Ho hlahloba Tšebeliso ea Boipiletso le Boikutlo ba ho Sebelisa Papali ea Video ea Pathological (2015)

Behav Sci (Basel). 2015 Dec 15;5(4):602-25. doi: 10.3390/bs5040602.

Likarolo CL1, Moditjhaba D2, Tapscott RL3, Lynch PJ4.

LINKA HO ETSA TLHOTSO TSE FELENG

inahaneloang

Lithuto tse tharo li lekotse ho aha ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological mme tsa lekola bonnete ba eona ba ho bolela esale pele. Ha e pheta lipatlisiso tse fetileng, Study 1 e hlahisitse bopaki ba bonnete ba convergent ho li-grade tsa 8th le 9th (N = 607) tse khethiloeng e le libapali tsa mafu. Boithuto ba 2 bo phetile le ho atolosa se fumanoeng ke Study 1 le baithuti ba pele ba koleche (N = 504). Ho nepahala ha ponelopele ho thehiloe Thutong ea 3 ka ho lekanya ho ts'oaroa ha lipapali tsa video ho baithuti ba pele ba koleche (N = 254), joalo ka hore libapali tsa mafu a likolo li ne li le matla maikutlong hape li fana ka litlhahlobo tse phahameng tsa lipapali tsa video ho feta libapali tse seng tsa mafu le tse seng libapali. Lithuto tse tharo li kopane ho bontša hore ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological e bonahala e ts'oana le lithethefatsi tse ling mefuteng ea eona ea likamano le lihahi tse ling. Ho tšohloa likarolo tsa mohopolo le litlhaloso tsa Mathateng a ho Bapala Inthaneteng.

Puisano e akaretsang

Lithutong tsa 1 le 2, re lekile ho bapala lipapali tsa video ka bongata le mehato e fapaneng. Ha ho ntse ho e-na le mekhoa ea boits'oaro ea lithethefatsi tse ling le litloaelo tsa boits'oaro, joalo ka bothata ba botho bo sa tsotelleng, re ile ra bolela esale pele hore papali ea papali ea video e lokela ho bonts'a likamano tse tšoanang le bora.46], boitšoaro bo mabifi [47], boits'oaro bo sa rateheng, le khetho ea pefo lipapaling. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lintlha tsena e ile ea bontšoa. Ha li bapisoa le libapali tse sa sebetsaneng le boloetse, libapali tsa boloetse ba likokoana-hloko li fumane lintlha tse holimo mehatong ea lehloeo, li bile le boits'oaro bo mabifi, hape li na le khetho e matla ea pefo lipapaling tsa video. Khetho e matla ka ho fetesisa ea pefo lipapaling tsa video har'a lipapali tsa papali ea video e ka re ke bopaki ba mamello [48,49]. Ntle le moo, likamano tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa papali ea video ea papali ea kelello le mekhoa e mabifi le e mabifi li bolela ho senyeha ho ka bang teng ha bothata ba botho bo sa amaneng le sechaba bakeng sa ho bapala lipapali tsa video, leha ho sa etsoa liteko tsa bongaka thutong ena.

Bakeng sa sampole ea koleche, liphetho li ne li ts'oana haholo le tsa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha leha e ne e lekantsoe ka tsela e fapaneng le ea Thuto ea 1. Leha ho le joalo, tse ling tsa likamano tsena ha lia ka tsa fihlela moeli oa lipalo sampole ena ea khale. Bapapali ba likokoana-hloko ba fumane lintlha tse phahameng ka mokhoa o fapaneng oa lehloeo la botho, mme ba tlaleha maemo a phahameng a boits'oaro bo mabifi le bohale. Libapali tsa boloetse ba likokoana-hloko le tsona li na le monyetla o fetang oa libapali tse seng tsa mafu ho tlaleha hore li rata pefo e ngata lipapaling tsa video. Tlatsetso ena ea mohopolo e bonts'a bopaki bo botle ba ho tiea ha moaho, empa e fana ka maikutlo a hore litlamorao li kanna tsa fokola hara baithuti ba koleche. Le ha kaho ea papali ea mafu e se e hlahlobiloe ka lihlopha tsa lilemo tse ngata (mohlala, [50,51]), ke lingoliloeng tse fokolang haholo tse hlahisitseng liteko tsa lihlopha tse peli tse arohaneng tlalehong e le 'ngoe (mohlala, [46]). Kahoo, mosebetsi oa hajoale o eketsa litekong tsena tsa pejana ho ts'ehetsa ho akaretsa ha moaho ona lihlopheng tse ngata tsa lilemo.

Palo ea lipapali tsa papali ea video e ne e le tlase Thutong ea 2 ho feta Thutong ea 1 (6% le 12% ea libapali, ka ho latellana). Ho na le mabaka a 'maloa a ho ata ho tlase ho bacha lilemong ho feta ba banyane. Pele, re fetotse lintho tsa rona hore li be thata ka mekhahlelo e mene. Lintho li ne li ngotsoe ho bonahatsa litekanyetso tsa papali ea papali ea chelete ea DSM-IV (hobane lintlha tsena li ne li bokelloa pele DSM-5 e fumaneha), athe ho bacha lilemong lintho li ne li ipapisitse le litekanyetso tsena, empa li ne li ngotsoe hore li utloisisehe ho Liithuti tsa bo8. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lintho tse ling tse peli li ile tsa ngoloa ho bapisa DSM haufi-ufi, ntho e le 'ngoe e ile ea lahloa mme ntlha ea ho hlahloba e ile ea hlahisoa bakeng sa baithuti ba koleche. Taba ea bobeli ke hore likhetho tse fuoeng ba arabelitsoeng li ile tsa etsoa thata ho baithuti ba kolecheng ea thuto ea 2, moo lintho tse ngata li neng li na le likhetho tsa ee / che, athe lintho tse ngata li ne li na le likhetho tsa ee / che / ka linako tse ling bakeng sa bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha mme ka linako tse ling li ne li aroloa ka "e" ho ba bangata. dintho. Mabapi le ntlha ena, re hlokometse linyeoe tse ling tsa baithuti ba pele ba tšoaeang "ha ba tsebe" linthong tse 'maloa ho fapana le ho tšoaea "e". Tse 'maloa tsa linyeoe tsena li ne li shebahala joalo ka ha li na le ts'oaetso ha li nahana ka mokhoa oa tsona oa tšebeliso ea papali ea video, empa li ne li khetholloa e le tse sa sebetseng ka lebaka la litekanyetso tsa rona tse thata. Ntho feela e neng e ka makatsa ke hore bapalami ba mafu a likokoana-hloko ba ne ba sa fapane ka litekanyetso tsa bona tsa hore na lipapali li ne li nyahamisa hakae. Ho ka phehisanoa ka mokhoa oa ho ts'oaroa hape ka mokhoa oa ho tseba hore bapalami ba mafu a likokoana-hloko ba lokela ho fumana lipapali li nyahamisa, empa hape ho ka ba joalo ka hore bapalami ba mafu a likokoana-hloko ba kanna ba ba le bokhoni bo holimo mme ka hona ba ka fumana lipapali li sa nyahamise. Ho haella ha phello ea bohlokoa ha ho fane ka leseli la likhopolo tsena tse peli tse loantšanang.

Taba ea boraro, e kanna eaba baithuti ba koleche ha ba kotsing e kholo ea ho bapala lipapali tsa video ka lebaka la ho ba sehlopha se sebetsang ka kakaretso. Kamora nako, ho kanna ha etsahala hore liphapano tsa kholo lia ameha, joalo ka hore bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba kotsing ea ho bapala lipapali tsa video, mohlomong hobane ba na le litlhokahalo tse fokolang tsa nako ea bona ho feta tsa koleche. Boithuto bona ha bo re lumelle ho tseba hore na ke efe, haeba e teng, ea litlaleho tsena bakeng sa liphapang tsa sekhahla sa kholo. Haeba ho na le leeme ts'ebetsong ea rona le bacha ba holileng, ho ka etsahala hore liperesente tsa rona li nyenyefatse ho ata ha sehlopha sena sa lilemo. Phuputso ea naha ea bacha ba Amerika ba lilemo li 8 ho isa ho 18 e bonts'a ho ata ho 8.5% ea libapali [6]. Leha ho le joalo, likamano tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa papali ea papali ea video le lehloeo, mabifi le khetho ea pefo lithutong tsena tse peli li kopana ho fana ka maikutlo a hore papali ea video ea mafu a kelello e lekantsoeng ke lenane la tlhahlobo la DSM e bonts'a mekhoa e ts'oanang le lithethefatsi tse ling.

Thutong ea 3, morupeluoa e mong le e mong o ile a bapala lipapali tse tharo mme a fana ka leseli ka maikutlo a bona a maikutlo mme a ahlola boholo ba lipapali. Khopolo-taba, libapali tsa mafu a likokoana-hloko li lokela ho bonts'a bopaki ba ts'ebetso e phahameng ea ts'ebetso. Joalokaha ho nahanoa, libapali tsa mafu a likokoana-hloko li tlalehile liphetoho tse kholo maemong a maikutlo mme ba lekola boiphihlelo ba bona ba ho bapala lipapali li le ntle ho feta bapalami bao e seng ba mafu le ba sa bapalang.

Mokhoa oa bapalami ba sebetsanang le maikutlo a bona ha ba bapala lipapali o ne o le thata, leha ho le joalo, 'me tlhaloso ea rona e lokela ho talingoa ka hloko ho fihlela lipatlisiso tse ling li ka e pheta. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe ke hore libapali tsa mafu a likokoana-hloko li tlalehile ho ferekana le ho teneha hanyane kamora ho bapala mohlomong hobane e fane ka "tokiso". Libapali tsa boloetse ba bophelo bo botle li tlalehile hore li ikutloa li jeoa ke bolutu, li hloname, li sa thaba ebile li le mahlahahlaha kamora ho bapala. Ka lebaka la hore tekanyetso e le 'ngoe ea tahi ke hore sebapali se khothaletsoa ho bapala ho baleha maikutlo a mabe a maikutlo, lintlha tsena li tšehetsa mohopolo oa hore libapali tsa mafu a amanang le lipapali li amanang le maikutlo a mabe. Leha ho le joalo, ba boetse ba tlaleha hore ba ikutloa ba khobile matšoafo, ba se na khotso ebile ba le monate. Sena se bonahala se ts'oana haholo le ts'ebetso ea moetlo ea khale, moo tlhahiso ka tšusumetso e amanang le tahi e ekelitseng matšoao a ho khaotsa le ho lakatsa (mohlala, [52,53]). Ntle le moo, setšoantšo ha se hlake hantle ha ho nahanoa thabo le khalefo. Ba bapalami ba bang ba mafu a kelello ba ne ba ka thaba le ho hlanya hanyane kamora ho bapala, empa ba bang ba bonts'a mokhoa o fapaneng. Ho ka etsahala hore liphetho tsena li bakoe ke karolo ea mokhoa oa lenane la ho lekanya maikutlo, ho fapana le ho botsa hore na barupeluoa ba hlanya ba ikutloa joang. Re ka khothaletsa hore lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang tse lekanyang likarabo tsa maikutlo lipapaling li lekanyetse hore na ba ikutloa joang, ho fapana le lethathamo le makatsang le sebelisoang ke MAACL. Haeba ho se letho le leng, sena se ka ba thata ho fetoha. Hlokomela hore sena ha se tšoane le ts'ebetso ea khale ea cue, hobane ho bapala papali ea video metsotso e 20 ho feta "ho tseba". Leha ho le joalo, data e ne e tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea mantlha ea hore libapali tsa mafu a likokoana-hloko li tla ba matla haholoanyane maikutlong ha li bapala lipapali tsa video.

Ha u lekanyetsa boiphihlelo ba papali papaling ka 'ngoe, libapali tsa mafu a tšoaeang lipapali li ile tsa lekanyetsa lipapali hantle haholo ho feta tseo e seng libapali le tse seng tsa mafu. Ba nkile lipapali e le tse thabisang le tse thabisang, tse monate, tse hohelang, tse tsosang, tse thabisang, tse kenyelletsang, tse hlasimollang le tse lemalloang ho feta bao e seng libapali le bao e seng libapali. Ba boetse ba re lipapali ha li bora ho feta barupeluoa ba bang. Joalokaha ho boletsoe esale pele, ha lia ka tsa fapana ka lintlha tsa likarolo tsa sepheo tsa lipapali, joalo ka hore na lipapali li ne li le mabifi hakae, li le maphathaphathe kapa li le boima. Ke ka lona lebaka lena bafuputsi ba bang ba kenyellelitseng sehlopha sa "ka linako tse ling" mme ba se tšoaile e le bohareng ba "e" le "che"6,46].

Litaba tse 'maloa tsa litlhaloso li ntse li lokela ho ithutoa. Mohlala, re thehile mekhahlelo ea rona ka mokhoa oa DSM, moo bankakarolo ba arabileng ka e ho tse hlano kapa ho feta tsa litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ba khethiloe e le libapali tsa mafu mme ba bang kaofela ba ne ba nkuoa e le bao e seng ba mafu. Liphuputso tse tlalehiloeng mona li fana ka bopaki ba bonnete ba mokhoa ona o ikhethileng oa sehlopha o sebelisa ntlha e khaotsoeng. Leha ho le joalo, palo ea litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo eo sebapali se fanang ka eona ho bonts'a maemo a ho hloka taolo e ka ba molemo ka ho lekana. Taba ea hore re fumane ts'epahalo e kholo ea tlhahlobo ea liteko bakeng sa palo ea litekanyetso tse teng ho feta hore na barupeluoa ba oetse kaholimo kapa ka tlase ho ntlha ea rona e fana ka maikutlo a hore lithuto tse ling li lokela ho lekola taba ena, leha re lemoha boleng ba kliniki ea ho hlahisa litekanyetso tse khaotsoeng merero ea ho hlahloba. Mohlomong ho na le likhato tsa ts'ebeliso ea mafu tse ka emelang liphephetso tse fapaneng mme li tla hloka ho tšoaroa ka tsela e fapaneng. Taba e amanang le eona e mabapi le hore na lisebelisoa tsa ho hlahloba manane a lethathamo le ka khetholla libapali tse sebetsanang haholo le libapali tsa mafu (mohlala, [51,54]). Phatlalatso ea haufinyane ea litataiso tsa DSM-5 e lebisitse ho se eang ngangisano e behang litholoana haholo mabapi le hore na ke matšoao afe a ka khethollang batho ba nang le ts'oaetso e kholo (mohlala, [31,55,56,57,58,59]). Ho joalo, hona joale e kanna ea ba phephetso e kholo ho fetisisa lebaleng. Lithuto tse hlahisitsoeng mona li ne li sa etsetsoa ho fana ka teko ea lipotso tsena, ka bomalimabe, leha re ts'epa hore data e ka ba molemo moqoqong. Mohlala, haeba ho ne ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo e hlokolosi haholoanyane (joalo ka ho hloka lintho tse thata ka ho fetisisa, mohlomong tšenyo ea limaraka le ho bua leshano, ho lumelloa hore motho a nkoe e le lefu), sekhahla sa ho ata se theoha, empa mokhoa oa kakaretso oa likamano le tse ling boitshwaro ba mathata bo ntse bo le teng.

Likhopolo tsa rona li ne li ipapisitse le boemo ba thuto ea hore mefuta e mengata ea lithethefatsi e lokela ho bonts'a mekhoa e ts'oanang ea likamano, joalo ka lehloeo le phahameng le boits'oaro bo sa tsotelleng sechaba. Leha sena se netefalitsoe haholo, ho bohlokoa ho nahana hore na hobaneng ho ka ba joalo. Ha ho na lebaka le hlokahalang la hore na papali ea mafu e lokela ho bolela boits'oaro bo mabifi joang. Khopolo-taba ea rona ke hore paterone ena e kanna ea supa bothata bo ka sehloohong ba taolo ea tšusumetso, ke kamoo re nahanang ka bothata ba ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete hajoale. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho leka khopolo-taba ena.

References

  1. Kipnis, D. Ghosts, taxonomies, le psychology ea sechaba. Am. Psychol. 1997, 52, 205-211. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  2. Anderson, CA; Bushman, BJ Litlamorao tsa pefo ea bophatlalatsi sechabeng. Saense. 2002, 295, 2377-2378. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  3. Tala, CS; Bavelier, D. Papali ea video ea bohato e fetola tlhokomelo e khethiloeng ea pono. Tlhaho 2003, 423, 534-537. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  4. Prot, S.; Molichaba, DG; Anderson, CA; Suzuki, K .; Phetla, E .; Lim, KM; Horiuchi, Y .; Jelic, M.; Krahé, B .; Liuqing, W .; et al. Likamano tsa nako e telele lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litaba tsa sechaba, kutloelo-bohloko le boits'oaro bo botle. Psychol. Sci. 2014, 25, 358-368. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  5. Rosser, JC; Lynch, PJ; Haskamp, ​​L .; Molichaba, DA; Yalif, A. Kameho ea lipapali tsa video thupelong ea bongaka. Arch. Phekolo. 2007, 142, 181-186. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  6. Moditjhaba, D. Ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea methapo har'a bacha ba lilemo li 8 ho isa 18 Thuto ea Naha. Psychol Sci. 2009, 20, 594-602. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  7. Anderson, CA; Shibuya, A .; Ihori, N.; Phetla, EL; Bushman, BJ; Sakamoto, A .; Rothstein, HR; Saleem, M. Liphello tse mabifi tsa papali ea video ho mabifi, kutloelo-bohloko le boits'oaro bo botle sechabeng linaheng tsa Bochabela le Bophirimela. Psychol. Poho. 2010, 136, 151-173. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  8. Anderson, CA; Dill, KE Lipapali tsa video le menahano e mabifi, maikutlo le boits'oaro ka laboratoring le bophelong. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2000, 78, 772-790. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  9. Anderson, CA; Bushman, BJ Phello ea lipapali tsa video tse mabifi ka boits'oaro bo mabifi, ts'oaetso e mabifi, tšusumetso e mabifi, ho tsosa mmele le boits'oaro ba boitšoaro bo botle: Tlhatlhobo ea meta-analytic ea lingoliloeng tsa mahlale. Psychol. Sci. 2001, 12, 353-359. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  10. Silvern, SB; Williamson, PA Litlamorao tsa papali ea papali ea video ho pefo ea bana ba banyenyane, litoro le boits'oaro bo botle. J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 1998, 8, 453-462. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  11. Kaltiala-Heino, R .; Lintonen, T.; Rimpelä, A. Ho lemalla Inthanete? Tšebeliso e nang le bothata ba inthanete ho sechaba sa bacha ba lilemo li 12-18. Lekhoba. Res. Khopolo 2004, 12, 89-96. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  12. Jenaro, C .; Meetso, N .; Gomez-Vela, M.; Gonzalez-Gil, F.; Caballo, C. Mathata a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le selefounu: Boitšoaro ba kelello, le likamano tsa bophelo bo botle. Lekhoba. Res. Khopolo 2007, 15, 309-320. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  13. Shaffer, HJ; Holo, MN; Vander Bilt, J. "Ho lemalla k'homphieutha": Ho nahanisisa ka botebo. Am. J. Orthopsychiat. 2000, 70, 162-168. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  14. Shaffer, HJ; Kidman, R. Maikutlo a fetohang mabapi le ho becha le ho lemalla. J. Gambl. Seithuti. 2003, 19, 1-6. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  15. Shaffer, HJ; LaPlante, DA; LaBrie, RA; Kidman, RC; Donato, AN; Stanton, MV Mabapi le mofuta oa lefu la tahi: Lipolelo tse ngata, etiology e tloaelehileng. Harv. Moruti Psychiatr. 2004, 12, 367-374. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  16. Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association (APA). Buka ea Tlhatlhobo le Lipalopalo tsa Mathata a Kelello, 5th ed .; Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association: Arlington, VA, USA, 2013. [Google Setsebi]
  17. Charlton, JP Patlisiso e hlahlobang lintlha tsa 'bokhoba' ba khomphutha le boitlamo. Br. J. Psychol. 2002, 93, 329-344. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  18. Beranuy, M.; Carbonell, X .; Griffiths, MD Tlhahlobo ea boleng ba batho ba lemaletseng ho bapala lipapali inthaneteng kalafo. Int. J. Ment. Lekhoakhoa la Bophelo. 2013, 11, 149-161. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  19. Griffiths, MD Na "ho lemalla" ho sebelisa Inthanete le likhomphutha ho teng? Bopaki bo bong ba boithuto. CyberPsychol. Behav. 2000, 3, 211-218. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  20. Tejeiro Salguero, RA; Bersabé Morán, RM Ho lekanya bothata ba papali ea video e bapalang lilemong tsa bocha. Bokhoba 2002, 97, 1601-1606. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  21. Yee, N. Meqolo ea Norrathian: Phuputso ea Everquest. 2001. E fumaneha inthaneteng: http://www.nickyee.com/eqt/home.html (E fihletsoe ka la 6 Tšitoe 2015). [Google Setsebi]
  22. Yee, N. Ariadne: Ho utloisisa bokhoba ba MMORPG. 2002. E fumaneha inthaneteng: http://www.nickyee.com/hub/addiction/home.html (E fihletsoe ka la 6 Tšitoe 2015). [Google Setsebi]
  23. Chiu, SI; Lee, JZ; Huang, DH Ho lemalla papali ea video ho bana le bacha ba Taiwan. CyberPsychol. Behav. 2004, 7, 571-581. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  24. Durkee, T .; Kaess, M .; Carli, V .; Parzer, P .; Wasserman, C .; Floderus, B .; Apter, A .; Balazs, J .; Barzilay, S .; Bobes, J .; et al. Bokapele ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang a methapo ho bacha lilemong tsa Europe: Lipalo tsa sechaba le maemo a bophelo. Ho lemalla 2012, 107, 2210-2222. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  25. Fisher, S. Ho khetholla bokhoba ba papali ea video ho bana le bacha. Lekhoba. Behav. 1994, 19, 545-553. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  26. Griffiths, MD; Hunt, N. Ho itšetleha ka lipapali tsa k'homphieutha ke bacha. Psychol. Rep. 1998, 82, 475-480. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  27. Ko, CH; Yen, JY; Yen, CF; Lin, HC; Yang, MJ Lintho tse boletsoeng esale pele bakeng sa ketsahalo le ts'oarelo ea bokhoba ba inthanete ho bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha: Motho ea lebelletseng ho ithuta. CyberPsychol Behav 2007, 10, 545-551. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  28. Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association (APA). Buka ea Tlhatlhobo le Lipalopalo tsa Mathata a Kelello, 4th ed .; Mokhatlo oa American Psychiatric Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2000. [Google Setsebi]
  29. Morena, DL; Delfabro, PH; Zwaans, T.; Kaptsis, D. Litšobotsi tsa bongaka le axis I comorbidity ea bacha ba Australia ba nang le ts'oaetso inthaneteng le basebelisi ba papali ea video. Aust. Cheseho e Ncha. J. Psychiatr. 2013, 47, 1058-1067. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  30. Weisman, M. (Moetsi); Jane Pauley Show: Bokhoba ba Papali ea Video; Li-Studios tsa NBC: New York, NY, USA, 2005. [Google Setsebi]
  31. Ko, CH; Yen, JY Mekhoa ea ho fumana ts'oaetso ea papali ea inthanete ho tsoa ho sebapali se sa tloaelehang sa inthaneteng. Bokhoba 2014, 109, 1411-1412. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  32. Anderson, CA; Molichaba, DA; Buckley, K. Liphello Tse Mabifi Tsa Papali ea Video ho Bana le Bacha: Khopolo, Patlisiso le Leano la Sechaba; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2007. [Google Setsebi]
  33. Molichaba, DA; Lynch, PJ; Linder, JR; Walsh, DA Liphello tsa litloaelo tse mabifi tsa papali ea video boikutlong bo mabifi ba bacha le boits'oarong. J. Bocha. 2004, 27, 5-22. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  34. Walsh, D. Bopaki bo ile ba isoa Komiting ea Senate ea United States ea Khoebo, Saense le Lipalangoang. Ho utloa ka tšusumetso ea pefo e kenang ho bana. 2000. E fumaneha inthaneteng: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-106shrg78656/pdf/CHRG-106shrg78656.pdf (E fihletsoe ka la 6 Tšitoe 2015). [Google Setsebi]
  35. Cook, W .; Medley, D. Ho hlahisitsoe bora le sekala sa bokhabane ba pharasaic bakeng sa MMPI. J. Appl. Psychol. 1954, 38, 414-418. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  36. Woodall, KL; Matthews, KA Ho fetoha le botsitso ba litšobotsi tse mabifi: Liphetho tsa thuto ea bana ea nako e telele ea lilemo tse 'ne. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1993, 64, 491-499. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  37. Crick, N.; Dodge, K. Tlhahlobo le ntlafatso ea mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea sechaba phetohong ea bana sechabeng. Psychol. Poho. 1994, 115, 74-101. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  38. Crick, NR Mabifi a amanang: Karolo ea boikemisetso, maikutlo a khatello ea maikutlo le mofuta oa phephetso. Dev. Psychopathol. 1995, 7, 313-322. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  39. Nelson, DA; Crick, likhalase tse mebala-bala tsa RR: Ho lekola tlhahiso-leseling ea sechaba ea bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha ba prosocial. J. Bacha ba Pele. 1999, 19, 17-38. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  40. Buss, AH; Perry, M. Potso ea lipotso tse mabifi. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1992, 63, 452-459. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  41. Linder, JR; Crick, NR; Collins, WA Likamano tse mabifi le tlhekefetso likamanong tsa lerato tsa batho ba baholo: Mekhatlo e nang le maikutlo a motsoali, lithaka le kamano ea lerato. Soc. Dev. 2002, 11, 69-86. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  42. Zuckerman, M.; Lubin, B. The Multiple Affect Afjective Check List; Ts'ebeletso ea ho etsa liteko tsa thuto le indasteri: San Diego, CA, USA, 1965. [Google Setsebi]
  43. Farrar, KM; Krcmar, M. Likarolo tsa moelelo oa lipapali tsa video tse mabifi, mehlala ea kelello le pefo. J. Comm. 2006, 56, 387-405. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  44. Persky, S.; Blascovich, J. Theko ea Theknoloji: Lipapali tsa Video tsa qoetse le ho ba mabifi. Pampiring e hlahisitsoeng kopanong ea selemo le selemo ea 16th ea American Psychological Society, Chicago, IL, USA, 27 Mots'eanong 2004.
  45. Funk, JB Bana le lipapali tsa video tse mabifi: Maano a ho khetholla libapali tse kotsing e kholo. Ho Bana le Setso se Tummeng; Ravitch, D., Viteritti, J., Eds .; Univesithi ea Johns Hopkins: Baltimore, MD, USA, 2003; maqephe 168-192. [Google Setsebi]
  46. Choo, H .; Molichaba, DA; Sim, T.; Li, DD; Khoo, A .; Liau, AK Pathological video-lipapali har'a bacha ba Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 2010, 39, 822-829. [Google Setsebi] [E fetotsoe]
  47. Lemmens, JS; Valkenburg, PM; Peter, J. Nts'etsopele le netefatso ea sekala sa tahi ea papali bakeng sa bacha. Psychol ea litaba. 2009, 12, 77-95. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  48. Bartholow, BD; Bushman, BJ; Sestir, MA Ho pepesetsoa papali ea video e mabifi le ho hloka boithati ho pefo: Lintlha tse ka bang teng mabapi le boits'oaro le liketsahalo tse amanang le liketsahalo. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 2006, 42, 532-539. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  49. Litlhapi, NL; Anderson, CA; Bushman, BJ Phello ea pefo ea papali ea video ho boits'oaro ba 'mele ho pefo ea bophelo ba nnete. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 2007, 43, 489-496. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  50. Rehbein, F .; Kleimann, M.; Mößle, T. Ho ata le lisosa tsa kotsi tsa ho itšetleha ha papali ea video bocheng: Liphetho tsa patlisiso ea naha ea Jeremane. Lik'homphieutha. Behav. Soc. Neteete. 2010, 13, 269-277. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  51. Charlton, JP; Danforth, ID Ho khetholla bokhoba le ho ikamahanya le maemo ho feta maemong a papali ea inthanete. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2007, 23, 1531-1548. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  52. Ngoanana, AR; McLellan, AT; O'Brien, bahatelli ba likokoana-hloko ba CP Abstinent ba bonts'a takatso, boemo ba ho ikhula le phokotso ka bobeli ka ho timela. Br. J. Lekhoakhoa. 1986, 81, 655-660. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  53. Pomerleau, OF; Fertig, J .; Baker, L .; Cooney, N. Ho ikoetlisa hape litlamong tsa joala ho makhoba a tahi le bao e seng lino tse tahang: Litlamorao bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea taolo ea ts'usumetso ea ho noa. Lekhoba. Behav. 1983, 8, 1-10. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  54. Kardefelt-Winther, D. Tlhatlhobo ea mohopolo le mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka lithethefatsi tsa inthanete: Ho ea mohlala oa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete. Khomphutha. Hum. Behav. 2014, 31, 351-354. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  55. Dowling, NA Litaba tse hlahisitsoeng ke DSM-5 marang-rang a sebetsanang le bothata ba ho bapala lipapali le litekanyetso tsa tlhahiso ea tlhahlobo. Bokhoba 2014, 109, 1408-1409. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  56. Goudriaan, AE Ho eketsa papali. Bokhoba 2014, 109, 1409-1411. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  57. Petry, NM; Rehbein, F .; Molichaba, DA; Lemmens, JS; Rumpf, HJ; Mößle, T .; O'Brien, CP Tumellano ea machabeng ea ho lekola bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete ho sebelisoa mokhoa o mocha oa DSM-5. Bokhoba 2014, 109, 1399-1406. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  58. Petry, NM; Rehbein, F .; Molichaba, DA; Lemmens, JS; Rumpf, HJ; Mößle, T .; O'Brien, CP Ho tsamaisa bothata ba papali ea inthanete pele: Karabo. Bokhoba 2014, 109, 1412-1413. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  59. Subramaniam, M. Ho nahana hape ka papali ea inthanete: Ho tloha boithabisong ho ea ho lemalla. Bokhoba 2014, 109, 1407-1408. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  60. Molichaba, DA; Choo, H .; Liau, A .; Sim, T.; Li, D .; Fung, D .; Khoo, A. Tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological har'a bacha: Boithuto ba nako e telele ba lilemo tse peli. Lingaka tsa bana 2011, 127, 319-327. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  61. Lemmens, JS; Valkenburg, PM; Peter, J. Psychosocial lisosa le litlamorao tsa papali ea methapo ea methapo. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2011, 27, 144-152. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  62. Morena, D .; Delfabro, P.; Griffiths, M. Litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa papali ea video: Lekhetho le lecha la kelello. Int. J. Ment. Lekhoakhoa la Bophelo. 2010, 8, 90-106. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
© 2015 ke bangoli; laesense MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Sengoloa sena ke sengoloa se bulehileng sa phihlello se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa lipehelo le maemo a laesense ea Creative Commons Attribution (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).