Ho ts'oaroa lipapaling: mekhoa ea k'homphieutha le papali ea lipapali tsa papali ho bacha ba bonngoeng tleliniking ea mafu a kelello (2011)

J O ka Etsa hore Adad Adccc Psychors. 2011 May;20(2):86-94.

Baer S1, Bogusz E, DA e Tala.

inahaneloang

MORERO:

Tšebeliso ea seteishene sa lik'homphieutha le lipapali tsa lipapali e se e metse ka metso moetlong oa bocha ba rona. Batsoali ba bana ba nang le mafu a kelello ba tlaleha matšoenyeho mabapi le tšebeliso e feteletseng, empa lipatlisiso sebakeng sena li na le meeli. Morero oa thuto ena ke ho lekola tšebeliso ea seteishene sa likhomphutha / lipapali ho bacha lilemong tsa tleliniking ea mafu a kelello le ho hlahloba kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso le ts'enyehelo ea ts'ebetso.

METHODO:

Bacha ba 102, lilemo tsa 11-17, tse tsoang lingakeng tsa mafu a kelello tse nkang karolo li nkile karolo. Palo ea ts'ebeliso ea setsi sa khomphutha / papali ea lipapali, mofuta oa ts'ebeliso (papali ea lipapali kapa e seng papali), le ho ba teng ha likarolo tsa tlatsetso li netefalitsoe hammoho le ho senyeha hoa maikutlo / ts'ebetso. Mokhoa o kopanyang mohala oa melaetsa o ne o sebelisetsoa ho lekola khokahano lipakeng tsa mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso le ho senyeha.

LIKOTSO:

Nako ea skrini e ne e le 6.7 ± 4.2 hrs / letsatsi. Ho ba teng ha likarolo tsa semolao ho ne ho tsamaisana hantle le ho senyeha ha maikutlo / ts'ebetso. Nako e sebelisitsoeng ho ts'ebeliso ea setsi sa khomphutha / papali ea lipapali e ne e sa kopantsoe kakaretso le ho senyeha kamora ho laola likarolo tse lemalloang, empa nako eo e seng ea papali e ne e tsamaisana hantle le boitšoaro bo kotsi ho bashanyana.

CONCLUSIONS:

Bacha ba nang le mathata a kelello ba qeta nako ea bona ea boikhathollo ka har'a seteishene sa khomphutha / papali ea lipapali le karolo e kholo ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e amanang le ho senyeha. Patlisiso e tsoelang pele ea ho theha mehato le ho lekola kotsi e ea hlokahala ho tseba phello ea bothata bona.

LINKOTSO:

bocha; tlhekefetso ea k'homphieutha; tlhekefetso ea marang-rang; lipapali tsa Fitio

Selelekela

Lilemong tse fetileng tsa 20, ts'ebeliso ea seteishene sa likhomphutha le lipapali tsa lipapali bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi ba bana le bacha li eketsehile haholo (Network Awareness Network, 2005; Smith, et al., 2009). Mefuta e mecha ea puisano ea sechaba ho kenyelletsa ho romellana melaetsa hanghang le ho sebelisana le marang-rang e se e le likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa bophelo ba bacha ba bangata. Papali ea elektroniki e phatlohile ka bongata 'me ho bana ba bang e fetohile ntho ea bona ea mantlha ea boithabiso (Olson, et al., 2007). Joalo ka ha ts'ebeliso ea setsi sa likhomphutha / tsa lipapali e le ntho e ncha, kutloisiso ea rona mabapi le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ho nts'etsopele ea ngoana ka kakaretso hammoho le ts'ebetso ea sechaba le thuto e lekantsoe. Boithuto bona ke bohato ba pele ba ho hlahloba ts'ebeliso ea seteishene sa likhomphutha le lipapali ho bana ba nang le mafu a kelello, sechaba se tlokotsing se seng se sa tsejoe.

Hangata bana le bacha ba supa likarolo tse ntle tsa ts'ebeliso ho kenyeletsa le ho hlasimolla sechaba le ho ba le tsebo (Campbell, et al., 2006) mme ho na le lipatlisiso tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore video e ka bapaloa ka video e ka haha ​​bokhoni ba ho shebella le ho bona pono (Green & Bavelier, 2003). Leha ho le joalo, ho hlahisitsoe likhathatso mabapi le litlamorao tsa tšebeliso mosebetsing oa sekolo le nts'etsopele ea sechaba, haholo moo maemo a phahameng a tšebeliso e kenelletseng ho kenelletseng ho arolelanoeng ka kotloloho le sechaba, lipapali, papali ea kelello, 'mino, le mefuta e meng ea mesebetsi ea kantle ea ho haha ​​tsebo (extracurricular) (Allison, et al., 2006; Jordane, 2006).

Ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea lits'ebetso tsa setsi sa likhomphutha / tsa lipapali se lebisitse litlhahisong hore sena se nkuoe e le mofuta oa bokhoba ba boitšoaro (Monyane, 1998b). Ho hlahisitsoe mekhoa e fapaneng ea bokhoba ba ts'ebeliso e mpe ho kenyelletsa le tse ipapisitseng le mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso, papali ea chelete ea methapo le ts'ebeliso ea litheko (Beard, 2005; Byun, et al., 2009; Shapira, et al., 2003; Monyane, 1998b). Bokhoba ba marang-rang ha bo kenyelelitsoe ho DSM-IV-TR, (APA, 2000) empa ba bang ba entse tlhahiso ea hore e kenyeletsoe e le karolo ea DSM-V (Thibela, 2008). Boithuto ba palo ea baithuti ba sekolo se phahameng le ba univesithing bo supile litheko tsa ts'ebeliso e "mathata" kapa e "tlohang" ho tloha ho 2.4% -20% (Cao & Su, 2006; Grusser, et al., 2005; Ha, et al., 2006; Ka tšeho, et al., 2008; Niemz, et al., 2005), leha ho bapisoa ho le lipapiso ho le thata kaha ha ho na mokhoa o hlalositsoeng oa ho lemalla inthanete (Byun, et al., 2009; Weinstein le Lejoyeux, 2010).

Polelo ea polelo tikolohong ena ea fetoha. Ho sebelisoa mantsoe a fapaneng ho kenyelletsa "temoso ea inthanete" (Byun, et al., 2009), "Ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang"Ceyhan, 2008), "Tšebeliso e thata ea inthanete" (van Rooij, et al., 2010) le "cyberaddiction" (Vaugeois, 2006). Boholo ba lithuto bo shebana le tšebeliso ea marang-rang feela (Byun, et al., 2009), athe ba bang ba shebella ho bapala videogaming (ebang ke ho- kapa ha ho la-line) (Moditjhaba, 2009; Rehbein, et al., 2010; Tejeiro Salguero le Bersabe Moran, 2002). Tsepamiso ena e ikhethileng mesebetsing e le 'ngoe ea elektroniki kapa e' ngoe ha e lumellane le boitšoaro ba bacha ba bangata, bao ka boiphihlelo ba rona, ba etsang lintho tse fapaneng tse amanang le marang-rang le tse ling ka nako e le 'ngoe. Thutong ena, re sebelisa poleloana "ketso ea" khomphutha / papali ea lipapali "ho kenyelletsa mesebetsi eohle ea boithabiso (e seng sekolo kapa mosebetsi o amanang) le likhomphutha le liteishene tsa lipapali (ho kenyeletsoa lisebelisoa tsa papali tse tšoaroang ka letsoho). Re hlalosa "nako ea skrini" ho kenyelletsa nako e sebelisoang ho komporo / seteishene sa lipapali, hammoho le nako e sebelisoang ho shebella thelevisheneng. Poleloana “ho sebelisa matla a mangata” e tla sebelisoa ha ketsahalo e bolela nako e ngata, empa eseng lintlha tse tlatsetsang. Re sebelisa lentsoe “bokhoba” ho bua ka lithuto moo ho nang le moo ho amehang likarolo tsa boleng ba lithethefatsi, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo.

Likamano pakeng tsa tšebeliso e boima le ho ba teng hoa matšoao a kelello joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ADHD, le matšoenyeho a sechaba maemong a kakaretso a palo ea batho a fumanehile (Cao & Su, 2006; Chan le Rabinowitz, 2006; Jang, et al., 2008; Kim, et al., 2006; Ko, et al., 2008; Niemz, et al., 2005; Rehbein, et al., 2010; Weinstein le Lejoyeux, 2010; Weinstein, 2010; Yang, et al., 2005; Yoo, et al., 2004). Boithuto bo bong bo shebile likarolo tsa kelello tsa basebelisi ba marang-rang ba boima mme ba fumane liphetho tse fapaneng haholo ba fana ka maikutlo a hore basebelisi ba boima ba na le litheko tse phahameng tsa matšoao a kelello ho kenyeletsa matšoenyeho a sechaba le matšoao a maikutlo (Cao, et al., 2007; Chak & Leung, 2004; Bona, et al., 2005; Shapira, et al., 2000; Yen, et al., 2008), hammoho le bofokoli ba kelello (Letsatsi, et al., 2009; Letsatsi, et al., 2008).

Litokellano tsena pakeng tsa tšebeliso e boima le matšoao a kelello li lumellana le litlaleho tsa ancdotal tse tsoang ho baoki le batsoali ba amehang le bana le bacha ba nang le mathata a bophelo ba kelello. Ha ho ngoloa hoa ts'ebeliso ea setsi sa khomphutha / papali ea papali ea chelete e le "lemalla" ho ntse ho phehisana khang lefapheng la lipatlisiso (Shaffer, et al., 2000), ts'ebetsong ea bongaka batsoali ba bangata ba tlaleha lipelaelo tse kholo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea "ho lemalla" ho bana ba bona, le litsi tsa kalafo bakeng sa "ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete" lia eketseha (Ahn, 2007; Khaleej Times Online, 2009). Ha ho hlake hore na tšebeliso e kholo ea tšebeliso ea setsi sa lik'homphieutha / tsa lipapali e kenya letsoho mathateng a maikutlo, hore na ts'ebeliso e hlahisoa ke mathata (mohlala, ho itšehla thajana), kapa ho kopanya lintho ka bobeli. Hajoale, ho na le tlhaiso-leseling e fokolang mabapi le tšebeliso ea setsi sa khomphutha / papali ea lipapali ho bacha ba nang le mafu a kelello.

Boithuto bona ke ba pele ba ho sheba ka kotloloho ts'ebeliso ea seteishene sa khomphutha / papali ea lipapali ho bacha ba leng sehlopheng sa mafu a kelello. Morero e ne e le ho bona hore na bacha ba nang le mathata a kelello ba qeta nako e kae ka pel'a "likhalase" (thelevishene, likhomphutha, le liteishene tsa lipapali) le hore na ba arola nako ea bona joang pakeng tsa lipapali tsa boithabiso tsa lipapali tsa likhomphutha le tse sa bapalang (mohlala, Facebook) . Morero o mong hape e ne e le ho bona hore na ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa boholo ba ts'ebeliso ea setsi sa likhomphutha / papali ea lipapali, le boholo ba maikutlo le tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebetso. Kamora nako, leha "ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang" e le bokuli e ntse e le phehisano, re ne re batla ho tseba hore na ho ba teng ha likarolo tsa tšebeliso ea litheko ho latela mehlala e khothalletsoang ea ho lemalla marang-rang ho ka lemohuoa bathong ba rona ba kliniking le hore na ba na le boleng ba ho tseba esale pele hore na mocha o joang. e ne e sebetsa.

Method

barupeluoa ba

Bana le ba malapa a bona ba bonoa litsing tsa kokelo ea mafu a kelello ea mokuli ea tsoang sepetleleng sa Canada le libaka tsa sechaba tsa 2 nakong ea likhoeli tsa 4 ho 2008 ba ile ba atameloa mme ba kopuoa ho nka karolo thutong. E ne e le sehlopha se ikhethileng 'me se kenyelletsa bakuli ba kenang litsing tsa kakaretso tsa mafu a kelello hammoho le litleliniki tse fumanehang hohle' me e ne e le motsoako oa linyeoe tsa bobeli le tse phahameng. Re ne re se na data mabapi le boemo ba boiketlo ba sechaba le barupeluoa. Mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa e ne e le lilemo pakeng tsa 11-17, ho pharalla ha Senyesemane, le bokhoni ba ho bala Senyesemane. Re tsamaisitse lipatlisiso tsa ∼160 tseo 112 e ileng ea phethoa ka tsona ke ngoana le motsoali oa bona. Ha rea ​​siea barupeluoa ba 8 ka lebaka la tumello e sa felletseng le / kapa liforomo tsa motho ea nkang karolo e le 'ngoe kaha moruti a ne a le ka tlase ho lilemo tse arohantsoeng, le motho a le mong ka lebaka la toloko e fosahetseng ea lipotso. Mohlala oa ho qetela ka hona o ne o na le lithuto tsa 102. Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke Boto ea Litloaelo tsa Boithuto ba Univesithi ea Briteni le lithuto tsohle tse saenneng tumello kapa liforomo tsa tumello.

Boemo ba palo ea batho

Tlhahisoleseling ea demographic ho kenyelletsa lilemo, bong, palo ea likhomphutha, le phihlello ea inthanete li ile tsa netefatsoa ka lipotso le motsoali le bana. Likhakanyo tsa bana le tsa motsoali tsa nako e sebelisitsoeng ho lipapali tsa boithabiso tse sa sebeliseng lipapali tsa komporo, le TV ka matsatsi a beke (matsatsi a sekolo) le mafelo-beke (matsatsi ao e seng a sekolo) li fumanoe, li lumelletse keketseho ea karolelano ea letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa ts'ebetso e ngoe le e ngoe. Lenane la lipotso ha le a lekola ho ngola melaetsa, ebile ha le khetholle pakeng tsa papali ea marang-rang kapa e seng molaong. Ho ba teng ha melao, meeli ea nako le sebaka sa tsamaiso ea likhomphutha / lipapali li ile tsa netefatsoa.

Mehato

Ha ho na mehato e teng e shebileng likarolo tse tlatsetsang tsa lits'ebetso tsa khomphutha le lipapali tsa sethala tse loketseng bacha. Mehato e mengata e ntlafalitsoe ho sheba ka kotloloho mesebetsi e thehiloeng marang-rang (Beard, 2005; Beranuy Fargues, et al., 2009; Ko, et al., 2005a; Nichols le Nicki, 2004; Park, 2005; Monyane, 1998a, 1998b) mme tse 'maloa li ntlafalitsoe hore li shebelle feela videogaming (Moditjhaba, 2009; Tejeiro Salguero le Bersabe Moran, 2002). Boholo ba lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang bo etsahetse Asia mme e le e 'ngoe ea mehato e sebelisoang haholo ho ba Chen Internet Addiction Scale (Ko, et al., 2005a), e sa fumaneheng ka Senyesemane. E 'ngoe ea mehato e sebelisoang haholo ea puo ea Senyesemane e shebileng lits'ebetso tsa marang-rang, Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Inthanete (IAT) (Monyane, 1998a, 1998b) e netefalitsoe feela ho batho ba baholo (Chang & Molao, 2008; Widyanto & McMurran, 2004) hape e kenyelletsa lipotso tse ling tse sa hlokeng bana, (mohlala, "U rata marang-rang hakae ho ratana le molekane oa hau?"). Phuputso e le 'ngoe ea netefatso e kenyelletsa bacha ba bang empa ho bolela lilemo tsa sampole li ne li felile 25 (Widyanto & McMurran, 2004). Ha ho na sekala sa puo ea Senyesemane se lekanyang ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete baneng se netefalitsoeng. Ntle le moo, mehato eohle e teng e itšetleha feela ka ho itlaleha mme ha e kenyeletse tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang ho motsoali, ka tsela eo, e behe kotsing ea ho tlaleha mathata.

Scale ea K'homphieutha / Papali ea papali ea lipapali (CGAS)

Ha ho se na tekanyo e loketseng le e netefalitsoeng bakeng sa bana le bacha, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo, re hlahisitse khakanyo ea lipotso e tla hapa tlaleho ea bana le ea motsoali, mekhoa e mengata ea mesebetsi ea khomphutha le seteishene sa lipapali, le ho khetholla bana ba tšoanelehang bakeng sa mekhoa e reriloeng Tlhatlhobo ea Inthanete bakeng sa bacha.Ko, et al., 2005b). Litekanyetso tse ngotsoeng pampiring ea Ko li ne li nkiloe ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tsa tlhahlobo ea bokhachane ho latela tšusumetso ea taolo ea tšusumetso le ts'ebeliso ea litheko ho DSM-IV TR le mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ho tsoa lithutong tse ling 'me e tiisitsoe ka matla mohlaleng oa sechaba sa bacha. Tlaleho ea boits'oaro CGAS ke sekhahla sa 8-ntho Likert sethaleng sa 1-5 e hlahlobang 1) e amehang haholo ka mesebetsi ea setsi sa khomphutha / papali; 2) ho hloleha ho hanela tšusumetso ea ho e sebelisa; 3) mamello (tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea hlokahala ho ikutloa o khotsofetse); 4) ho tlosa (khatello ha e sa sebelise, ho rarolla ka ts'ebeliso); 5) nako e telele ho feta ts'ebeliso e lokisitsoeng; 6) boiteko bo sa atleheng ba ho fokotsa; 7) boiteko bo fetelletseng bo lekiloeng ho leka ho sebelisa; le 8) ts'ebeliso e tsoetseng pele le ha e le tsebo ea eona e bakang mathata. Likarabo tsa lipotso tsa 8 li ile tsa khutsufatsoa ho theha Addiction Score e pakeng tsa 8 (ha ho na lintlha tse tlatsetsang) ho 40 (likarolo tse phahameng tsa bokhoba). Bakeng sa ho nyenyefatsa phello e mpe ea halo ea sekala, lipotso tse mabapi le likarolo tse tlatsetsang li ile tsa kenngoa ka hare ho 16 lipotso tse ling tse shebaneng le maikutlo a bacha ka likarolo tse ntle le tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea setsi sa k'homphieutha / ea lipapali.

Ha boholo ba likarolo tsena tse tlatsetso e le tlatsetso li thehiloe boiphihlelong ba bohlankana ba ts'ebeliso, ha ba botsoa ke batsoali. Sebakeng seo, batsoali ba arabetse lipotso tsa 4 tsa matšoao a lemoso a khothalletsoang bakeng sa ho lemalla, ho kenyelletsa: 1) ngoana o lahlile lithahasello tse ling ho tloha ha a sebelisa setsi sa lik'homphieutha / sethala sa lipapali; 2) ngoana o bonahala a sithabetse ha a sa lumelloe ho e sebelisa; 3) ngoana o bonahala feela a thabile ha a sebelisa; le 4) ngoana o beha boiteko bo bongata ho e sebelisa. Lintlha tsa botsoali tsa matšoao a lemallo a bokhoba li bitsitsoe ho tsoa ho lipotso tse 'ne kahoo lintlha li tsoa 4 - 20.

Litlhahlobo tsa CGAS li kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse bonts'ang le maemo a ka hare. Ho tiisa bonnete ba 'nete ho ile ha hlahlojoa ka ho hokahana le nako e sebelisitsoeng k'homphieutheng / seteisheneng sa lipapali le lipontšo tse akaretsang tsa psychopathology ho sebelisoa lipotso tsa Matla le Boemo bo thata, hammoho le ka ho hokahana le matšoao a lemoso a tlalehiloeng ke motsoali.

Potso ea Matla le Boemo bo Thata (SDQ)

SDQ ke ntho ea 25, e sebelisitsoeng ka bongata tekanyo ea psychopathology ea bana le ea lilemong tsa bocha, e fumanehang ho www.sdqinfo.org. E tsebahala ho feta bana ba 10,000 mme e fetoleloa lipuong tse fetang tsa 50 ka li-psychometric tse ntle haholo (Goodman, 1997, 2001; Goodman, et al., 2000). Re ile ra lekola SDQ (ea SDQ ea ngoana) le SDQ ea motsoali bakeng sa lilemo tsa 11-17, ra sheba lintlha kaofela, le mekoloto e mehlano (mathata a maikutlo, mathata a boitšoaro, khatello ea maikutlo, mathata a lithaka le boitšoaro ba prosocial).

Ts'ebetso ea Weiss Mosebetsi oa Phokotso ea Ts'ebeliso ea Weiss

WFIRS-P ke potso e netefalitsoeng ea batsoali e hlahlobang ho senyeha hoa ts'ebetso ho bana ba nang le mathata a maikutlo, a fumanehang ho www.cddra.ca. E na le lipotso tsa tekanyo ea 50 Likert e lekanyang ho senyeha hoa tšebetso ea ngoana libakeng tsa 6: lelapa, ho ithuta le sekolo, bokhoni ba bophelo, mohopolo oa ngoana, ts'ebetso ea sechaba le ts'ebetso e kotsi, ka lintlha tse phahameng tse bonts'ang maemo a holimo a ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso (Weiss, 2008). WFIRS e na le thepa e ntle ea psychometric e nang le alpha ea Cronbach> 0.9 ka kakaretso, le domain subscale alphas ea Cronbach ho tloha ho 0.75 ho isa ho 0.93, le netefatso ea li-sampuli tsa bana, mafu a kelello le sechaba (Weiss, 2008). Karolo ea litsebo tsa bophelo e kenyelletsa potso ho ts'ebeliso e matla ea komporo le TV e neng e sa kenyelletsoe tlhahlobisong ea lipalo.

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Lipalopalo tse hlalosang li entsoe ka mefuta eohle. Li-regression tse tsamaeang ka methapo e entsoe ka lipalo tse felletseng le tsa subscale tsa WFIRS-P, SDQ ea bana le SDQ ea motsoali, joalo ka mefuta e itšetlehileng ka eona. Mefuta e ikemetseng e kenyelletsa bong, nako ea papali, nako eo e seng ea papali le lintlha tsa papali. Melao ea boleng bo lahlehileng ho SDQ e ile ea sebetsoa joalo ka protocol ea ScQ ea SDQwww.sdqinfo.com). Litlhaku tse lahlehileng tsa WFIRS le lintlha tsa bokhoba li ile tsa sebetsoa ka tsela e ts'oanang. Lihlooho li ile tsa lahloa bakeng sa khatello e itseng haeba li ne li le sieo> lintho tse 2 tse nyane, ntle le tsa "WFIRS" self "tse nang le lintho tse 3 feela ka hona likarabo tsohle li ne li hlokahala. Leano lena le felletse ka ho theola sehlooho se le seng bakeng sa khatello ea ngoana le motsoali ea SDQ, le lithuto tse 1 bakeng sa WFIRS. Bohlokoa ba palo bo hlalositsoe e le p <2. Tlhatlhobo ea lipalo-palo e baliloe ho sebelisoa software ea STATA (mofuta 0.05, Statacorp, 9.1).

Results

Litlhaloso

Boholo ba sampole e ne e le 102, ho kenyelletsa basali ba 41 (40.2%) le banna ba 61 (59.8%). Lilemo li bolela hore 13.7 ± 1.9. Hoo e batlang e le malapa ohle (99.0%) a ne a e-na le khomphutha lapeng mme bongata bo ne bo na le marang-rang (94.1%). Palo ea likhomphutha ka lapeng e ne e le 2.3 ± 1.3. Kota e le 'ngoe (24.5%) ea bana ba ne ba e-na le komporo kamoreng ea bona ea ho robala. Halofo ea malapa (50.0%) e ne e e-na le melao e fokotsang tšebeliso ea seteishene sa likhomphutha / tsa lipapali. Batsoali ba tlalehetse bana ba bona hore ba latela melao 67 (± 31) ea nako eo.

Bana ba tlaleha ho qeta 2.3 (± 2.2) hrs / letsatsi ho libapali, 2.0 (± 2.1) hrs / letsatsi ka mesebetsi e seng ea lipapali tsa komporo, le 2.4 (± 2.0) hrs / letsatsi ba shebelletse thelevishene. Nako ea skrini e tlalehiloeng ke ngoana e ne e le 6.7 ± 4.2 hrs / letsatsi. Bashemane ba ne ba na le menyetla ea lipalo ho feta banana: 2.8 vs.1.4 hrs / letsatsi (p = 0.002). Ho fapana le maikutlo a rona a hore bana ba ke ke ba nyenyefatsa nako, batsoali ba tlaleha ts'ebeliso e tlase ea mecha eohle ea litaba ha e bapisoa le bana ba bona. Liphapang tsena li ne li le bohlokoa ka lipalo bakeng sa nako eo e seng ea papali le nako ea TV e sebelisang tlhahlobo ea t-paired (bolela liphapang = 0.35 ± 0.14 hrs and 0.33 ± 0.15 hrs, t = 2.5 le 2.2, p = 0.02 le 0.03, ka ho latellana), leha e le sieo ea liphapang e ne e le ts'ebeliso e kholo ea bongaka ho bolela. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea regression, likhakanyo tsa bana tsa linako li ne li sebelisoa, joalo ka ha bana ba ne ba ikutloa ba nepile haholoanyane ha ba hlalosa kamoo ba arotseng nako ea bona lipakeng tsa mesebetsi ea lipapali le e seng ea lipapali.

Kabo pakeng tsa mesebetsi e fapaneng ea media e bontšoa ho Lethathamo 1. Leha palo ea nako e sebelisitsoeng mesebetsing e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea litaba e ne e batla e lekana, lipapali li ne li ka nka nako e ngata, ha bana ba bangata ba tlaleha ho qeta 6 hr / letsatsi ho bapalang papali ha ba bapisoa le bao e seng lipapali kapa thelevisheneng.

Tafole 1. 

Ho tsamaisoa ha nako e tloaelehileng ea letsatsi le letsatsi e sebelisoang mesebetsing ea media (tlaleho ea bana). N = 102

Bohlokoa ba boleng ba tlatsetso ea Addiction Score e ne e le 17.2 ± 7.7. Palo ea bokhoba ba tahi ha e ea fapana haholo ka bong, 'me ha ea ka ea itšetleha ka hore na nako e sebelisitsoe haholo ho lipapali kapa tse e seng tsa papali, ke hore, bana bao e neng e le libapali hangata ba ne ba ka hlahisa likarolo tsa ts'ebeliso ho ba tloaetseng ho etsa lintho tse ling, joalo ka liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona.

Melemo ea Psychometric ea CGAS

Phokotso ea kahare e ne e le hantle ka Cronbach α = 0.89. Likarolo tsa mantlha tsa tlhahlobo ea CGAS li ne li lumellana le tharollo e senang maikutlo e thehiloeng litekong tse peli tsa Scree (Cattell, 1978) le tekanyetso ea Kaiser. Ntho e le 'ngoe e hlalositse phapang ea 56% le lipotso tsohle tse 8 tse imetsoeng ka litekanyo tse batlang li lekana (0.66-0.80). Khokahano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa bokhoba ba tahi le nako ea letsatsi le letsatsi e sebelisitsoeng ka har'a komporo e ne e le tekano (r = 0.42, p <0.001) e tsamaellanang le khopolo ea hore nako ea ts'ebeliso le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi lia tlallana, empa e le likarolo tse fapaneng. Likamano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa bokhoba ba tahi le lintlha tsa SDQ le tsona li ne li le maemong a itekanetseng (r = 0.55, p <0.001 le 0.41, p <0.001 bakeng sa SDQ ea Bana le Batsoali, ka ho latellana) hape e lumellanang le bokhoba ba tahi bo tlisoang ke matšoao a akaretsang a psychopathology. Palo ea bokhoba e ne e matahantsoe ka mokhoa o itekanetseng le matšoao a tlhokomeliso ea batsoali ea bokhoba (r = 0.47, p <0.001).

Le ha lithuto tse ngata tse neng li e-na le lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho lemalla e ne e le basebelisi ba matla ba khomphutha / lipapali tsa sethala, sesebelisoa se tlase se ne se se joalo. Setšoantšo sa 1 e bonts'a kamano lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla le nako, moo karolo ea boraro, e mahareng le e tlase ea litekanyetso tsa ho lemalla e bapisoa le basebelisi ba phahameng, ba mahareng le ba tlase. Boholo ba lithuto bo oela ka mekhahlelo e lebelletsoeng (mohlala, tšebeliso e phahameng ea tšebeliso ea matla / tšebeliso e phahameng), leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ngata li oela ka ntle ho mekhahlelo ena. Hoo e batlang e le 30% ea lithuto tse nang le lintlha tse tlase tsa ho lemalla li sebelisa nako e telele ho isa ho e phahameng mme 10% ea lihlooho tse nang le lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho lemalla li sebelisa nako e tlase. Ka hona, leha sekala se na le ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea ka hare, e khona ho khetholla pakeng tsa tšebeliso ea nako le likarolo tsa bokhoba.

Setšoantšo sa 1. 

Nako ea ts'ebeliso ea setsi sa likhomphutha / lipapali (tlase, e bohareng, kapa e phahameng) ha e bapisoa le maemo a fapaneng a papatso

Liphetho tsa khatello

Lenane la SDQ la Baby le etselitsoeng sampole e ne e le 14.6 ± 6.4, e pheletsong ea 82nd ha e bapisoa le tlhaiso-leseling e tloaelehileng (Meltzer, et al., 2000). Li-percentiles tsa "SDQ" tsa bana li ile tsa phahamisoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang 'me tsa tloha ho 77th ho ea ho li-percentiles tsa 85th. Morero oa SDQ oa Parent e ne e le 15.4 ± 6.5, e leng khubung ea 89th ha e bapisoa le lintlha tse tloaelehileng tsa palo ea batho. Li-percentiles tsa subscale ho SDQ ea motsoali le tsona li ile tsa phahamisoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang 'me tsa tloha ho 83rd ho ea ho li-percentiles tsa 92nd. Melao-motheo ena e maemong a bophelo ka bongata kamoo ho neng ho ka lebelloa ho fuoa batho ba tliliniking. Letšoao la WFIRS e ne e le 40.3 ± 24.2, e leng khubung ea 27th ha e bapisoa le palo ea bakuli ba bana ba 200 ba nang le ADHD e sa phekoloang, lilemo tsa 6-11 (Weiss, 2008). Li-percentiles tsa li-subscales li tloha ho 20th ho ea ho 60th percentile ha e bapisoa le sampuli e le 'ngoe ea ADHD.

Kamano lipakeng tsa nako e sebelisitsoeng khomphuteng / setsing sa papali ea lipapali, ho ba teng ha likarolo tsa tšebeliso le ts'ebetso ea maikutlo le boitšoaro ka kakaretso e lekantsoeng ke motsoali SDQ, SDQ ea ngoana, le WFIRS li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa li-regtivions tsa linear tsa multivariate. Nako ea TV e ile ea hlahlojoa ho bona hore na e na le tšusumetso ho liphetho, empa ea fokotsoa kaha e sa ka ea kenya letsoho ho hlahlobisisong efe kapa efe ea li-regree tse tharo. Litlamorao tsa bong mabapi le likamano lipakeng tsa nako, likarolo tse tlatsetsang, le ts'ebetso li ile tsa hlahlojoa.

Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a sephetho sa "melaetsa ea morao-rao ea" multivariate e shebileng hore na lintlha tsa bana tsa SDQ li fapana joang le bong, nako ea papali, nako eo e seng ea papali le lintlha tsa ho lemalla. Ho joalo, lintlha tsa bokhoba ba tahi li hokahane haholo le lintlha tse felletseng tsa SDQ hammoho le lintlha tsohle tse tlase, ke hore, lithuto tse nang le lintlha tse ngata tse phahameng tsa ho lemalla litheko tse phahameng le boitšoaro bo fokolang. Ho fapana le hoo, nako ea papali ha e kopantsoe le subscale efe kapa efe ea SDQ mme ha e le hantle, tieho ea "regression" ea ngoana ka kakaretso e haufi le zero (0.04) e fanang ka maikutlo a hore ha ho na kamano pakeng tsa bobeli. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, nako eo e seng ea papali ha e tsamaellane le lintlha tse felletseng tsa SDQ kapa lintlha tse felletseng, ntle le khokahano e ntle ea mathata a boitšoaro le ho hokahana ho fosahetseng le mathata a lithaka. Ha ho liphapang tse kholo tse fumanoeng pakeng tsa bashanyana le banana ka litlamorao tsa nako ea papali, nako eo e seng ea papali le lintlha tsa ho lemalla litekong tsa bana tsa SDQ.

Tafole 2. 

Li-coefficients tse tloaelehileng tse tšoanang (lintlha tse ngata) bakeng sa likalimo tsa SDQ tsa bana le lintlha tse felletseng.

Lethathamo 3 e bonts'a sephetho sa "melaetsa ea morao-rao ea" multivariate e shebileng hore na lintlha tsa batsoali tsa SDQ li fapana joang le bong, nako ea papali, nako eo e seng ea papali le lintlha tsa ho lemalla. Hape, lintlha tsa ho lemalla li tsamaellana haholo le lintlha tsa motsoali tsa SDQ. Joalo ka SDQ ea ngoana, nako ea papali ha e tsamaisane haholo le subscale efe kapa efe ea motsoali SDQ kapa lintlha kaofela. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, nako eo e seng ea papali ha e kopane haholo le motsoali SDQ ntle le kamano e mpe le mathata a lithaka a tlalehiloeng ke motsoali. Ha ho liphapang tse kholo tse fumanoeng pakeng tsa bashanyana le banana ka litlamorao tsa nako ea papali, nako eo e seng ea papali le lintlha tsa ho lemalla litlalehong tsa SDQ tsa motsoali.

Tafole 3. 

Li-coefficients tse tloaelehileng tse tšoanang (li-t-scores) tsa subscales tsa Motsoali oa SDQ le lintlha kaofela.

Lethathamo 4 e bonts'a sephetho sa "melaetsa ea morao-rao ea" multivariate e shebileng hore na lintlha tsa WFIRS li fapana joang le bong, nako ea papali, nako eo e seng ea papali, le lintlha tsa ho lemalla. E ts'oanang le sephetho sa li-SDQ ka bobeli, lintlha tsa ho lemalla li tsamaellana haholo le lintlha tsohle tsa WFIRS le lintlha tsa subscale (ntle le boitšoaro bo kotsi); ke hore, lithuto tse nang le lintlha tse phahameng tsa bokhoba ba litheko li eketsehile ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ho litereke tse ngata. Nako ea papali, joalo ka mehato ea SDQ ka bobeli, ha e tsamaellane haholo le subscale efe kapa efe ea WFIRS kapa lintlha kaofela. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, nako e seng ea papali, ha e tsamaellane haholo le lintlha tse felletseng tsa WFIRS kapa lintlha tsa subscale (ntle le boitšoaro bo kotsi). Ha ho liphapang tse kholo tse fumanoeng pakeng tsa bashanyana le banana ka litlamorao tsa nako ea papali, nako eo e seng ea papali le lintlha tsa ho lemalla ho WFIRS, ntle le boitšoaro bo kotsi, moo ho hlahlojoa ha bong ho bonts'itseng hore nako ea lipapali ha e lumellane haholo le boitšoaro bo kotsi bakeng sa bashanyana. empa eseng banana (regression coeffnty = 0.46, p = 0.001 le coressionffeite = 0.02, p = 0.93, ka tatellano). Ka hona, khokahano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa boits'oaro bo kotsi le nako eo e seng ea lipapali e bontšitsoeng ho Lethathamo 4 e ikarabella haholo ho bashanyana.

Tafole 4. 

Li-coefficients tse tšoanang tse tloaelehileng (lintlha tse ngata) bakeng sa subscales tsa WFIRS le lintlha kaofela.

Puisano

Bacha mohlaleng oa rona oa kliniki ba qeta lihora tse ngata ka letsatsi ba le ka pel'a li-skrini tse nang le tšebeliso ea 94% nako e fetang ea 2 ea nako e boletsoeng ke American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP, 2001). Nako ea bona ea skrineng (e bolelang = 6.7 hrs / day) e feta habeli e tlalehiloeng lithutong tse peli tse kholo tsa lefu la lilemong tsa bocha tsa Canada ka nako e ts'oanang (Mark le Janssen, 2008; Smith, et al., 2009), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore bacha ba nang le mathata a mafu a kelello ba qeta nako e ngata khomphuteng / setsing sa lipapali ho feta sechaba ka kakaretso.

Phuputso ena e ntlafalitse le ho netefatsa tlaleho ea ngoana le motsoali ho lekanya likarolo tse tlatsetsang ts'ebeliso ea seteishene sa khomphutha le papali ho latela mohlala oa Ko oa ho lemalla inthanete (Ko, et al., 2005b). CGAS e ipakile e le sekala se ts'epahalang sa ho lekola likarolo tse khothalelitsoeng tsa seteishene sa khomphutha / papali ea lipapali se nang le maemo a matle a kahare. Mehlala ea likhokahano le nako e sebelisitsoeng ho komporo, lintlha tsa SDQ, le matšoao a lemoso la botsoali a ho lemalla li tšehelitse bonnete ba eona. Le ha mohopolo oa bokhoba ba komporo ea komporo o ntse o phehisana khang, re sebelisa mohato ona, re khonne ho tseba sethala sa bacha ba nang le mafu a kelello ba bonts'ang likarolo tsa ts'ebeliso ea litlolo.

Sephetho se tsotehang ke kamano e matla lipakeng tsa ho ba teng ha likarolo tsa bokhoba le mathata a tlalehiloeng likarolong tsohle tsa bophelo ba ngoana. Sephetho sena se bohlokoa ebile se bohlokoa lipalo-palo ebile se matlafaletse ho lekana bathong le ho bana ba bana esita le mehato ea psychopathology le ho senyeha hoa tšebetso.

Le ha motho a ka nahana hore nako e sebelisoang k'homphieutheng / setsing sa papali ea chelete le eona e ka tsamaisoa le mathata a ntseng a eketseha, ha ho joalo ka data ya rona hang ha e laoloa bakeng sa likarolo tse lemalloang. Bakeng sa mehato eohle e meraro ea sephetho, nako e sebelisitsoeng kh'omphaning ea k'homphieutha / ea lipapali ha e kopane le mathata (ntle le boitšoaro bo kotsi bo hlalositsoeng ka tlase) mme haholo bakeng sa nako ea papali, li-regefficients tsa regression li haufi le zero (ke hore, phetoho lipapaling. nako e lebisa ho phetoho ea mathata a tlalehiloeng).

Sephetho sena se bolela hore ho na le phapano ea boleng lipakeng tsa bacha ba "tlatsang" nako e ngata ea mahala ka tšebeliso ea seteishene sa khomphutha / papali ea lipapali le bacha bao ts'ebeliso ea bona e tsamaeang haholo ebile e le thata. Taba ena e makatsang e hlalosoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ka Setšoantšo sa 1 moo "lifilimi tsa nako" li bonts'itsoeng ke sehlopha se phahameng sa tšebeliso ea litheko tse phahameng. Motho a ka nahana hore sehlopha se tlase sa ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea bokhoba e ka ba mocha eo batsoali ba hae ba behileng taolo ea kantle ho ts'ebeliso ea bona, mohlala, ntate e mong eo re kopaneng le eena ea nkileng komporo ena letsatsi le leng le le leng ho e boloka e le hole le ngoana oa hae. Leha ho le joalo, boteng ba "bokhoba ba khomphutha" bo ntse bo phehisana khang, phapang ena e hlakileng lipakeng tsa nako le likarolo tsa tlatsetso e bonts'a hore mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso ea litekanyetso e fapane ebile e ntle ka litekanyetso tse sa amaneng le litlatsetso.

Leha nako e sebelisitsoeng khomphuteng / setsing sa lipapali tsa lipapali e ne e se hangata e amanang le mathata, mokhelo e ne e le kopano pakeng tsa nako e sebelisitsoeng mesebetsing ea boithabiso e seng ea papali le boits'oaro bo kotsi (ho WFIRS) le mathata a boits'oaro (ho SDQ). Tlhahlobo ea tekano e bonts'a sena e le sa bohlokoa ho lipalo bakeng sa bashanyana, empa eseng banana ho WFIRS, le bakeng sa sehlopha sohle (bashanyana le banana) ho SDQ. Bobeli SDQ e etsa subscale le WFIRS e kotsing ea ho kenya ts'ebetsong mathata a tšoanang (mohlala, ho bua leshano, ho utsoa le ho ba mabifi ho SDQ; mathata a molao, tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, le boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano ho WFIRS). Ts'ebeliso ea komporo eo e seng ea papali ea papali e kenyelletsa mesebetsi e mengata e fapaneng ho kenyeletsoa lihlopha tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang, hammoho le mesebetsi e meng e nyolohang joalo ka papali ea chelete kapa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Nako e eketsehileng e sebelisoang mesebetsing ena ea riskier e ka baka mokhatlo ona o bonts'itsoeng. Ho bohlokoa ho hopola hore datha ea rona e lumellana feela, 'me ha e khone ho khetholla pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea komporo e lebisang boits'ebetsong bo kotsi, kapa bacha ba nang le mathata a ho tsamaisoa ba huleloa ho feta mesebetsing ena ea likhomphutha.

Phuputso ena e na le litlamorao tse ngata tsa bongaka. Taba ea pele, bacha ba nang le bothata ba mafu a kelello ba qeta lihora tse ngata ka letsatsi ba sebelisa seteisheneng sa k'homphieutha kapa lipapatso, 'me ba botsa ka bongata le mofuta oa tšebeliso e le karolo ea tlhahlobo ea kelello ea kelello. Ha ho tšoenyeha ka tšebeliso e fetelletseng e le teng, batsoali le baoki ba hloka ho khetholla pakeng tsa bana ba seng ba ntse ba tlatsa nako ea bona ea mahala ka tšebeliso ea likhomphutha le bana bao ts'ebeliso ea bona e tsamaeang le mathata. Matšoao a lemoso la botsoali bakeng sa likarolo tse lemalloang tsa tšebeliso (a hlalositsoe kaholimo) a ne a hokahantsoe le litlaleho tsa bacha tsa lintlha tse tlatsetsang mme o lokela ho baka lipatlisiso tse ling. Moelelo o mong hape ke hore batsoali ba tlameha ho beha leihlo seo ngoana oa bona a se etsang k'homphieutheng, kaha mesebetsi e meng e ka tsamaisoa le mathata a eketsehileng. Sena se bohlokoa haholo ha ho fanoa ka liperesente tse ngata tsa bacha ba neng ba e-na le likhomphutha tsa bona ka likamoreng tsa bona tsa boroko, moo tšebeliso ea bona e ngata e sa lokelang.

Boithuto bona bo na le likhaello tse kholo, empa bo qala ho tataisa sebaka se lokelang lipatlisiso tse ngata haholo kaha li na le tšusumetso ho bacha ba rona. Sena se etsa hore bana ba nang le psychopathology ba teng ba se ke ba akaretsoa ka bongata. Ha ho na tlhaiso-leseling e fumanehang thutong ena ka hona ha ho kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea seteishene sa khomphutha / lipapali le mathata a itseng a kelello a ka hlahisoang. Ha ho na data ea moruo oa sechaba le sechaba e neng e fumaneha ka hona ha ho mekhatlo ea baahi e ka etsoang. Boithuto bona bo na le likarolo tse ngata tlhahong mme bo sheba feela likhokahano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea komporo le tšebetso, ka hona ha li khone ho araba lipotso tsa mabaka.

Leha taba ea hore na ho ka khoneha ho "lemalla" k'homphieutha e ntse e le phehisano, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a sehlotšoana sa bana bao ts'ebeliso ea "komporo ea" ea papali ea lipapali e tsamaisoang haholo mme ho le thata ho e laola e bonahala e amana. ka bobeli bo eketsehileng ba psychopathology le ho senyeha ha tšebetso. Boithuto bo tsoelang pele ba ho nts'etsapele mokhoa oa ho lekola tšebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea setsi sa likhomphutha le lipapali ho batjha ba rona bo bohlokoa.

Liteboho / Likhohlano tsa khahleho

Thanks ho Dr. MD Weiss, le Dr. EJ Garland bakeng sa litlatsetso tse thusang. Ke leboha Adrian Lee Chuy bakeng sa tšehetso ea lipatlisiso. Boithuto bona bo tšehelitsoe ke Letlole la Lipatlisiso la Psychiatry la Karolo ea Bophelo ba Bacha le Bacha Sepetleleng sa Bana sa Brithani, hammoho le Lenaneo la Patlisiso la Baithuti la Lehlabula la Yunivesithi ea Brithani. Bangoli ha ba na likamano tsa lichelete tsa ho li senola.

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