Pono ea kelello ea bothata ba ho bapala lipapali tsa Inthanete (2014)

Keywords

• Bothata ba ho bapala Inthanete;
• Pheko ea kelello;
• Papali ea video ea pathological;
• Inthaneteng e lemalla;
• Temoho;
• DSM-5

1. Selelekela

Mathata a kelello a amanang le lipapali tsa inthanete a ntse a bonoa e le bothata ba lefats'e (Ferguson et al., 2011, King, Delfabbro, Zwaans le Kaptsis, 2013, Kuss le Griffiths, 2012, Mentzoni et al., 2011 'me Van Rooij et al., 2010). Ka May 2013, bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) bo kenyellelitsoe Karolong ea Boraro ea DSM-5 e le maemo a lumellang thuto e eketsehileng (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013). Sena se tšoaile ketsahalo ea pele ea papali ea marang-rang e tsejoang e le bokuli ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello, leha ho le joalo, ka boteng ba kelello. Sehlopha sa IGD se ts'oana haholo le tlhaho ea papali ea papali ea chelete ea ho becha (kapa "bothata ba ho becha" ho DSM-5) mme e na le lintlha tse robong: (A) ho ameha haholo ka lipapali tsa Inthanete; (B) Matšoao a ho khaotsa ha papali ea marang-rang e tlosoa; (C) mamello, tlhoko ea ho sebelisa nako e eketsehileng ea ho bapala papali ea inthanete; (D) liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho laola ho nka karolo lipapaling tsa inthanete; (E) ho lahleheloa ke thahasello mesebetsing ea boithabiso le boithabisong ka lebaka la lipapali tsa marang-rang; (F) ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lipapali tsa inthanete leha a ne a tseba mathata a kelello; (G) thetso ea litho tsa lelapa, lingaka tsa bongaka, kapa ba bang mabapi le palo ea lipapali tsa marang-rang; (H) ts'ebeliso ea papali ea inthanete ho baleha kapa ho imolla mohopolo o mobe; le (I) tahlehelo ea kamano ea bohlokoa, mosebetsi, kapa monyetla oa thuto kapa mosebetsi ka lebaka la ho nka karolo lipapaling tsa inthanete.

Patlisiso mabapi le IGD, eo hape e bitsoang "bokhoba ba papali ea video" kapa "sebapali sa video", e 'nile ea tsebahala ka ho se lumellane ho polelo, tlhaloso le tlhahlobo (King le Delfabbro, 2013a 'me Sim et al., 2012). Mohlala, tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ka King, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, le Griffiths (2013) e tlaleha hore, ho lisebelisoa tsohle tsa tlhahlobo ea 18 tse sebelisitsoeng lithutong tsa lipapali tsa video tsa 63, ha ho mehato e 'meli e neng e ts'oana ka mohopolo oa bona le bokhoni ba ho "hlakisa lintlha" tsa tlhahlobo. Leha mekhoa ea IGD e sa hlile e sa phethoe, monyetla o le mong oa tlhahlobo ea IGD ke hore e ka lebisa tekong e kholo ea tekanyetso tekong ea lefu lena ho feta kamoo ho neng ho le joalo pele. Mokhoa o tšoanang o fana ka melemo e mengata, joalo ka ntlafatso ha ho bapisoa le litekanyetso tsa batho ba bangata le liphumano tse fumanehang hohle lithutong, hammoho le tlhaiso ea baahi ba kotsing. Tumellano e tla qetella e hlalositsoe mabapi le tlhaloso ea IGD e kanna ea etsa hore tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea linyeoe tsa tleliniki le tlhahlobo ea sephetho li lateloe litekong tsa bongaka. Leha ho le joalo, kotsi e 'ngoe e ka bang teng ea ho amohela peakanyo ea tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse ncha bakeng sa IGD ke hore e ka fokotsa le ho feta moferefere oa monahano kapa kholo ea kholo. Mohlala, ho bile le lipelaelo tse hlahisitsoeng mabapi le ho nepahala ha mekhoa ea ho becha e ikamahantseng le litloaelo tse thehiloeng inthaneteng (Blaszczynski, 2006). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho phehiloe khang ea hore, ho fapana le ho ba teng joaloka tlhahlobo ea bongaka ea boikoetliso, boits'oaro bo fetelletseng ba lipapali tsa inthanete, joalo ka boits'oaro bo bong ba tlhekefetso ho kenyeletsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le papali ea chelete, boemo bo khetholloang ka ho hlaka joaloka lefu la khaello ea moputso (RDS), boemo bo tsebahalang ke ts'ebetso e sa tloaelehang ea dopaminergic ho nucleus accumbens (Blum et al., 2008 'me Lee, 2004). Ho boetse ho phehisanoe hore ho nahanisisa ka botebo ka lits'ebetso tse tebileng tsa bophelo ba motho le boits'oaro bo ikhethileng ho papali ea marang-rang ho ka ntlafatsa sebopeho sa IGD (Allison et al., 2006, Caplan, 2010 'me King, Delfabbro, Griffiths le Gradisar, 2012). Kamora nako, ho phehisanoe khang ea hore papali ea chelete ha e hlahe hangata inthaneteng, mme hona ho lokela ho bonts'oa ho poleloana ea pherekano (Morena & Delfabbro, 2013a).

1.1. Ntle le ho nahana ka botebo: Ho khetholla likotsi tsa mantlha tsa IGD

Karolo ea mantlha ea ntlafatso ho sehlopha sa IGD e bua ka boemo ba bohlanya kapa "ho tsotella" (King le Delfabbro, ka khatiso 'me Shapira et al., 2003). Ho latela King, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, le Griffiths (2013), boholo (ke hore, 14 ntle le 18) lithulusi tsa hajoale tsa liteko tsa IGD li hlahloba sekhahla sena. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ling li bontšitse hore letšoao lena le ka 'na la se be le bonnete ba hore ha le khetholle lipakeng tsa libapali tsa inthanete tse tloaelehileng le tse nang le mathata (⁎Charlton, 2002 'me ⁎Charlton le Danforth, 2007). Tlhaloso e ngoe ke hore mekhoa ea hajoale ea ho lekanya letšoao lena ha e tlaleheloe ka nepo (mohlala, ho haella ha tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng, kapa tšekamelo ea ho batla ho hlalosoa ka mokhoa o fosahetseng) kapa ho hloka tekanyo e matla ea ho lekanya boemo bo tlase ba bongaka. Monyetla o mong ke hore ho khomarela tlhaloso e pharaletseng ea ho tšoarella (ke ho nahana ka lipapali tsa Inthanete le ho hlophisa karolo e latelang ea papali) ho ka hlokomolohang litumelo tse ikhethileng mabapi le papali ea inthanete. Mohlala, batho ba bangata ba tlaleha ho ba le mehopolo ea letsatsi le letsatsi ka sebopeho sa 'mele le / kapa ponahalo ea bona, athe ke batho ba nang le lefu la anorexia mothosa feela ba tlaleha monahano o sothehileng ka setšoantšo sa' mele le tšabo ea ho eketsa boima ba 'mele. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, libapali tsa khafetsa li ka tlaleha tloaelo ea ho nahana ka tsona le ho rera linako tsa papali ea chelete, athe libapali tsa papali ea bolo ea maoto li tla tlaleha litumelo tse sa utloahaleng tse amanang le phaello ea nako e telele le tekanyo ea taolo ea libapali e kenelletseng papaling ea chelete. Kamora monahano ona, ho ka phetoa khang ea hore batho ba nang le IGD ba ka lumellana le litumelo tse mpe tse tšoanang tse tsoelang pele le ho nka karolo haholo mesebetsing ea lipapali tsa inthanete. Sepheo sa tlhahlobo ena e ne e le ho khetholla le ho lekola litaba le litumelo tsa litumelo tsena tse amanang le papali ea inthanete.

1.2. Mehlala ea boits'oaro ea likhathatso tsa lipapali tsa inthanete

Khopolo-taba e atisang ho bontšoa ea boitšoaro e amanang le IGD ke ena Davis (2001) mohlala oa tšebeliso ea mathata a mangata a marang-rang. Davis (2001) mohlala o fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea marang-rang e hlaha ka lebaka la "menahano e nang le mathata le boits'oaro bo eketsang kapa bo boloka karabelo e mpe" (p.191). Likhopolo tse utloileng bohloko li kenyelletsa li-subtypes tse peli tsa sehlooho: (Adin & Sari, 2011menahano ea motho ka (Allison et al., 2006) menahano ka lefatše. Menahano mabapi le boithati e kenyelletsa ho itšepa, ho se sebetse hantle, le ho ikhalala. Ka mantsoe a mantlha, motho eo o na le maikutlo a fosahetseng ka boeena mme o sebelisa marang-rang ho fihlela tšebelisano 'moho le maikutlo ho tsoa ho ba bang. Ho itemoha ka boits'oaro ho ka kenyelletsa mehopolo e kang, "Ke hantle feela inthaneteng" kapa "Ha ke na thuso inthaneteng, empa inthaneteng ke motho." Lits'oants'o tse hlokolosi ka lefatše li kenyelletsa ho akaretsa liketsahalo tse ikhethang ho maemo a lefatše. Tsena li ka kenyelletsa mehopolo e kang, "Marang-rang ke ona feela moo nka ikutloang ke sireletsehile" kapa "Ha ho na motho ea nthatang kantle ho marang-rang." Litšitiso tsena tse peli tsa kelello li susumetsoa ke tšusumetso e amanang le inthanete, 'me e boloka mekhoa e mengata ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete.

Mohlala o mong empa o tšoana le oa Caplan (2010) e hlahisitse likarolo tse peli tsa tlhokomeliso ea tšebeliso ea marang-rang. Likarolo tsena li kenyelletsa (Adin & Sari, 2011) ratang ho sebelisana le batho ba bang Inthaneteng (POSI), e hlalosoang e le tumelo ea hore motho o sireletsehile, o sebetsa hantle, o itšepa haholoanyane ebile o phutholohile ka tšebelisano le batho ba bang Inthaneteng le likamano tsa batho ho feta le mesebetsi ea sechaba le sefahleho, le ( Allison et al., 2006) ho nahana pele, e hlalosoang e le mokhoa o bonoang oa ho nahana ka ts'ebeliso ea Marang-rang. POSI e hlahisitsoe e le katoloso ea Davis (2001) litlhaloso tse hlokofatsang mabapi le boithati. Khopolo ena ea hore inthanete e thusa motho ho etsa lintho tsa mantlha tsa bophelo bo botle le litlhoko tsa kahisano e hatetse pele makhetlo a mangata pejana ho lingoliloeng. Mohlala, mohlala oa morao-rao (oo e seng oa bongaka) oa lipapali tsa video tse hlahisitsoeng ke Przybylski, Rigby, le Ryan (2010) e fana ka maikutlo a hore boipiletso ba lipapali tsa video bo ipapisitse le bokhoni ba bona ba ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa mantlha tsa kelello bakeng sa boiphihlelo, boipuso le kamano. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang Lortie le Guitton (2013) 'me Charlton le Danforth (2007) ba lemohile mabaka a susumetsang a ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e le a bohlokoa molemong oa kliniki. Ka kakaretso, leha mefuta e tsebahalang ea tšebeliso ea inthanete e le bohlokoa ho hlakiseng litumelo tse mpe tsa mantlha hara basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba marang-rang (bona Morena, Delfabbro, & Griffiths, 2012), Haholo mehlala ena e nahanisisa haholo ka tlhaho ebile e na le moelelo o fokolang mabapi le litlhahiso tse amanang le liketsahalo tsa papali ea video.

1.3. Boithuto ba hona joale

Morero oa pele oa tlhahlobo ena e ne e le ho akaretsa le ho nyelisa bopaki bo fumanehang bo matla le kalafo lits'ebetsong tsa kelello tsa IGD. Morero oa bobeli e ne e le ho leka ho kopanya motheo ona oa tsebo ho khetholla mofuta o le mong oa likhopolo tse ka tlase tsa IGD. Leha litlhahlobo tse 'maloa tsa morao-rao tsa lingoliloeng tsa lipapali tsa video tsa inthanete li totobalitse meeli mabapi le etiology le mabaka a kotsi (Kuss le Griffiths, 2012), phapang ea litekanyetso tsa ho ata (Ferguson et al., 2011), tumellano ea tlhahlobo (Morena, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, & Griffiths, 2013), le boleng ba lithuto tsa ho kenella (Morena, Delfabbro, Griffiths, & Gradisar, 2011), tlhatlhobo ena e ikhethile ka lebaka la eona e shebaneng le cognition. Ha ho na litlhahlobo tse fetileng tse tsepamisitseng maikutlo tekong ea tlhaiso ea lipapali tsa inthanete. Ka hona, tlhahlobo ena e ne e reretsoe ho thusa ho nts'etsopele ea khopolo ea IGD le ho tataisa lipatlisiso le kalafo ea moso sebakeng sena. E ne e reretsoe hore tlhahlobo ena e khothale ntšetso-pele le ntlafatso ea mekhoa e amanang le phekolo ea kelello ho IGD, le ho holisa ngangisano ho psychopathology ea mantlha ea bokuli bo hlahang.

2. Mokhoa

2.1. Khetho ea ho ithuta

Lipatlisiso tsa polokelo ea likhomphutha tsa Tonakholo ea Patlo ea Boithuto, PubMed, PsychINFO, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, 'me Google Setsebi e ile ea etsoa, ​​ho sebelisoa mantsoe a latelang a patlo le mohopolo: "(Psychology * kapa bothata 2000 ho 2013 hobane lithuto tse entsoeng nakong ena ea "lipapali tsa inthanete" ¹ li bohlokoa haholo ho sehlopha sa DSM-5 sa IGD. Litekanyetso tsa lipatlisiso tsa database li hlahisitse kakaretso ea likotlo tsa 1,640, tse kenyelletseng liphetho tse latelang ho database ka ngoe: Tonakholo ea Patlo ea Boithuto (Liphetho tsa 242), E fetotsoe (Liphetho tsa 13), PsychINFO (Liphetho tsa 301), ScienceDirect (Liphetho tsa 264), le Websaense ea Saense (Liphetho tsa 820). Lethathamo la litlhahlobo tse hlophisitsoeng tsa libapali tsa video tsa marang-rang le tsona li ile tsa hlahlojoa (ke hore, Ferguson et al., 2011, King, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar le Griffiths, 2013, Kuss le Griffiths, 2012, Sim et al., 2012 'me Winkler et al., 2013), hammoho le litšupiso tsa lithuto tse kenyelelitsoeng. Fuoa palo e kholo ea sephetho ho Google Setsebi (ka lebaka la liphetho tsa 15,000), maqephe a 30 ea pele ea liphetho a ileng a hlahlojoa.

Lithuto li ile tsa khethoa motheong oa tse nang le (Adin & Sari, 2011) lipatlisiso tse nyane tsa lits'ebetso tsa ho lemoha tse thehiloeng IGD kapa (Allison et al., 2006) thuto ea kalafo ea IGD e sebelisang karolo ea CT kapa CBT. Hobane sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho supa bopaki bohle bo fumanehang ba lipatlisiso mabapi le papali ea papali ea inthanete, lithuto li ne li sa tlameha ho qheleloa ka thoko ho mefokolo ea mekhoa e kang boholo ba sampole e tlase kapa ho hloka sehlopha sa taolo. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto ha lia ka tsa kenyelletsoa haeba li ne li e-na le lintlha tsa morao-rao feela kapa bopaki ba lipale, kapa li fetiselitsoe feela ho likopo tsa koetliso ea kelello tsa papali (mohlala, tokiso kapa thuto). Ntle le moo, lithuto tse buang ka tšebeliso ea marang-rang tse akaretsang (ke hore, ha ho buuoe ka ho khetheha mabapi le papali ea chelete) ha li nkuoe bakeng sa ho kenyeletsoa. Boithuto bo bongata ba 29 bo bongata le lithuto tsa kalafo tsa 7 li khethiloe hore li khethoe ke mokhoa ona oa tlhahlobo.

2.2. Tlhahlobo ea ho ithuta

Morero oa mantlha oa tlhahlobo e ne e le ho khetholla li-cognitions (ke hore, litumelo le likhopolo) tse ikhethang ho IGD. Ka lebaka la khaello ea ha joale ea khakanyo e thehiloeng holim'a bopaki ba IGD, sebopeho sa tlhahlobo ea pele se ile sa ntlafatsoa ka ho feto-fetola maemo a tloaelo ea ho tseba, joalo ka ha ho laetsoe ke Beck (1976) mme ka mor'a moo e ntlafalitsoe ke Beck and Weishaar (1992) 'me Beck (2011). Khopolo-taba ena ea kelello e nahana ka litumelo tsa mantlha 'me mohopolo boits'oaro bo tlase. Ka ho ikamahanya le maemo Beck's (1976)tlhalohanyo ea boraro molemong oa ho kenyelletsa papali ea inthanete, mohato oa pele oa tlhahlobo e ne e le ho khetholla likakanyo tsohle har'a batho ba nang le IGD tse amanang le tse latelang: (1) the self, (2) Inthaneteng lipapali, (3) batho ba bang, lefatše, le bokamoso. Boithuto bohle bo kenyellelitsoeng (N = 36) bo ile ba hlahlojoa le ho ngolisoa ka likhoutu e le hore tlhaiso-leseling eohle e amanang le mefuta ena ea boits'oaro e ka nkuoa. Mokhoa oa ho kh'outa o ne o kenyelletsa mohlahlobi e mong le e mong ho bala lithuto tse khethiloeng le ho totobatsa le ho ngola lintlha tsohle tse amehang. Ke lisebelisoa tse nang le motheo o tšehetsang oa matla (mohlala, ts'oaetso e lekantsoeng ka sesebelisoa sa psychometric) e ntšitsoeng. Liphuputso tsohle tsa 36 li ne li na le lisebelisoa tse amanang le bonyane sehlopha se le seng, mme lenane la pele la likhetho tse 58 le ile la hlophisoa (bona Tafole 2).

Mohato oa bobeli e ne e le ho hlophisa le ho ntlafatsa sehlahisoa se hlophisitsoeng ho ikarabella bakeng sa liphapang tsa litaba le sebopeho sa likhopolo kahare ho sehlopha ka seng se pharaletseng sa tlhalohanyo (mohlala, litumeliso / Mehopolo e amanang le motho ka mong). Ka hona ho ile ha fanoa ka lebaka la hore ho na le phapang e lekaneng ho tsa litaba kahare ho mokha o mong le o mong ho ea lihlopheng tse lokiselitsoeng. Ka hona, maikutlo ohle a nang le se ts'oanang kapa se ts'oanang se ts'oanang a ne a hlophisitsoe hammoho. Mohlala, likelellong tsa "lintho tsa papali li se li fetisitse boleng" mme "tšebeliso ea boleng bo phahameng ho lipapali" li ahlotsoe li lekana ka ho lekana hobane likhopolo tse peli tse boletsoeng tumelo ea mantlha mabapi le boleng ba papali. Karolo ena e ile ea thoe e na le "boleng ba moputso le ho bonoa" 'me e kenngoa ka har'a sehlopha sa 2 sa "cognitive triad" (ke hore, litumelo mabapi le papali ea video). Likhopolo tse khethiloeng tse nang le litšupiso tse ka tlase ho tse peli tse tšehelitsoeng li ne li nkuoa li se matla ka ho lekana. Likhopolo tse peli tse ka bang teng - phetoho e phethahetseng 'me ho ikoahlaea - ba ne ba qheletsoe ka thoko molemong ona. Ho beha lethathamo la tsebiso ea 56 u sebelisa mokhoa ona ho hlahisitse lintlha tsohle tse hlakileng tsa 16, tse kenyeletsang boleng ba moputso le bonohe, avatar khokahano, tebello e ntle le e mpe, ho lieha / ho beha lintho pele, ho ts'oara lintho, litheko tse chesoang, ho phetheloa boits'oaro, ho beha melao, ho nahana ka botšo le bosoeu, ho itšepa seriti, litumelo tse mabapi le taolo, ho ba kotsing, 'me phihlello, kamano e amanang le sechaba, tlholisano, thibelo ea sechaba, 'me boikutlo ba ho ba teng. Likarolo tse tharo tsa pele tse pharalletseng tse ipapisitseng le boraro ba kelello ea Beck (joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe kaholimo) li ne li nkuoa li haelloa ke tlhaiso-leseling molemong oa ho amohela sehlopha sa likakanyo. Kahoo, joalo ka mohato oa boraro, ho ile ha hlahisoa lintlha tse ncha tse neng li reretsoe ho ts'oara ho tšoana ho akaretsang ha likonopo. Litumelo ka boithati (Sehlopha sa 1) li ne li nkuoa li amana haholo-holo le boitšepo ba libapali. Litumelo mabapi le papali ea marang-rang (Sehlopha sa 2) li arotsoe ka mekhahlelo e 'meli ho amohela mefuta e' meli e meholo ea tsebo: tse amanang le lipapali tsa video e le lintho le tse amanang le melao mabapi le liketso tsa papali ea video. Litumelo ka ba bang, lefats'e, kapa bokamoso (Sehlopha sa 3) li ne li nkuoa li amana le ho amoheloa ha sechaba. Ka hona, joalokaha ho akaretsoe ka Tafole 2, likarolo tsa ho qetela li kenyellelitsoe (a) litumelo mabapi le boleng ba moputso oa papali le ho bonoa, (b) melao e fosahetseng le e sa fetoheng mabapi le boitšoaro ba papali, (c) ho itšepa haholoanyane papaling ho fihlela litlhoko tsa ho itšepa, le (d) papali e le mokhoa oa ho fumana kamohelo sechabeng.

Bakeng sa netefatso, liphuputso tsohle tse lekotsoeng li ile tsa hlahlojoa hape ho supa lisebelisoa tse ling tse ka sebelisoang moralong oa tlhahlobo, le ho netefatsa hore thepa e nkuoeng e tsamaisana le sebopeho se reriloeng. Karolong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tlhahlobo, likarolo tse khethiloeng tsa thuto ka 'ngoe li ile tsa tšohloa mme tsa kenngoa ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng sebakeng sa polokelo ea likhomphutha se sebelisang Microsoft Excel © 2013. Ho se lumellane le / kapa ho se lumellane kahlolong ea bongaka ho etsahetse ntlheng ea ho reha mabitso a mararo le tharollo ho fihlelletse ka tumellano le tumellano lipakeng tsa bangoli ba babeli.

3. Liphetho

Tafole 1 e hlahisa kakaretso ea litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa lithuto tsa kalafo ea 7 litabeng tsa lipapali tsa marang-rang. Le ha ho le liphuputso tsa 3 feela tse sebelisitseng ho kenella lipakeng tsa CBT feela, lithuto tsohle tsa 7 li ne li na le bonyane moduli a le mong oa kalafo ea kelello 'me ka hona li kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo e amanang le kelello, kalafo, le sephetho sa kalafo. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore lithuto tsohle tse hlahlojoang li rera ho phatlalatsoa ha lefu la lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) Karolong ea III ea DSM-5.

3.1. Patlisiso ea kalafo ea kelello mabapi le IGD

Lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo ea methapo ea motheo le litekanyetso tsa (Adin & Sari, 2011) boemo ba tlhahlobo ea IGD le (Allison et al., 2006) ho ba teng ha likotsi tsa lipapali tsa marang-rang tse nang le bothata li ile tsa hlahlojoa pele. Mabapi le ts'oaetso ho lefu la motheo, lithuto tsa 5 (Et Kim et al., 2012, † Li le Wang, 2013, K Shek et al., 2009, † Su et al., 2011 'me † Bacha, 2007) o sebelisitse liteko tsa tlhatlhobo ea Inthanete ea Bacha, kapa mofuta o mokhuts'oanyane oa sena (mohlala, mocha oa tlhahlobo ea lipotso). Haholo-holo, lithuto tsohle tsa 7 li ile tsa hlahlojoa bakeng sa ho ba teng ha boiketsetso ba kelello ka papali ea marang-rang (ke hore, mofuta oa A oa DSM-5 IGD). Leha ho le joalo, ke thuto ea 1 feela (Li & Wang, 2013) e kenyelitse sesebelisoa sa psychometric se eketsehileng (ke hore, Online Gaming Cognition Scale) ho lekola likhopolo tse ikhethang tsa mathata a amanang le papali ea inthanete (ke hore, ho nahana ka lintho tsohle kapa ho se na letho, ho nahana ka nako e khuts'oane, matšeliso a inthaneteng). K-Internet Addiction Scale e hlalositsoe e le ho lekola "menahano," empa litaba tsa likhopolo tsena li ne li sa qaqisoa. Khopi ea buka ea liteko e ne e sa fumanehe Websaeteng ea Lefapha la Litaba le Khokahano ea Korea, kapa ka kopo e hlophisitsoeng.

Phekolo ea kelello e tsoang ho 8 ho isa mananeong a 12 lithutong tse ngata († Du et al., 2010, † Kim, 2008, Et Kim et al., 2012, † Li le Wang, 2013 'me † Bacha, 2007). Leano le hlaheletseng la CBT bakeng sa IGD e ne e le nts'etsopele ea moralo oa boitšoaro o laoloang ke tlhaiso-leseling e sebetsang ea litekanyetso le lisosa, tse neng li hiriloe lithutong tsohle tsa 7. Mechini e meng ea kalafo e sebelisoang khafetsa e kenyeletsa ho itlhahloba († Du et al., 2010, † Kim, 2008 'me † Li le Wang, 2013), liteko tse matla kapa tse hanyetsang (Et Kim et al., 2012, † Li le Wang, 2013, K Shek et al., 2009 'me † Su et al., 2011), le ho rarolla mathata († Du et al., 2010 'me Et Kim et al., 2012). Lithuto tse peli († Du et al., 2010 'me Et Kim et al., 2012) e kentse mojule ea ho thusa bareki ho ntlafatsa likamano tsa batho le mokhoa oa puisano. Boithuto ba 1 feela (E monyenyane, 2007) o ile a amohela mokhoa oa ho ithiba oa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (ke hore, sepheo sa kalafo sa lithuto tse ling kaofela e ne e le ts'ebeliso e laoloang ea inthanete), leha kalafo thutong ea Young e ne e etselitsoe mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, eseng lipapali tsa inthanete feela.

Qetellong, mokhoa oa ho hlahloba sephetho sa kalafo o ile oa hlahlojoa. Lithuto tsohle tsa 7 li sebelisitse tekanyo ea bona ea motheo ea IGD ho hlahloba ho itšupa pele. Leha ho le joalo, meeli ea lithuto tsa 6 († Du et al., 2010, † Kim, 2008, Et Kim et al., 2012, K Shek et al., 2009, † Su et al., 2011 'me † Bacha, 2007) e bile ho hloleha ho tlaleha phetoho mohatong oa boikemisetso ka ho khetheha (ke hore, ntlha ea mantlha ea kelello ea IGD) ho tloha ho isa pele ho kenella ka mor'a ts'ebetso. Kahoo, ho ne ho se na monyetla oa ho lekola hore na ho kenella ho tsoa lipapaling tsa CT kapa CBT ho na le molemo o itseng ho hlokeng mathata a lipapali tsa inthanete lithutong tsena. Empa, Li le Wang's (2013) Boithuto bo kenyelletse tekanyo ea likotsi tsa papali ea marang-rang (Online Game Cognitive Addiction Scale: Li, Wang, & Wang, 2008) le tekanyo ea likhopamiso tse akaretsang tsa kutloisiso (Sekhahla sa Tlhatlhobo ea Kelello: Li & Wang, 2013). Bangoli ba hlahisitse tlhahlobo ea liphetho tsa kalafo bakeng sa litlhahiso tsena ho tloha ho tsa mantlha ho isa kamora ho kenella (bona Li & Wang, 2013, bakeng sa puisano e felletseng). Mehato e meng e amanang le tlhalohanyo e sa amaneng le lipapali tsa inthanete tse tsamaisoang kamora ts'ebetso e kenyelelitse khotsofalo ea bophelo (Et Kim et al., 2012 'me † Su et al., 2011), litumelo tse mpe tse mpe (Kim, 2008), boleng ba nako (Du et al., 2010), matšoenyeho (Kim et al., 2012), le ho etsa liqeto (Kim, 2008).

3.2. Boithuto bo bongata mabapi le tlhaologanyo ea IGD

Litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa bopaki ba lipatlisiso tse ngata li ile tsa hlahlojoa pele. Litlaleho tse tharo tse akaretsang tsa bankakarolo li ithutiloe, ho kenyeletsoa bacha (N = lithuto tsa 9; Tafole 2 litšupiso 1, 3, 10, 11, 12, 20, 22, 27, le 28), baithuti ba univesithi (N = lithuto tsa 9: 4, 5, 7, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, le 23), le Batho ba baholo ba bapalang lipapali tsa inthanete tsa video (N = lithuto tsa 11: 2, 6, 8, 9, 16, 21, 24, 25, 26, le 29). Liphuputso li phatlalalitsoe likoranteng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka ka mekhahlelo ea cyberpsychology (N = 21; Lik'homphieutha ho Boitšoaro ba Botho, CyberPsychology, Boitšoaro le Li-network tsa sechaba), bocha (N = 6; Tlaleho ea Bacha, Bacha, Tlhahlobo ea Litšebeletso tsa Bacha le Bacha), bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (N = 2; Tlaleho ea Machaba ea Bophelo bo Botle ba Kelello le Bokhoba ba Phekolo, Phuputso ea Bokhoba ba Europepuisano (N = 2; Koranta ea Asia ea Puisano; Journal ea Phatlalatso le Media ea Elektroniki), psychology e akaretsang (N = 1; Koranta ea Borithane ea Psychology), mafu a kelello (N = 1; Koranta ea Australia le ea New Zealand ea Psychiatry), kalafo ea litsebi (N = 1; Koranta ea Machabeng ea Reality Therapy), le thuto (N = 1; Likhomphutha le thuto). Naha ea tlhaho ea lithuto tse ngata e ne e fapana haholo, mme e kenyelletsa United States (N = 8), United Kingdom (N = 5), China (N = 3), Turkey (N = 3), Taiwan (N = 2), Netherlands (N = 2), Czech Republic (N = 1), Greece (N = 1), Spain (N = 1), Singapore (N = 1), Afrika Boroa (N = 1), le Switzerland (N = 1).

3.3. Mekhahlelo e mene ea temohisiso ea IGD

Tafole 2 e fana ka kakaretso ea tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng tse susumetsang (lithuto tsa 37) tsebong ea lipapali tsa inthanete. Kakaretso ea likotlo tsa 16 tse ka tlasa IGD li ile tsa bonts'oa. Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore tse ling tsa lits'ebetso tsena tsa kelello li kanna tsa se be tsa mefuta eohle, ka hona li ka tlaleheloa, ho isa tekong e fapaneng, ke batho ba bapalang lipapali tsa Inthanete khafetsa (bona, mohlala, Charlton le Danforth, 2007). Ha u nka qeto ea hore na mehopolo ena e kanna ea hlalosoa e le ea methapo ea mafu, ho khothalletsoa hore lingaka le bafuputsi ba nahane ka matla le bonyatsi ba ts'ebetso ea tumelo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mantlha kapa mohopolo o nang le maemo, ho haella ha ts'ireletso le ts'itiso e amanang le ts'ebetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi. Ts'ebetso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea kelello e tsamaea le polelo ea papatso ea papali.

3.3.1. Litumelo mabapi le boleng ba moputso oa papali le ho bonoa

Mokha ona o ne o bua ka litumelo mabapi le mofuta oa meputso ea libapali tsa inthanete, mesebetsi, le boits'oaro, 'me e kenyelletsa tekanyetso e tloaelehileng ea tleliniki ea ho ameha haholo ka papali ea inthanete (ke hore, tataiso ea A ea DSM-5 IGD). Likhopolo tse ikhethang mokhahlelong ona li kenyellelitsoe (Adin & Sari, 2011) boleng ba moputso le bonohe, kapa ho phahamisa theko ea lintho tsa papali, meputso le / kapa chelete ea haeso hoo li nkoang li bonahala li le bohlokoa ebile li le bohlokoa haholo ho feta mesebetsi e meng eohle ea bophelo, ho kenyelletsa sekolo, mosebetsi, ho itlhokomela, le / kapa likamano tsa batho; ( Allison et al., 2006) avatar khokahano, kamano ea maikutlo le avatar ea motho kapa boitsebahatso ba hae marang-rang hoo e bonoang e le motsoalle, molekane ea haufi-ufi kapa katoloso ea hae; le ( Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013) ho tsitsa, kapa ho ameha ka kakaretso ka lipapali tsa inthanete, tse amanang le ho rera kamehla le tebello ea karolo e latelang ea papali ea inthanete. Phuputso e felletseng ea 13 e lekotse lintlha tse peli tsa pele. Lithuto tsohle tsa 36 li fane ka tšehetso e matla bakeng sa ntlha ea bone, ha ho nahanoa hore ts'ebetso ea bone ea ho lemoha (ho lemalla) ke karolo ea tlhahlobo ea IGD boholo ba lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo (bona Morena, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, & Griffiths, 2013).

3.3.2. Melao e fosahetseng le e sa fetoheng mabapi le boitšoaro ba papali

Mokhahlelo oa bobeli oa likhakanyo o bua ka tsela eo batho ka bomong ba ikemiselitseng ho ikemela ka liqeto tsa bona tsa ho tsoela pele ba bapala papali ea inthanete leha ba tseba litholoana tse babang. Maemong a mang, qeto e nepahetseng ea ho qoba litlamorao tse mpe tsa papali ea inthanete (mohlala, ho haella mosebetsing, ho sitoa ho qeta mesebetsi ea lapeng, ho se tsotelle mesebetsi ea lapeng) e tla ba ho emisa ho bapala ka nako e itseng ka nako. Leha ho le joalo, hangata sena ha se etsahale hobane ts'ebeliso ea liqeto ha e ea itšetleha feela ka ho lekola melemo le melemo ea tsela e itseng ea boits'oaro, empa ka kamano le boits'oaro bo bong bo seng bo entsoe kapa boitlamo bo seng bo entsoe. Likhopolo tse ikhethang mokhahlelong ona li kenyellelitsoe (1) ho chesoa ke litšenyehelo (bona Kahneman, 2011), kapa tokafatso ea ho tšoareha ho kenelletseng papaling ea inthanete ho ipapisitse le matsete a maholo a nako le boiteko bo seng bo entsoe papaling ea inthanete; (2) ho phethela (bona Mcconaghy, Armstrong, Blaszczynski, le Allcock, 1988), kapa tsitsipano e fumanoang ke sebapali ha ho ka ba le karolo ea ho lieha pakeng tsa ho qala boitšoaro ba papali le ho tlisa moputso o latelang oa papali; (3) proclectination / Ketso ya ho etelletsa pele, kapa ho etelletsa pele mesebetsi ea papali ea marang-rang holim'a libaka tse ling tsa ts'ebetso, kapa ho lieha ho phehella ho etsa mesebetsi e meng; le (4) melao e fosahetseng kapa ho etsa liqeto ho laola nako ea papali le / kapa ho fihlella lipheo lenaneong la lipapali tsa inthanete. Phuputso e felletseng ea 11 e ne e amana le karolo ena ea tlhalohanyo.

3.3.3. Ho itšetleha haholo ka papali ea chelete ho fihlela litlhoko tsa ho itšepa

Sehlopha sa boraro se ne se bua ka litumelo tse fosahetseng tsa mantlha mabapi le boithati tse lefuoang ke litebello tsa sebapali le boiphihlelo bo amanang le papali ea inthanete. Likhopolo tse ikhethang sehlopheng sena li kenyelelitsoe (1) papali ea boitšepo, kapa tšebeliso ea libapali tsa inthanete e le mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho ikutloa u le motlotlo kapa boiphihlelo; (2) tebello ea tumelo, e nang le tebello e ntle, kapa tumelo ea hore maikutlo a monate a ka ts'epahala le / kapa a fumaneha ka ho bapala lipapali tsa inthanete, mme tebello e mpe, kapa tumelo e fapaneng ea hore maikutlo a fosahetseng a tla tloaetse ho tsamaisana le nako ea ho se be teng kapa ho khaotsa papali ea inthanete; (3) tumelo mabapi le taolo, kapa monahano oa hore motho o tla fihlela maikutlo a botho a taolo kapa boipuso ka ho bapala lipapali tsa Inthanete, hangata tse amanang le ho se mamellehe ho hloka botsitso kapa ho sa tsejoe esale pele hoa lefatše la 'nete; (4) tumelo mabapi le ho ba kotsing, kapa monahano oa hore motho o khona ho ikutloa a sireletsehile lefats'eng la inthanete, e ka amanang le tumelo ea hore lefats'e ha le bolokehe; le (5) tumelo mabapi le katleho, kapa tumelo ea hore papali ea marang-rang e etsa hore motho a utloisise lintho tseo a li bonang li ke ke tsa fumaneha lefatšeng la 'nete. Phuputso e felletseng ea 21 e ne e amahanngoa le sehlopha sena sa cognition, e ne e le palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea lithuto ho lintlha tsohle tse 'ne.

3.3.4. Lipapali e le mokhoa oa ho fumana kamohelo sechabeng

Mokhahlelo oa hoqetela ke oa tumelo ea hore papali ea marang-rang e ka etsa hore maemo a sechaba a be le maemo le ho ba karolo ea sechaba sa inthanete, ha e ntse e qoba likarolo tse sa rateheng tsa melao ea sechaba le boikarabello lefatšeng la 'nete. Ho latela Lewis, Weber le Bowman (2008) 'me Zhong le Yao (2012), libapali tse ngata li tlaleha hore likamano tsa bona tsa marang-rang le / kapa maemo kapa maemo a bona ho mekhatlo ea sechaba (mohlala, "mekhatlo," "lihlopha," kapa "mekha ea bahlaseli") e tla be e sa tlosoe kamanong le likamano tsa 'nete tsa lefatše. Ha liketsahalo tsa papali ea sechaba li ka hloka ho tsetela nako le ho fetofetisisa ha nako, libapali li ka ba le pono e sothehileng ea liketsahalo tse ling tsa bophelo e le ho senya, ho sa khotsofatse le ho hloka moelelo oa motho. Likhopolo tse ikhethang mokhahlelong ona li kenyelletsa (1) likamano tsa sechaba, kapa pono ea hore ke batho feela ba bapalang lipapali tsa video, esita le lipapali tse tšoanang tsa video, ba khona ho utloisisa motho ka mong; (2) tlhōlisano, kapa tumelo ea hore tsoelo-pele ea maemo kapa boemo tikolohong ea tlholisano ea marang-rang e tla phethahatsa litlhoko tsa sechaba; (3) ho qoba botsoalle, kapa tumelo ea hore libapali tsa video li tla thibela motho eo hore a se ke a qholotsoa 'me qetellong a sireletsa khahlanong le ho se atlehe maemong a boikarabello bophelong; le (4) boikutlo ba ho ba teng, kapa maikutlo a hore motho eo o amoheloa mme o litho tsa sehlopha sa inthanete sa libapali tse ling. Phuputso e felletseng ea 20 e ne e amana le karolo ena ea tlhalohanyo.

4. Puisano

Bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete, bo fumanehang sehlomathisong sa DSM-5, ke boemo bo hlokang ho ithutoa le ho hlahlobisisoa. Tlhahlobo e batsi ea lefu lena (King, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar le Griffiths, 2013, Lortie le Guitton, 2013 'me Winkler et al., 2013) fana ka maikutlo a tlhoko ea ho nahanisisa ka botebo mohopolo oa ona oa hajoale e le mohato o lebisang ntlafatsong ea merero e ncha ea lipatlisiso le mananeo a sebetsang a kalafo. Leha lithuto tsa bongata ba 36 tse amanang le tlhalohanyo ea lipapali tsa inthanete li se li entsoe ho tloha ka selemo sa 2000, liphumano tsena li ne li sa hlophisoa ho supa lintlha tse lemosang tse ka tlase ho IGD. Sena se ka 'na sa bakoa ke karolo ea tlholeho ea lipatlisiso tsa IGD, haholo-holo palo e phahameng ea lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng ntle le likoranteng tsa kelello le tsa bongaka. Morero oa pele oa tlhahlobo ena e hlophisitsoeng ka hona e ne e le ho lekola maemo a lithuto tsa kalafo tse sebelisang mekhoa ea tlhahlobo le kalafo e shebaneng le temohisiso ea IGD. Morero oa bobeli e ne e le ho akaretsa lintlha tsohle tse fumanehang ka lintlha tse mabapi le IGD. Ka kakaretso, liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena li bontša hore temohisiso e amanang le IGD e ka kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea phetoho e kholo ea meputso ea libapali tsa video, liketso, le boitsebahatso, hammoho le tlhoko ea ho latela melao e mpe ea taolo ea ts'ebeliso le ho phetheloa ha lipapali tsa video. Lintlha tse 'ne tse khothalelitsoeng ke tsa mantlha tlhahisong le netefatso e eketsehileng, empa li fana ka maikutlo a mefuta e mengata ea lipatlisiso tsa mantlha lefapheng lena.

Bophahamo ba tlhahlobo ena bo kenyelelitse phekolo le boholo (ke hore, lithuto tse sebelisang liteko tsa liteko). E lumellana le litlhahlobo tse fetileng tsa kalafo ea ho lemalla joala Inthanete (King et al., 2011 'me Winkler et al., 2013), ho hlokometsoe hore lithuto tse fokolang tsa kalafo tse phatlalalitsoeng mabapi le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete li teng, ka lithuto tsa 7 feela tse sebelisang mekhoa ea kelello. Leha tlhahlobo ena e ne e sa etsetsoa ho lekola mefokolo le ho se lumellane ho pholletsa le lithuto (mohlala, ho khomarela litataiso tsa CONSORT), ho se lumellane ho 'maloa litekong tsa sephetho sa kalafo ho hlokometsoe. Ho ile ha totobatsoa mefokolo e 'meli ea tlhahlobo-leseling ea boitšoaro ea IGD: (1) khaello ea mehato ea ho lekola likhopolo tse amanang le papali ea inthanete ka thoko ho tsepamisang mohopolo mosebetsing le (2) ho sitoa ho tlaleha phetoho mohatong o ikhethileng oa boiketsetso ( ka mantsoe a mang, boholo ba tlhahlobo ea kelello ea IGD) ho tloha ho basotho ho isa ho kenella ka mor'a ts'ebetso. Boithuto bo atileng ba kalafo bo shebile ho netefatsa ho lumellana ha mekhoa ea ho bapala papali ea inthanete, psychopathology e kopanetsoeng le khafetsa lipapaling tsa inthanete. Phuputso ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore liteko tsa tleliniking tse sebelisang CBT li lokela ho nka tekanyo ea liphetoho le matla le liteng tsa litumelo mabapi le papali ea inthanete, ho kenyelletsa kenyelletso ea mehato e pharalletseng ea sephetho joalo ka boleng ba likamano tsa batho, ho nka karolo linthong tse ling tsa boithabiso kapa lithahasellong, le khotsofalo ea bophelo. (Morena & Delfabbro, 2013b).

4.1. Ho kopanya lintlha tsa tlhokomeliso le litekanyetso tsa DSM-5 IGD

Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena li bontša monyetla oa pono e atolositsoeng ea tlhahlobo ea A ("preoccupation") ea sehlopha sa IGD. Sebakeng sa IGD se kenyelletsang mehopolo e sa khaotseng le e makatsang ea lipapali tsa video tsa Inthanete (ke hore, tlhaloso ea hona joale), tlhahlobo ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nang le IGD ba ka ba le litumelo tse ikhethileng mabapi le papali ea inthanete ka boeona. Teko e le 'ngoe ea ho netefatsa ts'ebeliso ea bongaka ba tsebo e khethiloeng ke ho nahana ka ho lumellana ha bona le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa tlhahlobo ea lefu lena. Ho botsoa potso: Na lintlha tse 'ne li lumellana le likarolo tse tsebahalang tsa boteng? Joalokaha ho boletsoe ho Selelekela, karohano ea libapali tsa inthanete e nang le lintlha tsa mantlha tsa 9. Ho khothalletsoa hore lintlha tse 'ne tse khethiloeng li ka tsamaellana le litekanyetso tsena ka mekhoa e latelang:

4.1.1. Litumelo mabapi le boleng ba moputso oa papali le ho bonoa

Mokha ona oa tlhokomeliso o reriloe ho sebetsa haholo ho mekhoa e 'meli ea IGD: "Ho tsepamisa maikutlo lipapaling tsa inthanete (ke hore, motho ka mong o nahana ka papali e fetileng ea papali kapa o lebelletse ho bapala papali e latelang)"; le Criterion E: "Ho lahleheloa ke lithahasello nakong ea boikhathollo bo fetileng le boithabisong ka lebaka la lipapali tsa Inthanete" (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013). Ha ho fanoa ka lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore ho ba le kelello ka linako tsohle ha ho khetholle pakeng tsa cheseho e phetseng hantle le boits'oaro ba methapo ea kutlo.Charlton le Danforth, 2007), ho khothalletsoa hore dikahare ea ho nahana esale pele e ka ba ea bongaka feela joalo ka maqhubu ea ho nahana ka pele. Ntlha ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore mehopolo e ikhethileng e amanang le boleng le ponaletso ea lintho tsa papali ea inthanete, liphihlelo, le li-avatars e kanna ea ba tšobotsi e ka sehloohong ea ho ameha haholo ka bongaka. Ho lahleheloa ke thahasello mesebetsing e meng e ka ba matšoao a ho phahama ha liphihlelo tsa lipapali tsa inthanete hoo mesebetsi e meng e nkoang e sa khahlise kapa e se na moelelo. Ha ho na ho fetisa or avatar khokahano lits'ebetso, ho nahana pele ho ka supa hore motho ka mong o sebelisa lipapali tsa inthanete e le mokhoa oa nakoana oa ho khelosa kapa ho baleha mathata a bophelo (ke hore papali ea inthanete ka boeona ha e na taba ea bohlokoa ba eona).

4.1.2. Melao e fosahetseng le e sa fetoheng mabapi le boitšoaro ba papali

Mokhahlelo ona oa ho hlaphoheloa kelellong o khothalletsoa hore o tšoanelehe haholo ho litekanyetso tse tharo tsa IGD: Botsa C: “Ho mamella - tlhoko ea ho sebelisa nako e eketsehileng ea lipapali tsa Inthanete”; Kh'omo D: "Liteko tse sa atleheng tsa ho laola ho nka karolo lipapaling tsa Inthanete"; le Criterion F: "Tšebeliso e feteletseng ea lipapali tsa inthanete ho sa tsotelehe mathata a kelello"Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013). Ka har'a likhopolo tsa bokhoba ba boitšoaro, lintlha tsena tse tharo hangata li supa ho senyeha hoa bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto (Bophirima, 2001). Ntlha ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore lipapali tsa inthanete li ka ba le karolo e bohlokoa ea ho etsa liqeto. Ka ho khetheha, papali e feteletseng e kanna ea bolokoa ke ts'ebetso ea ho latela melao e mengata e lumellang sebapali ho fihlella lipheo tse lakatsehang, kapa ho beha mabaka ka nako e fetileng papaling ea video. Ho etsa liqeto ho laoloa ke melao e hlokang ho feto-fetoha le maemo ho hlokahalang (mohlala, "Nka qeta ho bapala hona joale ntle le hore ke fihle boemong bo latelang") kapa tumelo e hanyetsanang ea ho itšireletsa (mohlala, "Nka nka bosiu ho tlo bapala papali") e tla etsa hore motho a qobe likhohlano tsa batho ba bang le ba har'a batho.

4.1.3. Ho itšetleha haholo ka papali ea chelete ho fihlela litlhoko tsa ho itšepa

Mokhahlelo ona oa ho lemoha o reriloe hore o bohlokoa haholo ho litekanyetso tse peli tsa IGD: Botsa C: Bots'oaetso ha ho bapaloa lipapali tsa inthanete. (Matšoao ana ka tloaelo a hlalosoa e le ho hloka botsitso, ho tšoenyeha kapa ho hlonama, empa ha ho na matšoao a ho tlosoa hoa meriana) ”; le Criterion H: "Tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa Inthanete ho baleha kapa ho imolla mohopolo o mobe (mohlala, maikutlo a ho hloka thuso, letsoalo le molato,") (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013). Ntlha ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore basebelisi ba fetelletseng ba lipapali tsa Inthanete ba huleloa ketsahalong eo hobane e sebeletsa mosebetsi oa ho ikaha boitšepo ka ho fana ka maikutlo a ho etsa lintho hantle, ho etsa se finyeletseng le ho itaola. Ho kenella lipapaling ho boetse ho re thusa ho pholoha maemong a sa thabiseng a maikutlo a bakoang ke litumelo tse mpe tse mpe ka motho, ba bang le lefatše la 'nete. Tlhahiso ena e lumellana le tšoaneleho ea hore matšoao a ho khaola hangata ha a 'meleng ka tsela ea tlhaho, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore ho khaola ho ka nkoa e le boemo bo bobe ba ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo ho arabela ho tlosoe mohloli oa mantlha oa boitšepo le liphihlelo tse ntle tsa hedonic.

4.1.4. Lipapali e le mokhoa oa ho fumana kamohelo sechabeng

Mokhahlelong ona oa boikoetliso o khothaletsoa ho sebetsa haholo ho Criterion I ea IGD: "Na o sentse kapa o lahlehetsoe ke kamano ea bohlokoa, mosebetsi, kapa monyetla oa thuto kapa mosebetsi ka lebaka la ho nka karolo lipapaling tsa inthanete" (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013). Tekanyetso ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore papali ea inthanete e kanna ea kenyelletsa ho ikhula likamanong tsa sechaba, leha ho le joalo sena se ka hlokomoloha ho rarahana ha tšusumetso ea sechaba ea papali ea inthanete. Ntlha ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore maemo a kahisano a papali ea inthanete a ka nolofalletsa sebapali ho nts'etsapele marang-rang a likamano tse thehiloeng marang-rang, ha a ntse a nyahlatsa metsoalle eo e sa lumellaneng le boits'oaro ba motho eo ea papali. Likamano tsa inthaneteng li ka tsamaisoa ke tšebelisano ea li-avatara tsa papaling, ho kenyeletsoa le mesebetsi ea papali le ea tlholisano e fanang ka menyetla e mengata ea nts'etsopele ea sechaba ka liboto tsa baetapele le litsamaiso tsa libapali. Likamano tse joalo li ka ntlafala ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, joalo ka ha libapali li theha lihlopha tse haufi tsa sechaba ka melao le melaoana e laolang boitšoaro bo botle le bo "amohelehang" ba ho bapala. Ho khomarela ka tieo melao ea sehlopha sa sechaba sa marang-rang ho ka amahanngoa le tumelo ea hore papali ea inthanete ke eona feela sebaka se bolokehileng le se amoheloang ke sebapali (Caplan et al., 2009). Ka ho tšoanang, batho ka bomong ba ka lemoha hore batho ba ka ntle ho papali ea inthanete ha ba bohlokoa joalo kapa / kapa ha ba khone ho amahanya sebapali ka nepo.

4.2. Litaba tsa ho lekanya

Tlhahlobo ena e bonts'itse liphetho tse peli tsa mantlha bakeng sa tekanyo ea bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete. Taba ea mantlha, boholo ba lithuto tse sebelisitseng mokhoa oa ho phekola a hlokofatsang li ne li se na mokhoa oa ho lekola phetoho ea kelello. Qobello ena e ka rarolloa, ka karolo e 'ngoe, ka ho kenyelletsoa ha mehato e lekanyang likhopiso tsa kelello (mohlala, Li & Wang, 2013). Mosebetsi o tsoelang pele oa hlokahala ho nts'etsapele mehato e matla ea khethollo ea IGD le ho khetholla likamano tseo le mokhatlo o matla ka ho fetisisa oa IGD. Moelelo oa bobeli oa tlhahlobo ena ke hore maemo a bophelo sechabeng a lipapali tsa inthanete a lokela ho tsotelloa nakong ea tlhahlobo, ka phapang e hlakileng e entsoeng lipakeng tsa lefatše la inthanete le lefatše. Mohlala, Young Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) e botsa hore na motho o khethile "ho lula marang-rang ho fapana le ho qeta nako le metsoalle" (ntlha ea 20). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lenane la lipotso la Addiction-Engagement le botsa motho hore na "bophelo ba hae ba kahisano ka linako tse ling bo ba le mathata ka lebaka la ho bapala" (ntlha ea 6). Lintho tse joalo li kanna tsa hlokomoloha sebopeho sa lipapali tsa inthanete. Tekanyo ea tšebelisano-'moho ea sechaba e kenang marang-rang e lokela ho hlakisoa hobane batho ba nang le IGD ba ka beha bohlokoa bo khethehileng likamanong tse ling tsa inthanete. Mohlala, ho kanna ha ba molemo ho etsa 'mapa oa likamano tsa bohlokoa tsa bareki marang-rang u sebelisa genogram e fetotsoeng e ngolang makhetlo a ho ikopanya, mesebetsi e tloaelehileng ea papali, le lilemo- le / kapa lits'oants'o tse loketseng bong mabapi le kamano e haufi kapa kamano e haufi. Litaba tse joalo li ka tsamaisa puisano ka sepheo sa moreki bakeng sa papali le lintho tse amehang tse thibelang motho ho kenella likamanong tsa 'nete tsa lefatše (mohlala, ho hloka tsebo ea sechaba, ho tšaba ho ahloloa ke ba bang, kapa ho ikhella fatše).

IGD hangata e bitsoa "temallo ea inthanete" ke bafuputsi le lingaka (King et al., 2011). Ka hona, lefu lena le atisoa haholo joalo ka tlholeho le tlhekefetso e joalo e joalo ka ho becha. Tlhahlobo ea bonnete ba mofuta oa tšebeliso ea litheko joalo ka ha e amana le papali ea inthanete e ne e le sieo tekong ea tlhahlobo ena, leha ho le joalo ho lokela ho hopoloa hape hore ha ho na tumellano e tiileng mabapi le hore na IGD ke tšibollo ea maikutlo (Blaszczynski, 2006, Shaffer et al., 2000 'me Wood, 2008). Kotsi e le 'ngoe ea ho amohela tlhahlobo ea DSM-5 ea IGD ke hore e ka faposa tlhokomelo ea litsebi mefuteng e meng ea lefu lena (kapa ho latela ho nahanisisa ka mekhoa ea DSM-5), haholoholo ka ho thibela mekhoa ea tekanyo kapa ka ho fokotsa lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso tsa eona li-correlates tse ka khonehang. Leha sebopeho sa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi se ka ba molemo bakeng sa mantsoe a eona a ho lemoha (mohlala, khothatso, taolo e sa sebetseng, le ho intša) (Griffiths, 2005), tlhahlobo ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ka ba le lintlha tse itseng tse bonts'ang tse netefatsang hore o li amohela ka sebopeho sa eona sa bongaka, haeba e se lintlha tse hlakileng. Joalo Lortie le Guitton (2013) ba ngangisitse, mohlala, ho bile le khaello ea ho elelloa sepheo sa papali ea lipapatso tsa inthanete maemong a eona a hlakileng. Ntlha ea bone e thathamisitsoeng tlhahlobisong ena, papali e le mokhoa oa kamohelo sechabeng, e fana ka maikutlo a hore maikutlo a mang a amanang le ts'ebetso ea papali ea marang-rang e ka ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea kelello ea pherekano ena.

4.3. Tataiso ea nako e tlang bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa IGD

Lintlha tsa ts'oaetso tse tlalehiloeng tlhahlobisong ena li ka fana ka tataiso ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse ling tsa maiketsetso tsa IGD, leha ho hlokahala mosebetsi o mong hape ho netefatsa bonnete ba ona le ho ikamahanya le maemo bakeng sa litekanyo. Haholo-holo ho ka ba molemo ho lekola botsoalle ba ntho ka 'ngoe (ke hore, matla a ho fetoha) ka litekanyetso tsa DSM-5 IGD. Tlhatlhobo ena e boetse e totobatsa litsela tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa kamoso le ntlafatso ea moralo oa lipatlisiso. Har'a liphuputso tse 29 tse ntlafalitsoeng, ba 27 ba sebelisitse moralo o thehiloeng holima lipatlisiso. Ka hona ho na le tlhoko ea lithuto tsa nako e telele tsa nako e telele sebakeng sena, haholo-holo bakeng sa lithuto tsa bacha ho hlahloba lintlha tsa kutloisiso (har'a lisosa tse ling tse ka bakang kotsi) tse ka bakang phetoho ea mathata a lipapali tsa inthanete ho ba motho e moholo. Ho hlokahala liteko tse ngata tse laoloang ka linako tse ling tse sebelisang mekhoa ea CBT e lumellanang le papali ea inthanete. Lithuto tse ling tsa kalafo tse seng li ntse li le teng li tlalehiloe li sa latele tataiso ea CONSORT, ho fana ka maikutlo a tlhoko ea ntlafatso le botsitso libakeng tse ngata (King et al., 2011). Tlhahlobo ena e bontšitse hore leano le hlaheletseng la CBT bakeng sa IGD e bile leano la boitšoaro bo laoloang le tsebisoa ke tlhahlobo e sebetsang. Mabaka a reriloeng a ka khothaletsa nts'etsopele ea mekhoa e mecha e lebisang likhopolo tse ikhethang (mohlala, litumelo tse thata tseo motho a sitoang ho li etsa ntle le ho phethela sepheo sa papali, kapa a siea papali e sa phethoa). Kamora nako, leha lithuto tse ngata mabapi le tlhahlobo ea IGD li phatlalalitsoe koranteng e ikhethang mabapi le bocha le theknoloji, ho na le lithuto tse fokolang tse phatlalalitsoeng likoranteng tsa mafu a kelello le tsa bongaka. Sena se ka hlahisoa ke ho haella ha sampole ea bongaka e sebelisoang hangata ho etsa lipatlisiso sebakeng sena. Lithuto tse ling li lokela ho nahana ka ho hira mesebetsing ea bophelo ba batho ba baholo le ba batho ba baholo. Morero o tlatselletsang oa lipatlisiso ke ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le mekhoa ea methapo ea kutlo, methapo ea kutlo, le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea boko e amanang le boits'oaro bo tlase ba boitšoaro ba papali (Gyollai, Griffiths, Barta, Vereczkel, Urbán, Kun, et al., 2013). Kamora nako, leha e sa kenyelelitsoe liphellong, ho na le bopaki bo fokolang ba ho fana ka maikutlo a hore takatso ea phetheho e ka ba tšobotsi e ka bang teng ho IGD (Lehmann le Konstam, 2011), e ka 'nang ea tiisa tlhokomeliso e eketsehileng.

4.4. Meeli ea tlhahlobo

Tlhahlobo ena e bile teko ea pele e hlophisehileng ea ho kopanya tsebo ho lingoloa tse bakiloeng ke ho becha ha lipapali tsa inthanete. Le ha tlhahlobo eo e ne e tataisoa ke melaoana ea mantlha ea tlhalohanyo e tloaelehileng (Beck, 1976), re hlokomelisa hore lintlha tse bonts'itsoeng li lokela ho nkuoa e le tlhaloso ea liphetho tse tataisitsoeng, ka karolo, ka kahlolo ea bongaka. Tlhahlobo le ho netefatsoa ha lintlha tsena lia hlokahala, 'me mosebetsi o joalo o ka supa lintlha tse ling ho latela lingoliloeng tsa lipatlisiso. Leha tlhahlobo e ne e reretsoe ho ba le akaretsa ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, lithuto tsa tlaleho ea bongaka (mohlala, Allison et al., 2006) le lithuto tsa tšebeliso ea mathata a Marang-rang ntle le ho bua ka ho toba mabapi le papali ea inthanete (mohlala, Caplan, 2010) ha ea kenyelletsoa, ​​e kanna ea qhelela ka thoko tlhahisoleseling e itseng ea bongaka mabapi le bohlokoa. Tekanyetso e 'ngoe ea tlhahlobo ena ke hore e ne e amehile haholo ka conceptualisation ea IGD, ka hona ha ea ka ea hlahloba ka ho hlakileng matšoao a boleng ba ho ithuta (mohlala, boleng ba mekhoa ea tlhahlobo) kapa boima ba bopaki (mohlala, boholo ba likamano lipakeng tsa IGD le tlhalohanyo ). Ho fanoa ka litemana tse sebetsang bakeng sa ho thusa bafuputsi le / kapa baoki ba thahasellang ho bua ka lingoloa tsa sengoloa sa mantlha ka sepheo sa ho atolosa tlhatlhobo ena. Hape ho lokela ho hopoloa hore, leha tlhahlobo ena e shebile feela tlhokomelisong ea IGD, ha ea lokela ho nkuoa hore mosebetsi ona o buella litlhare tsa kalafo (mohlala, kalafo ea kelello) e le kalafo ea mola oa pele bakeng sa IGD. Sebakeng sena, tlhahlobo ena e ne e reretsoe ho tataisa le ho ntlafatsa litlhare tse joalo. Hajoale ho na le tšehetso e lekanyelitsoeng feela ea matlafatso ea matla a kalafo ea kelello bakeng sa IGD (King, Delfabbro le Griffiths, 2012 'me Winkler et al., 2013). Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe ho Liphetho, tlhahlobo ena e lula e lekantsoe mabapi le ho hlalosa maemo a hlakileng ao ho 'ona likhopolo tse hlokoang li ka bonts'ang papali ea methapo ea inthanete, ho kenyelletsa le hore na sena se ka fapana joang ho latela matla le frequency ea ts'ebetso ea li-cognitions tsa mantlha le / kapa ho ba sieo hoa likelellong tsa ts'ireletso. Kamora nako, ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore li-database tse sebelisitsoeng ho supa lithuto tse hlahlojoang li kanna tsa se ke tsa supa lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng ho li-magazine tse seng tsa Senyesemane, joalo ka lingoloa tsa Korea Boroa le China, leha sena e le meeli e tloaelehileng ea tlhahlobo (Winkler et al., 2013).

4.5. Qetello

Ka tumello ea eona ea tentative ho DSM-5, psychopathology ea mantlha le li-correlates tsa taolo ea lipapali tsa marang-rang e kanna ea ba taba ea lithuto tse ngata tsa kamoso. Patlisiso e joalo e fana ka menyetla e mecha ea ho lekola likhopolo le mefuta ea nnete ea lefu lena. Tlhahlobo ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho kanna ha ba le lintlha tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa le tse ikhethang tse khethollang sebapali sa inthanete. Tsena li kenyelletsa litumelo tsa mantlha mabapi le sebapali le maikutlo a mofuta oa meputso ea libapali tsa video, liketso le boitsebahatso. Le ha hangata e bapisoa le papali ea bothata, IGD e kanna ea ba le boiphihlelo bo ikhethang ba ho lemoha bo nang le likhopolo le litumelo tse khethollang bothata bona. Ho hlahisoa lintlha tse tsebahatsang ho thusa ho ntlafatsa mohopolo oa IGD, leha lintlha tsena li boetse li hloka tlhahlobo e eketsehileng ke lithuto tse sebelisang sampole ea kakaretso le lipalo tsa kliniki. Boithuto bo eketsehileng mabapi le bonohe ba papali ea marang-rang bo ka lebisa nts'etsopele ea lits'ebetso tse ncha le / kapa ntlafatso ea kalafo ea boits'oaro ea kelello bakeng sa IGD bakeng sa tlhahlobo litekong tsa bongaka. Qetellong, ho ts'epahale hore patlisiso e tsoetseng pele le e sebelisitsoeng ho IGD e ka eketsa tsebo ea bongaka le thuso ea ho amohela IGD e le koluoa ​​e nepahetseng.

Phatlalatso ea Lichelete

Tlhahlobo ena e fumane tšehetso ea lichelete ho tsoa ho 2013 Tracy Goodall Early Career Award e tšehelitsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa Australia bakeng sa kalafo ea kelello le boitšoaro (AACBT).

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• Tlatsetso, 108 (2013), maq. 1207-1216
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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (26)
• ⁎Liu le Peng, 2009
• M. * Liu, W. Peng
• Ba bolebelli ba kelello le likelello tsa litlamorao tse mpe tse amanang le ho bapala li-MMOGs (lipapali tse ngata tsa batho ba bangata Inthaneteng)
• Lik'homphieutha ho Sebopeho sa Batho, 25 (2009), maq. 1306-1311
• Sehlooho se

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (56)
• † Li le Wang, 2013
• H. † Li, S. Wang
• Karolo ea ho khopamisa ho ho lemeng ha bokhoba ba lipapali tsa inthanete har'a bacha ba China
• Tlhahlobo ea Litšebeletso tsa Bana le Bacha, 35 (2013), maq. 1468-1475
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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (6)
• Li et al., 2008
• H. Li, J. Wang, L. Wang
• Phapang ea maemo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello le litšobotsi tsa motho lipakeng tsa tlatsetso ea inthanete sechabeng le keketseho ea papali ea inthanete ho baithuti ba koleche
• Koranta ea China ea Clinical Psychology, 16 (2008), maq. 413-416
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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (1)
• EtLi et al., 2011
• D. * Li, A. Liau, A. Khoo
• Ho hlahloba tšusumetso ea litakatso tsa 'nete-tse ikhethileng, khatello ea maikutlo le ho pholoha, lipapaling tsa methapo har'a libapali tse ngata tsa bacha tsa inthaneteng
• Cyberpsychology, Behaeve & Social Networking, 14 (2011), maq 535-539
• Sheba tlaleho ka Scopus

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (15)
• Lewis le al., 2008
• ML * Lewis, R. Weber, ND Bowman
• "E kanna eaba ke lipikselse, empa ke lipikselse tsa KA": Ho nts'etsapele metric ea boits'oaro ho batho ba bapalang lipapali tsa video.
• CyberPsychology & Boitšoaro, 11 (2008), maq. 515-518
• Sheba tlaleho ka Scopus

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (18)
• Lehmann le Konstam, 2011
• KE Lehmann, V. Konstam
• Ho hola u le motho ea phethahetseng: Ho rata phetheho, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bothata ba inthanete, le boitšisinyo ba mesebetsi ho batho ba baholo ba sa tsoa hlaha
• Journal ea Tlhabollo le Nts'etsopele, 89 (2011), maq. 155-162
• Sheba tlaleho ka Scopus

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (6)
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• D. * Lee, R. LaRose
• Mohlala oa boiketlo ba sechaba le tšebeliso ea papali ea video
• Leqephe la Broadcasting & Media Media, 51 (2007), maq. 632-650
• Sheba tlaleho ka Scopus

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (33)
• Lee, 2004
• H. Lee
• Nyeoe e ncha ea "pulomboembolism" e bolaeang e amanang le ho lula ha nako e telele khomphuteng ea Korea
• Yonsei Medical Journal, 45 (2004), maq. 349-351
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• Kuss et al., 2012
• DJ * Kuss, J. Louws, RW Wsters
• Papatso ea papali ea inthanete? Morero o bolela esale pele hore o tla bapala ka lipapali tse ngata tse bapaloang lipapaling tse ngata
• Cyberpsychology, Behaeve & Social Networking, 15 (2012), maq 480-485
• Sheba tlaleho ka Scopus

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• Kuss le Griffiths, 2012
• DJ Kuss, MD Griffiths
• Tlatsetso ea lipapali tsa inthanete: Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea lipatlisiso tse matla
• Koranta ea Machaba ea Bophelo bo Botle ba Kelello le Bokhoba ba Ts'ireletso ea kelello, 10 (2012), maq. 278-296
• Sheba tlaleho ka Scopus

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (75)
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• K Shek et al., 2009
• DTL † Shek, VMY Tang, CY Lo
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• Bacha, 44 (2009), maq. 359-373
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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (36)
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• ⁎Zhong le Yao, 2012
• Z. * Zhong, MZ Yao
• Lisosa tsa papali ea papali, ho iponahatsa ha avatar-le matšoao a ho lemalla papali ea inthanete
• Koranta ea Asia ea Puisano (2012) http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2012.748814
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• † Bacha, 2007
• K. † Nyane
• Phekolo ea boitšoaro e nang le temohisiso le bokhoba ba marang-rang: Liphetho le litlamorao tsa kalafo
• CyberPsychology & Boitšoaro, 10 (2007), maq. 671-679
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• RTA Wood
• Mathata ka mohopolo oa "bokhoba" ba papali ea video: Mehlala e meng ea lithuto
• Koranta ea Machaba ea Bophelo bo Botle ba Kelello le Bokhoba ba Ts'ireletso ea kelello, 6 (2008), maq. 169-178
• Sheba tlaleho ka Scopus

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (69)
• Winkler et al., 2013
• A. Winkler, B. Dörsing, W. Rief, Y. Shen, JA Glombviewski
• Phekolo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang: Tlhatlhobo
• Tlhahlobo ea Psychology ea Clinical, 33 (2013), maq. 317-329
• Sehlooho se

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (24)
• Bophirima, 2001
• R. Bophirima
• Likhopolo tsa bokhoba
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• ⁎Wan le Chiou, 2010
• C. * Wan, W. Chiou
• Ho kenyelletsa phetoho ea maikutlo mabapi le papali ea marang-rang har'a libapali tsa lilemong tsa bocha tse thehiloeng khopolong ea ho se itšepe: Karolo ea litšokelo le tokafatso ea boiteko
• Lik'homphieutha ho Sebopeho sa Batho, 54 (2010), maq. 162-168
• Sehlooho se

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• ⁎Wan le Chiou, 2007
• C. * Wan, W. Chiou
• Li susumetso tsa bacha ba lemaletseng lipapali tsa marang-rang: pono e hlakileng
• Bacha, 42 (2007), maq. 179-197
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• Van Rooij et al., 2010
• AJ Van Rooij, TM Schoenmaker, AA Vermulst, RJJM van de Eijnden, D. van de Mheen
• Papatso ea lipapali tsa video tsa inthaneteng: Boitsebiso ba libapali tsa lilemong tsa bocha tse lemalloang
• Tlatsetso, 106 (2010), maq. 205-212
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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (26)
• HatThatcher et al., 2008
• A. * Thatcher, G. Wretschko, P. Fridjhon
• Liphihlelo tsa marang-rang, tšebeliso ea mathata a marang-rang le ho lieha ha inthanete
• Lik'homphieutha ho Sebopeho sa Batho, 24 (2008), maq. 2236-2254
• Sehlooho se

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (32)
• † Su et al., 2011
• W. † Su, X. Fang, JK Miller, Y. Wang
• Ho kenella ho thehiloeng marang-rang bakeng sa kalafo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang bakeng sa baithuti ba kolecheng Chaena: Phuputso ea sefofane sa Setsi sa Bophelo se Itseng sa Bophelo sa inthanete
• Cyberpsychology, Behaeve & Social Networking, 14 (2011), maq 497-503
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• MaSmahel et al., 2008
• D. * Smahel, L. Blinka, O. Ledabyl
• Ho bapala li-MMORPG: Khokahano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba ho lemalla le ho khetholla le sebapali
• CyberPsychology & Boitšoaro, 11 (2008), maq. 715-718
• Sheba tlaleho ka Scopus

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (49)
• Sim et al., 2012
• T. Sim, DA oa Lichaba, F. Bricolo, G. Serpollini, F. Gulamoydeen
• Tlhahlobo e hlakileng ea lipatlisiso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea methapo ea likhomphutha, lipapali tsa video le marang-rang
• Koranta ea Machaba ea Bophelo bo Botle ba Kelello le Bokhoba ba Ts'ireletso ea kelello, 10 (2012), maq. 748-769
• Sheba tlaleho ka Scopus

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  Ho qotsa lihlooho (25)
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• Sengoli se tsamaellanang. Sekolo sa Psychology, Level 4, Hughes Building, Univesithi ea Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. Mohala: + 61 8 83133740; fekse: + 61 8 8303 3770.
• 1
• Ho tloha 1999, papali ea video e ne e se e atolohile haholo sebakeng sa marang-rang moo lipapali li neng li ka bapaloa e le karolo ea sechaba sa lipapali, ka ho hlaha hoa lipapali tsa lipapali tsa papali ea Massively Multiplayer Online Role (MMORPGs (mohlala, Everquest [1999] Ultima Inthaneteng [1997], le Mohala oa Asheron [1999]) Griffiths, Kuss, & King, 2012).
• 2
• Lits'oants'o tse tšoailoeng ka sefapano (†) li bonts'a lithuto tsa kalafo tse hlahlojoang. Boithuto bo lekanyelitsoeng bo bontšitsoeng ka asterisk (*).