tsoa yunivesithi e le ngoe, ho sebelisoa mekhoa e ts'oanang ea ho kenyelletsa e sebelisitsoeng thutong ea mofofisi. Lintlha tse tsoang mohlaleng ona li ile tsa bokelloa lintlheng tse peli ka nako, beke e le 'ngoe ka thoko, ho sebelisoa lipatlisiso tsa inthanete tse romelletsoeng webosaeteng ea sehlopha. ADHD, ho itšepa le ho laola lintho tse feto-fetohang (lilemo, botona le botšehali, lilemo ho SNS, palo ea metsoalle ea SNS, takatso ea sechaba, le mokhoa oa tšebeliso ea SNS) li ile tsa lekanngoa ka beke ea 1. Ho sithabela ha maikutlo, ho lakatsa le ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna ka boiphihlelo kamora ho ts'oaroa ha leqhubu la pele la pokello ea data ("bekeng e fetileng") ho ts'oaretsoe ka leqhubu la bobeli, bekeng ea 2. Moralo oa nako e telele o ile oa sebelisoa ho eketsa ts'ehetso menahanong ea ho etsa lintho ka sepheo sa ho fokotsa leeme le neng le ka ba teng ka mekhoa e tloaelehileng. Mehlala ea mehlala e thathamisitsoe ho Lethathamo 1. Teko ea maqhubu a tšebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna e senotse hore 59.3% e tlalehiloe ka mohla, kapa ka seoelo, e entseng joalo bekeng e fetileng. Haholo-holo ha 40% ea sampole e tlalehiloe ka mokhoa o itseng oa ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha o ntse o khanna bekeng e fetileng, mme 5.5% e tlaleha ho feta "hangata" ho etsa sena.

 
TABLE 1
www.frontiersin.org 

Tafole 1. Mehlala ea Mehlala.

 
 

Lisebelisoa

Boithuto ba sefofane (n = 47) e lekantshitse takatso ea ho sebelisa SNS eo ho etsoang ho eona, Facebook, e sebelisang sekala sa Facebook Craving Experience (FaCE) e leng mokhoa o ikhethileng oa lipotso tsa Alcohol Craving Experience (ACE) (Statham et al., 2011ho latela maemo a SNS a shebileng haholo ho SNS e le 'ngoe, Facebook. Sekala se sebelitse hantle thutong ea lifofane ka lihlapiso tse hlahisang alphas ea Cronbach lipakeng tsa 0.85 le 0.94. Lintlha tsa FaCE li baliloe ka ho atisa karolelano ea makhetlo a mararo (litšoantšo, matla le ho kenella) (FaCE-F) le matla (FaCE-S) a mehopolo e amanang le takatso ea Facebook bekeng e fetileng, ho latela ts'ebetso e hlalositsoeng ho Statham et al. (2011). Ho nepahala ha dikahare ho ile ha thehoa le ho feta ka ho hokahanya lintlha tsena ka tekanyo ea khothalletso ea ho sebelisa Facebook (α = 0.90, r = 0.54, p <0.001) e fetotsoe ho Raylu le Oei (2004) le Lethathamo la Liteko le Thibelo (Collins le Lapp, 1992) lintlha tsa bobeli tsa tatellano e sebelisitsoeng moelelong oa hona joale, e leng ho ba le kelello le maikutlo a tebileng ka Facebook (α = 0.86, r = 0.60, p <0.01) le boiteko ba taolo ea boits'oaro mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea Facebook (α = 0.86, r = 0.42, p <0.01). Bopaki ba ho tseba esale pele bo thehiloe ka ho ikopanya le ts'ebeliso e itlalehang ea ts'ebeliso ea Facebook (r = 0.38, p <0.01) e fetotsoe ho Turel (2015). Likala tsena li hlahisoa ho Sehlomathiso A ho Lisebelisoa tse tlatsetsang.

Phuputso ea pele ea leqhubu la thuto e kenyelelitse mehato e latelang ea lintho tse ngata, tseo kaofela li hlahisang ts'epahalo e ntle: (1) ADHD (Kessler et al., 2005, Karolo ea A ea AdHD-ASRS Screener v1.1, α = 0.72), (2) boitšepo (Rosenberg, 1965, α = 0.87), (3) takatso ea sechaba (Reynolds, 1982, Mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa maemo a bophelo sechabeng sa Marlowe-Crowne. α ha e tlalehoe ho tloha ha ho baliloe lintlha tsa index), le (4) tloaelo ea tšebeliso ea Facebook (Verplanken le Orbell, 2003, Index ea Boikoetliso ba matla a tloaelo e sebelisitsoeng nyeoeng ea tšebeliso ea Facebook, α = 0.94). Hlokomela hore ASRS v1.1 e kenyelletsa lipotso tse bonts'ang mekhoa ea DSM-IV-TR (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2000). Karolo ea A e kenyelletsa lipotso tse tšeletseng tse amanang hantle le matšoao a ADHD, ka hona e emetse mofuta o mokhuts'oanyane oa sekhahla se felletseng sa ASRS v1.1 mme se ka sebelisoang ho hlahlojoa ha ADHD ho qala (WHO, 2003). Tlhahlobo ea pele ea maqhubu e boetse e nkile lilemo, thobalano (Male = 0, Female = 1), boiphihlelo ba lilemo ho sepheo sa SNS le palo ea metsoalle ea SNS ea sepheo, ka mabaka a hlalosang le a taolo.

Phuputso ea mantlha ea boithuto ba bobeli e kenyelelitse mehato e latelang ea lintho tse ngata, tseo kaofela li hlahisang ts'epahalo e ntle: (1) khatello ea maikutlo (Cohen et al., 1983, Perceived Stress Scale-Short, PSS-4, α = 0.90), le (2) ba lakatsa ho sebelisa sepheo sa SNS se thehiloeng khopolong ea Elaborated Intrusion (EI) ea takatso (May et al., 2004) o sebelisa lipotso tsa FaCE (tse thehiloeng ho Statham et al., 2011). Likala tse ka tlase li ne li tšepahala ka likarolo tse ngata tsa Cronbach α tsa 0.93, 0.91, 0.92, 0.93, 0.90, le 0.90 bakeng sa litšoantšo tsa FaCE-S, matla a FaCE-S-matla, FaCE-S-intrusion, FaCE-F-litšoantšo, FaCE- F-matla, le FaCE-F-intrusion, ka ho latellana. Phuputso ea bobeli ea leqhubu le eona e hapile ts'ebeliso e itlalehileng ea sepheo sa SNS ha u ntse u khanna, u sebelisa ntho e le 'ngoe ho ipapisitsoe le makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso ka Turel (2015). Mehato ena le lintho li hlahisoa ho Sehlomathiso sa Tlatsetso ea Lihlahisoa.

Boitsebiso ba Lintlha

Lipalo le litlhaloso tse hlalosang li ile tsa baloa le SPSS 23. Moetso oa netefatso ea tlhahlobo le mokhoa oa sebopeho li ne li se li lekantsoe ka meaho ea Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) ea AMOS 23 kamora mokhoa oa mehato e 'meli (Anderson le Gerzing, 1988) le ho sebelisa mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho khaola li-indices tse loketseng (Hu le Bentler, 1999). Post-hoc liteko tsa ho buoa li ne li etsoa ka ts'ebetso ea bootstrapping ka Moruti et al. (2007) o sebelisa AMOS 23. Lits'ebetso tsa bootstriling li na le molemo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea ho buisana, hobane sehlahisoa sa li-coefficients tse peli ha se hangata se abeloang (Cheung le Lau, 2008). Qetellong, papiso ea sehlopha (ho ba le matšoao e lumellanang haholo le ADHD kapa che) e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea multivariate ea mekhoa ea phapang (MANOVA) le SPSS 23. Mokhoa ona ke katoloso ea mohlala oa ANOVA maemong ao ho bapisoang lipapatso tse ngata ho lokelang ho etsoa, ​​ke ho re, ho na le mefuta e mengata e itšetlehileng ka eona (Pedhazur le Pedhazur Schmelkin, 1991). Maemong a joalo, MANOVA e na le molemo, hobane ho etsa liteko tsa mofuta oa ANOVA tse ngata-ke tsa mofuta oa I 'me ho ka lebisa lits'ila tse fosahetseng (Tabachnick le Fidell, 2012). Holim'a moo, post-hoc boikoetliso ba thobalano bo ile ba hlahlojoa ba sebelisa papiso ea paramente ea joala ho AMOS 23, ba bapisa tsela le tsela pakeng tsa banna le basali.

Results

Tekanyo ea Model

Taba ea mantlha, lipalo-palo tse hlalosang tsa mofuta oa meetso (ho kenyeletsoa le mefuta-futa ea taolo) hammoho le likamano lipakeng tsa tsona li baliloe. Tsena li fanoa ho Tafole 2 (laola tse fapaneng ka tlase). Tafole e senola hore lihokelo li maemong a lebelletsoeng. E boetse e bontša basali ba sampole ea rona (e ngotsoeng ka 1) ba ne ba ikutloa ba le maemong a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo ebile ba le boitšepo bo tlase; mme mohlomong ka lebaka leo o ile a utloa litakatso tse matla hanyane ho sebelisa SNS ea sepheo ha a bapisoa le banna. Bacha ba ne ba na le mabitso a mangata ho SNS eo ba e batlang le tloaelo e sebelisang SNS e matla ho bapisoa le batho ba baholo ba mohlaleng oa rona. Takatso ea kahisano sechabeng, joalo ka ha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, e ne e amana le litlaleho tse fokotsang tsa liketsahalo tse mpe, joalo ka ADHD, khatello ea maikutlo, takatso, le ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha o ntse o khanna. E ile ea eketsa litlaleho tsa boithati tsa liketsahalo tse ntle tse kang ho itšepa. Kahoo, ho ile ha fihleloa qeto ea hore ho bohlokoa ho e laola.

 
TABLE 2
www.frontiersin.org 

Tafole 2. Lipalopalo tse Hlalosang le Litumellano.

 
 

Taba ea bobeli, mofuta oa netefatso ea tlhahlobo ea (CFA) e hakantsoe le mefuta e mengata ea lihlahisoa: ADHD, boitšepo, khatello ea maikutlo le likarolo tsa sekhahla sa FaCE. E hlahisitse se loketseng: χ2/ df = 2.40, CFI = 0.95, IFI = 0.95, GFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.056, le SRMR = 0.066. Ka hona, mokhoa oa sebopeho o ne o hakantsoe. Mohlaleng ona, ADHD, khatello ea maikutlo le boitšepo li entsoe joalo ka lintho tsa morao-rao 'me ho lakatsa ho entsoe ka index e neng e lekantsoe ho latela ts'ebetso e hlalositsoeng ho Statham et al. (2011). Moetso o bile oa hlahisa litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa mefuta e tšeletseng ea taolo: lilemo, botona le botšehali, takatso ea sechaba, tloaelo, lilemo ho SNS e behiloeng, le mabitso ho sepheo sa SNS. Moetso o hlahisitse se loketseng: χ2/ df = 2.13, CFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.93, GFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.050, le SRMR = 0.061. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta e 'meli ea taolo ha e na litlamorao tse kholo, ka hona, ka mabaka a hlakileng, a tlosoa. Moetso o ne o lekantsoe, 'me o ntse o hlahisoa o loketseng: χ2/ df = 2.19, CFI = 0.93, IFI = 0.93, GFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.051, le SRMR = 0.063. Li-coefficients tse emeng tseleng, maemo a tsona a bohlokoa, le boholo ba phapang e hlalositsoeng ho liemahale tsa tlhaho li fanoa ka Setšoantšo. 1.

 
Tšoantšiso 1
www.frontiersin.org 

Setšoantšo sa 1. Mohlala oa Sebopeho.

 
 

Post-hoc E hlahloba

Taba ea mantlha, mohlala o reriloeng o fana ka karohanyo e mekhahlelo e 'meli ea karabelo ea ADHD ts'ebelisong ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna, ka khatello ea maikutlo, boitšepo ebe o latela litakatso. Bakeng sa ho hlahloba litla-morao tsena, re ile ra sebelisa mokhoa oo bootline o hlalositsoeng ho Moruti et al. (2007) le disampole tsa 200. U sebelisa mokhoa ona, litlamorao tse sa amaneng ka leeme tsa ADHD mabapi le litakatso le tšebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna e ne e le 0.25 (p <0.01) le 0.07 (p <0.01), ka ho latellana. Sena se tiisa boits'oaro ba mehato e 'meli e sa tobang ea ADHD ts'ebelisong ea Facebook ha o ntse o khanna.

Taba ea bobeli, ho sebelisa tataiso ea ASRS v1.1 bakeng sa ho fumana Karolo ea A (Kessler et al., 2005), batho ka bomong ba ne ba khethiloe e le ba nang le matšoao a lumellanang haholo le ADHD (bonyane matšoao a mane ka holim'a menyako e boletsoeng; n = 110, 24%) kapa che (matšoao a ka tlase ho a mane holim 'a monyako o boletsoeng, n = 347, 76%). Mofani ona oa binary o bonts'a tlhahlobo ea pele e matla ea kliniki ea motho ea ka bang ADHD (WHO, 2003) seo se lokela ho hlahlojoa hape. Sehlopha sena sa pele se ile sa sebelisoa e le ntho e tsitsitseng tlhahlobisong ea mefuta e mengata ea khatello ea maikutlo, boitšepo, takatso le sepheo sa ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha o ntse o khanna joalo ka mefuta e itšetlehileng ka eona. Liphetho li bonts'a hore ho na le liphapang tsa omnibus lipakeng tsa lihlopha (Pilai's Trace ea 0.08, F(4, 452) = 9.2, p <0.000). Phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha bakeng sa phapano ka 'ngoe le tsona e ne e le tsa bohlokoa (Bona mekhoa ea sehlopha le maemo a bohlokoa ba phapang lipakeng tsa sehlopha ho Setšoantšo 2).

 
Tšoantšiso 2
www.frontiersin.org 

Setšoantšo sa 2. Phapang lipakeng tsa sehlopha.

 
 

Taba ea boraro, ha mohlala o reriloeng o laoloa ke litlamorao tsa thobalano, ha o nahane ka monyetla oa hore mekhoa eo ADHD e susumetsang ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u khanna e ka fapana lipakeng tsa bong. Phapang e joalo e kanna ea utloahala hobane sephetho sa likarabo tsa boitšoaro le boitšoaro ba ADHD li fapana lipakeng tsa bong ba bana.Gaub le Carlson, 1997le batho ba baholo (Ramos-Quiroga et al., 2013). Ntle le moo, batho ba bong bo fapaneng ba ka fapana ka ho etsa liqeto tlasa khatello ea maikutlo (Lighthall et al., 2012). Bakeng sa ho hlakisa liphapang tsena, lipapiso tsa paramente ea parameite li ile tsa hlahisoa AMOS 23. Li-coefficients tse sa lebelloeng tseo ho tsona ho neng ho e-na le phapang ea bohlokoa, lintlha tsa z le phapang, le p- Litaba li fanoa Tafoleng 3. Litakatso tsa ho sebelisa mokhoa oa SNS le SNS tsa ts'ebeliso li bile le litlamorao tse matla ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u khanna banna eseng basali. Boitšoaro bo hlahisitsoeng bo bonahala bo sa ratehe sechabeng ho basali feela.

 
TABLE 3
www.frontiersin.org 

Tafole 3. Phapang lipuisanong tsa tsela e pakeng tsa Banana.

 
 

Puisano

Na matšoao a ADHD e ka ba sesosa se sa tobang se kenyang tšebeliso ea SNS ha o ntse o khanna? Mme haeba ho le joalo, na ADHD e ka talingoa e le sesosa se ka tlase se khothalletsang boitšoaro bona, mohlomong ka tsela e ts'oanang le eo lefu la ho lemalla le khothalletsang ho batla meputso ea lithethefatsi hampe ka lona? Phuputso ena e batlile ho araba lipotso tsena 'me liphetho li supa menehelo e mengata.

Se fumanoeng se ipapisitse le tlhahlobo ea maqhubu a mabeli ea basebelisi ba SNS e tummeng ba khannang tšehetso ea ho ea mosebetsing / sekolong ho ea ho maikutlo ana. Li bontša hore botebo ba matšoao a ADHD bo amana hantle le tšebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna. Ho boetse ho na le phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea SNS e itlalehang ha u ntse u khanna boitšoaro ba ba nang le matšoao a lumellanang haholo le ADHD le ba se nang eona. The post-hoc Ts'ebetso e boetse e ts'ehetsa mohopolo ona mme e bonts'a mekhoa ea bootstriling le SEM eo litlamorao tse sa nepahalang tsa ADHD mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha e ne e le tsa bohlokoa. Ts'ebetso ena e sa tobang e ne e arolelanoa ka mokhoa o fokolang ka lebaka la khatello ea maikutlo le ho fokotsa matšoao a ADHD a neng a khothalelitse (H1a le b li tšehelitsoe), tseo hammoho le matšoao a ADHD li eketsang litakatso tsa ho sebelisa SNS (H2a, b le c li tšehelitsoe). Maemo a phahameng a litakatso a khanna ts'ebeliso ea SNS ka kotloloho ha a ntse a khanna, a alima ts'ehetso ho H3.

Tlatsetso ea pele ea thuto ena e supa molemong oa boits'oaro bo bohlokoa bo seng bo sa khetholloe bo amanang le matšoao a ADHD, e leng tšebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna. Ho fihlela joale, lipatlisiso li se li shebile haholo ho lelapa la boits'oaro bo kotsi bo amanang le ADHD, bo kenyeletsang mesebetsi e khelohileng le boits'oaro bo pakeng tsa batho ba bang, papali ea chelete le boitšoaro ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Groen et al., 2013; Furukawa et al., 2014; Kirino et al., 2015). Boitšoaro bona bo ka ba thata ebile bo bontšitse ho lebisa liphellong tse fapaneng tse mpe ho batho ba baholo (Molekane et al., 2001; Okie, 2006; Davidson, 2008), ho kenyelletsa le kotsi e eketsehang ea likotsi tsa mebileng (Barkley et al., 1993). Liphumano tsa rona li bonts'a hore ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna ha e atisehe feela har'a bongata ba basebelisi ka kakaretso (ho feta 40% ea ba arabelitsoeng mohlaleng oa rona ea ileng a etsa boitšoaro bona nakong ea beke, le liperesente tse le 'ngoe tse kentseng letsoho ho eona khafetsa), empa hape hore boitšoaro bona bo atile haholo bathong ba nang le matšoao a lumellanang haholo le ADHD le hore boits'oaro bona bo amanang, ntle le tšebeliso ea maemo a matšoao a ADHD.

Liphetho tsena li etsa tlhahiso ea hore ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna e ka ba e atileng haholo ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanoa ka eona (tlaleho ea RAC e tsoang ho 2011 e boletse hore UK UKNNUMX% ea 24-17 ea lilemo li 24% ea bana ba lilemo li 12-25 ba sebelisitse SNS, imeile kapa tse ling SNS ha u ntse u khanna, RAC, 2011). Kahoo, ketsahalo ea ho sebelisa SNS ha u ntse u khanna ka kakaretso, haholo-holo bathong ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea kelello e sa sebetseng hantleng lits'ebetsong tsa ho etsa liqeto, tse kang ADHD, e hloka tlhokomelo e kholo le lipatlisiso tse ling.

Tlhokahalo ena e eketsoa ke taba ea hore tšebeliso ea SNS e tsebahalang e ka hohela ebile e na le moputso o moholo, kaha e na le monyetla oa ho fokotsa maikutlo a fosahetseng, mefokolo ea sechaba, le meroalo e meng ea kelello (Ryan le Xenos, 2011; Sheldon et al., 2011). Bothata ka libaka tse joalo ke hore, ho fapana le mekhoa e meng (mohlala, joala, cannabis) e ka sebelisoang ho fokotsa moroalo o amanang le ADHD, hangata e fumaneha habonolo (bonyane ho merero ea data e se nang mohala ea United States e batlang e le, haeba eseng ka botlalo, e se na moeli), e theko e tlase, ebile e mpe ka ho fetisisa- e ka sebelisoa ka mokhoa o ikemetseng ha u ntse u khanna, ntle le ho rera haholo. Ehlile, batho ba bangata ba arabela ka potlako ho li-SNS ho feta liponts'ong tsa seterateng (Turel et al., 2014), mme ba bang ba bangata ba sebelisa SNS ha ba ntse ba khanna (Burns, 2015). Kahoo, basebelisi ba mehala ea selefouno ba nang le merero ea data ba potoloha ka "sethunya se laetsoeng," se ka qholotsoang habonolo ke ts'ebeliso ea SNS (Turel et al., 2014). Haeba re boetse re nka keketseho ea ho ata ha matšoao a ADHD ho batho ba baholo (Kessler et al., 2006; Fayyad et al., 2007; Simone et al., 2009), thuto ena e supa tlhokahalo e kholo ea ho ithuta hore na ADHD le SNS ba sebelisa joang ha ba khanna ba amana joang, le hore na mokhatlo ona o ka fokotsoa kapa oa thijoa joang.

Tlatsetso ea bobeli ea boithuto bona e kopanya ADHD ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa mokhoa oa ho lemalla e le mokhoa oa ho hlalosa ka mokhoa o fokolang boits'oaro bo bobebe le bo kotsi hara ba nang le bothata ba ADHD. Likhopolo tsa mehleng ena tsa bokhoba ba tlhekefetso li khothalelitse hore tlhekefetso maemong a mararo a fapaneng a neural e ka thusa ho batla ka mokhoa o qobelloang ho fumana moputso oa lithethefatsi: E 'ngoe ke ts'ebetso ea mantlha e sa sebetseng e amanang le ho etsa liqeto le taolo ea tšusumetso; ea bobeli ke tsamaiso e sa sebetseng ea mesolimbic dopamine / striatal e amehang ho batleng moputso le ho se ts'oenyehe; karolo ea boraro ke ts'ebetso ea ho se tsebe ho kopanya e kenyelletsang ts'ebetso. Sistimi ena e kenelloa ke tlhoko ea 'mele le ho se lekane ka lapeng, joalo ka se etsahalang nakong ea ho ikhula, khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho,' me qetellong li felletseng ka takatso ea bohloka le e qobelloang ea ho batla phomolo kapa phokotso ea mmuso o khelohileng (Noel et al., 2013). Kaha ADHD e ka ama mekhoa ena ea methapo ka tsela e ts'oanang (mohlala, ADHD hangata e kenyelletsa litsamaiso tsa boits'oaro tse matlafatsang le / kapa litsamaiso tse sebetsanang le tšusumetso e matla ea boko), re etsa tlhahiso ea hore matšoao a ADHD a ka khothaletsa boits'oaro ba ho batla moputso kapa boemo bo ferekanyang bo fokotsang boitšoaro bo joalo ka. SNS e sebelisa ha u ntse u khanna. Kahoo, ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha o ntse o khanna e ka sebelisoa e le mokhoa oa ho fokotsa litakatso tsa motho joalo ka ha li susumetsoa ke meroalo e tsoang ho seo ho seng bonolo ho sebetsana le matšoao a mantlha a ADHD (Sousa et al., 2011; Silva et al., 2014).

Boitšoaro bona bo ka nkuoa e le bo khannoang ke moputso oa ts'usumetso o sa atleheng ho thibeloa ha lits'ebetso lits'ebetsong tsa mantlha tsa boko, joalo ka tsamaiso ea hypoactive prefrontal cortex ea taolo ea inhibitory, le / kapa hyperactive amygdala-striatal system bakeng sa ho batla moputso le kotsi e ka kenang. ho nka ba teng (Bechara et al., 1999, 2006; Noel et al., 2013). Ho kenella ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea insula ke litakatso tse bonts'itsoeng pejana ho mpefatsa ts'ebetso ea hypo ea ts'ebetso ea taolo ea tšusumetso le ts'ebetso e kholo ea sistimi e tsamaisang boitšoaro bo potlakileng (Bechara et al., 1999, 2006; Noel et al., 2013). Liphumano tsa boithuto bona li fana ka ts'ehetso ea pele ho maikutlo ana mme li bonts'a hore matšoao a ADHD a tsamaisa maemo a mabe ho kenyelletsa le ho fokotsa boits'epo le khatello e eketsehileng ea maikutlo, le hore lintlha tsena hammoho li eketsa takatso ea motho ea ho sebelisa SNS. Litakatso tsena, ha li hloleha ho thijoa, li fetolela mekhoeng e susumetsang. Ha ho fanoa ka ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa ADHD le li-syndromes tse ling tse kenyelletsang bofokoli ba bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto, joalo ka mathata a ho lemalla lithethefatsi (Malloy-Diniz et al., 2007), lintlha tse fumanoeng li supa monyetla oa hore tšebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna e ka mela ka metso mathateng a amanang le likarolo tse tšoanang tsa boko. Boikarabello ba methati ena ea neural ho nts'etsapele boitšoaro bona, bo hloka ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling ho sebelisa mekhoa ea ho nahana ka bokong.

Monehelo oa boraro oa thuto ena ke ho supa lits'ebetso tse ka fetohang litlamorao tsa matšoao a ADHD ts'ebelisong ea SNS ha o ntse o khanna. Sepheo sena ke sa bohlokoa kaha ho sebetsana le liphapano tse arolang ho ka thusa ho fokotsa mathata (mme haholoholo a seng molaong ebile a thibetsoe, bonyane US); mme hantle-ntle thibela ho fetoleloa ha matšoao a ADHD ho boitšoaro bona. Haholo-holo, seo re se fumaneng se bolela hore ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha o ntse o khanna e ka fokotsoa ka ho fokotsa litakatso tsa motho tsa ho sebelisa sepheo sa SNS le khatello ea hae ea maikutlo, ha a ntse a eketsa boitšepo ba hae. Le ha re sa ka ra leka mekhoa ea ho fihlela liphetoho tsena, lipatlisiso tsa pejana li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tse joalo li ka fumaneha ka mehato ea kalafo ea boits'oaro (Knapen et al., 2005), mekhoa ea bophelo e fetoha (Sundin et al., 2003), le ts'ebeliso e ka bang teng ea pharmacology le mekhoa e meng e sa hlaseleng e joalo ka ts'usumetso ea matla a khoheli a transcranial (Lebala et al., 2010) maemong a boima haholo. Ho sebetsa hantle ha mekhoa e joalo ea ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna, leha ho le joalo, ho lokela ho hlahlojoa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.

Tlatsetso ea bone ea thuto ena ke ho holisa 'mele oa tsebo mabapi le phapang ea thobalano e amanang le tšebeliso ea ADHD le SNS ha u ntse u khanna. Ha patlisiso ea pejana e bontšitse liphapang tse amanang le boits'oaro bo kotsi bo joalo ka tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi, karabelo khatellong le liqetong (Gaub le Carlson, 1997; Lighthall et al., 2012; Willis le Naidoo, 2014), Tsela eo thobalano ea motho e ka susumetsang tsela eo SNS e sebelisang ka eona ha boits'oaro ba ho khanna e ntse e sa tsejoe. Liphuputso tsa rona (bona Tafole 3) bontša hore litakatso tsa ho sebelisa SNS li matla haholo har'a banna. Kahoo, maano a ho kena lipakeng a ka qala ho hlasela banna. E boetse e bonts'a hore ho banna, ho sebelisa SNS ha u ntse u khanna ha ho phoso kapa ho tsamaisana hantle le litabatabelo tsa sechaba le bakeng sa basali, maemo a tlase a lakatseha sechabeng. Sena hape, se ka hloka ho etsoa khafetsa har'a banna. Kamora nako, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea SNS e bonahala e le mokhanni ea matla bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha a ntse a khanna banna eseng basali. Sena se bolela hore ho nka bohato ba ho lokisa tloaelo ho ka thusa banna e le mokhoa o sa tobang oa ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna. Mekhoa e joalo ea thobalano e amanang le thobalano e ntse e lokela ho hlahlojoa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.

Meeli e meng le mekhoa ea ho etsa lipatlisiso nakong e tlang e lokela ho amoheloa. Taba ea pele, thuto ena e sebelisitse karolo e le 'ngoe feela ea ASRS' me ka hona tlhahlobo ea ADHD e ne e sa fumanehe. Leha ho le joalo, ho ba le matšoao a lumellanang le ADHD ho ne ho lekane ho bonts'a liphapang har'a batho ho latela tšebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna. Taba ea bobeli, thuto e ne e bua haholo ka mefuta e 'maloa feela e kopanyang kamano pakeng tsa matšoao a ADHD le ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna. Ha re ntse re nahana ka nepo hore tsena ke babuelli ba sebetsang, ho ka etsahala hore ho be le ba bang ba bangata; mme tsena li lokela ho fuputsoa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Ntle le moo, kotsi ea ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna e ka fapana ka ts'ebetso (ho hlahloba le ho ntlafatsa) le maemo a sephethephethe. Mefuta e joalo e ka ikarabella bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Taba ea boraro, ha re ntse re fana ka karolo ea lipatlisiso tse tsamaisanang le lits'ebetso tsa boko tse kenyelletsang liponong, litakatsong le lithibelo, tsena ha li a lekoa. Kahoo re kopa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ho sebelisa mekhoa e meng, joalo ka fMRI, ho tiisa sepheo sa rona, le ho eketsa karolo ea ts'ebetso kutloisisong ea rona ea kamano lipakeng tsa lihlahisoa tse hlahlojoang. Qetellong, thuto ena e tsepamisitse maikutlo nthong e le 'ngoe ea SNS, Facebook. Le ha Facebook e le SNS e tsebahalang haholo, ho na le SNS tse ling tse ngata tse ka sebelisoang hape ha o ntse o khanna. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho lekola mohlala oa rona le li-SNS tse ling le / kapa boitšoaro bo kotsi le bo atlehileng ho eketsa kakaretso ea eona.

fihlela qeto e

ADHD le li-syndromes tse lemalloang li metse ka metso mefuteng ea tsamaiso e tšoanang ea boko e kenyelletsang molokong oa khatello le taolong. Phuputsong ena re bontšitse hore ka lebaka leo, boits'oaro bo kotsi bathong ba nang le matšoao a lumellanang le ADHD bo ka hlalosoa bo sebelisa pono ea bokhoba ba taolo. Re boetse re bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea SNS ha u ntse u khanna ke bothata bo ntseng bo hola sechabeng, le hore e atile haholo bathong ba nang le matšoao a lumellanang le ADHD. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho tsoela pele ho ithuta liketsahalo tsena le ho fumana litsela tsa ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea mahlale a kotsi ha u ntse u khanna.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Sengoli sa pele (OT) se ne se kentse letsoho moralo oa thuto, ts'ebetsong, ts'ebetsong, tlhahlobo ea data le ho ngola. Sengoli sa bobeli (AB) se ne se kenelletse moralo oa ho ithuta, ho ngola le ho ngola.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng

The Supplementary Material bakeng sa sehlooho sena se ka fumaneha Inthaneteng ka: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00455

References

Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika. (2000). Tlhatlhobo le Buka ea Ts'ebetso ea Bofokoli ba Kelello-X Revised, 4th Edn. Washington, DC: Mokhatlo oa Psychiatric Association.

Anderson, JC, le Gerzing, DW (1988). Moetso oa tekanyetso ea sebopeho mohatong: boitlhahlobo le ho khothaletsa mekhoa ea mehato e 'meli. Psychol. Bull. 103, 411-423. doi: 10.1037 / 0033-2909.103.3.411

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Aston-Jones, G., le Harris, GC (2004). Likaroloana tsa boko tsa ho batla lithethefatsi nakong ea ho khaotsa ho tlosoa. Neuropharmacology 47, 167-179. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuropharm.2004.06.020

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Barkley, RA, le Cox, D. (2007). Tlhahlobo ea likotsi tsa ho khanna le mathata a amanang le ho ameha ka ho teba / ho senyeha hoa kelello le litlamorao tsa meriana e khothalletsang ts'ebetsong ea ho khanna. J. Ts'ireletso Res. 38, 113-128. Doi: 10.1016 / j.jsr.2006.09.004

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Barkley, RA, Guevremont, DC, Anastopoulos, AD, Dupaul, GJ, le Shelton, TL (1993). Likotsi tse amanang le ho khanna le liphetho tsa khatello ea maikutlo e haelloang ke khatello ea maikutlo ho bacha le ho batho ba baholo - Phuputso e latelang ea lilemo tse 3 ho isa ho tse 5. Lingaka 92, 212-218.

Google Setsebi

Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Damasio, AR, le Lee, GP (1999). Menehelo e fapaneng ea amygdala ea motho le li-cortex tse tsoang pele tsa pele ho tsa liqeto. J. Neurosci. 19, 5473-5481.

Li-PubMed Abstract | Google Setsebi

Bechara, A., Noel, X., le Crone, EA (2006). "Ho lahleheloa ke matla: mekhoa e sa tloaelehang ea tlhaho le taolo ea ho etsa liqeto," ho Bukana ea Tsebo e Ntle le Tlatsetso, Eds WW le WW Stacy. (Likete tsa Oak, CA: Sage), 215-232.

Google Setsebi

Brown, J. (1955). Mokhoa o batlang ho khahlisa batho ba bang le tšibollo ea maikutlo e fokotsang ho khanna. Psychol. Tšen. 62, 169-179. Doi: 10.1037 / h0047034

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Burns, C. (2015). Haufi le 1 / 3 Batho ba Sebelisa Facebook Ha ba ntse ba Khanna. SlashGear [Online]. E fumaneha inthaneteng ho: http://www.slashgear.com/nearly-13-people-use-facebook-while-driving-19384388/ (E fihletsoe ka November 18, 2015).

Bussing, R., Zima, BT, le Perwien, AR (2000). Boikhohomoso lithutong tse ikhethang tsa bana ba nang le ADHD: kamano likamanong tsa tšohanyetso le tšebeliso ea meriana. J. Am. Acad. Ngoana ea lilemong tsa bocha. Psychiki 39, 1260–1269. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200010000-00013

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef

Casey, BJ, Epstein, JN, Buhle, J., Liston, C., Davidson, MC, Tonev, ST, et al. (2007). Khokahano ea Frontostriatal le karolo ea eona taolong ea kelello ho li-dyads tsa motsoali le ngoana tse nang le ADHD. Am. J. Psychiatry 164, 1729-1736. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.2007.06101754

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Chang, Z., Lichtenstein, P., D'Onofrio, BM, Sjolander, A., le Larsson, H. (2014). Likotsi tse tebileng tsa lipalangwang ho batho ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba ho se tsotelle / ho se sebetse hantle le phello ea meriana thuto e thehiloeng ho baahi. JAMA Psychiatry 71, 319-325. doi: 10.1001 / jamapsychiatry.2013.4174

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Cheung, GW, le Lau, RS (2008). Liteko tsa liteko tsa ho kena lipakeng le khatello ea mefuta ea morao-rao - Bootstrapping e nang le meetso ea equation ea sebopeho. Mokhatlo. Res. Mekhoa 11, 296-325. doi: 10.1177 / 1094428107300343

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., le Mermelstein, R. (1983). Tekanyo ea lefats'e ea khatello ea maikutlo. J. Health Soc. Behav. 24, 385-396. doi: 10.2307 / 2136404

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Collins, RL, le Lapp, WM (1992). Teko le lethathamo la thibelo ea ho lekanya lithibelo tsa ho noha. Br. J. Addict. 87, 625–633. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01964.x

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Cortese, S. (2012). The neurobiology and genetics of Attention-Deficit / Hyperacaction Disorder (ADHD): seo ngaka e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e lokelang ho se tseba se tseba. EUR. J. Pediatric Neurol. 16, 422-433. Doi: 10.1016 / j.ejpn.2012.01.009

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Cox, DJ, Cox, BS, le Cox, J. (2011). Boits'oaro bo ikemetseng ba ho thulana ha likoloi le likoloi tse tsamaeang le likoloi har'a bakhanni ba nang le ADHD: tlhahlobo e entsoeng ka tšohanyetso sefapanong sohle sa bophelo. Am. J. Psychiatry 168, 329-330. doi: 10.1176 / appi.ajp.2010.10091355

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Davidson, MA (2008). AdHD ho batho ba baholo tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng. J. Atten. Khahlano. 11, 628-641. doi: 10.1177 / 1087054707310878

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Davis, C., Levitan, RD, Smith, M., Tweed, S., le Curtis, C. (2006). Likamano lipakeng tsa ho nona ho feta tekano, ho nona haholo, le ho fokola ha kelello: mokhoa oa ho latela mohlala. Ja. Behav. 7, 266-274. doi: 10.1016 / j.eatbeh.2005.09.006

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Deters, FG, le Mehl, MR (2013). Na ho romella lintlafatso tsa boemo ba facebook ho eketsa kapa ho fokotsa ho jeoa ke bolutu? Teko ea ho etsa metsoalle inthaneteng. Motsoalle Psychol. Botho. Saense 4, 579-586. doi: 10.1177 / 1948550612469233

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef

Durston, S., Tottenham, NT, Thomas, KM, Davidson, MC, Eigsti, IM, Yang, YH, et al. (2003). Mefuta e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea bongoana ho bana ba banyenyane ba nang le ADHD. Biol. Psychiatry 53, 871–878. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01904-2

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Eisenberger, NI (2012). Metheo ea neural ea bohloko ba sechaba: bopaki ba lipontšo tse arolelanoang le bohloko ba 'mele. Psychosom. Moedi 74, 126–135. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3182464dd1

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Eisenberger, NI, Inagaki, TK, Muscatell, KA, Haltom, KEB, le Leary, MR (2011). The neural sociometer: ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello e tlisoang ke ho itšepa. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 23, 3448-3455. Doi: 10.1162 / jocn_a_00027

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Fayyad, J., De Graaf, R., Kessler, R., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2007). Ho ata ha naha le maemo a amanang le ho ferekana ha kelello ho batho ba baholo. Br. J. Psychiatry 190, 402-409. Doi: 10.1192 / bjp.bp.106.034389

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Flynn, FG, Benson, DF, le Ardila, A. (1999). Anatomy ea insula - e sebetsang le e amanang le bongaka. Bofilosofi 13, 55-78. doi: 10.1080 / 026870399402325

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Lebala, B., Pushparaj, A., le Le Foll, B. (2010). granular insular cortex inactivation e le leano la kalafo la noha la ho lemalla tahi ea nicotine. Biol. Psychiatry 68, 265-271. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2010.01.029

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Furukawa, E., Bado, P., Tripp, G., Mattos, P., Wickens, JR, Bramati, IE, et al. (2014). Likarabo tse sa tloaelehang tsa BATSI tsa ho ts'oara moputso le tebello ea moputso ho ADHD. PLoS ONE 9: e89129. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0089129

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Gaub, M., le Carlson, CL (1997). Phapang pakeng tsa botona le botšehali ho ADHD: tlhahlobo ea meta le tlhahlobo ea bohlanya. J. Am. Acad. Ngoana ea lilemong tsa bocha. Psychiki 36, 1036–1045. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199708000-00011

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Gil, F., Chamarro, A., le Oberst, U. (2015). Bokhoba ba marang-rang a marang-rang: potso ea "Tšabo ea ho lahleheloa ke"? J. Behav. Ho lemalla. 4, 51. Doi: 10.1556 / JBA.4.2015.Suppl.1

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef

Gil-Kapa, ​​O., Levi-Belz, Y., le Turel, O. (2015). "Facebook-self": Litšobotsi le bobuelli ba kelello ba boitsebiso bo fosahetseng ho Facebook. Ka pele. Psychol. 6: 99. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2015.00099

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Goeders, NE (2002). Khatello ea kelello le bokhoba ba koae. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 301, 785-789. Doi: 10.1124 / jitter.301.3.785

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Groen, Y., Gaastra, GF, Lewis-Evans, B., le Tucha, O. (2013). Boitšoaro bo kotsi mesebetsing ea papali ea chelete ho batho ba nang le ADHD - tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea lingoliloeng. PLoS ONE 8: e74909. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0074909

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Hanlon, M. (2012). Ho Sebelisa Facebook Ha U ntse U Tsamaisa Ho Kotsi Ho Feta Ka Ho Nwa, Ho Romela Melaetsa kapa Marijuana. Gizmag, Technology Technology [Online]. E fumaneha inthaneteng ho: http://www.gizmag.com/mobile-phones-and-driving-research-from-iam-institute-of-advanced-motorists/21678/2015

Hirvikoski, T., Lindholm, T., Nordenstrom, A., Nordstrom, AL, le Lajic, S. (2009). Matšoenyeho a phahameng a iponahatsang le khatello ea maikutlo tse ngata, empa morethetho o tloaelehileng oa diurnal cortisol, ho batho ba baholo ba nang le ADHD (tlhokomelo-deficit / hyperactivity disorder). Horm. Behav. 55, 418-424. doi: 10.1016 / j.yhbeh.2008.12.004

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Hu, LT, le Bentler, PM (1999). Khaola litekanyetso tsa li-indices tse tšoanelehang tlhahlobisong ea sebopeho sa kopanelo; Mekhoa ea tloaelo khahlanong le mefuta e mecha. Moralo. Mohlala oa Teko. 6, 1-55. doi: 10.1080 / 10705519909540118

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Hughes, BL, le Beer, JS (2013). Ho itšireletsa: litlamorao tsa tšokelo ea tlhahlobo ea kaholimo ho boits'oaro ba neural ba boithati. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 25, 613-622. Doi: 10.1162 / jocn_a_00343

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Jensen, PS, Martin, D., le Cantwell, DP (1997). Comorbidity ho ADHD: litlamorao tsa lipatlisiso, boikoetliso, le DSM-V. J. Am. Acad. Ngoana ea lilemong tsa bocha. Psychiki 36, 1065–1079. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199708000-00014

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Kessler, RC, Adler, L., Ames, M., Demler, O., Faraone, S., Hiripi, E., et al. (2005). Mokhatlo oa lefatše ka bophara oa bophelo bo botle oa ADHD (ASRS). Psychol. Med. 35, 245-256. doi: 10.1017 / S0033291704002892

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Kessler, RC, Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, CK, Demler, O., et al. (2006). Ho ata le khokahano ea ADHD ea batho ba baholo United States: liphetho tsa tlhaiso-leseling ea naha ea litaba tsa comorbidity. Am. J. Psychiatry 163, 716-723. Doi: 10.1176 / ajp.2006.163.4.716

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Kirino, E., Imagawa, H., Goto, T., le Montgomery, W. (2015). Sociodemographics, comorbidities, ts'ebeliso ea tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle le tlhahiso ea mosebetsi ho bakuli ba Japane ba nang le ADHD ea baholo. PLoS ONE 10: e0132233. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0132233

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Knapen, J., de Vliet, PV, Van Coppenolle, H., David, A., Peuskens, J., Pieters, G., et al. (2005). Ho bapisoa le liphetoho mokhoeng oa ho itšepa, ho itšepa lefatše, khatello ea maikutlo le ho tšoenyeha ho latela mananeo a mabeli a fapaneng a kalafo ea psychomotor lithutong tse sa sebetseng tsa kelello. Kelello. Psychosom. 74, 353-361. doi: 10.1159 / 000087782

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Ko, CH, Liu, GC, Hsiao, SM, Yen, JY, Yang, MJ, Lin, WC, et al. (2009). Mesebetsi ea brain e amanang le takatso ea papali ea ho lemalla papali ea chelete Inthaneteng. J. Psychiatr. Res. 43, 739-747. doi: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2008.09.012

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Ko, CH, Liu, GC, Yen, JY, Chen, CY, Yen, CF, le Chen, CS (2013). Litlatsetso tsa likelello tsa litakatso tsa papali ea inthanete tlasa ho pepeseha hoa lithuto tsa inthanete litabeng tsa ho lemalla papali ea inthanete le lithutong tse sa lefelloeng. Motlatsi. Biol. 18, 559-569. doi: 10.1111 / j.1369-1600.2011.00405.x

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Kohls, G., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., le Konrad, K. (2009). Boitšoaro bo matla ba ho fumana moputso oa sechaba ho bana le bacha ba nang le tlhokomelo ea tlhalo-hloko / khatello ea kelello (ADHD). Behav. Thuto ea Boko. 5:20 1–11. doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-20

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Lighthall, NR, Sakaki, M., Vasunilashorn, S., Nga, L., Somayajula, S., Chen, EY, et al. (2012). Phapang pakeng tsa botona le botšehali tšebetsong e amanang le moputso tlasa khatello ea maikutlo. Motsoalle Lemohang. Ama. Neurosci. 7, 476-484. Doi: 10.1093 / scan / nsr026

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Lou, HC (1996). Etiology le pathogenesis ea hloko-deficit Hyperacaction Disorder (ADHD): bohlokoa ba prematurity le perinatal hypoxic-haemodynamic encephalopathy. Acta Paediatr. 85, 1266–1271. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1996.tb13909.x

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Luman, M., Oosterlaan, J., le Sergeant, JA (2005). Tšusumetso ea li-Contingency tsa matlafatso ho AD / HD: tlhahlobo le tatso ea maikutlo. Clin. Psychol. Tšen. 25, 183-213. Doi: 10.1016 / j.cpr.2004.11.001

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Malloy-Diniz, L., Fuentes, D., Leite, WB, Correa, H., le Bechara, A. (2007). Boitšoaro bo potlakileng ho batho ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba ho ameha ka ho phahama / khatello ea kelello: tšobotsi ea ho tsepamisa mohopolo, motor le kelello. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 13, 693-698. doi: 10.1017 / s1355617707070889

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Masur, PK, Reinecke, L., Ziegele, M., le Quiring, O. (2014). Lipapatso tsa maikutlo a marang-rang a hlokang khotsofalo le sepheo se ikhethileng sa Facebook ha a hlalosa boitšoaro bo bobe ho Facebook. Comput. Hum. Behav. 39, 376-386. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2014.05.047

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Mots'eanong, J., Andrade, J., Panabokke, N., le Kavanagh, D. (2004). Litšoantšo tsa takatso: Mefuta e hlokolosi ea ho lakatsa. memori 12, 447-461. doi: 10.1080 / 09658210444000061

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Naqvi, NH, le Bechara, A. (2010). Tlatsetso le ho lemalla lithethefatsi: pono e khahlisang ea menyaka, khothatso le ho etsa liqeto. Sebopeho sa Brain. Funct. 214, 435–450. doi: 10.1007/s00429-010-0268-7

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Naqvi, NH, Rudrauf, D., Damasio, H., le Bechara, A. (2007). Tšenyo ea hau ea kelello e kenella ho ho lemalla ho tsuba koae. Science 315, 531-534. doi: 10.1126 / science.1135926

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Nigg, JT (2005). Khopolo ea Neuropsychologic le liphumano ho tlhokomelo-deficit / hyperacaction disorder: boemo ba ts'imo le liphephetso tse ikhethang bakeng sa lilemo tse leshome tse tlang. Biol. Psychiatry 57, 1424-1435. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2004.11.011

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Noel, X., Brevers, D., le Bechara, A. (2013). Mokhoa oa methapo ea kutloisiso oa kutloisiso ea methapo ea kutlo. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 23, 632-638. Doi: 10.1016 / j.conb.2013.01.018

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Oho, S., le Syn, SY (2015). Maikemisetso a ho arolelana tlhahisoleseling le tšehetso ea sechaba mecheng ea litaba tsa sechaba: tlhahlobo e bapisoang ea Facebook, Twitter, Delicious, YouTube, le Flickr. J. Assoc. Inf. Saense Technol. 66, 2045-2060. Doi: 10.1002 / asi.23320

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Okie, S. (2006). ADHD ho batho ba baholo. New England J. Med. 354, 2637-2641. Doi: 10.1056 / NEJMp068113

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Pedhazur, EJ, le Pedhazur Schmelkin, L. (1991). Tekanyo, Moralo le Tlhatlhobo - Mokhoa o Kopaneng. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Google Setsebi

Moevangeli, KJ, Rucker, DD, le Hayes, AF (2007). Ho sebetsana le li-hypotheses tse fetoletsoeng tse potolohileng: mohopolo, mekhoa, le litlhahiso. Sebetsa ka bongata Behav. Res. 42, 185-227. doi: 10.1080 / 00273170701341316

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

RAC (2011). Tlaleho ea RAC mabapi le motoring 2011. Walsall: RAC. E fumaneha inthaneteng ho: http://www.rac.co.uk/advice/reports-on-motoring/rac-report-on-motoring-2011

Ramos-Quiroga, JA, Palomar, G., Corominas, M., Ferrer, R., Catalan, R., Real, A., et al. (2013). Likarabo tsa khatello ea maikutlo ho batho ba baholo ba nang le bothata ba ho ameha ka tlhoko-hloko ea khatello ea kelello le khatello ea kelello (ADHD): phapang ea bong. EUR. Neuropsychopharmacol. 23, S589–S590. doi: 10.1016/S0924-977X(13)70939-8

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Randazzo, WT, Dockray, S., le Susman, EJ (2008). Karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo ho bacha ba nang le matšoao a mofuta oa ADHD. Hum Psychology Hum Hum. Dev. 39, 27–38. doi: 10.1007/s10578-007-0068-3

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Raylu, N., le Oei, TPS (2004). Sekhahla sa papali ea papali ea chelete: ntšetso-pele, netefatso ea netefatso, le thepa ea psychometric. Psychol. Ho lemalla. Behav. 18, 100–105. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.18.2.100

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Reynolds, WM (1982). Tlhahiso ea mefuta e khutšoanyane e ka tšeptjoang le e nepahetseng ea Marlowe-Crowne sepheo sa boiketlo ba sechaba. J. Clin. Psychol. 38, 119-125.

Richman, G., Tshepo, T., le Mihalas, S. (2010). "Tekanyetso le kalafo ea ho ithaopa ho Bacha ba nang le ADHD," Boikhopolo Bohle le Litšebelisano, ed. Mary H. Guindon (New York, NY: Tsela), 111-123.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Mokhatlo le Setšoantšo sa Adolescent. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Google Setsebi

Ryan, T., le Xenos, S. (2011). Ke mang ea sebelisang Facebook? Patlisiso mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa Big Five, lihlong, narcissism, bolutu, le ts'ebeliso ea Facebook. Comput. Hum. Behav. 27, 1658-1664. Doi: 10.1016 / j.chb.2011.02.004

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Scheres, A., Milham, MP, Knutson, B., le Castellanos, FX (2007). Ventral striatal hyporesponsiveness nakong ea tebello ea moputso ho tlhokomelo-deficit / hyperactivity mess. Biol. Psychiatry 61, 720-724. doi: 10.1016 / j.biopsych.2006.04.042

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Sheldon, KM, Abad, N., le Hinsch, C. (2011). Maikutlo a mekhahlelo e 'meli ea ts'ebeliso ea facebook le tlhoko-e amanang le tlhoko-khotsofalo: litheko tsa khokahanyo li sebelisa,' me khokahano ea e putsa. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 100, 766-775. Doi: 10.1037 / a0022407

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Silva, N., Szobot, CM, Shih, MC, Hoexter, MQ, Anselmi, CE, Pechansky, F., et al. (2014). Ho batla motheo oa neurobiological bakeng sa khopolo ea ho iphekola ho ADHD comorbid e nang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi an Ka vivo ho ithuta ka baeti ba dopamine ba sebelisang Tc-99m-TRODAT-1 SPECT. Clin. Nucl. Moedi 39, E129–E134. doi: 10.1097/RLU.0b013e31829f9119

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Simone, V., Czobor, P., Balint, S., Meszaros, A., le Bitter, I. (2009). Bokapele le ho ikamahanya le mathata a khatello ea kelello ea batho ba baholo: tlhahlobo ea meta. Br. J. Psychiatry 194, 204-211. Doi: 10.1192 / bjp.bp.107.048827

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Sousa, NO, Grevet, EH, Salgado, CAI, Silva, KL, Victor, MM, Karam, RG, et al. (2011). Ho tsuba le ADHD: tlhahlobo ea litlhare le boits'oaro bo itlhommeng pele ka sebopeho sa boitšoaro ba sebopeho le litšobotsi tsa botho. J. Psychiatr. Res. 45, 829-834. doi: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2010.10.012

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Statham, DJ, Connor, JP, Kavanagh, DJ, Feeney, GFX, Monyane, RMD, Mots'eanong, J., et al. (2011). Ho lekants'oa takatso ea joala: nts'etsopele ea lipotso tsa boithuto ba joala tse amanang le joala. lemalla ntho e 106, 1230-1238. doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2011.03442.x

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Sundin, O., Lisspers, J., Hofman-Bang, C., Nygren, A., Ryden, L., le Ohman, A. (2003). Ho bapisa ts'ebetso ea mokhoa oa bophelo oa multifactorial le taolo ea khatello ea maikutlo ho fokotsa likotsi tsa coronary. Int. J. Behav. Moedi 10, 191–204. doi: 10.1207/S15327558IJBM1003_01

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Tabachnick, BG, le Fidell, LS (2012). Ho sebelisa lipalo tsa Multivariate. Boston, MA: Allyn le Bacon.

Google Setsebi

Ho RomellaThumbBands.com. (2015). Lipalo-palo tsa ho ngola melaetsa le ho khanna [Online]. Colado Springs, CO. E fumaneha inthaneteng ho: http://www.textinganddrivingsafety.com/texting-and-driving-stats (E fihletsoe Auguest 2, 2015).

Turel, O. (2015). Tlhahlobo e matlafatsang ea "potoloho e mpe" ea ho lemalla Facebook. J. Comput. Inf. Syst. 55, 83-91.

Google Setsebi

Turel, O., He, Q., Xue, G., Xiao, L., le Bechara, A. (2014). Tlhahlobo ea litsamaiso tsa "neural" tse tsamaisang ts'ebetso ea Facebook. Psychol. Rep. 115, 675–695. doi: 10.2466/18.PR0.115c31z8

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Verdejo-Garcia, A., le Bechara, A. (2009). Polelo e ikhethang ea ho lemalla. Neuropharmacology 56, 48-62. Doi: 10.1016 / j.neuropharm.2008.07.035

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Verplanken, B., le Orbell, S. (2003). Menahano mabapi le boitšoaro ba nako e fetileng J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 33, 1313–1330. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.x

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Wender, PH, Wolf, LE, le Wasserstein, J. (2001). Batho ba baholo ba nang le ADHD - Kakaretso. Boikhethelo ba ba baholo. Qhekello. 931, 1-16.

Li-PubMed Abstract | Google Setsebi

WHO (2003). Lethathamo la Matšoao la Adult ADHD Scale-V1.1 (ASRS-V1.1). (Boston, MA: Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, Univesithi ea Harvard).

Willis, C., le Naidoo, K. (2014). Phapang ea bong ho adhd ea batho ba baholo - sampole ea sechaba. EUR. Psychiki 29:EPA-1584. doi: 10.1016/S0924-9338(14)78740-1

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Winstanley, CA, Eagle, DM, le Robbins, TW (2006). Mefuta ea boitšoaro bo amanang le ADHD: phetolelo lipakeng tsa lithuto tsa kliniki le tsa preclinical. Clin. Psychol. Tšen. 26, 379-395. Doi: 10.1016 / j.cpr.2006.01.001

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Wolpe, J. (1950). Phokotso, tlhoko-phokotso, le matlafatso: pono ea methapo. Psychol. Tšen. 57, 19-26. Doi: 10.1037 / h0055810

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Wright, CI, Martis, B., McMullin, K., Shin, LM, le Rauch, SL (2003). Likarabo tsa Amygdala le likarabo tse bofitlha ho lifahleho tsa batho tse tenehileng phobia e nyane e ikhethang. Biol. Psychiatry 54, 1067–1076. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00548-1

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Yen, JY, Ko, CH, Yen, CF, Wu, HY, le Yang, MJ (2007). Matšoao a kelello a kelello a bokhoba ba tahi ea inthanete: khaello ea tlhokomelo le khatello ea kelello (ADHD), khatello ea maikutlo, phobia ea sechaba, le lehloeo. J. Adolesc. Bophelo bo botle 41, 93-98. Doi: 10.1016 / j.jadohealth.2007.02.002

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Yoo, HJ, Cho, SC, Ha, JY, Yune, SK, Kim, SJ, Hwang, J., et al. (2004). Ela hloko matšoao a haelloang ke bokhoba ba taolo le bokhoba ba marang-rang. Kliniki ea Psychiatry. Neurosci. 58, 487-494. doi: 10.1111 / j.1440-1819.2004.01290.x

Li-PubMed Abstract | Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

Zametkin, AJ, le Liotta, W. (1998). The neurobiology ea tlhokomelo-deficit / hyperacaction disorder. J. Clin. Psychiki 59, 17-23.

Li-PubMed Abstract | Google Setsebi

Zywica, J., le Danowski, J. (2008). Lifahleho tsa beng ba facebook: ho batlisisa ntlafatso ea sechaba le matšeliso a puseletso ea sechaba; ho bolela esale pele facebook (tm) le botumo bo sa tsebeng letho ho tsoa sechabeng le ho itšepa, le ho fumana meelelo ea ho tsebahala ka marang-rang a semantic. J. Comput. Puisano e Mahareng. 14, 1-34. doi: 10.1111 / j.1083-6101.2008.01429.x

Text e feletseng ea CrossRef | Google Setsebi

 

Mantsoe a bohlokoa: ts'ebeliso ea facebook, ADHD, mekhoa ea ho lemalla le ho lemalla, litakatso, boitšepo, libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang

Caring: Turel O le Bechara A (2016) Ts'ebeliso ea Marangrang a Sechaba Ha u ntse U khanna: ADHD le likarolo tse bohareng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, ho itšepa le ho lakatsa. Ka pele. Psychol. 7: 455. Doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2016.00455

E amohetse: 05 February 2016; E amohetsoe: 14 Hlakubele 2016;
E hatisitsoe: 30 March 2016.

E hlophisitsoeng ke:

Matthias Brand, Univesithi Duisburg-Essen, Jeremane

Hlahloba by:

Bert Theodor Te Wildt, Sepetlele sa RuL-Univesithi ea Ruhr-University Bochum, Jeremane
Ursula Oberst, Univesithi ea Ramon Llull, Spain

Copyright © 2016 Turel le Bechara. Ena ke sengoloa se bulehileng se fihletsoeng ka tlase ho License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons (CC BY). Ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa liforomo tse ling ho lumelloa, hafeela bangoli ba pele kapa ba le lengolo la tumello ba tlotlisoa le hore sengoliloeng sa pele sa makasine ena se boleloa, ho latela mokhoa o amohelehang oa thuto. Ha ho sebelisoe, ho abeloa kapa ho hlahisa ho lumelloa ho sa lumellaneng le melao ena.

Ngollano: Ofir Turel, [imeile e sirelelitsoe]