Liphetoho tsa moralo sebakeng sa prefrontal cortex li kopanya kamano pakeng tsa bothata ba ho bapala ho Internet le ho tepella maikutlong (2017)

Lipuo tsa Scientific 7Nomoro ea sengoloa: 1245 (2017)

tse pedi:10.1038/s41598-017-01275-5

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-01275-5

inahaneloang

Ts'ebeliso ea papali ea Adaptive e na le litlamorao tse ntle, athe ho tepella maikutlo ho tlalehiloe ho atile bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD). Leha ho le joalo, li-amanang tsa neural tse tsamaisang kamano pakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo le papali ea marang-rang li lula li sa tsebahale. Ntle le moo, boemo ba neuroanatomical ba striatum ho IGD ha bo hlake hantle leha e le karolo ea bona ea bohlokoa bokhobeng. Re fumane botenya ba litaba tse tlase (GM) ka hara leqele leqeleng la dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) sehlopheng sa IGD ho feta sehlopheng sa taolo ea libapali tsa inthanete (IGC) le sehlopha sa taolo ea lipapali (NGC), 'me boteng ba GM bo ne bo amana le nako ea bophelo ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa inthanete, maikutlo a sithabetsang, ho lakatsa, le ho qhekella ho basebelisi ba lipapali. Tlhahlobo ea li-volumetric tsa Striatal li fumane phokotso ea bohlokoa ho li-nucleus tse bokellaneng tse nepahetseng (NAcc) sehlopheng sa IGD le kamano ea eona le tšebeliso ea nako eohle ea lipapali le khatello ea maikutlo. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetoho tse sebopeho sa boko tse amehang tsamaisong ea moputso li amana le litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro tse amanang le IGD. Ntle le moo, DLPFC, e amehang taolong ea kelello, e ile ea bonoa e sebetsa e le mokena-lipakeng kopanong lipakeng tsa papali e telele le maikutlo a sithabetsang. Ho fumana sena ho ka fana ka leseli mabapi le leano la ho kenella la ho phekola IGD ka khatello ea maikutlo ea comorbid

 

Selelekela 

 

Ho bapala lipapali tsa Inthanete haufinyane tjena e se e le ntho e tsebahalang1. Ha ts'ebeliso e ts'oanang ea papali ea marang-rang e ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea sebaka2,3,4,5 le mesebetsi e le boithabiso, ho pepesetsoa nako e telele le tahlehelo ea taolo papaling ea inthanete ho hlahisa maikutlo, ho lemoha le boitšoaro6,7,8,9,10,11. Ts'ebeliso e qobelloang le e sa laoloeng ea lipapali tsa marang-rang e fetohile bothata bo hlahang bophelong ba kelello lefatšeng ka bophara; ka hona, bothateng ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) bo sa tsoa hlahisoa Karolong ea 3 ea khatiso ea bohlano ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis shida (DSM-5) ho 201312.

 

Boithuto ba nakong e fetileng bo bontšitse hore IGD e arolelana mekhoa e ts'oanang ea ts'ebetso ea ho lemalla joalo ka lits'ebetso tse sa tloaelehang tsa marang-rang a marang-rang a amanang le ts'ebetso ea moputso le taolo ea kelello.13,14,15,16. Ka sebopeho, ntho e putsoa (GM) bophahamo le botenya ba cortical libakeng tse ka pele ho kenyelletsa le dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) le striatum li ne li amana le nako ea ho lemalla, nako ea papali, bofokoli ba kelello le ho teba ha IGD17,18,19. Ka ts'ebetso, ho nka karolo e sa tloaelehang marangrang a marang-rang a amanang le likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho amahantsoe le ho senyeha ka thibelo.20,21,22, taolo ea tšusumetso23, ho teba ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete24, le ts'ebetso e sebetsang le e hlokolosi25. Ho feta moo, ts'ebetso e fetotsoeng libakeng tsa pele26, 27 le striatum28 ka lebaka la mekhoa ea papali e tlalehiloe sehlopheng sa IGD. Liphumano tsena li ipapisitse le liphetho tsa liphuputso mabapi le papali ea papali ea chelete ea ho becha le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi29, 30, e ts'ehetsang pono e hlahang ea hore IGD e nkuoa e le mofuta oa bokhoba ba boitšoaro.

Sehlopha se seholo sa lingoliloeng se tlalehile mokhatlo o matla oa IGD, kapa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete, ka khatello ea maikutlo ka ho khetheha6, 11, 24, 31,32,33,34. Liphumano tsena li thehiloe haholo lithutong tsa boithuto, 'me li-amanang tsa neural tsa mokhatlo ona o matla li ntse li sa lemohuoe ka botlalo. Le ha batho ka bomong ba nang le bokuli ba kelello bo fetileng kapa ba hona joale ba sa kenyelletsoe thutong ea neuroimaging, boemo bo phahameng ba khatello ea maikutlo bo ne bo ntse bo bonoa sehlopheng sa IGD lithutong tse ling20, 28, 35,36,37,38,39, tse ka hlahisang likotsi tse mpe. Haeba khatello ea maikutlo ea comorbid e bonahatsa tšobotsi ea kelello ea IGD, teko ea ho hlahloba methapo ea methapo e amanang le kamano pakeng tsa IGD le maikutlo a sithabetsang e ne e ka atolosa mokhoa oa phekolo ka kutlwisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea IGD, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ke Tam40.

Striatum e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa moputsong le tšebetsong e susumetsang, le tlhekefetso ea eona e kenelletse mafu a neuropsychiatric a kang ho lemalla le khatello ea maikutlo41, 42. Leha e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho lemalla, litšoaneleho tsa neuroanatomical ha li na lipatlisiso tse fokolang lipatlisisong tsa IGD ntle le lithuto tse peli tse entsoeng ke sehlopha sa bafuputsi19, 20. Lithuto tsena li tlaleha ho eketseha ha palo ea "caudate nucleus" le "nucleus accumbens" (NAcc) e neng e hokahane le taolo ea kelello le ho teba ha litheko. Hobane lithuto tsa lithuto tsena e ne e le bacha le batho ba baholo ba bile ba kenyeletsa basali, re lekile ho ithuta ba batona ho 20 s le 30 s ho kenyelletsa basebelisi bao e seng ba papali thutong ea hajoale.

Re ile ra etsa thuto ea hajoale sampole e nang le basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete, ra aroloa ka lihlopha tsa IGD le IGC (taolo ea lipapali tsa inthanete) le basebelisi bao e seng ba lipapali. Lithuto tse fetileng li bapisitse IGD le IGC feela (ke hore, ba neng ba bapala empa ba sa lemelloe ke lihlopha tsa libapali tsa inthanete). Ka hona, ho eketsa lithuto tse sa nkeng karolo lipapaling tsa inthanete, ho kenyelletsoa le lipapali tsa mobile, thutong ea hona joale ho ka fana ka leseli le tebileng mabapi le liphetoho tsa butle-butle bokong tse etsahalang hammoho le nts'etsopele ea IGD. Re sebelisitse mokhoa oa voxel-based morphometry (VBM) ho fumana liphetoho tsa neuroanatomical ka tsela e sa ts'oaroang bokong bohle ba software le FreeSurfer ho lekanya bophahamo ba striatum. Ntle le moo, re fumane hore na likarolo tse fetotsoeng tsa boko li amanang le litšobotsi tse amanang le IGD le hore na liphetoho li amme kamano lipakeng tsa papali ea nako e telele ea inthanete le khatello ea maikutlo ho basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete.

 

 

 

Results

 

 

Mehlala ea Mehlala

Lethathamo 1 e akaretsa litšobotsi tsa lithuto. Lihlopha tsena tse tharo li ne li sa fapana haholo ka lilemo le li-quotient tsa bohlale (IQ). E le lithuto tse sehlopheng sa bao eseng ba lipapali (NGC) tse sa bapalang lipapali tsa inthanete, ho ne ho se na lintho tse fapaneng tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa inthanete. Sehlopha sa IGD se bontšitse lintlha tse phahameng tsa IGD ho feta sehlopha sa IGC. Sehlopha sa IGD se sebelisitse nako e ngata haholo ho bapala lipapali tsa Inthanete beke le beke ho feta sehlopha sa IGC, empa ts'ebeliso ea lipapali ka nako eohle e ne e sa fapana lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena ka bobeli, e bonts'ang mokhoa oa bohlokoa (P = 0.055). Tumellanong le lithuto tse fetileng, sehlopha sa IGD se bonts'itse khatello ea maikutlo e phahameng ho feta sehlopha sa IGC leha sampole ea rona e ne e sa kenye batho ba nang le comorbidity. Takatso ea papali le ho se sebetse ho sa sebetseng ho ne ho phahame haholo sehlopheng sa IGD ho feta sehlopha sa IGC.

 

 

Tafole 1: Litšobotsi tsa mohlala.
  

Tafole e boholo bo felletseng

 

 

Liphetho tsa MRI

 

 

Papiso e bohlale ea Voxel ea litšoantšo tsa T1 e bonts'itse phapang ea letso la GM mokokotlong oa dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) har'a lihlopha tse tharo [tlhoro ea Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) e hokahanyang: −38, 24, 31; F2, 66 = 23.54]. Liteko tse latelang tsa post hoc t li senotse hore sehlopha sa IGD se bonts'itse letsoalo le tlase la GM ho DLPFC ea leqele ho feta lihlopha tsa IGC le NGC, ha lihlopha tsa IGC le NGC li ne li sa fapana ka bongata ba GM tikolohong ena (Fig. 1). Sehlopha sa IGC se bonts'itse letsoalo le phahameng la GM sehlopheng se koahelang 'mala oa sepakapaka le bohareng ho feta sehlopha sa NGC [seretse sa MNI se hokahanang: −9, −33, −12; T1, 66 = 3.61] (sa feiga. 1). Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho se na sebaka se bonts'ang phokotso ea letsoalo la GM sehlopheng sa IGC ha se bapisoa le sa sehlopha sa NGC. Ho netefatsa hore maemo a khatello ea maikutlo e ne e se lebaka le ferekanyang phapusing ea methapo ea GM lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa basebelisi ba lipapali tsa marang-rang (mohlala, lihlopha tsa IGD le IGC), re pheta tlhahlobo ka ho kenya lintlha tsa subscale ea pherekano ea lethathamo la matšoao la X SymbUM-90- E ntlafalitsoe (SCL-90-R) e le cisariate ea nuisance. Ho fumanoa ha morusu oa GM o theohileng oa DLPFC e sehlopheng sa IGD ha ho bapisoa le ha sehlopha sa IGC se ne se ntse se bonoa.

 

 

Setšoantšo sa 1
  

Setšoantšo sa 1

Papiso e bohlale ea Voxel har'a bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD), taolo ea lipapali tsa inthanete (IGC), le lihlopha tse se nang lipapali (NGC). Sekhahla sa maemo a bohlooho a emisitsoeng se ile sa balelloa pono. Tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea covariance (ANCOVA) e fumane phapano ho (a) dortolateral pre mapemaal cortex (DLPFC) kahara lihlopha tse tharo, 'me liteko tsa morao-rao tsa hoc li senotse phokotso e kholo sehlopheng sa IGD ha e bapisoa le ea lihlopheng tsa IGC le tsa NGC. Sehlopha sa IGC se bonts'itse letsoalo le phahameng la GM ka sekoaelong sa lihlopha (b) le parahippocampal gyrus le (c) bohareng ho feta sehlopha sa NGC. Liphetho li fetotsoe bakeng sa lilemo le li-quotient tsa bohlale (IQ). *E haellang ho P <0.05.

Setšoantšo se felletseng

 

 

Lethathamo 2 le Setšoantšo 2 emela lipalo tsa litheko tse fumanehang ho FreeSurfer. Palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea "intracranial" (eTIV) e ne e fapane hara lihlopha tse tharo (P = 0.013) empa eseng lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa basebelisi ba lipapali tsa Inthanete (P = 0.430). Le ha boholo ba li-nucleus tsa li-caudate le li-putamen li ne li sa fapana haholo har'a lihlopha tse tharo (Tafole 2; nunate ea caudate ea leqele, P = 0.795; putamen e letšehali P = 0.126; khubu e nepahetseng ea caudate, P = 0.987; putamen e nepahetseng, P = 0.833), Setšoantšo 2 e bontša phapano e arohaneng lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa libapali tsa inthanete le sehlopha sa NGC ka ho hlahisa liphetho tsa papiso ea litekanyetso tsa maemo a ts'oanang a striatal. Lihlopha tsa libapali tsa inthanete li bonts'itse litekanyetso tse mpe ho palo ea li-dorsal striatum tse kopaneng, tse nang le "caudate nucleus" le putamen, ha li bapisoa le sehlopha sa NGC se bonts'itseng litekanyetso tse ntle. Re fumane hore boholo ba NAcc e nepahetseng, ho ikamahanya le lilemo le eTIV, e ne e fapane haholo hara lihlopha tsena tse tharo, mme phapano ena e ntse e pholoha khalemelo e matla ho feta papiso e ngata. Tlhahlobo ea post hoc e senotse hore phapang ena ea volumetric e tsamaisoa ke bophahamo bo nyane sehlopheng sa IGD ho feta sehlopheng sa IGC.

 

 

Lethathamo la 2: Meqolo ea striatum.
  

Tafole e boholo bo felletseng

 

 

Setšoantšo sa 2
  

Setšoantšo sa 2

Ho bapisoa le litekanyetso tse emeng tsa "striatal volumes" har'a lipapali tsa papali ea inthanete (IGD), taolo ea lipapali tsa inthanete (IGC), le lihlopha tse se nang lipapali (NGC). (a,b) Leha boholo ba likarolo tse peli tsa lefats'e la caudate le putamen li ne li sa fapana haholo hara lihlopha tse tharo, (b) bophahamo ba li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) bo ne bo fapane, bo neng bo tsamaisoa ke palo e nyane sehlopheng sa IGD ho feta sehlopheng sa IGC, se ikamahanya le lilemo le palo e lekantsoeng ea intracranial (eTIV). Setšoantšong sa boko, 'mala o mong le o mong o emela sebaka sa bokong (mosehla: nate ea caudate, e putsoa: putamen, e khubelu: nucleus accumbens). Mebala ea li-graph graph e bontša tse latelang: tse ntšo, sehlopha sa NGC; botala, sehlopha sa IGC; bofubelu, sehlopha sa IGD. Liphello tsa libaka tsa striatal, tse fumanoeng ho FreeSurfer, li manehiloe holim'a setšoantšo sa bokong ba taba. *E haellang ho P <0.05.

Setšoantšo se felletseng

 

 

Kamano lipakeng tsa tekanyo ea sebopeho le litšobotsi tsa IGD

 

 

Litlhahlobo tsa khokahano li entsoe ho kopanya lihlopha tsa IGD le IGC hammoho ho lekola kamano lipakeng tsa litekanyo tsa sebopeho le litšobotsi tse amanang le IGD (Tafole 3). Sekhahla sa GM ho DLPFC e setseng, se fumanoeng tlhahlobisong ea VBM, se ne se amana hampe le ho teba ha IGD, ts'ebeliso ea nako eohle ea lipapali tsa inthanete, khatello ea maikutlo, ho lakatsa, le ho ts'oaroa empa eseng ka nako ea libapali tsa inthanete tsa beke le beke. Leha ho le joalo, bophahamo ba NAcc e nepahetseng, e fumanoeng karolong ea FreeSurfer, e ne e sa amane le tšebeliso ea nako eohle ea papali ea marang-rang le maikutlo a sithabetsang, empa ho tloaelana le ho teba ha IGD, nako ea libapali tsa inthanete ea beke le beke, ho lakatsa, le ho ts'oaroa ha li fihlelle bohlokoa ba lipalo.

 

 

Tafole 3: Kamano e lipakeng tsa litekanyo tsa volumetric le litšobotsi tsa IGD.
  

Tafole e boholo bo felletseng

 

 

Ntle le moo, re entse tlhahlobo ea poelano ho lekola hore na liphetoho tse teng (tšubuhlellano e fapaneng) li ama kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea papali ea nako ea bophelo (ho feto-fetoha hoa maemo) le maikutlo a tepelletseng a maikutlo (phello e fapaneng). Tšebeliso ea nako eohle e bile le tšusumetso e sa tobang boemong ba khatello ea maikutlo ka liphetoho tsa methapo ea GM ho DLPFC, e ileng ea susumetsa bootstrap ka 5,000 iterations e netefalitse bohlokoa ba lipalo (phello e sa tobang: 68.8%, 95% CI: 0.054, 0.389) ( Feie. 3). Leha ho le joalo, phetoho ea molumo ho NAcc e nepahetseng ha ea ka ea ama kamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea nako eohle ea libapali tsa inthanete le maikutlo a sithabetsang ho basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore DLPFC ea setseng, eseng NAcc e nepahetseng, e sebetsa e le mokena-lipakeng kopanong lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea papali ea inthanete le khatello ea maikutlo.

 

 

Setšoantšo sa 3
  

Setšoantšo sa 3

Ts'ebetso ea lipakeng ho lekola likarolo tse ka tlase tsa neural tse susumetsang kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea nako ea lipapali tsa marang-rang le khatello ea maikutlo. Liphetoho tsa sebopeho ho (a) ka letsohong le letšehali dorsolateral preortal cortex (DLPFC), eseng (b) li-nucleus accumbens tse nepahetseng (NAcc), li bontšitse phello e kopanyang pakeng tsa papali ea nako e telele ea inthanete le maikutlo a sithabetsang ho basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete. *Bohlokoa ho P <0.05.

Setšoantšo se felletseng

 

 

Puisano  

Ena ke thuto ea pele, tsebong ea rona, ho bonts'a phapang ea sebopeho sa boko har'a lihlopha tsa IGD, IGC, le NGC. Hape re fumane hore liphetoho tse bonojoang tsa bokong li ne li amana le litšobotsi tsa IGD. Ntle le moo, thuto ea morao-rao e bonts'a phello e kopanyang ea sebopeho sa boko se fetotsoeng kamanong ea lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa inthanete le maikutlo a sithabetsang a basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete.

Liphumano tsa rona li bonts'a hore sehlopha sa IGD se bonts'itsoeng se fokotse letsoalo la GM ho DLPFC e setseng ha se bapisoa le lihlopha tsa IGC le NGC. Lihlopheng tsa libapali tsa inthanete, letsoalo le tlase la GM ho DLPFC le ne le amahanngoa le matšoao a matla a IGD, ho tepella maikutlo ho eketsehileng, nako e telele ea papali bophelong, ho lakatsa papali le ho feta. Tsena li tsamaellana le liphetho tsa liphuputso tse fetileng tsa neuroimaging, tse neng li re ho fokotsa letsoalo la GM le ho se sebetse kahare ho DLPFC ea bobeli sehlopheng sa IGD ha se bapisoa le sehlopha sa IGC se ne se amana le nako ea ho lemalla, nako ea papali le ho lakatsa papali.15,16,17, 43. Ntle le moo, re hlokometse hore botsitso ba GM ho DLPFC e setseng bo ne bo sa fapana pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa IGC le NGC, tseo ka bobeli li neng li sa lemaletse papali ea Inthanete. Ho kenya letsoho ha DLPFC ho IGD ha ho makatse ha ho fanoa ka hore DLPFC e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho taolo e tlase e laolang boitšoaro le temoho (ke ho re, ho rala, ho susumetsa, ho etsa liqeto le taolo ea thibelo).44. Boithuto ba pejana mabapi le sistimi ea moputso e sa sebetseng le ho lemalla li bontša hore DLPFC e na le ts'oaetso ha e arabela litakatso tsa bohloeki le takatso e mpe ea maikutlo, ha e ntse e fana ka maikutlo nakong ea mesebetsi e hlokolosi e hlokang taolo ea thibelo45, 46. Ho hloka toka ha meralo ho DLPFC le hona ho tlalehiloe khafetsa ho bakuli ba thatafalloang ho laola boits'oaro le maikutlo a bona, joalo ka tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi.47, bokuli bo potelletseng48 le ho tepella maikutlong49. Motheong oa liphumano tsena, re ka nahana hore litlolo tsa DLPFC tse fumanoeng sehlopheng sa IGD ha li bapisoa le lihlopha tsa IGC le NGC li ka ikarabella bakeng sa tahlehelo ea taolo ea boits'oaro le taolo e mpe ea ho lakatsa papali le maikutlo a mabe.

Leha sehlopha se seholo sa lithuto tsa neuroimaging hammoho le lithuto tsa lipatlisiso li bonts'itse kamano e matla lipakeng tsa IGD le maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo, liteko tsa ho hokahanya mokhatlo ona le liphetoho bokong tse amanang le IGD ha li sa tlameha ho etsoa ka botlalo. Phuputsong ea hajoale, DLPFC e ile ea bonoa e sebetsa e le mokena-lipakeng oa kopano lipakeng tsa papali e telele bophelong le maikutlo a sithabetsang a tlalehiloeng. Ntle le karolo e boletsoeng pejana ea DLPFC ho IGD, re fana ka maikutlo a ho nka karolo ha tsamaiso ea dopaminergic ea pele ho nako, e ka tšehetsoang ke lithuto tse 'maloa tsa bongaka ka katleho ea bupropion, antidepressant, ho IGD. Mohlala, kalafo ea lupropion e nyenyefatsang ts'ebeliso ea papali le ho lakatsa papali ka ho fokotseha hoa ts'ebetso ea cue-e kenelletseng ho DLPFC ho bakuli ba IGD27, leha bokgoni ba ho tepella maikutlo bo sa lumellane ho IGD ka khatello ea maikutlo ea comorbid50, 51. Ka lebaka la hore bupropion e etsa hore dopamine neurotransication e be teng ka pele ho cortex le NAcc52 le ts'ebeliso ea eona e sebetsang ho tse ling tse itšetlehileng ka khatello ea maikutlo ea comorbid kapa khatello ea khatello ea kelello53, 54, ho ka kenngoa ts'ebetsong hore tsamaiso ea dopaminergic ea pele e ka laola likarolo tse mpe hammoho le taolo ea ho susumetsa le takatso ea papali ea inthanete.

Dopamine e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ts'ebetsong ea tlhahisoleseling ea semmuso, joalo ka litšoantšo tsa papali55. Matšoao a Neurotransmitter pakeng tsa li-neuron tse joalo ka dopamine a susumetsa ts'ebetso le morphology ea potoloho ea neuronal. Ka ts'ebetso, ho pepesetsoa khafetsa ho susumetsoa ke maikutlo ho amang tsela ea dopaminergic mme ho fokotsa maikutlo a tlhaho, ho fella ka ho se sebetse hantle hoa moputso.56, 57. Ho pepesetsoa khafetsa ho boetse ho fetola morphology ea synaptic le sebopeho likarolong tsa dendritic libakeng tsa boko tse kenyellelitsoeng taolong ea inhibitory (ke hore, preortalal cortex) le tšusumetso ea khothalletso (ke hore, NAcc)58, 59. Ho ka etsahala, ka hona, hore papali ea nako e telele le e phehellang bophelong e ka fetola ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic mme ea hlahisa liphetoho tsa moropel 'meleng oa sele kapa likarolo tsa dendritic tse lebisang phokotsong ea DLPFC, e hlahisitsoeng ke taolo e mpe ea maikutlo a sithabetsang ho basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete .

Ho fumana hona hoa phetoho ea DLPFC e kaholimo ho ka hlakisa litlamorao tsa kalafo ho IGD e nang le khatello ea maikutlo ea comorbid. Taba ea ho tsebisoa ha morao ea DLPFC ho IGD ha e so rarolloe ho tla fihlela joale. Liphuputso tse 'maloa tse sebetsang li tlalehiloe ka ts'ebetso ea DLPFC e ka letsohong le letona kapa le letona mabapi le lipapali tsa lipapali27, 60,61,62, le Li et al a.63 e bone kamano e ntle lipakeng tsa bophahamo ba GM ho DLPFC e nepahetseng le sekala sa ho lemalla Inthanete le taolo ea thibelo ea kelello ho batho ba baholo ba phetseng hantle. Liphetho tsena tse sa lumellaneng li ka hlahisoa ke mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhahlobo e hlahlojoang thutong ka 'ngoe. Leha ho le joalo, ho kenya letsoho ha lehlakoreng le letšehali DLPFC, e shebahalang e amana haufi le maikutlo a sithabetsang ho IGD thutong ea hona joale, e ka nkuoa e le sebopeho sa biomarker bakeng sa IGD ka khatello ea maikutlo ea comorbid e ipapisitseng le bopaki ba tleliniki ho tsoa phetohelong ea transcranial ea matla a khoheli (rTMS) ) holim'a DLPFC. Mokhoa oa ho hlasimolla oa DLPFC o tsamaisa tlhahiso ea dopamine libakeng tsa boko ba tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo64, 65. Bopaki bo felletseng bo fana ka maikutlo a hore DLPFC ea leqeleng e sebetsana le leseli la maikutlo a matle ho batho ba phetseng hantle, e le hore tšusumetso ho eona bathong ba tepelletseng maikutlo e tsejoa ho matlafatsa karabelo ho susumetso e ntle ka ho kenya thabo ea cortical lehlakoreng le letšehali66,67,68, athe DLPFC e nepahetseng e sebetsana le leseli la maikutlo a mabe ebile e nka karolo ho fetoleng khopolo ea maikutlo e susumetsang maikutlo66, 69. Tumellanong le liphumano tsena, re ka nahana hore batho ba khetholloang papaling ea nako e telele ea inthanete ba ka sitoa ho araba maikutlo a monate ka mokhoa o nepahetseng joalo ka batho ba phetseng hantle ba nang le phetoho ea sebopeho se ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la DLPFC, mohlomong ba bile le khatello e phahameng ea khatello ea maikutlo ea maikutlo ho IGD. Kahoo, DLPFC ea leqeleng e ka nkuoa e le mohoebi ea nang le monyetla oa matšoao a sithabetsang a boneng ho IGD.

Re hlokometse likarolo tse nyane tsa "bilorsal dorsal striatum", e nang le motsoako oa caudate le putamen, ho basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete ha ba bapisoa le sehlopha sa NGC. Le ha lipalo tse felletseng li ne li sa fapana haholo, papiso e lekantsoeng ea litekanyetso tse lekantsoeng e bonts'itse phetoho e fapaneng ea li-dorsal striatum lihlopheng tsa lipapali tsa inthanete ha li bapisoa le sehlopha sa NGC. Tlatsong ea lithethefatsi, dorsal striatum e fumana lipehelo tse tsoang ho DLPFC tse amanang le taolo ea thibelo le liqeto, ka hona e sitisitse dopaminergic ho boloka ts'ebetso ea dorsal striatum e tsoang DLPFC e kentse letsoho ho hlohlolong ea taolo ea ho lakatsa takatso e matla ea boits'oaro46, 70, 71. Mochine ona o ka fana ka mabaka a hlalosang phetoho ea likhatiso tsa dorsal striatal ho basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete ha ho bapisoa le basebelisi bao eseng ba lipapali. Lipapatso tsa nako e telele tsa inthanete tse nang le sepheo se matla le se thabisang li ka ama bokhoni ba ho itaola bo hlophisitsoeng ke potoloho ea DLPFC, e hlahisang kotsi ea ho sitisoa ha merero ea dopaminergic ho dorsal striatum, butle-butle e lebisang takatsong e eketsehang ea papali le tahlehelo ea taolo hodima boits'oaro ba ho batla papali bo tla ntlafatsa tloaelo ea tšebeliso ea papali. Leha ho le joalo, monahano ona o lokela ho etsoa ka mokhoa o hlokolosi hobane mohlala oa bokhoba o thehiloe tlatsong ea lithethefatsi, 'me ha hoa lekana ho ikarabella ka phapang e nyane lipalo tsa dorsal striatal lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa IGD le IGC. Kahoo, bopaki bo mabapi le IGD bo hloka ho bokelloa haholoanyane.

Ho fapana le likhahla tsa dorsal striatal, sehlopha sa IGD se bonts'itse phokotso ea lipalo-palo e nepahetseng ea NAcc, ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa IGC, empa eseng le sehlopha sa NGC. Keketseho e bakoang ke lithethefatsi ea ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka har'a ventral striatum, moo NAcc e leng teng, e amahanngoa le liphihlelo tse monate joalo ka monyaka empa e ba le pherekano tsoelo-peleng ea bokhoba ba lithethefatsi.71, 72. Boithuto bo sebetsang bo senotse hore litlolo tse lemaletseng ts'ebetso ea cue-activation e ntlafalitsoeng ho senotlolo sa "nucleus" le kamano ea eona le ho lakatsa73, 74. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, bakuli ba IGD hape ba bonts'itse ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea NAcc mabapi le litšoantšo tsa lipapali mme e fokolisitse khokahano e sebetsang ho midbrain, e neng e amana le ho lakatsa papali36, 60. Ho na le phuputso e 'ngoe e bonts'itseng hore ts'ebetso e eketsang ts'ebetso ea cue ho putamen e ne e amana le bonyata bo nyane ho NAcc e nepahetseng28. Liphumano tsena tsa hyperactivation ea NAcc ha li araba mekhoa e amanang le papali le kamano ea eona le takatso ea papali li bonts'a karolo ea bohlokoa ea NAcc taolong ea ts'usumetso le matlafatso.

Leha ho le joalo, boemo ba neuroanatomical ba striatum ho IGD ha bo hlake hantle leha ho na le karolo ea bohlokoa ea papatso ea bokhoba, ntle le lithuto tse peli tse bonts'itseng palo ea NAcc e nepahetseng lithutong tsa IGD ha e bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle.19, 20. Liphetho tsena tse hanyetsanang li kanna tsa nkuoa mehlaleng e fapaneng ea mohlala. Ha lithuto tsa bona e ne e le bacha le batho ba baholo lilemong (ba lilemo tsa 16-22) mme ba ne ba kenyeletsa basali, re ithutile banna ba lilemong tsa bona tsa 20 s le 30 s.

Re hlokometse phokotso e kholo ho NAcc e nepahetseng sehlopheng sa IGD, empa NAcc ha ea ka ea lumellana le litakatso joaloka lithutong tse boletsoeng tse boletsoeng. Sebakeng seo, NAcc e ne e amana hantle le tšebeliso ea nako ea bophelo le lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Ho khahlisang, ho bile le lipatlisiso tse 'maloa tse bonts'ang hore palo e fokotsehileng ea NAcc e ne e amahanngoa le palo e phahameng ea khatello ea maikutlo ho basebelisi ba heroin75 le ho tsuba koae76. Volkow et al a.55 o khothalelitse hore ho se sebetse hantle ha dopaminergic dysfunction e kanna ea se lekane ho ikarabella bakeng sa boits'oaro bo amanang le bokhoba ba litheko tse kang ho lakatsa le ho qhekelloa hobane mekhoa e meng e kenyang taolo ea kelello le taolo ea maikutlo e kanna ea kenya letsoho litsing tse khahlisang tsa moputso tse susumetsang litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro. Tlhahiso ena e kanna ea ntlafatsoa ke ho fumana hore palo e fokotsehileng ea DLPFC e amana le mekhoa ea boits'oaro e joalo ka ho lakatsa, ho hloka matla le khatello ea maikutlo.

Re boetse re hlokometse liphetoho tse eketsehang tsa volumetric ho "parahippocampal gyrus," midbrain le NAcc sehlopheng sa IGC ha se bapisoa le sa sehlopha sa NGC. Tlhaloso e le 'ngoe e ka bang teng bakeng sa liphetoho tse eketsehang ho ma-midbrain le NAcc sehlopheng sa IGC e kanna ea ba kamano e potiloeng pakeng tsa maemo a dopamine le ts'ebetso ea kelello le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi77. Mohlala, lipapali tsa video le koetliso ea kelello li amahanngoa le ts'ebetso ea dopaminergic e ntlafalitsoeng libakeng tsa pele le tsa litoro.78, 79, mme basebelisi ba koae ba boikhathollo, ba sa lemalle koae, ba ne ba eketsehile palo ea NAcc ha e bapisoa le taolo e neng e tsamaisana hantle le ts'ebeliso ea beke le beke80. Tekanyo e ntseng e eketseha ea taba ea bo-parahippocampal grey e ka hlalosoa ka mokhoa o nang le sepheo sa hore lipapatso tse phetseng hantle li amahanngoa le liphetoho libakeng tsa boko tse kenyelletsang ho tsamaisong ea sepakapaka, joalo ka parahippocampal gyrus2,3,4,5. Leha ho sa khonehe ho hokahanya liphetoho tsena tsa sebopeho le bokhoni ba kelello kapa boiphihlelo bo monate ka lebaka la khaello ea lintho tse amanang tse amanang le tlhahlobo, ho ka fokotsoa hore kholo ea GM libakeng tse amanang le papali e ka bonts'a polokeho ea polasetiki e ncha. ea tšebeliso ea papali ea papali ea mali.

Boithuto ba hona joale bo na le meeli e 'maloa. Taba ea mantlha, liphetho tsa rona tse amanang le likarolo li lokela ho fetoleloa ka hloko. Ha re tsebe ho tseba hore na liphetoho tsa volumetric li bakiloe ke papali ea chelete ea inthanete hobane litšobotsi tsa boko e ka ba mokhoa oa ho bapala papali ea inthanete. Kahoo, thuto e telele e ka thusa ho hlakisa nts'etsopele ea IGD le likhokahano tsa Causal lipakeng tsa liphetoho tsa volumetric, lipapali tsa inthanete tse thatafatsang, le litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro. Taba ea bobeli, tekanyo e tšoanang ea khatello ea maikutlo e ne e sa fuoe sehlopha sa NGC. Leha ho le joalo, sepheo sa tekanyo ea khatello ea maikutlo eo re e sebelisitseng thutong ea hona joale e ne e fapane hara lihlopha: re lekile ho hlahloba motheo oa neural o susumetsang kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa inthanete le khatello ea maikutlo ho lihlopha tsa IGD le IGC, le sehlopha sa NGC, se kenyeletsang basebelisi bao eseng ba lipapali, ba ne ba se na lintho tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa inthanete. Ka tekanyo e fapaneng, re ile ra tiisa hore ha ho motho sehlopheng sa NGC ea tlalehiloeng a tepelletseng maikutlo.

Qetellong, thuto ea hona joale e bonts'itse hore liphetoho tse teng maemong a boko tse amehang taolong ea kelello le ts'ebetsong ea moputso li amana le litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro tse amanang le IGD. Ntle le moo, litlamorao tse eketsehang tsa lipalo libakeng tse ling tsa boko tse bonoang ho basebelisi ba lipapali ba bang li ka fana ka leseli mabapi le litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea papali ea inthanete bokong bakeng sa thuto ea nako e tlang. Haholo, DLPFC ea leqeleng e bonahala e sebetsa e le mokena-lipakeng kamanong e lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea nako e telele ea papali ea inthanete le khatello ea maikutlo. Ho fumana hona ho ka ntlafatsa mokhoa oa phekolo le kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea IGD.

 

 

mekhoa  

barupeluoa ba

Basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete ba ile ba hapuoa ho tsoa ho batho ba 5,004 ba ileng ba nka karolo lipatlisisong tsa inthanete mabapi le tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa inthanete. Phuputsong e fumanehang marang-rang, batho ba 2,935 ba arabile ka thahasello ea ho nka karolo lipatlisisong tsa mahlale a maqhubu a (resonance imaging imaging (MRI)), mme ho khethiloe banna feela hobane IGD e atile haholo ho banna ho feta basali. Ho batho bana, ba batona ba leng lihlopheng tsa bona tsa 20 le 30 s ba neng ba bapala haholo League of Legends (LOL), FIFA, kapa ka tšohanyetso Attack ba ile ba khethoa hobane tsena e ne e le lipapali tse tharo tse holimo tse ileng tsa bapaloa ke ba arabileng tlhahlobong. Re arotse basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete ka lihlopha tse peli, bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD, n = 27) le taolo ea lipapali tsa inthanete (IGC, n = 29) lihlopha, motheong oa lipuisano tse tsamaisoang ke lingaka le litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea IGD ho DSM-5 ka likhaolo tse khaotsoeng tsa 5 kapa ho feta. Basebelisi bao e seng lipapali ba ile ba hiroa joalo ka taolo n = 26) sehlopha ka lipapatso khamphaseng ea koleche. Ka hona, banna ba 82 ba ile ba hiroa bakeng sa thuto ea MRI. Re hlahlobile batho bohle ba tlalehileng nalane ea hajoale kapa e fetileng ea mathata a maholo a bongaka, methapo ea kutlo, kapa mafu a kelello, ho lemala hloohong, kapa ho kentsoe lintho tsa tšepe tse ka thibelang skena sa MRI. Lithuto tsohle li ile tsa fuoa Puisano ea Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Puisano ke ngaka ho lekola mathata a kelello: lithuto tse tharo sehlopheng sa IGD le lithuto tse peli sehlopheng sa IGC ha li kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong. Lithuto tse peli sehlopheng sa NGC li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko hobane IQ ea tsona e ne e le ka tlase ho 85, e hakantsoeng ke sebopeho se khuts'oane sa Korea Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale81. Lithuto tsohle e ne e le liithuti tse phahameng sekolong se phahameng. Ba fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e anngoeng e lumelletsoe ke Institutional Review Board ea Sepetlele sa Seoul St. Mary Korea Boroa, ka moo lipatlisiso tsohle tsa liteko li amohetsoeng. Mekhoa ena e ne e etsoa ho latela tataiso le melaoana e amoheloang.

Mehato ea Boitšoaro

Botebo ba IGD

Botebo ba IGD bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa sekala se ipolelang sa IGD ho fuputsa lintho tsa 9 tse hlalositsoeng ho DSM-5: ho nahana ka botebo, ho mamella, ho tlohela, ho phehella, ho pholoha, mathata, thetso, ho falla, le likhohlano.12. Sekala sa IGD se bontša ho nepahala ho amanang le bohloeki le ho tšepahala82.

Boikutlo bo tepeletseng maikutlo

Boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo ho basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa subscale ea khatello ea maikutlo ea SCL-90-R, leha ho ne ho se na motho ea nkang karolo le comorbidity. Liphuputso tse fetileng li tlalehile kamano pakeng tsa maikutlo a sithabetseng le IGD, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe karolong ea Selelekela. Ka hona, re lekile ho hlahloba likarolo tse ka tlase tsa mokhatlo ona. SCL-90-R e na le libaka tsa matšoao a kelello tsa 10 mme e kenyelletsa subscale ea ntho ea 13 bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo83. Ho tšepahala le ho nepahala ha mofuta oa Korea oa SCL-90-R li thehiloe hantle84. Re netefalitse hore ha ho motho sehlopheng sa NGC ea tlalehang a sithabetse maikutlo ke Beck Depression Inventory85.

Boitšoaro ba lipapali tsa inthanete

Re tsamaisitse lethathamo la lipotso tse nang le lipotso tse latelang: “Ke lipapali life tseo u li bapalang ka ho fetisisa? ”; "U nkile karolo e kae papaling ea marang-rang nakong ea beke le mafelo-beke ka kakaretso selemong se fetileng?"; "U qalile ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete hokae, 'me u se u qetile lihora tse kae u e bapala khafetsa?". Motheong oa tlhaiso-leseling ena, lihora tse sebelisitsoeng ho bapala lipapali ka beke bakeng sa selemo se le seng sa ho qeta le ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa marang-rang li ile tsa thathamisoa. Ho feta moo, takatso ea papali e fumanoe ho sebelisoa 10-point visual analog wadogo (1: ho hang ho 10: e feteletseng).

Ho se tsitsisehe

Impulsivity e ile ea hlahlojoa ke Dickman Dysfunctional Impulsivity Inventory (DDII)86. Dickman Impulsivity Inventory (DII) e lekola ho se sebetse hantle le ts'ebetso e iketsitseng ea ho itlhahisa, mme re sebelisitse subscale ea ho se sebetse hantle, tloaelo ea ho etsa lintho ntle le ho nahana pele, e baka mathata. Li-coefficients tsa kahare tsa li-subscales tse peli mohlaleng oa baithuti ba koleche e ne e le 0.74 le 0.85, ka ho latellana. Bokhoni ba ho khetholla pakeng tsa ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea ho se sebetse hantle bo ile ba tiisoa kahara domain name ea boits'oaro ea phetolelo ea Korea ea DII87.

Ho Fumana MRI

Lintlha tsa MRI li fumanoe ho sebelisoa scan ninemete ea 3 Tesla Motorola MAGNETOM Verio (Motorola, Erlangen, Jeremane) ka mochini oa li-encoding (SENSE) oa hlooho ea 8-Channel sensitivity encoding (SENSE factor = 2). Lihlooho tsa lihlooho tsa lihlooho li ne li koahetsoe ka masela a tlamileng. Litšoantšo tse phahameng tsa T1 tse nang le boima bo boholo ba 'mele-li hlophisitse li-gradient echo (MPRAGE) li ile tsa bokelloa ka liparamente tse latelang: litekanyetso tsa TR = 2,300 msec, TE = 2.22 msec, 176 limilimithara, botenya ba sephara = 1 mm, flip angle = 9 °, voxel boholo = 1 × 1 × 1 mm, setšoantšo matrix = 256 × 256, FOV = 256 mm2, le ho hlahlojoa nako = 5 min 21 sec.

Tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo

Vphodel-based morphometry (VBM)

Ts'ebetso ea Preprocessing le VBM li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa lebokose la lisebelisoa la VBM8 (http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/vbm.html) ho Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 (SPM8, Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, London, UK) e kenelletse ho Matlab R2011b (Mathworks, Sherborn, MA, USA). Likarolo tsohle tsa litšoantšo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ke mohlahlobisisi (JC) bakeng sa liemahale le ho sisinyeha ha hlooho. Taba ea pele, tšimoloho ea setšoantšo ka seng sa T1, e ne e behiloe ho anterior commissure (AC) mme e hokahantsoe hammoho le mohala oa "anterior-posterior commissure line" (AC-PC line). Litšoantšo li ne li arotsoe ka mekhahlelo ea lisele tse kang grey ndaba (GM), taba e tšoeu (WM), le flubrospinal fluid (CSF), tse neng li ngolisitsoe ho limmapa tsa monyetla oa sebaka sa Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI). Likarolo tse amehang tsa ngoliso ea lithuto tsohle li ile tsa sebelisoa ho theha mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa ngoliso ea lifeomorphic anatomical ka template ea exponentiated lie algebra (DARTEL) bakeng sa thuto ea hona joale. Ebe karolo ea GM ea setšoantšo se seng le se seng sa T1 e ile ea hokahanngoa le template ena ebe e fetoloa bakeng sa likarolo tse se nang mohala ho boloka melao ea nnete ea GM ka ho sebelisa tokiso bakeng sa boholo ba boko ba motho. Litšoantšo tsa DARTEL-warped, standardised, non-linear-modified feela li ile tsa ntlafatsoa ka kernel e bolelele bo bolelele ba 8 mm. Pele ho tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo, litšoantšo tse betliloeng tse ileng tsa hlaha li ile tsa hlahlojoa bakeng sa homogeneity li sebelisa covariance ea sampole ho fumana ea kantle ho naha. Lithuto tse peli ka bobeli lihlopheng tsa IGC le IGD li ne li sa kenyelletsoe tlhahlobisong e ngoe.

Karolo e kholo ea striatum

Karolo e ikemetseng le ho ngolla striatum e entsoe ho sebelisoa software ea FreeSurfer (mofuta oa 5.1.0., http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu), e sebelisang mokhoa oo ho ngolisoang lebitso la neuroanatomical ho voxel e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ka setšoantšo sa MRI ka ho hakanya kabo ea monyetla bakeng sa litlelase tsa lisele ho tsoa thutong e ngotsoeng e ngotsoeng. Lintlha tsa tekheniki li hlalositsoe hantle kae kae88. Boholo ba libaka tsa striatal, li-caudate nucleus, putamen, le NAcc, le eTIV li fumanoe tlhaisong ea lipalo-palo. Taba e le 'ngoe sehlopheng sa NGC e ne e sa qhaloa tlhahlobisong ea volSetfer ea FreeSurfer ka lebaka la liphoso tse bonoeng nakong ea ts'ebetso.

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Lipapiso tsa sehlopha tsa lipalo tsa batho le tsa tlhahlobo ea bongaka li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea phapang (ANOVA) le tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea litekanyetso tsa demographic le tsa bongaka tse sebelisang IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 20.0 (IBM SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). Tse peli-tail P <0.05 e ne e nkuoa e le ea bohlokoa lipalo-palo.

Papiso e felletseng ea bohlale ba voxel ea bohlale ba GM e entsoe ka ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo ea covariance (ANCOVA) ka lilemo le IQ e le li-covariates tsa nuisance ho SPM8 (PFDR e lokisitsoe <0.05). Kamora moo, liteko tse latelang tsa post hoc t li ile tsa etsoa ho hlahloba phapang ea sehlopha se nang le monyako o sa nepahalang oa P <0.001 e nang le monyako oa boholo ba sehlopha PFWE <0.05 bakeng sa papiso e mengata le khalemelo e boreleli e sa reroang89. Tlhahlobo ea volumetry ea FreeSurfer ea striatum e entsoe ka ho sebelisa li-ANCOVA tse ngata tse nang le lilemo le eTIV e le li-covariates. Khalemelo ea Bonferroni e sebelisitsoe bakeng sa lipapiso tse ngata (P <0.0083; 0.05 / 6).

Ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa litekanyo tsa sebopeho se bonts'ang phapang ea sehlopha le litšobotsi tsa ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa inthanete, re kopantse lihlopha tse peli tsa basebelisi ba lipapali tsa inthanete (mohlala, lihlopha tsa IGD le IGC) mme ra etsa tlhahlobo ea khokahano ea Pearson ho li-standard tse fapaneng. Ntle le moo, re lekotse hore na litekanyo tsa sebopeho (mokena-lipakeng) li amme kamano lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa marang-rang (phapang e feto-fetohang) le boemo ba maikutlo bo fetohileng (ka ho feto-fetoha ha sepheo) ka ho etsa tlhahlobo ea poelano. Litlhatlhobo tsena tsa amanang le ho ikopanya li entsoe ho SPSS boemong ba bohlokoa ba 5%.

 

 

Tlhahisoleseling e 'Ngoe  

Sengoloa sa Mohatisi: Boemo ba Motsoako bo lula bo sa jele paate mabapi le litlaleho tsa molao ka limepi tse hatisitsoeng le mekhatlo ea lihlopha.

 

 

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Khoasolla litšupiso

 

 

  

Liteboho

Patlisiso ena e tšehelitsoe ke Lenaneo la Patlisiso ea Saense ea Brain ka Setsi sa Naha sa Lipatlisiso sa Korea (NRF) se tšehelitsoeng ke Lefapha la Saense, ICT le Moralo oa Bokamoso (NRF-2014M3C7A1062893).

 

 

  

Boitsebiso ba Mongoli

Lintlha tsa sengoli

  1. Ji-Won Chun le Dai-Jin Kim ba kentse letsoho ka mokhoa o tšoanang mosebetsing ona.

Litšebelisano

1.Lebenkele la Psychiatry, Sepetlele sa Seoul St. Mary, Univesithi ea K'hatholike ea Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

  • Jihye Choi
  • , Hyun Cho
  • , Jin-Young Kim
  • , Dong Jin Jung
  • , Ji-Won Chun
  •  & Dai-Jin Kim

2.Lebenkele la Radiology, Sepetlele sa Seoul St. Mary, Univesithi ea K'hatholike ea Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

  • Kook Jin Ahn

3.Lebenkele la Digital Media, Univesithi ea K'hatholike ea Korea, Bucheon, Korea

  • Hang-Bong Kang

4.Lebenkeleng la Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea

  • Jung-Seok Choi

Menehelo

D.-JK le J.-WC ba ne ba ikarabella molemong oa thuto le moralo. JC, J.-WC, J.-YK, HC, le D.-JK ba kentse letsoho ho fumana datha tsa boitshwaro le ho nahana. HC le DJJ ba ile ba etsa liteko tsa bongaka. JC e entse tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo le lipalo. JC o ngotse mongolo o ngotsoeng mme a lokisa lipalo. J.-WC o thusitse ha ho tolokoa se fumanoeng 'me a kenya letsoho mosebetsing oa ho ngola o ngotsoeng. JC, J.-WC, KJA, HBK, J.-SC le D.-JK ba fane ka ntlafatso e matla ea buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho bakeng sa litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa mahlale. Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho bukeng e ngotsoeng ka letsoho 'me ba amohetse mongolo oa ho qetela.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng

Bangoli ba bolela hore ha ba na litlhōlisano.