2D: Market 4D le Mefuta e fapaneng ea Mathata a ho Sebelisa Inthanete (2017)

. 2017; 8: 213.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2017 Nov 20. doi:  10.3389 / fpsyt.2017.00213

PMCID: PMC5715388

inahaneloang

Boloetse ba ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (IUD) bo hlahisa bothata bo ntseng bo hola lefatšeng ka bophara. Har'a tse ling, e bonts'a tahlehelo ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le mathata a sechaba ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang. Le ha IUD hajoale e se ts'oaetso ea semmuso ho DSM-5 kapa ICD-10, bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo fana ka maikutlo a hore IUD ehlile e ka khetholloa e le lekhoba la boits'oaro. Lenaneong la methapo ea methapo ea kutlo, IUD e tsebahala hantle 'me mosebetsi oa ho hlohlona ka leoto le qalile ho bonoa bathong ba nang le IUD. Boemong ba limolek'hule tse ka tlas'a methapo ena ea kutlo, ha ho tsejoe. Ka hona, lipatlisiso tse teng hona joale li fuputsa tšusumetso ea testosterone ea bokhachane joalokaha e lekantsoe dessyecik 2D: Letšoao la 4D la letsoho ho IUD. Testosterone e emela letšoao le khahlisang la li-hormone, hobane liphapang tsa thobalano ho IUD li hlokometsoe, mohlala, banna ba bonts'a litekanyetso tse phahameng ho pherekano ea libapali tsa inthanete (IGD) kapa basali malebana le ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang (ka bobeli ba bapisoa le bong bo fapaneng). Ho N = Mekhatlo ea barupeluoa e 217 lipakeng tsa 2D: lesupa la 4D la letsoho le IUD e sa tsejoeng ka bobeli le mefuta e ikhethileng ea IUD e ile ea batlisisoa. Ho bonahala eka matsoho a basali a mangata (ka lehlakoreng le letona, a khetholloang ke lipalo tse phahameng tsa index ho ea ka monoana oa letsoho, ke hore,> 1, e bolelang testosterone e tlase ea bokhachane) a ne a amahanngoa le IGD e tlaserho = -0.17, p = 0.01, N = 211). Phello ena e ne e tsamaisoa ke karolo ea tahlehelo ea taolo ea Lipapali tsa inthanete sampoleng eohle (rho = -0.20, p <0.01, N = 211) le subsample ea basali (rho = -0.20, p = 0.02, N (f) = 137). Ntle le sena, ho ile ha hlaha mokhatlo o mobe lipakeng tsa karolo ea tahlehelo ea taolo ea IUD e akaretsang le karolelano ea linomoro tse nepahetseng ho banna ba totobatsang mosebetsi oa pejana. Ka bokhutšoanyane, mosebetsi oa hona joale o bonts'a hore lesupa la 2D: 4D ke lets'oao le khahlisang la ho lemalla inthanete mme le ka kenyelletsoa habonolo e le biomarker ho utloisisa metheo ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (over-).

Keywords: 2D: Letšoao la 4D, tekanyo ea linomoro, androgen, prenatal testosterone, temallo ea inthanete, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, bothata ba lipapali tsa marang-rang, bothata ba tšebeliso ea inthanete

Selelekela

Hajoale, basebelisi ba lefatše ba ka bang limilione tse likete tsa 3.75 ba inthaneteng.1 Ho sebelisa marang-rang ho fa basebelisi menyetla e mengata ea ho buisana le batho ba hole, ho buisana habonolo le ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling kapele ha feela letšoao la li-smartphone / inthanete le fumaneha. Leha ho na le litlamorao tsena tse ntle tsa ho hola ha lefatše tsa dijithale, bafuputsi ba bangata le ho feta ba buisana ka tsona haeba ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea liteishene tsa dijithale e ka bonts'a boits'oaro bo bobebe [bona tlhahlobo ea Ko et al. (); bona compendium ea Montag le Reuter ()].

Ho fanoe ka mantsoe a fapaneng ho hlalosa ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete ho kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete, tšebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang, ho lemalla lithethefatsi Inthaneteng, hape ka lebaka la khatelo-pele ea morao-rao ho DSM-5 hape Bothata ba tšebeliso ea inthanete (IUD). IUD e ne e entsoe ho ipapisitse le kenyelletso ea poleloana ea papali ea inthanete ea inthanete (IGD) ho DSM-5 sehlomathisong sa eona (, ). IUD e ka hlalosoa ke matšoao a kang ho lahleheloa ke taolo holim'a ts'ebeliso ea hau ea inthanete, mathata bophelong ba boinotšing le ba khoebo ka lebaka la tšebeliso e feteletseng, matšoao a ho tlohela ha a sena marang-rang le nts'etsopele ea mamello, ho bolela tse 'maloa. Le ha bafuputsi ba lokela ho ba hlokolosi hore ba se fetelle ka botlalo bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi (), bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho tlatlapuoa ha dijithale ka mefuta ea eona e fetisisang ho hlile ho ka baka mathata a maholo joalokaha ho boetse ho hatisitsoe ke litlaleho tse ling tse matla tsa litaba tse tsoang Asia [ho kenyeletsa le linyeoe tsa lefu; mohlala, sheba Ref. ()]. Sekhahla sa IUD sea fapana ho pholletsa le lefatše le linaha tsa Asia () ho hlorisoa ho feta linaha tsa Bophirimela. Jeremane, hoo e ka bang 1% ea baahi e lemaletse marang-rang ho latela lipalo tsa baemeli ba tsoang thutong ea PINTA ().

Lilemong tse fetileng ho bile le puisano e hlakileng ea saense mabapi le mofuta oa IUD (), haholoholo haeba ho na le IUD e akaretsang, e hlokang ho bapisoa le mefuta e ikhethileng ea IUD (). E akaretsa IUD2 e bua ka ts'ebeliso e pharalletseng ea liteishene tse ngata tsa marang-rang le ho qeta nako e ngata litsing tsa digital, athe mefuta e ikhethileng ea IUD ha e hlalose feela batho ba sebelisang ts'ebeliso e le 'ngoe ea marang-rang joaloka ho ea mabenkeleng, lipapali, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho becha le marang-rang a batho (kahoo puisano ea marang-rang) . Ka mefuta-futa ea liteishene tse fumanehang marang-rang le ho ata ha IUD ho banna le basali ho fetohile. Le ha lilemong tsa pele tsa marang-rang, ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang, le boitšoaro bo amanang le bokhoba bo ne bo amana haholo le ho ba monna, lintho li fetohile haholo lilemong tse fetileng. Ha mabenkele a marang-rang () le mecha ea marang-rang ea ho etsa metsoalle () li amahanngoa haholo le ho ba basali, ho fetoloa hoa sethala ho amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (), Lipapali tsa inthanete (), kapa papali ea chelete inthaneteng () ke domain name ea banna.

Boloetse ba tšebeliso ea inthanete bo bontšitsoe hantle maemong a amanang le methapo ea methapo e sa sebetseng hantle ka mokhoa o tšoanang le o bonoang mefuteng e meng ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse tlotsitsoeng ke lithethefatsi., ). Boemong ba limolek'hule, ha ho tsejoe tse ngata. Ho hlakile hore molek'hule dopamine e emela sistimi ea bohlokoa ea phetisetso bokong ho hlalosa takatso ea litaba tsa inthanete, ha motho ea hlorileng a tobana le cue e nepahetseng ea inthaneteng. Sena se supa mesebetsing ea striatal (over-) in fMRI setup, mohlala, ha libapali tsa marang-rang li tobane le mehopolo e tsoang papaling e ratoang sehatelong sa boko (). Hoa tsebahala hore sebaka sa striatal se lula ka palo e phahameng ea D2 li-receptors [mohlala, Ref. ()]. Batho ba nang le IUD ba kopantsoe le D2 receptors (, ), ho na le ho hong ho hlokometsoeng ho lino tse tahang (, ). Ntle le dopamine, le li-transmitter system tsa serotonin () le acetylcholine () ba kentse letsoho ho bapala karolo ea IUD.

E 'ngoe ea mehlala ea morao-rao ho utloisisa mefuta e ikhethileng ea IUD e emela mofuta oa I-PACE oa Brand et al. () ho shebisisa ho sebelisana le motho, ho ama, ho utloisisa le ho etsa lintho tse fapaneng ho utloisisa IUD. Moetso ona o bontša ka ho hlaka har'a batho ba fapaneng biology ho bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho utloisisa sebopeho le tlhokomelo ea mefuta e ikhethileng ea IUD. Sena se boetse se hatelletsoe ke likhakanyo tsa menitility tse nkiloeng lithutong tsa mafahla lilemong tse fetileng [mohlala, Ref. (, )]. Mokhoa oa ho ithuta ka ILE ea molek'hule o ile oa nyamela ho fihlela haufinyane. Ho koala lekhalo lena, Montag et al. () e phatlalalitse sebopeho se amanang le methapo ea kutlo. Maemong ana, mohoebi ea bonolo le ea hlakileng oa ho utloisisa IUD e kanna ea ba testosterone ea testosterone (pele a etsa tlhahlobo ea likhetho tse ngata kamoo ho boletsoeng mohlaleng oa Montag). Ha ho fanoa ka litšoantšo tse bonts'ang hangata tsa ho kopanela likobo ka mefuta e fapaneng ea IUD joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, li-steroid tsa thobalano li ka ba tsa bohlokoa ho utloisisa liphapang tsa IUD ho latela pono ea setsebi sa kelello sa molek'hule.

Mokhoa o bonolo oa ho hlahloba leseli la bioloji le fanang ka leseli ho testosterone ea prenatal e emela 2D: 4D letšoao la letsoho [bona kakaretso ka Ref. ()]. Li-steroid tsa thobalano tsa batsoalisi, joalo ka testosterone e tsebahalang ea moemeli, li laola sebopeho sa boko le tšebetso () hammoho le kholo ea menoana nakong ea "embryogeneis [hape bona, Ref. ()]. 2D: Letšoao la 4D le hlahlojoa ka ho lekanya bolelele ba index (linomoro tsa bobeli-2D) ho fihlela bolelele ba monoana oa bophahamo (nomoro ea bone-4D; bona hape Karolo ea "Lisebelisoa le mekhoa"). Ho bontšitsoe hore matsoho a basali a tloaetse ho khetholloa ka lipalo tse phahameng (ka hona e le index e telele ho isa ho monoana), ha e bapisoa le matsoho a banna (a tšoailoeng ka lipalo tse tlase tse tlase - ka hona selikalikoe se selelele ha se bapisoa le monwana oa index) Phello ena e bitsoa ka letsohong le letona (), le ha ho ntse ho sa hlake hantle hore na hobaneng ho le joalo. Ho feta moo, ho bohlokoa ho elelloa, le banna ba nang le matsoho a basali, le basali ba nang le matsoho a batona a ka bonoa sechabeng. Karolelano ea menoana ea 2nd ho 4th e tsitsitse holim'a bophelo [Manning et al. (); bona le bopaki bo tsoang ho nts'etsopele ea "fetal" ke Malas et al. ()]. Ho kentsoe mela e fapaneng ea mabaka ho utloisisa hore na ke hobaneng ha palo ea letsoho e ka emela letšoao le sa tobang bakeng sa testosterone (empa eseng ea nnete) ea testosterone). Har'a tsena ke likhokahano tse tobileng lipakeng tsa 2D: tekanyo ea 4D ho litekanyetso tsa testosterone ea prenatal, empa tse ngata tse boleloang sehokahanong sa eona sa testosterone ea prenatal ho estradiol ratios (). Ntle le moo, bopaki bo tsoa liphuputsong tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa limolek'hule tse hokahanyang polymorphism ea androgen receptor gene le phapang e le 'ngoe ho 2D: tekanyo ea 4D (). Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling, bona Manning ().

2D: Letšoao la 4D le hlahlobiloe sebakeng sa libaka tse ngata tse fapaneng tsa lipatlisiso, haholo-holo moo ho ka bonoang maikutlo a ho etsa thobalano (joalo ka banna ba bangata ho feta basali ba amanang le boemo bo itseng le bo fapaneng). E le mehlala, likarolo tse tlase tsa 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D li amahantsoe le autism (, ), le 2D e phahameng: Litekanyo tsa 4D li amahanya le schizophrenia (); bona hape le lihokela tse nang le litšobotsi tsa botho ba schizotypal joalo ka ha e hlahisitsoe ke Zhu et al. (). 2D: Letšoao la 4D le fumanoe lipatlisiso molemong oa ho hoama () le likamano tse ling pakeng tsa 2D: Letšoao la 4D le lintlha tsa kelello / boits'oaro bo bonts'itsoe, joalo ka 2D e tlase: 4D ratios ea menoana ea X bakeng sa katleho ea botona le borena (), palo ea balekane ba bophelo bohle ba thobalano () le neuroticism (, ) hammoho le tšebelisano 'moho ha boipiletso bo ipiletsa bo lebisa ho mekhoa e meng ea pro-social bakeng sa 2D e phahameng: tekanyo ea 4D (, ). Likarolo tse nyane tsa mananeo a reng-to-ring-finger (ka hona matsoho a banna a fetang) le ona a hokahane le litšoaneleho tsa hae le litšobotsi tse kang ts'ebetso ea moatlelete (, , bokhoni ba sebaka (-), monahano o patehileng (), le bokgoni ba lipalo (-).

Haufinyane, tekanyo ea 2D: tekanyo ea 4D ea letsoho le eona e ile ea hlahlojoa maemong a IUD. 2D e ka tlase: boleng ba 4D ba letsoho le letona (ho bolelang hore matsoho a batona a tloahelehileng a nang le monoana o molelele ha a bapisoa le monoana oa index) ho banna ba ne ba amahanngoa le IUD e sa hlalosoang (), phello e ka tsamaisoang ke mofuta o ikhethileng oa IUD - e leng IGD- e sa kang ea hlahlojoa mosebetsing ona [feela ho fanoa ka 20 ntho ea Internet Addiction Test (IAT)]. Tumellanong le mohopolo ona, Kornhuber et al. () e bonts'itse 2D e tlase: boleng ba 4D ho banna ba banyenyane ba fumanoeng ba lemaletse lipapali tsa video, ha ba bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle. Ho tsoa liphellong tsena tsa pele, testosterone e phahameng ea bokhachane e ka emela sesosa sa tlokotsi ho nts'etsapele IUD, haholoholo ho banna.

Ha mesebetsi ena ea pele e sa rarolle mekhatlo e ka bang teng pakeng tsa 2D: 4D le mefuta e ikhethileng ea IUD, re ikemiselitse le lipatlisiso tse teng ho araba lipotso tse 'maloa. Pele ho tsohle, re ne re ikemiselitse ho pheta hape ka ho fumana hore litekanyetso tse tlase li tla bolela litšekamelo tse phahameng ho IGD, haholoholo ho banna (empa mohlomong le basali). Qetellong, ka thuto ena, ke lekhetlo la pele ho hlahisoa lintlha tse mabapi le litloaelano pakeng tsa mefuta e meng ea IUD le tekanyo ea linomoro. Bakeng sa IUD sebakeng sa ts'ebetso ea marang-rang e bonahala haholo ho basali (ho reka mabenkeleng, marang-rang), re ne re lebelletse hore basali ba bangata (ka hona, linomoro tse holimo) bakeng sa liteishene tse fumanehang marang-rang (litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​papali ea chelete), re ne re lebelletse lits'ebetso tse phahameng ho IUD ho ba e amanang le matsoho a banna a mangata (2D e tlaase: tekanyo ea 4D). Joalokaha Montag et al. () e bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea puisano ea inthanete (ICD) e ata haholo ka IUD e akaretsang / e sa hlalosoang, re ikemiselitse sepheo sa rona sa ho pheta hape potso ea hore na mefuta e fapaneng ea IUD e hokahane joang. Ka lebaka la hore mosebetsi ona oa pejana o ne o ke ke oa araba potso haeba mekhatlo e joalo e ikemetse ka bong, re hlahisa mofuta ona oa data ho tlatselletso ea lithuto tse ling.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Barupeluoa le Sebopeho sa Sociodemographic

Bakeng sa thuto ena, re sebelisitse data e bokelletsoeng ho tloha ka November 2016 ho fihlela ka May 2017 ea N = Barupeluoa ba 217 ba tsoang ho Ulm Gene Brain Behaeve Project (UGBBP). Nako e bolelang ea sampole ea rona e ne e le M = 23.41 lilemo (SD = 7.77) mme e ne e na le banna ba 77 le basali ba 140. Boholo ba bona (83.9%) e ne e le baithuti (182). Kakaretso ea bankakarolo ba 204 ba ne ba na le Sejeremane (94.0%) joalo ka leleme la 'm'a bona ho kenyeletsoa le bankakarolo ba holileng ka lipuo tse peli; leha ho le joalo, karolo e setseng ea bankakarolo e ne e ka utloisisa le ho sebelisa puo ea Sejeremane. Ka kakaretso, 76.5% (166) ea bankakarolo ba ne ba tšoaneleha bakeng sa univesithi (Sejeremane "Abitur"), ba supileng ba ne ba na le baccalaureate ("Fachabitur"), barupeluoa ba 15 ba qetile sehlopha sa leshome sekolong sa mahareng sa Jeremane ("mittlere Reife") le a le mong o qetile "Hauptschule" ea Jeremane, ke hore, o qetile sekolo se phahameng. Tekeni ea 10st ea univesithi ho kenyeletsoa le degree e le 'ngoe ea polytechnic e ile ea ts'oaroa ke bankakarolo ba 1 mme e mong o na le setifikeiti se tsoetseng pele sa koleche. Mabapi le nehelano, 27% ba ne ba nepile-, 91.7% ba leqele 'me 6.9% ba boletse ho sebelisa matsoho ka bobeli ka ho lekana. Barupeluoa bohle ba tlatsitse lipotso tse hlalositsoeng karolong e latelang mme ba fana ka scan ea letsoho le letšehali le le letona. Phuputso e ile ea amoheloa ke komiti ea melao ea lehae ea Univesithi ea Ulm, Jeremane.

Lipotso tsa lipotso

Mofuta oa Tlhahlobo ea Tlhatlhobo ea Phallo ea Inthanete (s-IAT)

Re ile ra bokella lintlha mabapi le litloaelo tsa IA tse sa hlalosoang le Jeremane s-IAT e thehiloeng tlhahlobong ea mantlha ke Young (). S-IAT e na le lintlha tse peli, e leng tahlehelo ea taolo / taolo ea nako (LoCTM) le ho lakatsa / mathata a botsoa (CSP) ka dintho tse tsheletseng bakeng sa ntlha ka ngoe (). Lintho tsohle li ka arajoa ka sekala sa likoto tse 5 (1 = "ha ho mohla," 2 = "ka seoelo," 3 = "ka linako tse ling," 4 = "khafetsa" le 5 = "khafetsa") ka mefuta e mengata ho tloha 12 ho isa 60. Lintlha tse kaholimo ho 30 ho fihlela 37 (30 <s-IAT ≤ 37) e bonts'a ts'ebeliso e eketsehang (e nang le mathata) ea marang-rang. Lintlha tse fetang 37 li nkuoa e le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang. Alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa lipotso tse felletseng e ne e le α = 0.85 (LoCTM: αLoCTM = 0.79, CSP: HaCSP = 0.74).

s-IAT Sekala

S-IAT e bonts'a mekhahlelo e mehlano ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang - papali ea komporo ea inthanete (A1), papali ea chelete inthaneteng (A2), ho reka ka marang-rang (A3), litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse fumanehang marang-rang (A4), marang-rang a marang-rang a marang-rang (A5). Mokha o mong le o mong o na le lintho tse 'ne empa lintho tse peli li sebelisoa ho bokella lintlha bakeng sa lintlha tsa LoCTM le CSP, ka ho latellana. Lintho tsa ho bokella leseli ho LoCTM moo ho boletsoeng ka mokhoa o latelang: "Ke hangata hakae u fumanang hore u qeta nako e eketsehileng le (mohlala, papali ea inthanete) ho feta kamoo u neng u rerile?" Le "Ke hangata hakae u hlokomolohang mesebetsi ea lapeng ho qeta nako e ngata le (mohlala. , lipapali tsa inthanete)? ”Lintho tse latelang li sebelisitsoe ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling ho CSP:“ U ikutloa u phathahane hakae ka (mohlala, papali ea inthanete) ha u le ka ntle ho marang-rang, kapa u nahana ka (mohlala, papali ea inthanete)? ”le“ Khafetsa hakae? U khetha ho qeta nako e eketsehileng le (mohlala, papali ea inthanete) ha u qeta ho intša le ba bang? ”Ho sebelisitsoe tekanyo ea likhetho tsa 5-point-likert (e tšoanang le ea s-IAT). Alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa likala tsena tse hlano e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e sebelisang lintho tse 'ne tsa anchor e bonts'itse ts'episo e latelang: αA1 = 0.87, leqA2 = 0.64, leqA3 = 0.77, leqA4 = 0.83, leqA5 = 0.79.

2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D

Ho tseba 2D: likhakanyo tsa 4D, re sebelisitse likhakanyo tsa matsoho ka bobeli. Bolelele ba menoana e ne e lekantsoe lipikara (resolution resolution ea 300-400 dpi) ho qala bohareng ba "crease" bo haufi haholo ho isa letsohong la letsoho. Tekanyo e entsoe ka graphical software GIMP mofuta oa 2.8.14.3 2D: Tekanyo ea 4D e fumanoe ka ho arola bolelele ba monoana oa index ka bolelele ba monoana oa mehele. Tsohle tsa 2D: Litekanyo tsa 4D li ile tsa etsoa ke li-raters tse peli tse ikemetseng ebe li fetoloa. Ho ts'eptjoa ha li-raters tse peli ho ne ho phahame: The interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ka tumellano e phethahetseng ea tumellano ea 2D: quotients ea 4D e ne ICC(ka ho le letšehali) = 0.97 le ICC(ka ho le letona) = 0.96. Likhohlano pakeng tsa 2D: Lits'ebetso tsa 4D tsa li-raters tse peli e ne e le r(ka ho le letšehali) = 0.93 le r(ka ho le letona) = 0.93 (ka bobeli ka p <0.01).

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Litlhahlobo tsa Statistical li entsoe ka mofuta oa SPSS 24.0.0.1 ea MAC. Teko e senang Paramethara e ile ea sebelisoa ka lebaka la lilemo tse sa atisoeng hangata, s-IAT le sekala sa s-IAT. Lintlha tsa 2D ka bobeli le ka ho le letona: Litekanyetso tsa letsoho tsa 4D hangata li ne li ajoa. Ho khetholla liphapang tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena, e le mohlala o ikemetseng t-Test e sebelisitsoe. Re tsamaisitse Mann-Whitney U Teko ea ho sheba phapang lipapatsong tse amanang le inthanete ho latela bong. Ho ile ha sebelisoa likarolo tsa puisano bakeng sa ho sekaseka litloaelano lipakeng tsa lilemo, ho fapana hoa inthanete le meeli ea menoana.

Ho hloekisa data

Kaha monwana o robehileng kapa o lemetseng o ka lebisa ho fapana ha bolelele ka tšusumetso e kholo ho 2D: Karolelano ea 4D, barupeluoa ba latelang ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko sampole.

Barupeluoa ba tšeletseng ba ile ba tlaleha senepe se robehileng (4 ka ho le letšehali, 2 ka ho le letona) le menoana e supileng e robehileng (4 ka ho le letšehali, 3 ka ho le letona). Ho feta moo, kakaretso ea bankakarolo ba 24 ha e tlalehe tlhahisoleseling mabapi le menoana e robehileng ke ka lebaka leo re ileng ra lekola matheka a matsoho a bona ka mahlo. Kaha ha ho lits'oants'o tse fumanoeng, litho tsena li ile tsa lula mohlaleng. Ho feta moo, monoana oa index ea letsoho le leng le le leng la barupeluoa o ne o le khuts'oane haholo (2D: ratio ea 4D = 0.81; 4.9 SD hole le se bolelang). Kaha re ne re sena tlhahisoleseling e 'ngoe e fanang ka tlhaiso e utloahala bakeng sa ntlha ena, re ile ra etsa qeto ea ho kenyelletsa karolo ena (feela letsoho le letšehali) ho sampole. Ka lebaka leo, ya data ea NL = 208 e tlohetse 2D: lipalo tsa 4D le NR = 212 ka ho le letona 2D: Litekanyo tsa 4D li ka sebelisoa bakeng sa litlhahlobo. Ntle le moo, morupeluoa a le mong ha a ka a fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ka papali ea s-IAT ea inthaneteng, e lebisang ho boholo ba sampole bo fokotsoang ke 1 bakeng sa litlhahlobo ho kenyeletsoa papali e ikhethang ea IA inthaneteng. Ho feta moo, morupeluoa e mong ha a fana ka leseli bakeng sa ntho ea boraro ea ho reka inthaneteng ke ka hona N e fokotsoa ke 1 litafoleng tse ling.

Results

Lipalopalo tse Hlalosang le Lipalo tse Ikhethileng tsa Nako ea Boholo, Tekano le Tlhahlobo ea Lipotso

Mekhoa (M) le SD bakeng sa mehato eohle ea lipotso le 2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D li hlahisitsoe ho Lethathamo Lethathamo1.1. Joalokaha ho bontšoa Lethathamong Lethathamo2,2, re bone litekanyetso tse holimo tsa letsohong le letona ho basali ha li bapisoa le ba batona [t(212) = -2.34, p = 0.02]. Bong bo boetse bo susumetse lintlha tse 'maloa tsa IUD (bona hape Lethathamo Tafole1) .1). Har'a tsona ke lipalo tse phahameng bakeng sa banna ha ba bapisoa le basali lipapaling tsa marang-rang (U = 2,790, p <0.01), bokhoba ba papali ea chelete ea inthanete (U = 4,693, p <0.01) le litlamong tsa bootsoa inthaneteng (U = 2,010, p <0.01). Bakeng sa ho lemalla puisano ka inthanete, basali ba bontšitse lintlha tse phahameng ho feta tsa banna (U = 4,397, p = 0.02). Ha ho phapang e kholo e fumanoeng bakeng sa lintlha tsa s-IAT le ho lemalla ho reka inthaneteng.

Lethathamo 1  

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang tsa lilemo le tlhaiso-leseling e fapaneng ea inthanete bakeng sa sampole eohle le e arohantsoeng ke bong.
Lethathamo 2  

Phapang e khethehileng ea tekano ea likarolo tsa letsoho (T-etest) le sekala sa s-IAT (Mann-Whitney U Teko).

Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a lilemo li lekantsoe le likarolo tse peli tsa letsoho le letona le libapali tsa marang-rang ho basali, empa eseng ho banna. Ho bohlokoa, bopaki bo tsoang lipontšong tsa lingoliloeng, hore 2D: Matšoao a 4D a tsitsitse holim'a bophelo (ka kopo bona matseno). Leha ho le joalo, re nahana hore lilemo li ka fetoha phapang e ka amang tse ling tsa tlhahlobo e latelang (lihokelo tsohle li supiloe ho Tafole S2 ho Litšehetso tsa Tlatsetso).

Kamano pakeng tsa Mefuta e Ikhethileng ea IUD le IUD e sa Khetholloang e kenyeletsa Liphello tsa bong

Tekanyo ea khokahano ea likhakanyo tsohle tsa IUD e bonts'a likhokahanyo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa (Tafole ea S4 ho Tlatsetso ea Litaba). Ehlile ebile e tsamaellana le tlhahlobo ea pejana ea Montag et al. (), mokhatlo o hloahloa ka ho fetisisa le o matla haholo o ka bonoa lipakeng tsa ICD (A5) le kakaretso ea s-IAT (rho = 0.40; p <0.01). Mekhatlo ea bobeli e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e ka bonoa lipakeng tsa Mathata a Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng (IPD, A4) (rho = 0.31; p <0.01) le IGD (A1) e tsamaellanang le IUD e sa tsejoeng (rho = 0.30; p <0.01). Ho fetela ka nqane ho liphuputso tsena, hoa hlokomeleha hore litekanyetso tsa s-IAT tse akaretsang li hokahane kaholimo le IGD (A1) ho banna (rhom, A1 = 0.52, p <0.01) le ICD (A5) ho basali (rhof, A5 = 0.48, p <0.01). Ka hona, re nka bong e le phapang ea bohlokoa ho fumana tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ka mekhatlo ena. Ka kopo elelloa hore liphetho tsa tšekamelo li lula li sa fetohe ha ho sebelisoa likhokahano tse ikhethileng tse laolang lilemo. Ke banna feela, Internet Shopping Disorder (ISD, A3) (r = 0.39, p <0.01) e hokahane haholo ebile e phahame ho feta likamano tse tloaelehileng tsa bivariate le s-IAT e akaretsang (Letlapa la S5 ho Lisebelisoa tsa Tlatsetso).

2D: Lits'oantso tsa 4D mabapi le IUD (S-IAT) ea Lipapatso tsa Inthaneteng, Boloi ba Marang-rang (A1), le Bootsoa ba Inthanete (A2) ka letsohong le letšehali

Re fumane kamano e fapaneng lipakeng tsa tekanyo ea menoana matsohong a matona a matona le LeCTM e tlasana ea S-IAT (rhoR = -0.24, p = 0.04, NR, m = 74) le khokahano e mpe e ikemetseng ea bong lipakeng tsa 2D: Karolelano ea 4D ea letsoho le letona le IGD (A1) (rhoR = -0.17, p = 0.01, N = 211). Phello e susumetsoa ke karolo ea tahlehelo ea taolo ea Lipapali tsa inthanete sampoleng eohle (rho = -0.20, p <0.01, N = 211) le karoloana ea sefahleho ea LoCTM sampoleng ea basali [rhoR(LoCTM) = −0.20, p = 0.02, N = 137]. Bakeng sa papali ea chelete inthaneteng, re fumane mokhatlo o fosahetseng (rhoR = -0.17, p = 0.01, N = 212) e khannoang ke karoloana ea CSP sampoleng ea basali (rhoR = -0.17, p = 0.05, N = 138).

IPD ka sampole eohle e boetse e amahanya hampe le li-ratiine tsa letsoho le letona (rhoR = -0.16, p = 0.02, N = 212, A4) e bakiloe ke likaroloana tse peli (rhoR(LoCTM) = −0.15, p = 0.03, NR, m = 212, rhoR(CSR) = −0.15, p = 0.03, NR, m = 212) empa e ne e sa fumanehe ho li-subsamp tsa banna kapa tsa basali. Ha ho mekhatlo e bohlokoa ea letsoho le letšehali e ka bonoang (liphetho tse ling li hlahisoa ho Tafole Tafole3) .3). Ka kopo elelloa hore ha re laole bakeng sa lilemo ho tlhahlobo e hlahisitsoeng, hobane IGD e ne e sa amane le lilemo ho sampole e felletseng.

Lethathamo 3  

Litlamorao tsa letsoho le letšehali le ka ho le letona le lithethefatsi tse tlatselletsang ka marang-rang ho kenyelletsa litlamorao tsa bong (Spearman's rho).

2D e nepahetseng: Karolelano ea 4D ea basali e ne e hokahane ka tsela e hlakileng le matšoao a IGD karolong e boletsoeng kaholimo e boletsoeng ka holimo [rhoR(LoCTM) = −0.20, p = 0.02, N = 137]. LoCTM e ne e sa amane le lilemo ka lehlakoreng le letona. Bakeng sa papali ea chelete inthaneteng, karoloana ea karoloana ea CSP e boetse e amahanngoa le 2D: 4D [rhoR = rhoR(CSP) = −0.17, p = 0.01, N = 138]. Ka lebaka la kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa lilemo le takatso ea papali ea chelete inthaneteng, re laoloa bakeng sa lilemo (bakeng sa liphetho tse ling, ka kopo sheba ho Tafole Lethathamo33 le Tafole S2 ho Litšehetso tse Tlatsetsang).

Ka lebaka la hore ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mekhatlo e fetang e sa hlalosoang IUD / IGD e ileng ea ngoloa (ho latela mesebetsi e neng e le teng pele ho 2D: 4D le mefuta e fapaneng ea IUD), liphetho tsena li ne li ke ke tsa tšoarella tlhahlobo e mengata. Leha ho le joalo, re ba hlahisa bakeng sa boiteko ba nako e tlang ba ho etsa lipatlisiso.

Puisano

Pele re tla ho khopolo-taba ea pele, re boela re botsa potso haeba matsoho a basali a bontša lipalo tse phahameng ho feta tsa banna. Re ka fumana phapang e kholo letsohong le letona la barupeluoa, e tsamaellanang le se hlokometsoeng ka matla ho lingoliloeng (). Ho hlahloba ho feta hore na sete ya rona e bokelletsoeng e nepahetse maemong a lipatlisiso tsa data ea IUD, re lekile karolong ea sephetho hangata ho bona phapano ea bong ka palo ea IUD e sa boleloang le lintlha tse ikhethileng tsa IUD joalo ka ha li akaretsoa kenyelletsong. Bakeng sa IUD likarolong tsa papali ea papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete le papali ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​re pheta lipatlisiso tse tsebahalang tsa hore banna ba bonts'a maemo a holimo a phahameng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, basali ba bontšitse maemo a phahameng haholo ho ICD ho feta banna. Bakeng sa IUD sebakeng sa mabenkele a marang-rang, ha ho na phapang e kholo e ka bonoang, leha lipalo-palo tse hlalosang li supa linthong tse fumanoeng ka har'a lingoliloeng tse nang le lintlha tse phahameng ho basali. Ka kakaretso, liphumano ka bobeli mabapi le 2D ea hona joale: Litekanyetso tsa 4D le data ea IUD li tsamaellana haholo le se hlahisitsoeng lebaleng la lipatlisiso pele mme se bonts'a bonnete ba data ea rona.

2D: Litekanyetso tsa 4D le Litekanyetso tse lebisang ho IGD

Sepheo sa mantlha thutong ea rona e ne e le ho etela setsoalle pakeng tsa 2D e tlase: matšoao a 4D le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa IGD joalo ka ha li bonoa ka har'a lingoliloeng ho banna. Lithuto tse fumanehang tšimong ke Kornhuber et al. () le Canan et al. () ka bobeli ba hlokometse 2D e tlase: litekanyo tsa 4D (ka hona maemo a holimo a prenatal testosterone) ho amahanngoa le litšekamelo tse phahameng ho IUD ho banna. Ho ba le mokhoa o hlakileng haholoanyane, Kornhuber et al. () e kopantsoe le 2D e tlase: Litekanyo tsa 4D ho bokhoba ba lipapali tsa video ha bo bapisoa N = 27 ba lemaletseng ho bapala inthaneteng ka N = 27 taolo e nepahetseng. Ba sebelisitse CSAS II mohato oa ho hlahloba le ho khetholla bokhoba ba lipapali tsa video. Bangoli ba tlaleha hore "CSAS II e thehiloe ho Internet Addiction Scale ISS-20, e atolositsoeng le ho ikamahanya le maemo ho lekola tšebeliso ea papali ea lipapali tsa video" (leq. 2). Ho Canan et al. (), Ntho ea IAT ea 20 ea Young e ile ea tsamaisoa ho lekola IUD e sa hlalosoang. Ntle le moo, ha bangoli ba sa hlahlobe litloaelo tsa IUD libakeng tse ling tse fumanehang marang-rang, leha ho le joalo ba ile ba kopa khafetsa lits'ebetso tsa barupeluoa ba thuto mme ba arola lintlha tsa IUD (ho leka kakaretso ea IUD) ka li-subsamples ho latela mocha o atisang ho sebelisoa ke inthanete. Mohlala, sena se hlahisitse N = 55 ho tsoa N = Batho ba 650/652 ba tlalehileng hore ba qeta nako e ngata inthaneteng ba bapala. Lintlha tse sa hlalosoang tsa IUD bakeng sa barupeluoa bana ba 55 li ile tsa bapisoa le lintlha tse sa hlalosoang tsa IUD tsa tšebeliso e tlase ea marang-rang ea sechaban = 315) le livideo tse phallelang (n = 206) le ba bang (n = 74). Lipalo-palo tse hlahisitsoeng ke Canan et al. () e hlakotsoe hore li-2D tse boneng tse tlase: Matšoao a 4D ho banna ba nang le IUD e phahameng e sa hlalosoang a ka ikarabella bakeng sa tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea niche ea inthanete ea inthanete.

Boithuto ba rona bo feta se fumanoeng se fumanoeng se phatlalalitsoe, hobane (a) re ile ra hlahloba IUD maemong a mahlano a fapaneng (papali ea papali ea chelete, papali ea chelete, mabenkele, mabenkele, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​puisano) le IUD e sa hlalosoang. Ntle le moo, le (b) mosebetsi o teng ha o a ka oa sebelisa mokhoa oa ho batla batho ba lemaletseng kapa ba sa lemalleng. Sebakeng seo, re batlile likamano tse sa feleng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea bophelo le mahlale a marang-rang (le liteishene tse ikhethileng tsa inthaneteng) mohlaleng o felletseng oa lipatlisiso N = Barupeluoa ba 217. Ha u sheba ka lekhetlo la pele, seo re se fumaneng se tsamaellana le se hlokometsoeng mesebetsing ea Kornhuber et al. () le Canan et al. (), e leng hore 2D e tlase: Litekanyetso tsa 4D tsa letsoho le letona li amahanngoa le IGD e phahameng. Leha ho le joalo, re hlokometse hape hore ntlafatso ena e tsamaisoa ke barupeluoa ba basali ka letsoho le letona mme e ne e sa fumanehe ho banna. Sena sea makatsa, hobane lithuto tsa pejana li hlokometse phello ena ho batona feela.

Bakeng sa ho fumana tlhaloso ea ketsahalo ena, re bapisa barupeluoa ba thuto le ba tsoang lipatlisiso tse phatlalalitsoeng pejana. Taba ea mantlha, bobeli ba rona, re ile ra fumana mekhatlo e ts'oanang mabapi le li-digit hand handos le lipotso tsa IUD. Sena se hanana le mohopolo, hore sampole ea rona e kanna ea fapana le se bonoeng sengolong. The Kornhuber et al. boithuto bo ithutile feela (ba papali ea video e bapalloang ke papali e phetseng hantle le ba phetseng hantle) mme ka tlhaho sampole ea bona ha e thata ho bapisoa le ba nkileng karolo mosebetsing ona o teng. Canan et al. [(), leq. 32] e tlaleha mohlala oa bona, hore "Basali ba ne ba khona ho sebelisa Inthanete marang-rang a ho etsa metsoalle haholo ho feta banna. Ha ho bapisoa le basali, karolo e phahameng ea banna e tlalehileng lipapali tsa inthanete e le ketso ea bona e atisang ho etsoa ea inthanete (p <0.001) ". Ka lebaka la sena, re lumela hore mehlala ea rona ha e fapane ka matla libakeng tsena. Asides, re ile ra lekola litloaelo tsa ho lemalla "Big Five ea IUD" joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo, athe Canan et al. () ithuta feela ho hlahlojoa libaka tseo inthanete hangata e sebelisoang ho tsona (ha ho na litekanyetso tse lemalloang tse kileng tsa hlahlojoa ka kotloloho mona 'me mekhahlelo e hlahlojoang feela likarolo tse ngata). Ka hona, lithuto tsa rona li bapisoa feela ho isa tekanyong e itseng. Ho feta moo, ebile bohlokoa, tahlehelo ea taolo ea IUD ka kakaretso e ne e amahanngoa hampe le 2D e nepahetseng: Litekanyetso tsa 4D mohlaleng oa banna ba tšehetsang liphumano tse amanang le karolelano ea linomoro le IUD e akaretsang joalo ka ha ho tlalehiloe ke Canan et al. () ho isa bohōleng bo itseng.

Seo re se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore mabaka a mang a ka nkuoa bakeng sa ho se shebe kamano pakeng tsa tekanyo ea linomoro le IGD ho banna, empa ke basali feela. Taba ea pele, thuto ke Canan et al. () e se e etsoa Turkey. Ha thuto ea rona e tsoa Jeremane, liphapang tsa setso li ka baka sephetho sa hona joale. Lintho tsena li ka kenyelletsa phapang ea botho, moo ho fumanoeng liphapang pakeng tsa mehlala ea Turkey le Jeremane (). Phuputsong ena, batho ba Europe Bophirimela (ho kenyeletsoa le Jeremane) ba fumane lintlha tse tlase mabapi le ho lumellana le letsoalo ha le bapisoa le linaha tsa Middle East (ho kenyeletsa le Turkey). Phapang e joalo e ka susumetsa litloaelano joalo ka ha li bonoa mosebetsing oa hajoale, hobane 2D: Letšoao la 4D le boetse le amahanngoa le botho (, ). Ntle le moo, thuto ea rona ea hona joale e kenyelletsa sehlopha sa banna feela (n = Banna ba 77 vs. n = Basali ba 140), hobane re ile ra thaotha sampole ea hona joale haholo lihlopheng tsa kelello. Ka hona, matla a rona a lipalo a ho fumana litlamorao tse tšoanang ho banna le ho basali a manyane. Ho fapana le khopolo-taba ea matla, ho na le kamano e tlase e bonoang lipakeng tsa lipalo tsa linomoro tsa letsoho le letona le IGD sehlopheng sa banna sa bankakarolo Tafole3: 3: rho = -0.04, p = 0.72, N = 74. Ka kakaretso, karolelano ea linomoro tsa letsoho le letona e kanna ea se ke ea hokahanngoa feela le IGD ho banna (, ), empa e ka hokahana le IGD ho basali. Ka hona, barupeluoa ba basali ba nang le tšusumetso e matla ea testosterone ea prenatal (kapa prenatal testosterone ho ea boemong ba estradiol) le bona ba ka bontša boitšoaro bo eketsehileng ba inthanete ho latela IGD. Ho nts'etsapele ho tsoa liphetho tsa hona joale, lithuto tsa nako e tlang ka mokhoa o hlakileng li lokela ho hira basali ho etsa lipatlisiso pakeng tsa IGD le karolelano ea linepe ka letsohong le letona. Hape, re bolela hore ha re lekola IUD e akaretsang ho barupeluoa ba rona ba banna, liphetho tse tšoanang li ka bonoa ho se tlalehiloeng ke Canan et al. ().

Ntle le sena, ha ho kamano e 'ngoe e matla e ka bonoang le sebaka se seng sa IUD. Hlokomela, hore mekhatlo e pakeng tsa 2D: Tekanyo ea 4D le litakatso tsa ho ts'oara ho becha ha marang-rang kapa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha li na ho tšohloa ka ho fetelletseng, hobane li ke ke tsa emela tlhahlobo e mengata ka lebaka la ho haella ha hypothesis ea (le ha re thehile hypothesis e lebisitsoeng). bopaki feela bo matlafatsang bo ne bo le teng ho IGD / IUD e sa boleloang le 2D: 4D pele ho thuto ea rona). Sena se hlakisa hore testosterone ea prenatal e kanna ea hokahanngoa feela le IGD / IUD e sa hlalosoang empa eseng libakeng tse ling ha ho hlahlojoa IUD maemong a fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, polelo ena e kanna ea ntlafatsoa, ​​ha bafuputsi ba bang le bona ba hlokomela mekhatlo ea rona lipakeng tsa 2D: 4D le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea chelete / litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho hlokahala ho hopotsoe hore thuto e teng hona joale e fuputse palo ea baithuti ba phetseng hantle (le lintlha tse fumanehang mecheng ea lipotso tsa IUD moo li thellelitsoeng haholo qetellong ea phepelo). Haholo-holo le litekanyetso tsa botona le botšehali tse shebiloeng libakeng tse ngata tsa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, mehlala ea kliniki e ka senola sephetho se fapaneng.

Ho lekola hape Potso ka Sehokela pakeng tsa IUD e sa hlalosoang le mefuta e ikhethileng ea IUD tlasa ho nahanela bong.

Morero oa hoqetela oa thuto ea rona e ne e le ho pheta seo re se fumaneng ho tsoa thutong ea pejana ke Montag et al. () ho shebella mehlala e tšeletseng e ikemetseng e tsoang litsong tse fapaneng tsa setso moo ICD e amanang haholo le IUD e sa hlalosoang. Boithuto bona ba pejana bo ne bo ka se nke bong e le phetoho e ikemetseng (leha e hlahlojoa), hobane disampole li ne li fapana ka matla tekanyo ea bong, mohlala, e 'ngoe ea mehlala e entsoeng lipatlisiso e ne e na le banna ba 9 feela le basali ba 66 (Jeremane, pampiri ea penshene) kapa tse ling, disampole tse tsamaisitsoeng hantle (ba batona ba 23 le basali ba 28; China, sampole ea lipentšele) ba ne ba ntse ba le nyane haholo ho batla liphapang tsa bong ba matla mabapi le tumellano ea IUD. Mohlala o le mong feela ho tsoa thutong ena ea pejana, moo mokhatlo o joalo o ka beng o ile oa hlahlojoa ho tsoa China (sampole ea inthaneteng), empa hangata e ne e se molemong oa mosebetsi ona oa pejana o fuoang liphapang tse ngata mekhoeng ea sechaba ka sechaba ho fumana mohlala . Ka hona, re khutlela potsong ena mosebetsing oa joale. Bakeng sa sampole e felletseng, re ka kopitsa ho fumana hore litloaelo tse lebisang ho ICD li amana haholo le IUD e sa hlalosoang (r = 0.40 **, bona Tafole S5 ho Lisebelisoa tsa Tlatsetso). Ho arola liphetho tsena ka setempe sa monna le sa mosali ho senola hore mokhatlo ona o khannoa ke subsample ea basali (r = 0.50 **), athe ho banna ho fokola (r = 0.29 **). Kamano ea bobeli le ea boraro e matla ka ho fetisisa lipakeng tsa liforomo tse ikhethileng le IUD e sa tsejoeng e ne e le mabenkeleng (r = 0.34 **) le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (r = 0.28 **) ho basali. Ho banna, litloaelano tse bohlokoa li etsahetse haholoholo ka papali (r = 0.57 **), litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (r = 0.53 **) le mabenkeleng (r = 0.39 **). Mohlomong ntle le sehokelo sa IUD se sa tsejoeng, mekhatlo e tsamaellana le phapang ea bong e bonoang lingoliloeng.

Lintlha tsa rona tse ncha li bontša ka ho hlaka hore mekhoa ea setsoalle pakeng tsa mefuta e ikhethileng ea IUD le IUD e sa hlalosoang e hloka ho fuputsoa le maemong a banna le basali. Sena se builoe, mokhatlo o akaretsang o boneng bohareng ba ICD le IUD e sa hlalosoeng ke Montag et al. () e tšehelitsoe ho seo u se batlang hona joale. Ho hloka ho boleloa hore sampole e kholo e tsoang Chaena e kenyelletsa banna haholo ho feta basali (281 vs. 63) e hlokometse likamano tse matla pakeng tsa tšekamelo ea ICD le IUD e sa hlalosoang: rho = 0.68, p <0.01; banna: rho = 0.67, p <0.01; tse tshehadi: rho = 0.70, p <0.01, ()]. Qetellong, mehato ea ho lekola mefuta e fapaneng ea litheko tse itseng tsa inthanete e ne e fapane pakeng tsa mosebetsi oa rona oa pele. Ho hlakile hore, likamano lipakeng tsa mefuta e ikhethileng ea IUD le IUD tse sa hlalosoang li rarahane ebile tlhahlobo e bonolo ea maiketsetso e hloka ho ntlafatsoa ka tekolo ea tekano / boemelo nakong e tlang ha ho nahanoa ka maemo a kang Internet Use Expancancies hammoho le Gratification le Complication Systems ka seng [ka thoko ho litekanyetso tsa bong le litloaelo tse seng li boletsoe; bona hape le Ref. ()].

fihlela qeto e

Boithuto ba hona joale bo fumane bopaki bo eketsehileng bakeng sa karolo ea 2D: 4D letšoao la letsoho le letona ho IGD. Liphumano tsa rona li bonts'a hore tekanyo e tlase ea linomoro (ka hona litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa prenatal testosterone) li amahanngoa le litšekamelo tse phahameng ho IGD. Ho hlokomelehang, liphumano tsa rona li ka bonoa feela ho basali eseng banna, ntho e ka hlalosoang karolo e itseng feela (mohlomong e holimo n ba batona ba na le mabaka le - kapa kapa banna ba mahlomoleng ba bangata ha ba bapisoa le sampole e entsoeng liphuputsong tse etsahalang hona joale. Ho banna, mokhatlo o mobe o hlahile pakeng tsa tekanyo ea linomoro tsa letsoho le letona le IUD e akaretsang (tahlehelo ea taolo ea litšobotsi) e ts'ehetsang liphetho tsa Canan et al. (). Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li hloka ho kenyelletsa mehlala e meholohali, e lekanang le bong ho lekola likamano tse nyane (empa hape le tse matla) pakeng tsa 2D: 4D marker le IGD.

Boitšoaro ba Melao

Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke komiti ea boitšoaro ea lehae ea Univesithi ea Ulm, Jeremane. Tlas'a https://www.uni-ulm.de/einrichtungen/ethikkommission-der-universitaet-ulm/ sebaka sa semmuso sa komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro se ka fumanoa.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

CM, MM, le MB li qapile thuto. Mm o etsa tlhahlobo ea lipalo. Mm o ngotse mokhoa le karolo ea sephetho (le tlatsetso). Litlhahlobo tsohle tsa lipalo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke BL. Mm le JM ba entse litekanyo tsa matsoho. CM o ngotse moralo oa pele oa kenyelletso. CM le MM ba ngotse moralo oa pele oa moqoqo. MB, RS, le BL li ntlafalitse haholo buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

 

Lithuso. Boemo ba CM bo tšehelitsoe ke Heisenberg-lithuso ke Jeremane Research Foundation (DFG; MO 2363 / 3-2). Ntle le moo, thuto e tšehelitsoe ke chelete ea ho fumana tlatsetso ea likhomphutha le inthanete ke Jeremane Research Foundation (DFG, MO 2363 / 2-1).

 

 

1http://www.internetlivestats.com (e fumaneha ka 14th ea Mphalane 2017).

 

 

2Ho tse latelang, re bua ka e sa tsejoe Sebakeng sa IUD e akaretsang, hobane motho ea tlalang IUD ka kakaretso a ka nahana ka botlalo ka "marang-rang" a hae a tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa.

 

 

3http://www.gimp.org.

 

 

Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng

Lintho tse tlatsetsang bakeng sa sengoloa sena li ka fumaneha inthaneteng ho http://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00213/full#supplementary-material.

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