Ketsahalo ea (co-) ea mathata a papali ea video, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi, le mathata a kelello lilemong tsa bocha (2014)

J Behav Addict. 2014 Sep;3(3):157-65. doi: 10.1556 / JBA.3.2014.013.

VAN Rooij AJ1, Kuss DJ2, Griffiths MD3, Khuts'oane GW4, Baetsi ba schoen MT1, MOKHATLO OA MOTSI D5.

inahaneloang

LITLHAHISO:

Boithuto ba hajoale bo hlahlobile mofuta oa papali ea video e nang le mathata (a lemalloang) (PVG) le kamano le mofuta oa papali, bophelo bo botle ba kelello le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi.

LITLHAHISO:

Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ho sebelisoa patlisiso le pampiri le pentšele ka har'a sehlopha. Mehlala e meraro e kopantsoe ho fihlela sampole e felletseng ea bacha ba ikhethang ba 8478. Sekala se kenyellelitse mehato ea ts'ebeliso ea papali, mofuta oa papali, Teko ea Video Game Addiction Test (VAT), maikutlo a sithabetsang, boitšepo bo bobe, bolutu, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng, ts'ebetso ea thuto, le ts'ebeliso ea hanf, joala le nicotine (ho tsuba).

LIKOTSO:

Liphuputso tse netefalitseng papali e nang le mathata li atile haholo har'a bapalami ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bapalang lipapali tse ngata tsa inthanete. Bashemane (60%) ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete ho feta banana (14%) mme bapalami ba nang le mathata ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho ba bashanyana (5%) ho feta banana (1%). Libapali tse nang le mathata a phahameng li bontšitse lintlha tse phahameng ho khatello ea maikutlo, bolutu, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng, boitšepo bo bobe le boits'oaro bo tlalehiloeng ba sekolo se tlase. Nicotine, joala le hanf e sebelisang bashanyana e ne e na le menyetla e fetang habeli ea ho tlaleha PVG e phahameng ho feta bao e seng basebelisi.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ho bonahala eka papali ea inthanete ka kakaretso ha e hlile e amahanngoa le mathata. Leha ho le joalo, libapali tse nang le mathata li bonahala li bapala lipapali tsa inthanete khafetsa, mme sehlopha se senyenyane sa libapali - haholo bashemane - se bonts'itse ts'ebetso e tlase ea kelello le maemo a tlase. Ho feta moo, ho kopana le joala, nicotine le ts'ebeliso ea hanf ho fumanoa. Ho bonahala eka papali e nang le mathata ke bothata bo sa rateheng bakeng sa sehlopha se senyenyane sa libapali. Liphuputso li khothaletsa tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele ea karolo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa psychoactive papaling e nang le mathata.

LINKOTSO:

Mathata a ho bapala Inthaneteng; bacha; joala; hanf; ho tepella maikutlo; bolutu; boitlhompho bo fosahetseng; lipapali tsa inthanete; papali ea video e nang le mathata; ho tsuba; matšoenyeho a sechaba

Selelekela

Mathata a ho bapala le 'ho lemalla papali'

Le ha poleloana e reng 'ho lemalla papali' le mantsoe a eona a tšoanang le a sebelisoang ka mokhoa o qobelloang, o feteletseng le o nang le mathata a sebelisoa khafetsa le ka mokhoa o tšoanang (Kuss le Griffiths, 2012b), bonnete ba kliniki le tlhokeho ea moaho o mocha oa 'ho lemalla papali' o lula o sa ikemisetsa (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014). Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo e reriloeng ea Mathata a Papali ea Inthanete e kenyellelitsoe Sehlomathisong (Karolo ea 3) ea DSM-5 molemong oa ho tsosa lipatlisiso tse ling tsa sehlooho (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013; Petry & O'Brien, 2013). Tlhatlhobo ena e hlalosoa e le ts'ebeliso ea "inthanete e sa feleng le e iphetang ea inthanete ho kenella lipapaling, khafetsa le libapali tse ling, ho lebisang ho holofaleheng ho hoholo kelellong kapa mahlomoleng joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke lintlha tse hlano (kapa ho feta) tsa tse latelang Nako ea likhoeli tse 12 ”(Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013, leq. 795).

Boholo ba mosebetsi oa hajoale oa 'ho lemalla papali' o entsoe ka lithuto tsa lipatlisiso. Le ha lisebelisoa tse fapaneng li le teng, li tloaetse ho tsoa mefuteng ea mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa 'ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi' le 'bothata ba papali ea chelete' - eo e leng eona feela bothata ba boitšoaro bo lemalloang ho DSM-5 (Griffiths, 2005; Lemmens, Valkenburg le Peter, 2009; Rehbein, Kleimann le Mößle, 2010; van Rooij, Schoenmakers, van den Eijnden, Vermulst & van de Mheen, 2012). Ho sebelisa mokhoa ona, lithuto tse tsoang US, Norway, Jeremane le Netherlands li bonts'a hore 'ho lemalla papali' ho atile ho 0.6% ho isa ho 11.9% ea bacha (Moditjhaba, 2009; Morena, Delfabbro & Griffiths, 2012; Mentzoni et al., 2011; Rehbein et al., 2010; van Rooij, Schoenmakers, Vermulst, van den Eijnden & van de Mheen, 2011). Tlhahlobo e akaretsang ea Ferguson et al. e phethela ka hore likhakanyo tsa bongata ba batho ba ka bang 3.1% mohlomong li nepahetse haholo (Ferguson, Coulson & Barnett, 2011).

Ha ba botsoa ka boitšoaro ba bona ba papali, karolo e kholo ea bapalami e bontša hore ba na le mathata a ho laola boitšoaro ba bona. Ha ho fanoa ka mathata ka litekanyo, ha ho tsejoe hore na liphuputso tsena tsa libapali tse ka bang bothata li ka ba bokae (Ferguson et al., 2011) ho batho ba phetseng hantle le / kapa mehlala ea libapali li fetolela maemong a ka bang teng a ho lemalla papali. Ho na le lebaka la tlhokomeliso joalo ka ha lipalo tse tlalehiloeng ka bongaka Netherlands - libapali tse 411 kalafong ea tlhokomelo ea bokhoba ba tahi (Wisselink, Kuijpers & Mol, 2013) - e fapana le likhakanyo tsa palo ea batho ba lilemong tsa bocha tsa maDutch tse tloahelehileng tsa 1.5% ho 2% (Lemmens et al., 2009; van Rooij et al., 2011). Ho tsebahala ho lula ho le thata ha ho na le tumellano e nyane ho litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo. Leha litlhahiso tsa sekala se secha li entsoe (Petry et al., 2014), ha joale ha li netefatsoe ebile li tsoa lits'ebetsong tsa ka hare tsa 'ho khetha'. Ho sa le joalo, mehato e netefalitsoeng ha e lumellane ka botlalo le litekanyetso tsa hajoale tsa DSM-5 (Morena, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar & Griffiths, 2013).

Bangoli ba hlokolosi ts'ebelisong ea mantsoe a ho lemalla bokhoba lipatlisisong tsa lipatlisiso ba sa le banyenyane. Kahoo, re bua ka lipapali tsa (video) tse nang le mathata (PVG) phuputsong ea hajoale e thehiloeng phuputsong ea sampole e phetseng hantle ea baahi. PVG e hlalosoa e le boitšoaro bo ts'oanang le joala bo kenyeletsang ho ba le: sepheo sa ho sebetsana ka katleho / phetoho ea maikutlo, le (e) matšoao a ho khaotsa (van Rooij, 2011; van Rooij et al., 2012). Mokhoa ona oa ho lekanya (bona 'Mekhoa') o beha PVG ho tsoelapele ka mahlakore (Helzer, van den Brink & Guth, 2006) mme e kenyelletsa litekanyo tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba ba inthanete / papali (Lortie & Guitton, 2013). Bocha ba bocha ke tsepamiso e tobileng thutong ena. Ena ke nako ea bohlokoa nts'etsopele, sehlopha sa lilemo se sebelisang theknoloji ea (lipapali) ka potlako, le sehlopha sa palo ea batho seo ho buuoang khafetsa ho sona litlalehong tsa (tsa bongaka) mabapi le papali (Kakaretso, Juvonen & Gable, 2002; Subrahmanyam, Greenfield, Kraut le Gross, 2001).

Kamano lipakeng tsa lipapali tsa inthanete le papali e nang le mathata

PVG hangata e amahanngoa le lipapali tsa libapali tsa inthaneteng (Lekhotla la Saense le Bophelo ba Sechaba, 2007; van Rooij, Schoenmakers, van den Eijnden & van de Mheen, 2010). Phuputso ea Sejeremane (N = 7761, ke bashanyana feela) ba fumaneng libapali tse nkoang e le 'ba itšetlehileng ka' (mekhoa e meraro e fapaneng kapa e phahameng ho feta karolelano ea sekala sa bona sa papali ea komporo ea KFN-CSAS-II) ba qetileng boholo ba nako ea bona ea papali ba bapala lipapali tsa inthanete. Le ha liphetho tsena li lumellana le tlhahiso ea DSM-5 ea 'bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete', monyetla oa ho lemalla lipapali tsa inthanete le tse sa tloaelehang (smartphone) ha o hatisoe ho lingoliloeng (Rehbein & Mößle, 2013). Leha mekhoa e bakang papali e lemalloang e sa tsejoe, bangoli ba nahanne ka karolo ea likarolo tsa moputso, sebapali sa lipapali tsa inthanete, ho sa feleng (King et al., 2012), le khotsofalo ea tšusumetso e fapaneng ea papali (Kuss, Louws & Wiers, 2012). Likhopolo tse latelang li ka thehoa:

  • Khopolo-taba (1): Ho nahanoa hore libapali tsa inthaneteng li kotsing ea ho bapala lipapali tsa video (tse lemalloang), ha li bapisoa le tse bapalang lipapali tse fumanehang kantle ho naha le tse sa tloaelehang.
  • Khopolo-taba (2): Ho nahanoa hore libapali tse nang le mathata li qeta nako ea tsona e ngata lipapaling tsa inthanete, ha li bapisoa le tse bapalang lipapali tsa kantle ho naha le tse sa tloaelehang.

Bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ts'ebetso ea sekolo

Bafuputsi ba fumane likamano khafetsa lipakeng tsa mehato ea PVG le mathata a kelello (mohlala Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen & Yen, 2005; Ng & Wiemer-Hastings, 2005; Rehbein et al., 2010; van Rooij et al., 2011; Wood, Gupta, Derevensky le Griffiths, 2004). Ts'ebetso e mpe ea sekolo e boetse e amahanngoa le PVG. Le ha likamano lipakeng tsa PVG le phokotso ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello li totobetse, tlhaloso ea bona ha e eo. Bangoli ba bang ba pheha khang ea hore PVG e kanna ea bonoa e le ponahatso ea sesosa sa bothata bo kang khatello ea maikutlo kapa bolutu (mohlala. Wood, 2007). Re na le sena kelellong, litšoaneleho tse atisang ho amahanngoa le boemo ba kelello le kelello lia hlahlojoa: khatello ea maikutlo (Han & Renshaw, 2011; Mentzoni et al., 2011), bolutu (Caplan, Williams & Yee, 2009; van Rooij, baetsi ba Schoen, van den Eijnden, Vermulst & van de Mheen, 2013), matšoenyeho a sechaba (Cole & Hooley, 2013; Moditjhaba et al., 2011), boitšepo bo bobe (Ko et al., 2005), le limaraka tse itlalehang (Moditjhaba et al., 2011) ho ba nang le lintlha tse phahameng litekanyong tsa PVG le ba nang le lintlha tse tlase. Ho sheba maemo a feteletseng ho bohlokoa kaha kamano lipakeng tsa lipapali le mathata a kelello e ka ba a tlhaho, 'me maemo a feteletseng a na le ho holofala (Allahverdi-pour, Bazargan, Farhadinasab le Moeini, 2010; van Rooij et al., 2011). Sena se fana ka likhopolo-taba tse latelang:

  • Khopolo-taba (3): Bacha ba bapalang lipapali tsa inthanete ba fokolitse bophelo bo botle ba kelello ha ba bapisoa le ba sa bapalang lipapali tsa inthanete.
  • Hypothesis (4): Bapapali ba nang le mathata ba bonts'a boiketlo ba kelello le kelello khafetsa ho feta bapalami ba se nang mathata.

Ketsahalo e kopaneng ea boits'oaro bo bobe: ho noa, ho tsuba le ts'ebeliso ea hanf

Bocha ke nako ea liteko mabapi le lintho tse peli le boits'oaro bo kotsi joalo ka papali ea chelete (Volberg, Gupta, Griffiths, Olason le Delfabbro, 2010; Mariha & Anderson, 2000). PVG e ka bonoa e le boits'oaro bo kotsi kaha e kenyelletsa mme e amahanngoa le mathata a fapaneng (Rehbein et al., 2010; Sublette le Mullan, 2012). Haeba re amohela mohopolo oa hore batho ba bang ba kanna ba ba le tšekamelo ea lefutso le / kapa ea kelello ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso e mpe kapa e nang le mathata, sena se ka iponahatsa ka keketseho ea PVG le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Mohlala, likhaello tse tšoanang tsa methapo ea kutlo li belaelloa hore li teng bakeng sa bothata ba papali ea chelete le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Goudriaan, Oosterlaan, de Beurs & van den Brink, 2006). Taba ea mantlha, ho tšoana ha methapo ea kutlo le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le hona ho fumanoa bakeng sa PVG (Kuss & Griffiths, 2012a). Ho hloka thahasello, joalo ka mohlala o mong, ho fumanoe e le sesosa se kotsi bakeng sa boits'oaro ba mathata ka bobeli (ho kenyeletsoa tšebeliso ea joala) ho bacha (Evenden, 1999; Khurana et al., 2013) le papali ea mathata (Moditjhaba et al., 2011; Park, Kim, Bang, Yoon & Cho, 2010; van Holst et al., 2012). TMona ho na le mabaka a mangata a kotsi a joala le mathata a mang a lithethefatsi ho bacha (Hawkins, Catalano le Miller, 1992), eo har'a eona ho 'nileng ha ithutoa le ho fumanoa bakeng sa PVG hape; mohlala, ts'ebetso ea sekolo, mathata a sechaba, mathata a boitšoaro, mofuta oa botho, le mathata a tlhokomelo (Kuss le Griffiths, 2012b).

Ho hlakile hore basebelisi ba bangata ba nang le mabaka ana a kotsi ba ka kenella papaling e nang le mathata kapa ba sebelisa lintho. Leha ho le joalo, ts'oaetso eo ho nahanoang hore e kotsing e kanna ea fella ka ho kopana hape, joalo ka ha re tseba ho tsoa lingoliloeng tse fumanehang pakeng tsa lithethefatsi tse fapaneng li atile haholo (Sussman, Lisha le Griffiths, 2011). Liphuputso tse matlafatsang li fana ka maikutlo a hore boitšoaro bo lemalloang bo a hlaha. Sena se kenyelletsa mehlala e joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete (Fisoun, Floros, Siomos, Geroukalis le Navridis, 2012; Floros, Siomos, Fisoun le Geroukalis, 2013; Griffiths, 2002; Lee, Han, Kim le Renshaw, 2013; Wood et al., 2004), Le tšebeliso e thata ea likhomphutha (papali) le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Grüsser, Thalemann, Albrecht & Thalemann, 2005kapa papali ea chelete (Wood et al., 2004). Le ha kamano lipakeng tsa PVG le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li ithutiloe pejana, liphetho ha li na qeto ebile li tsoa mehlala e menyenyane. Ebile, thuto ea Jeremane ha ea ka ea fumana mekhatlo ea bohlokoa (Grüsser et al., 2005). Re tla shebana le ho lekola ketsahalo ea mefuta e 'meli ea boits'oaro bo kotsi: ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le PVG.

  • Khopolo-taba (5): Bacha ba bapalang lipapali tsa inthanete ba sebelisa lintho tse sebelisang kelello (nicotine, hanf, joala) khafetsa ho feta ba sa bapalang lipapali tsa inthanete.
  • Khopolo-taba (6): Basebelisi ba lithethefatsi tsa bocha (nicotine, hanf, joala) ba na le monyetla oa ho ba bapalami ba nang le mathata ho feta basebelisi bao e seng ba lithethefatsi.

Thuto ea hona joale

Boithuto ba hajoale bo sebelisitse data ho tsoa sampoleng e kholo ea bocha ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ka papali ea mathata (e lemalloang). Karolo ea mofuta oa papali, bophelo bo botle ba kelello le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi e ile ea hlahlojoa, ka tebello ea hore papali ea inthanete, phokotso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi e tla amana le PVG. Ha ho bapisoa le mosebetsi oa pejana, boithuto ba hajoale bo kenya letsoho le ho hola holima mosebetsi o seng o ntse o le teng ka ho hlalosa sampole ea data ea pele mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le PVG.

mekhoa

Barupeluoa le tsamaiso

Phuputso e akaretsa mehlala ea 2009, 2010 le 2011 ea selemo le selemo ea Dutch Monitor Study 'Internet le Youth'. Phuputso ena e tsoelang pele ea pampiri le pentšele e sebelisa mehlala e hlophisitsoeng ho khetha likolo bakeng sa ho nka karolo ho ipapisitse le tikoloho, kholo ea litoropo le thuto ho la Netherlands. Ka 2009, likolo tse leshome li nkile karolo (lipotso tsa lipotso tse 4909 li ile tsa ajoa), likolo tse leshome li nkile karolo ka 2010 (tse 4133 tsa aba) le tse 13 li nkile karolo ka 2011 (tse 3756 tsa aba). Sekhahla sa karabelo ea mehlala e ne e le 83% (n = 4063; 2009), 91% (n = 3745; 2010), le 84% (n = 3173; 2011). Ho se arabe ho ne ho bakoa haholo ke hore lihlopha tsohle li ile tsa tsoa sekolong ka lebaka la mathata a kemiso ea kahare. Ha lihlopha tsena li sa kenyeletsoe, karolelano ea sekhahla sa karabelo ea sehlopha ka seng e ne e le 93% (2009), 93% (2010), le 92% (2011).

Thutong ea hajoale disampole li sebelisitsoe ka tsela e arohaneng mme li bokelletsoe ho feta lilemo tse tharo; linyeoe tse phetoang nako e telele li ile tsa tlosoa ho fumana database le batho ba ikhethileng. Mohlala haeba motho a ile a nka karolo hape ho T2, kamora ho kenyelletsoa ho T1, nyeoe ena e ile ea tlosoa pokellong ea likhokahano tsa likhokahano ka 2010 (mohlomong le 2011). E fokotsoe ka mokhoa ona, pokello ea pokello ea lintlha e qetellang e na le linyeoe tse phethiloeng tse 8,478 XNUMX. (Bakeng sa lintlha tse ling mabapi le ts'ebetso bona: van Rooij et al., 2010, 2012, 2011).

Mehato

Lintho tse fetohileng tsa batho

Mefuta e fapaneng ea palo ea batho e kenyelletsa thobalano, boemo ba thuto (tlase, ke hore, koetliso ea mosebetsi oa matsoho kapa e phahameng, ke hore, pele ho koleche kapa koetliso ea univesithi), le selemo sa thuto ea mahareng sa Dutch (selemo sa pele, sa bobeli, sa boraro kapa sa bone).

Ts'ebeliso ea lipapali

Sebelisa le lihora tse beke le beke tse sebelisitsoeng papaling ea inthaneteng, papaling ea sebapali (le sebatling) le papaling e sa sebetsoang. Mefuta e meraro ea lipapali e ile ea khetholloa: (lipapali tse ngata) lipapali tsa inthanete (mohlala, Call of Duty, World of Warcraft), lipapali tse tloaelehileng (sebatli) (mohlala, sehoang.com), mme qetellong le lipapali tsa kantle ho naha (mohlala, Sims 2). Palo ea lihora tse sebelisitsoeng lipapaling tsa mofuta ona ka beke e fumanoe ka ho ikatisa ha lipotso tse peli tse lekanyang matsatsi ka beke ea papali (ha ho mohla ho fihlela [hoo e ka bang] letsatsi le letsatsi) le karolelano ea lihora tsa papali ka letsatsi leo ba bapalang ka lona (ho fihlela lihora tse 9+) , tumellanong le lithuto tse fetileng (van Rooij et al., 2010, 2011). Sena se ne se boetse se emeloa e le tšebeliso ea binary kapa ho se sebelisoe ha mofuta o itseng oa papali. Bongata ba bacha ba hlahlobiloeng ba bapala bonyane mofuta o mong oa papali (N = 6757, 80%). Ho bapala mefuta e mengata ea lipapali ho ne ho atile; 41% ea libapali li bapetse mefuta e 'meli ea papali, ha 22% ea libapali li bapetse mefuta eohle e meraro ea lipapali.

Teko ea Bokhoba ba papali ea video (VAT). Sekala sa VAT sa lintho tse 14 (van Rooij et al., 2012) se kenyelletsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro ba boits'oaro, ho kenyelletsa: tahlehelo ea taolo, likhohlano, ho tsepamisa mohopolo / bohale, ho sebetsana le maemo a feto-fetohang, le matšoao a ho tlohela. VAT e bontšitse ts'epahalo e ntle haholo sampoleng ea hajoale (Cronbach's a = 0.93). Mohlala oa lintho tsa VAT li kenyelletsa: 'Ke hangata hakae u thatafalloang ho emisa papali?' '' U nahana hangata hakae ka papali, leha u se inthaneteng? ' le likarabo tsa likarabo li tsoa ho 'mohla' (lintlha 0), ka seoelo (1), ka linako tse ling (2), ho isa 'hangata' (3) le 'hangata haholo' (4) sekaleng sa lintlha tse hlano.

Lipalo tse mahareng tsa lintho tsa VAT tse 14 li fana ka sesupo sa ho teba ha boitšoaro bo nang le mathata linthong tsohle. Karolelano e baliloe ha bonyane likarolo tse peli ho tse tharo tsa sekala se phethetsoe, empa 99% ea lintlha tse baliloeng tsa VAT li lekantsoe ka holim'a lintho tse 13 kapa tse 14. Thutong ea hajoale, sepheo e ne e le ho lekola sehlopha se fumaneng holimo ho VAT. Bakeng sa ho khetholla sehlopha sena, lipalo tse lekantsoeng li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse peli. Karolelano ea lintlha tsa sehlopha sa pele ho tloha ho 'mohla' ho 'ka linako tse ling', ha likarabo tsa sehlopha sa bobeli li tloha ho 'hangata' ho isa ho 'hangata haholo'. Sehlopha sena sa morao-rao ke sehlopha se tlalehileng boemo bo holimo ba PVG.

Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse sebelisang kelello / tse sa sebelisoeng

Ho noa joala, ho tsuba lisakerete le ts'ebeliso ea li-cannabis li ile tsa sebelisoa hape kapa tsa se ke tsa sebelisoa, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke ts'ebeliso matsatsing a beke (Mantaha ho fihlela Labone) kapa matsatsi a beke (Labohlano ho fihlela Sontaha) khoeling e fetileng.

Liphetoho tsa kelello

Mehato e sebelisitsoe ho theha likarolo tse fapaneng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, ho shebiloe boitšepo, bolutu, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng. Pele, Boemo ba Boitlhompho ba Rosenberg (10)Rosenberg, 1965) e sebelisitsoe le ho nchafatsoa molemong oa hore lintlha tse phahameng li bontšitse boitšepo bo tlase (Cronbach's a = 0.87). Likarabo li ile tsa fanoa ka litekanyo tse 'ne. Taba ea bobeli ke hore, UCLA ea lintho tse 10 tsa Bolutu (Russell, Peplau & Cutrona, 1980) e sebelisitsoe ka sekala sa likarabo tsa lintlha tse hlano (Cronbach's a = 0.85). Taba ea boraro ke phetolelo ea Sedache ea lenane la lintho tse 6 tsa khatello ea maikutlo (Engels, Finkenauer, Meeus & Deković, 2001; Kandel le Davies, ka 1982, 1986) e sebelisitsoe, ka sekala sa likarabo tse 5 (Cronbach's a = 0.81). Kamora nako, Sekhahla se Hlophisitsoeng sa Matšoenyeho a Sechaba bakeng sa Bana (La Greca & Stone, 1993Subcales Qobello ea Sechaba le Matšoenyeho (a = 0.85, lintho tsa 6) le Qoba ea Sechaba le Matšoenyeho ka kakaretso (a = 0.81, lintho tsa 4) li sebelisitsoe ka sekala sa likarabo tse 5, ho tloha ho 'ho hang (1)' ho 'haholo (5)'. Liphetolelo tsena li sebelisitsoe liphuputsong tse fapaneng tsa pejana tsa maDutch pele (van Rooij et al., 2013, 2011). Bakeng sa litekanyo tsohle tse 'ne, lintlha tse phahameng li bonts'a mathata a tlalehiloeng le lipalo tse karolelano holim'a lintho tsohle tse sehlopheng li sebelisitsoe litlhahlobong.

Mosebetsi oa thuto o itlalehang. Ho lekola ts'ebetso ea thuto (e itlalehileng), baithuti ba ile ba botsoa potso e latelang e le 'ngoe: "U phela joang sekolong?", Ka likarabo tse tsoang ho' tse mpe haholo (1) 'ho isa ho tse ntle haholo' (7).

E hlahloba

Ho nahanoa hore linyeoe tsa PVG e phahameng le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li na le sekhahla se tlase ho bacha ba maDutch (van Rooij et al., 2011; Verdurmen et al., 2011). Ha likhopolo-taba li shebane le ho hlaha ha boitšoaro bona, mekhoa ea khokahano e ne e se qalo e ratoang ea tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo ea crosstab eo e seng ea parametric ha ho ne ho sebelisoa. Bakeng sa mehato e tsoelang pele, ha e bapisoa le ho sebelisa mehlala e ikemetseng t-liteko, boholo ba phello ea Cohen's d ea> 0.2 e bonoa e le phello e nyane,> 0.5 e le mahareng, 'me> 0.8 e le kholo (Cohen, 1992).

Ethics

Mekhoa ea ho ithuta e ne e etsoa ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Ha ho fanoa ka taba ena, ha ho na tumello ea kantle ho naha e neng e hlokahala tlasa molao oa Madache. Ka bobeli bana le batsoali ba fumana monyetla oa ho hana ho nka karolo neng kapa neng ntle le litlamorao: sena se etsahetse ka seoelo.

Results

Mehlala ea mohlala

Mohlala o kenyelelitse baithuti ba tsoang selemong sa pele sa thuto ea sekolo se mahareng sa Dutch (43%) le selemo sa bobeli (32%). Lilemo tsa ho ithuta tsa boraro le tse 'ne (25%) li ne li kopantsoe hobane selemo sa bone sa ho ithuta se ne se na le ba arabileng ba fokolang. Lilemo selemong sa pele e ne e le lilemo tse 13.2 ka karolelano, tse 14.3 ka selemo sa bobeli, le tse 15.5 ka selemo sa boraro / sa bone. Lilemo tsa kakaretso tsa batho ba arabelang e ne e le lilemo tse 14.2 (SD = 1.1). Bashemane ba ne ba etsa 49% ea sampole, mme boemo ba thuto bo ne bo arotsoe ka koetliso ea pele ho koleche / univesithi (e phahameng) (59%) le ea pele ho koetliso ea mosebetsi oa matsoho (e tlase) (41%).

Papiso lipakeng tsa libapali tsa inthaneteng le mehlala e meng kaofela

Lethathamo 1 e fana ka kakaretso ea phapang lipakeng tsa libapali tsa inthanete le mehlala e meng kaofela (libapali tse seng tsa inthanete) bakeng sa mefuta e mengata ea papiso. Liphuputso li bonts'itse hore bashemane ba na le menyetla e fetang ea banana ho ba libapali tsa inthanete makhetlo a fetang a 4.4 (Relative Risk kapa RR). Taba ea bobeli, ba lilemong tse tlase tsa ho ithuta (baithuti ba banyane) ba ne ba le monyetla o moholo ho feta lilemo tse phahameng tsa ho ithuta ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete (39% selemong sa pele le 31% selemong sa boraro). Le ha phello e nyane e fumanoe hape bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea li-cannabis (RR = 1.25), ha e fihlelle moelelo oa bohlokoa bo amohelehang. Libapali tsa inthaneteng li fumanoe li fumana lintlha tse phahameng ho feta lipapali tse seng tsa inthanete ho PVG (Cohen's d = 0.79). Ho na le tse fokolang (Cohen's d <0.20) lipontšo tsa hore libapali tsa inthaneteng ha li na khatello ea maikutlo ebile li na le boitšepo bo betere ho feta bapalami bao e seng ba inthaneteng. Liphetho tse ling tse fokolang tsa boholo ba phello li bontša keketseho ea bolutu, matšoenyeho a sechaba maemong a macha, le ts'ebetso e mpe ea boits'oaro ba sekolo bakeng sa libapali tsa inthaneteng.

Tafole 1. 

Palo ea batho le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi bakeng sa libapali tsa inthaneteng le libapali tse seng tsa inthanete (mehlala e meng kaofela)

Bothata ba ho bapala le metsoalle ea eona e inahaneloang

Bong bo bapala karolo ea bohlokoa papaling: hangata papali ea bashanyana nako e telele hape khafetsa. Liphumano tse tsoang ho Lethathamo 1 bonts'a sena se sebetsa bakeng sa papali ea inthanete, e amanang haholo le PVG le bong. Ka hona, liphetho ho Lethathamo 2 ba ne ba arotsoe ka bong. Joalokaha Lethathamo 2 e na le ba arabelitsoeng ba tlatsitseng lenane la VAT, le ka tloloang ke bao e seng bapalami, tafole e na le liphetho tsa sebapali sa papali.

Tafole 2. 

Ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le palo ea batho e arotsoe khahlano le mekhahlelo ea Teko ea Tlhekefetso ea Papali ea Video

Bakeng sa bashanyana, libapali tse bapalang lipapali tsa inthanete li ne li na le menyetla e batlang e le makhetlo a mane ea ho fumana lintlha tse phahameng ho PVG ho feta libapali tse seng tsa inthanete (RR = 3.84). Ha ho liphapang tse fumanoeng bakeng sa mefuta ea papali e sa reroang le ea kantle ho naha. Bakeng sa mefuta eohle e meraro ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, liphapang li fumanoe: ba noang joala (RR = 1.9), ba tsubang lisakerete (RR = 1.8), kapa ba sebelisang cannabis (RR = 2.4) ba ne ba na le menyetla e ka bang makhetlo a mabeli ea ho fumana lintlha tse phahameng ho PVG. Ho mehato e tsoelang pele, sehlopha se nang le mathata se phahameng sa libapali se fumanoe se qeta nako e ngata haholo se bapala lipapali tsa inthanete (phello e kholo, Cohen's d = 0.97), nako e ngata e bapala lipapali tsa kantle ho naha (li-medium effect, Cohen's d = 0.49), le nako e ngata ho bapala lipapaling tse tloaelehileng (phello e nyane, Cohen's d = 0.31). Nako e sebelisitsoeng lipapaling tsa inthanete le eona e ne e phahame haholo ka karolelano, le lihora tse 23 bakeng sa libapali tse nang le mathata a maholo, ho bapisoa le lihora tse 11 tse sebelisitsoeng lipapaling tse sa sebetsoang le lihora tse 4 lipapaling tse tloaelehileng. Sehlopha sa batona se nang le mathata a phahameng se fumanoeng se fumane lintlha tse tlase boiketlong ba kelello le sechaba; phello e kholo e fumanoe bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo e eketsehang, litlamorao li fumanoe bakeng sa bolutu, matšoenyeho a sechaba (maemo a akaretsang le a macha), boitšepo bo bobe, le litlamorao tse tlase bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea sekolo se tlase.

Har'a banana, sehlopha se nang le mathata a maholo se ne se le nyane ha se bapisoa le sa banna ho 1.3% ea libapali tsa basali (ha se bapisoa le 4.8% ea bashanyana ba hapileng holimo ho PVG). Ka lebaka leo, lipalo tse felletseng ka Lethathamo 2 bakeng sa banana ba ne ba le tlase, 'me ba fetang 30 sehlopheng se nang le mathata. Tlhokomeliso ena e fana ka tlhokomeliso ka tlhaloso ea teko ea li-cross-tab ea Chi-square, moo ba bang ba boneng lisele li na le linyeoe tse ka tlase ho 10 mme lipalo tse ling tse lebelletsoeng tsa sele li ne li le tlase ho tse hlano. Leha ho le joalo - hape e ts'oanang le ea bashanyana - banana ba lipapali tsa inthaneteng ba bonahala ba le monyetla oa ho fumana lintlha tse phahameng ho PVG (RR = 20.0). Basebelisi ba basali ba li-cannabis (RR = 3.3) le lino tse tahang (RR = 9.0) le bona ba ne ba bonahala ba le monyetla oa ho ba bapalami ba nang le mathata. Nako e sebelisitsoeng lipapaling tsa inthanete le tse fumanehang kantle ho naha e fumanoe e le holimo sehlopheng se nang le mathata sa libapali tsa basali, ka boholo bo matla. Leha ho le joalo, karolelano ea nako ea beke le beke e sebelisoang lipapaling tsena ke banana e ne e bonahala e le tlase bakeng sa lipapali tsa inthanete, ka karolelano ea lihora tse 14 ka beke. Hape, sehlopha se nang le mathata a mangata se ile sa fumana hampe ho lits'ebetso tsohle tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello: litlamorao tse matla li fumanoe bakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo ka kakaretso sechabeng, le litlamorao tse bohareng tsa bolutu, boitšepo bo bobe, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng maemong a macha le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea sekolo.

Puisano

Boithuto ba hajoale bo sebelisitse sampole ea data e kholo (N = 8,478) ho ithuta papali ea mathata (e lemalloang) sehlopheng sa lilemo tsa bocha. Liphuputso li netefalitse hore papali e nang le mathata e atile haholo har'a bapalami ba lilemong tsa bocha ba bapalang lipapali tse ngata tsa inthanete. Lipapali tse bapalang lipapali tsa inthanete li na le menyetla e ka bang makhetlo a mane ea ho fumana lintlha tse phahameng ka PVG. Bong bo nkile karolo e kholo lipapaling tse peli le PVG: bashanyana (60%) ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete ho feta banana (14%) mme bapalami ba nang le mathata ba ne ba ka ba bashanyana (5%) ho feta banana (1%). Le ha libapali tse nang le mathata li qeta nako e ngata mefuteng eohle e meraro ea papali, papali ea inthanete e bonts'a palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea lihora (lihora tse 23 ka beke) le keketseho e kholo ea boholo ba phello (Cohen's d = 0.97) bakeng sa libapali tsa banna tse nang le mathata a phahameng.

Ntle le ho ba motona, e monyane hanyane, ebile a tloaetse ho ba PVG, ha ho na liphapang tse kholo tse fumanoeng lipakeng tsa libapali tsa libapali tse ngata tsa inthanete le sampole e setseng. Mohlala, ha ho na keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa psychoactive mme ha ho na (keketseho e kholo) ea mathata a kelello le kelello a fumanoeng. Leha ho le joalo, PVG e phahameng e ne e amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea lithethefatsi le mathata a kelello ho bashanyana le banana. Nicotine, joala le hanf tse sebelisang bashanyana li ne li na le menyetla e fetang habeli ea ho tlaleha PVG e phahameng. Sehlopha se phahameng sa PVG sa banana se ne se le nyane haholo ka kutloisiso e felletseng (n = 30). Ka lebaka leo, ho ne ho na le lipontšo tse ling tsa hore banana ba sebelisang lithethefatsi ba sebelisang kelello, haholo joala le hanf, ba fumane PVG khafetsa khafetsa, empa tlhokomeliso e hlokahala ka tlhaloso ka lebaka la boholo ba sehlopha se senyenyane. Ho na le tlhoko ea ho utloisisa sehlopha sena hantle, mme lipatlisiso tse tlang li ka lakatsa ho hlahloba PVG ho banana. Libapali tse nang le mathata a phahameng - bashanyana le banana - li bontšitse keketseho maikutlong a sithabetsang (phello e kholo), bolutu, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng (maemo a akaretsang le a macha), boitšepo bo bobe, le ts'ebetso ea sekolo se tlase e tlalehiloeng.

Liphuputso tsa hajoale li tsamaellana le lingoliloeng tse fetileng ebe lia e holisa ka ho hlahloba mokhatlo pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le PVG. Karolo ea lipapali tsa libapali tsa inthanete tse fumanehang mona li tšehelitsoe ke lithuto tse ling (Lekhotla la Saense le Bophelo ba Sechaba, 2007; Rehbein et al., 2010; van Rooij et al., 2010). Hammoho, liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore lipatlisiso tsa kamoso li lokela ho lekola mekhoa le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tse teng lipapaling tsena tsa inthanete le tse eketsang bokhoni ba bona ba ho lemalla. DSM-5 e shebana feela le lipapali tsa inthanete (inthaneteng). Ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho mofuta o le mong oa papali ho bonahala e le nako ea pele ho fanoa ka tlhaiso-leseling e hlahisitsoeng mona. Le ha lipapali tsa inthanete li hlile li fumaneha li le thata ka ho fetesisa, ho bapala mefuta e mengata ea lipapali ho ne ho atile (63% ea libapali li bapala mefuta e 'meli kapa ho feta ea papali). Ho bapala marang-rang ho ka nolofalletsa boitšoaro bo nang le mathata (Griffiths, King & Demetrovics, 2014).

Le ha ho entsoe lithuto tse 'maloa khokahanong e itseng lipakeng tsa PVG le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse sebelisang kelello, liphetho li lumellana le sephetho sebakeng se amanang le papali ea chelete. Griffiths le Sutherland ba fumane hore bacha ba bapalang papali ea chelete (ba lilemo li 11-16) ba kotsing ea ho noa joala, ho tsuba lisakerete le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse seng molaong (Griffiths, Parke & Wood, 2002; Griffiths le Sutherland, 1998). Boithuto ba hajoale bo fumane PVG e phahameng le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi li kanna tsa etsahala, ho fapana le mosebetsi oa pele oa Jeremane (Grüsser et al., 2005). Liphuputso tsa rona li ka fana ka ts'ehetso ea mohopolo oa tlokotsi e ka tlisoang ke boits'oaro bo "lemalloang" bo behang bacha lilemong tse peli tsa boits'oaro bo kotsi (Hawkins et al., 1992; Shaffer et al., 2004).

Kamano e fumanoe lipakeng tsa boiketlo ba kelello le phello ea kelello, ts'ebetso ea sekolo se tlase le PVG e phahameng. Boikutlo bo sithabetsang, khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng, boitšepo bo bobe, bolutu le ts'ebetso ea sekolo li ne li le mpe le ho feta sehlopheng se phahameng sa PVG - ho bashanyana le banana. Ha liphuputso tsena li lumellana le lingoliloeng, li fana ka sesupo sa hore sehlopha sa libapali tse nang le mathata a maholo se tlaleha mathata a fetang boits'oaro ba PVG ka bo eona. Ha thuto ea hajoale e sebelisa mokhoa o arohaneng ka moralo, e ke ke ea tsebahala haeba phokotso ena ke sesosa kapa sephetho sa PVG. Lingoliloeng li fana ka maikutlo a hore ekaba bobeli. Taba ea mantlha, ho na le bopaki ba hore bana ba nang le mathata a mangata a kelello, joalo ka matšoenyeho a sechaba, ba khetha likamano tsa marang-rang (Valkenburg le Peter, 2011). Taba ea bobeli ke hore, thuto ea maqhubu a mabeli pakeng tsa libapali tsa maDutch tse 543 (Lemmens, Valkenburg le Peter, 2011) e bonts'itse bokhoni ba boiketlo ba sechaba, boitšepo le bolutu e ne e le liponelopele tsa liphetoho ho PVG (tse nang le litlamorao tse tlase), ha bolutu le bona e ne e le litlamorao. Phuputso e 'ngoe e bontšitse hore papali e ngata haholo, boiphihlelo bo tlase ba sechaba, le ho se ts'oenyehe ho hoholo e ne e le lisosa tsa kotsi bakeng sa PVG ha khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, tšabo ea sechaba le ts'ebetso ea sekolo se tlase li bonahala li sebetsa joalo ka litholoana (Moditjhaba et al., 2011).

Ts'ebeliso ea sampole e kholo, e kopaneng ke matla a thuto ena. Leha ho le joalo, thuto e boetse e na le meeli e itseng. Pele, mefuta ea lipapali e ne e arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e meraro e pharaletseng. Hona hoa utloahala joalo ka ha lipatlisiso tsa pejana le tsona li sebelisitse phapang ena (van Rooij et al., 2010), empa e lahleheloa ke lintlha tse kang mofuta oa papali (Elliott, Golub, Ream & Dunlap, 2012; Ghuman & Griffiths, 2012). Ho arola sekala sa PVG ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ho khetholla lihlopha tse nang le mathata a tlase le a phahameng empa lintlha tse khaotsoeng, ha ho utloahala, li ka ngangisanoa (van Rooij et al., 2011). Hape, ka lebaka la ho ata ho hoholo ha liketsahalo tse ling tseo re li nkileng, re ke ke ra fetola lihlahlobo bakeng sa litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa sehlopha (ekaba ka sehlopha kapa selemo). Kamora nako, lintlha tse fumanehang thutong ena li ne li itlaleha feela. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e kanna ea una molemo ka ho kenyelletsa mehato ea sephetho e sebetsang kantle, joalo ka limaraka kapa ts'ebetso ea boits'oaro bo thehiloeng ho software (Griffiths le Whitty, 2010).

Ha re phethela, thuto ea hajoale e sebelisitse sampole e kholo ho holisa liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa likarolo tse tharo tse ka bang teng tsa papali (e lemalloang) e thata: karolo ea mofuta oa papali, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Liphuputso li senotse setšoantšo se tsoakaneng. Ho bonahala eka papali ea inthanete ka kakaretso ha e hlile e amahanngoa le mathata. Ebile, ho na le lipontšo tse fokolang tsa hore e amahanngoa le khatello ea maikutlo e fokotsehileng le boitšepo bo ntlafetseng. Leha ho le joalo, lipapali tsa inthaneteng hangata li ameha ts'ebelisong e nang le mathata hape, mme basebelisi ba nang le mathata ba bonts'a ts'ebetso e fokotsehileng ea kelello le maemo a tlase. Ho feta moo, litloaelano le joala, nicotine le ts'ebeliso ea hanf li fumanoa bakeng sa bashanyana. Liphuputso tse hlahisitsoeng mona li khothaletsa tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele ea karolo ea ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa psychoactive ho PVG mme li bonts'a hore ho ka nka nako pele ho nako ho se tsotelle karolo ea lipapali tseo e seng tsa inthanete thutong ea 'Internet Gaming Disorder'.

Mehloli ea lichelete

Boithuto ba hajoale bo thusitsoe ke thuso ea maeto (# 31200010) e fanoeng ka Mokhatlo oa Netherlands oa Patlisiso le Ntšetso-pele ea Bophelo (ZonMw).

Menehelo ea bangoli

Sengoli sa pele se ngotse meralo ea pele, sa bokella le ho sekaseka lintlha. Bangoli ba pele ba bane ba ne ba kentse letsoho ka kotloloho tlhahlobisong ea data. Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho ho ngolleng le ho lekoleng sengoloa se ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

Khohlano ea thahasello

Ha ho letho.

Liteboho

Bangoli ba leboha mekhatlo e latelang ka ho tšehetsa pokello ea tlhaiso-leseling ea Monitor Study 'Internet and Youth': Netherlands Organisation for Health Research & Development (ZonMw, projeke no. 31160208), Kennisnet Foundation, Tactus Addiction Care le Volksbond Foundation Rotterdam. Ho feta moo, re leboha 'mali ea ikemetseng Edwin Szeto ka menehelo ea hae.

References

  1. Allahverdipour H., Bazargan M., Farhadinasab A., Moeini B. Correlates ea lipapali tsa video tse bapalang har'a bacha naheng ea Boislamo. BMC Bophelo ba Sechaba. 2010; 10 (1): 286. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  2. Buka ea tlhahlobo le lipalo tsa mathata a kelello. Khatiso ea 5. Arlington, VA: Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika; 2013. Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika; leq. (991).
  3. Caplan SE, Williams D., Yee N. Mathata a ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang le boiketlo ba kelello pakeng tsa libapali tsa MMO. Lik'homphieutha ka Boitšoaro ba Botho. 2009; 25 (6): 1312–1319.
  4. Cohen J. Sesebelisoa sa matla. Bulletin ea kelello. 1992; 112 (1): 155-159. [E fetotsoe]
  5. Cole SH, Hooley JM Tlhahlobo ea Khomphutha ea Saense ea Sechaba. 2013. Li-correlate tsa bongaka le tsa botho tsa papali ea MMO: Ho tšoenyeha le ho kenella ts'ebelisong e thata ea Marang-rang. doi: 10.1177 / 0894439312475280.
  6. Litlamorao tsa maikutlo le boits'oaro, ho kenyeletsoa le menyetla e lemalloang ea lipapali tsa video. Chicago: Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Bongaka; 2007. Lekhotla la Saense le Bophelo ba Sechaba.http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/csaph/csaph12a07-fulltext.pdf
  7. Elliott L., Golub A., Ream G., Dunlap E. Mofuta oa papali ea video e le selelekela sa ts'ebeliso ea mathata. Cyberpsychology, boits'oaro le marang-rang a sechaba. 2012: 15–3. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  8. Engels RCME, Finkenauer C., Meeus WHJ, Dekovi M. Attachment le phetoho ea maikutlo ea bacha: Mekhatlo e nang le boiphihlelo ba sechaba le boiphihlelo ba kamano. Tlaleho ea Psychology ea Tlhabollo. 2001; 48 (4): 428-439.
  9. Evenden J. Impulsivity: Puisano ea liphuputso tsa bongaka le liteko. Tlaleho ea Psychopharmacology. 1999; 13 (2): 180-192. [E fetotsoe]
  10. Ferguson CJ, Coulson M., Barnett J. Tlhatlhobo ea meta ea ho ata ha papali ea mafu le ho se ts'oane ka bophelo bo botle ba kelello, mathata a thuto le a sechaba. Tlaleho ea Patlisiso ea Psychiatric. 2011; 45 (12): 1573–1578. [E fetotsoe]
  11. Fisoun V., Floros G., Siomos K., Geroukalis D., Navridis K. Ho lemalla marang-rang e le selelekela sa bohlokoa ho lemoheng pejana boiphihlelo ba ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa bocha - Litlamorao tsa lipatlisiso le boits'oaro. Tlaleho ea Bongaka ba Lithethefatsi. 2012; 6 (1): 77-84. [E fetotsoe]
  12. Floros GD, Siomos K., Fisoun V., Geroukalis D. Bocha ba papali ea chelete inthaneteng: Kameho ea litloaelo tsa batsoali le likamano tse amanang le mesebetsi ea inthanete. Journal ea Lithuto tsa Papali ea Chelete / Co-Sponsored ke Lekhotla la Naha la Bothata ba Ho becha le Setsi sa Boithuto ba Papali ea Chelete le Khoebo. 2013; 29 (1): 131-150. [E fetotsoe]
  13. Ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video ea Balichaba ea DA ea Bacha har'a bacha ba lilemo tse 8 ho isa ho 18: Boithuto ba naha. Saense ea kelello. 2009; 20 (5): 594-602. [E fetotsoe]
  14. Moditjhaba oa DA, Choo H., Liau A., Sim T., Li D., Fung D., Khoo A. Tšebeliso ea papali ea video ea pathological har'a bacha: Boithuto ba nako e telele ba lilemo tse peli. Lingaka tsa bana. 2011; 127 (2): e319 – e329. [E fetotsoe]
  15. Ghuman D., Griffiths M. Boithuto bo fapaneng ba papali ea inthanete. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Boitšoaro ba cyber, Psychology le Ithute. 2012; 2 (1): 13–29.
  16. Goudriaan AE, Oosterlaan J., de Beurs E., van den Brink W. Neurocognitive e sebetsa ho papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete: Papiso le ts'ebeliso ea joala, lefu la Tourette le taolo e tloaelehileng. Bokhoba Abingdon, England) 2006; 101 (4): 534-547. [E fetotsoe]
  17. Griffiths MD Leicester: Wiley-Blackwell; Ho lemalla papali ea chelete le papali ea bocha bocheng (Batsoali, boiphihlelo ba bongoana le koetliso ea bana)
  18. Griffiths MD A "likarolo" tsa mofuta oa tahi kahare ho sebopeho sa biopsychosocial. Tlaleho ea Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi. 2005; 10 (4): 191–197.
  19. Griffiths MD, King DL, Demetrovics Z. DSM-5 bothata ba papali ea inthanete bo hloka mokhoa o kopaneng oa tlhahlobo. Phekolo ea Neuropsychiatry. 2014); 4 (1): 1-4.
  20. Griffiths MD, Parke J., Wood RTA Ho becha ho feteletseng le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi: Na ho na le kamano? Tlaleho ea Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi. 2002; 7 (4): 187-190.
  21. Griffiths MD, Sutherland I. Ho becha ha bacha le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi. Journal ea Sechaba le Applied Psychology ea Sechaba. 1998; 8 (6): 423-427.
  22. Griffiths MD, Whitty M. Ho latela boits'oaro ba inthaneteng lipatlisisong tsa papali ea chelete ea inthanete: Litaba tsa boitšoaro le mekhoa. Tlaleho ea Machabeng ea Boitšoaro ba Patlisiso ea Inthanete. 2010 http://ijire.net/issue_3.1/3.1complete.pdf#page=107
  23. Gross EF, Juvonen J., Gable SL ts'ebeliso ea inthanete le boiketlo bocheng. Journal ea Litaba tsa Sechaba. 2002; 58 (1): 75-90.
  24. Grüsser SM, Thalemann R., Albrecht U., Thalemann CN Exzessive computernutzung im Kindesalter Ergebnisse einer psychometrischem Erhebung [Ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea likhomphutha ho bacha tekolo ea psychometric] Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2005; 117: 188-195. [E fetotsoe]
  25. Han DH, Renshaw PF Bupropion kalafong ea papali ea mathata ea inthaneteng ho bakuli ba nang le khatello e kholo ea khatello ea maikutlo. Tlaleho ea Psychopharmacology. Doi ea 2011: 10.1177 / 02698 81111400647. [E fetotsoe]
  26. Hawkins J., Catalano R., Miller J. Likotsi le lintlha tse sireletsang bakeng sa joala le mathata a mang a lithethefatsi bocheng le bongoaneng: litlamorao tsa thibelo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi. Bulletin ea kelello. 1992; 112 (1): 64-105. E nkiloe ho http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/112/1/64/ [E fetotsoe]
  27. Helzer JE, van den Brink W., Guth SE Na ho lokela ho ba le mekhahlelo ea likarolo tse peli bakeng sa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho DSM-V? Bokhoba (Abingdon, England) 2006; 101 (Suppl): 17–22. [E fetotsoe]
  28. Kandel DB, Davies MNO Epidemiology ea maikutlo a sithabetsang ho bacha. Boithuto bo matla. Li-Archives tsa General Psychiatry. 1982; 39 (10): 1205. [E fetotsoe]
  29. Kandel DB, Davies MNO Batho ba baholo sequelae ea matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo a bocha. Li-Archives tsa General Psychiatry. 1986; 43 (3): 255-262. [E fetotsoe]
  30. Kardefelt-Winther D. Ho thatafalletsa ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete ka mokhoa o fetelletseng le lihanyetsi tsa eona tsa kelello. Lik'homphieutha ka Boitšoaro ba Botho. 2014; 31: 118-122.
  31. Khurana A., Romer D., Betancourt LM, Brodsky NL, Giannetta JM, Hurt H.Bokhoni ba mohopolo ba ho sebetsa bo bolela esale pele mathata a ts'ebeliso ea joala kapele ho bacha: Karolo ea boemeli ba ho hloka maikutlo. Bokhoba (Abingdon, England) 2013; 108 (3): 506-515. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  32. King DL, Delfabbro PH, Griffiths MD Mehato ea bongaka ea mathata a thehiloeng ho theknoloji: Ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete le papali ea video. Tlaleho ea Phekolo ea Phekolo ea Kelello. 2012; 26 (1): 43-56.
  33. King DL, Haagsma MC, Delfabbro PH, Gradisar M., Griffiths MD Ho fihlela tlhaloso ea tumellano ea papali ea video ea mafu: Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo ea psychometric. Tlhahlobo ea Clinical Psychology. 2013; 33 (3): 331-342. [E fetotsoe]
  34. Ko C.-H., Yen J.-Y., Chen C.-C., Chen S.-H, Yen C.-F. Liphapang tsa bong le lintlha tse amanang le tsona tse amang bokhoba ba papali ea inthanete har'a bacha ba Taiwan. Journal ea Maloetse a Tšabo le Kelello. 2005; 193 (4): 273-277. [E fetotsoe]
  35. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD Inthaneteng le ho lemalla lipapali: Ho hlahloba lingoliloeng ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng oa lithuto tsa neuroimaging. Saense ea Boko. 2012a; 2 (3): 347-374. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  36. Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD ho lemalla papali ea inthanete: Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea lipatlisiso tse matla. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Bophelo bo Botle ba kelello le Bokhoba. 2012b; 10 (2): 278–296.
  37. Kuss DJ, Louws J., Wiers RW Ho lemalla papali ea inthanete? Sepheo se bolela mokhoa oa ho bapala o lemalloang lipapaling tse ngata tsa batho ba bapalang inthaneteng. Cyberpsychology, boits'oaro le marang-rang a sechaba. 2012; 15 (9): 480-485. [E fetotsoe]
  38. La Greca AM, Lejoe la WL Matšoenyeho a sechaba bakeng sa bana a ntlafalitsoeng: Sebopeho sa lintlha le bonnete ba nako e le ngoe. Tlaleho ea Clinical Child Psychology. 1993; 22 (1): 17–27.
  39. Lee YS, Han DH, Kim SM, tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi ea Renshaw PF e etella pele bokhoba ba inthanete. Liketso tse lemalloang. 38 (4): 2022--2025. [E fetotsoe]
  40. Lemmens JS, Tonakholo ea Valkenburg, Peter J. Nts'etsopele le netefatso ea sekhahla sa tahi ea papali bakeng sa bacha. Psychology ea Media. 2009; 12 (1): 77-95.
  41. Lemmens JS, PM Valkenburg, Peter J. Lisosa tsa kelello le litlamorao tsa papali ea mafu. Lik'homphieutha ka Boitšoaro ba Botho. 2011; 27 (1): 144-152.
  42. Lortie CL, Guitton MJ lisebelisoa tsa ho lekola bokhoba ba inthanete: Sebopeho sa sebopeho le boemo ba mokhoa. Bokhoba (Abingdon, England) 2013; 108 (7): 1207-1216. [E fetotsoe]
  43. Mentzoni RA, Brunborg GS, Molde H., Myrseth H., Skouverøe KJM, Hetland J., Pallesen S. Ts'ebeliso ea mathata a papali ea video: Ho hakanngoa ho ata le ho kopana le bophelo bo botle ba kelello le 'mele. Cyberpsychology, Boitšoaro le Liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona. 2011; 14 (10): 591-596. [E fetotsoe]
  44. Ng B., Wiemer-Hastings P. Ho lemalla inthanete le papali ea inthanete. CyberPsychology & Boitšoaro. 2005; 8 (2): 110-114. [E fetotsoe]
  45. Park HS, Kim SH, Bang SA, Yoon EJ, Cho SS E fetotse metabolism ea cerebral glucose metabolism ho basebelisi ba papali ea inthanete: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography tomography. Likarolo tsa CNS. 2010; 15 (3): 159-166. E nkiloe ho http://www.primarypsychiatry.com/aspx/articledetail.aspx?articleid=2605. [E fetotsoe]
  46. Petry NM, boloetse ba lipapali ba inthanete ba O'Brien CP le DSM-5. Bokhoba (Abingdon, England) 2013; 108 (7): 1186–1187. [E fetotsoe]
  47. Petry NM, Rehbein F., DA ea Balichaba, Lemmens JS, Rumpf H.-J., Mößle T., Bischof G., Tao R., Fung DS, Borges G., Auriacombe M., González Ibáñez A., Tam P ., O'Brien CP Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2014. Tumellano ea machabeng ea ho lekola bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete ho sebelisoa mokhoa o mocha oa DSM-5. doi: 10.1111 / eketsa.12457. [E fetotsoe]
  48. Rehbein F., Kleimann M., Mößle T. Ho ata le lisosa tsa kotsi tsa ho itšetleha ha papali ea video bocheng: Liphetho tsa patlisiso ea naha ea Jeremane. Cyberpsychology, Boitšoaro le Liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona. 2010; 13 (3): 269-277. [E fetotsoe]
  49. Rehbein F., Mößle T. Papali ea video le bokhoba ba inthanete: Na ho na le tlhoko ea phapang? SUCHT - Zeitschrift Für Wissenschaft Und Praxis / Tlaleho ea Patlisiso le Tloaelo ea Lithethefatsi. 2013; 59 (3): 129-142.
  50. Rosenberg M. Society le boits'oaro ba bocha. (Nchafalitsoeng ed.) Princeton: NJ: Presseton University Press .;
  51. Russell D., Peplau LA, Cutrona CE Tekanyo e ntlafalitsoeng ea bolutu ba UCLA: Bopaki bo lumellanang le bo khethollang. Journal ea Botho le Psychology ea Sechaba. 1980; 39 (3): 472-480. [E fetotsoe]
  52. Shaffer HJ, LaPlante DA, LaBrie RA, Kidman RC, Donato AN, Stanton MV Mabapi le mofuta oa lefu la tahi: Lipolelo tse ngata, etiology e tloaelehileng. Tlhahlobo ea Harvard ea Psychiatry, 12 (6) 2004: 367-374. [E fetotsoe]
  53. Sublette 'VA, Mullan' B. Liphello tsa papali: Tlhahlobo ea Asys-tematic ea litlamorao tsa papali ea inthanete. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Bophelo bo botle ba kelello le Bokhoba. 2012; 10 (1): 3-23.
  54. Subrahmanyam K., Greenfield P., Kraut R., Gross EF Kameho ea ts'ebeliso ea likhomphutha ho bana le bacha, kholo. Journal ea Applied Development Development. 2001; 22 (1): 7-30.
  55. Sussman S., Lisha N., Griffiths MD Ho ata ha lithethefatsi: Bothata ba bongata kapa ba fokolang? Tlhatlhobo le Litsebi tsa Bophelo. 2011; 34 (1): 3-56. [Tlhahiso ea mahala ea PMC] [E fetotsoe]
  56. Tonakholo ea Valkenburg, Peter J. Puisano ea inthanete har'a bacha: Mohlala o kopaneng oa ho hohela, menyetla le likotsi. Tlaleho ea Bophelo ba Bacha. 2011; 48 (2): 121-127. [E fetotsoe]
  57. van Holst RJ, Lemmens JS, Tonakholo ea Valkenburg, Peter J., Veltman DJ, Goudriaan AE Khethollo le thibelo ea maikutlo litabeng tsa lipapali li amana le papali ea mathata ho bacha ba batona. Tlaleho ea Bophelo ba Bacha. 2012; 50 (6): 541-546. [E fetotsoe]
  58. van Rooij AJ Ho lemalla lipapali tsa video. Ho hlahloba Phenomenon e Ncha [Tlhaloso ea PhD] 2011 Rotterdam Netherlands: Erasmus University Rotterdam. E khutlisitsoe ho http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/23381/
  59. van Rooij AJ, Schoenmakers TM, van den Eijnden RJJM, van de Mheen D. Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e qobelloang: Karolo ea lipapali tsa inthanete le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete. Journal ea Bophelo ba Bacha, 47 (1) 2010: 51-57. [E fetotsoe]
  60. vanRooij AJ, Schoenmakers TM, vandenEijnden RJJM, Vermulst A., van de Mheen D. Teko ea bokhoba ba papali ea papali ea video: Litšobotsi le boits'oaro ba psychometric. Cyber-psychology, boits'oaro le marang-rang a sechaba. 2012; 15 (9): 507-511. [E fetotsoe]
  61. van Rooij AJ, Schoenmakers TM, van den Eijnden RJJM, Vermulst AA, van de Mheen D. Ho lemalla papali ea video le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba bocha: Karolo ea boleng ba setsoalle inthaneteng le bophelong ba 'nete. Ka: T. Quandt, S. Kroger., Bahlophisi. Multiplayer: Likarolo tsa sechaba tsa papali ea dijithale. 1 ed. Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis / Routledge; 2013. maq. 215–227. E nkiloe ho http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415828864/
  62. van Rooij AJ, Schoenmakers TM, Vermulst AA, van den Eijnden RJJM, van de Mheen D. Ho lemalla papali ea video inthaneteng: Ho khetholla libapali tse lemaletseng bocha. Bokhoba. 2011; 106 (1): 205–212. [E fetotsoe]
  63. Verdurmen J., Monshouwer K., Dorsselaer S., van Lokman S., Vermeulen-Smit E., Vollebergh W. Jeugd en kotsing gedrag 2011. Kerngegevens uit het peilstationsonder-zoek scholieren. 2011 Utrecht: Trimbos-instituut.
  64. Volberg RA, Gupta R., Griffiths MD, Olason DT, Delfabbro P. Pono ea machabeng mabapi le lithuto tsa bocha ba papali ea chelete ea bacha. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Bongaka le Bophelo bo Botle. 2010; 22 (1): 3-38. E nkiloe ho http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20491416. [E fetotsoe]
  65. Winters KC, Anderson N. Ho nka karolo ho becha le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi har'a bacha. Tlaleho ea Lithuto tsa Papali ea chelete. 2000; 16 (2-3): 175-198. [E fetotsoe]
  66. WisselinkD J., Kuijpers WGT, Mol A. Kerncijfers Verslavingszorg 2012 [Tlhokomelo e Kholo ea Lipalopalo ea Lipalopalo bakeng sa Netherlands ka 2012] Houten: Stichting Informatie Voorziening Zorg (IVZ) E khutlisitsoe ho http://www.sivz.nl/images/documenten/kerncijfers/kerncijfersverslavingszorg2012.pdf.
  67. Wood RTA Mathata ka mohopolo oa papali ea "ho lemalla" papali ea video: Mehlala e meng ea lithuto. Koranta ea Machabeng ea Bophelo bo botle ba kelello le Bokhoba. 2007; 6 (2): 169-178.
  68. Wood 'RTA, Gupta R., Derevensky JL, Griffiths MD Papali ea video e bapalang le ho becha ho bacha: Lisosa tse tloaelehileng tsa kotsi. Journal ea Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi le Bana. 2004; 14 (1): 77-100.