Maikutlo: Bopaki bo bongata bo bokellanang bakeng sa "Interent Addiction" Thutong ena 18% ea baithuti ba koleche ba fihlelletse litekanyetso tsa ho lemalla Inthanete. Bangoli ba khothalelitse hore bokhoba ba Interent bo bakile mathata a 'maloa a maikutlo, ho kenyeletsoa matšoenyeho, OCD le khatello ea maikutlo.
J Res Med Saense. 2011 Jun;16(6):793-800.
Khokahano ho Thutong e Felletseng
Alavi SS, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Eslami M.
mohloli o moholo
Tsamaiso ea Tsamaiso ea Taolo le Thupelo ea Bongaka, Univesithi ea Isfahan ea Saense ea Bongaka, Isfahan, Iran.
inahaneloang
LITLHAHISO:
Boloetse ba ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ke ntho e kopaneng 'me bo ithutile ho tsoa mehopolong e fapaneng ka saense e fapaneng joalo ka moriana, kh'amera, thuto ea sechaba, molao, melao ea boitšoaro, le kelello. Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho khetholla setsoalle sa matšoao a kelello le tahi ea Inthanete ha a ntse a laola litlamorao tsa lilemo, bong, boemo ba lenyalo le maemo a thuto. Ho tšelisoa haholo, hore litheko tse phahameng tsa inthanete li amahanngoa le matšoao a kelello mme li amana hantle le matšoao a boloi a bonts'ang.
LITLHAHISO:
Phuputsong e nang le likarolo tse fapaneng, palo e felletseng ea baithuti ba 250 ba tsoang liunivesithing tsa Isfahan ba khethiloe ka tatellano. Lihlooho li phethile lenane la lipotso tse mabapi le palo ea batho, Lenaneo la Liphuputso la Bacha (YDQ) le Lethathamo la Lethathamo la Matšoao-90-Revision (SCL-90-R). Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa e mengata ea khatello ea maikutlo.
LIKOTSO:
Ho ne ho e-na le kamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a kelello a kang ho tšoenyeha, maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, mabifi, phobias le psychosis ntle le paranoia; le tlhahlobo ea taolo ea tahi ea marang-rang bakeng sa lilemo, thobalano, boemo ba thuto, boemo ba lenyalo le mofuta oa liunivesithi.
CONCLUSIONS:
Karolo e kholo ea bacha ho baahi e na le mathata a tlisoang ke bokhoba ba marang-rang. Ho hlokahala hore lingaka tsa mafu a kelello le litsebi tsa kelello li hlokomele mathata a kelello a bakiloeng ke bokhoba ba marang-rang.
Mantsoe a bohlokoa: Tlatsetso ea marang-rang, basebelisi ba marang-rang, matšoao a kelello
Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, linaha tse ngata li ile tsa tobana le palo e eketsehang ea basebelisi ba marang-rang. Ho 2009, Setsi sa Boitsebiso ba Inthanete sa Iranian se bonts'itse hore batho ba limilione tse 32 ba kene marang-rang.1 Palo ena ke sesupo sa bohlokoa ba taba ena bophelong ba batho ba Irani kajeno. Ka phihlello e bonolo, inthanete e fetohile karolo ea bohlokoa maphelong a rona.
Litsebi tsa kelello tsa sechaba, litsebi tsa kelello le litsebi tsa thuto li tseba ka litlamorao tse mpe tse ka bakoang ke tšebeliso e ngata ea inthanete le mathata a amanang le 'mele le kelello.2-5 Batho ba lahlehelang taolo ea liketso tsa bona bophelong, mme ka kakaretso, ba qeta lihora tse fetang 38 ka beke inthaneteng, ba nkuoa ba le lekhoba la marang-rang. Bokhoba ba marang-rang hangata bo hlalosoa e le bothata ba taolo bo sa reroang bo sa amaneng ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tse tahang mme bo ts'oana haholo le papali ea chelete ea methapo.4
Bokhoba ba marang-rang ke bothata ba mekhatlo ea sejoale-joale 'me lithuto tse ngata li se li nahanne ka bothata bona. Tšebeliso e atileng ea inthanete e ntse e eketseha haholo lilemong tsena. Hammoho le melemo eohle e tlisoang ke Inthanete, mathata a ts'ebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete a ntse a bonahala. Boloetse ba ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ke ntho e kopaneng 'me lithuto tse fapaneng tse kang tsa bongaka, k'homphieutha, thuto ea sechaba, molao, melao ea boitšoaro le kelello li ithutile ka maikutlo a fapaneng.6
Palo e ntseng e hola ea lipatlisiso tsa bokhoba ba inthanete e bonts'a hore bokhoba ba inthanete ke lefu la kelello le litšobotsi tsa lona ke tse latelang: mamello, matšoao a ho ikhula, mathata a amanang le mathata le likamano likamanong tsa sechaba. Ts'ebeliso ea inthanete e baka mathata a kelello, a kahisano, a sekolo le / kapa a mosebetsi bophelong ba motho.7 Liperesente tse leshome le metso e robeli tsa barupeluoa ba ithutoang ba ne ba nkuoa e le basebelisi ba marang-rang, bao ts'ebeliso ea bona e fetisisang ea inthanete e neng e baka mathata lithutong, sechabeng le bathong.8 Ho sebelisa Inthaneteng ka tsela e feteletseng ho ka etsa hore ho be le boemo bo phahameng ba ho tsosoa kelellong, e leng ho etsang hore u se ke ua robala, ho sitoa ho ja nako e telele, le ho ikoetlisa ka tsela e fokolang, mohlomong ho lebisa ho mothusi ea nang le mathata a bophelo bo botle le a kelello a kang ho tepella maikutlong, OCD, likamano tsa malapa a tlaase le ho tšoenyeha.4
Tšebeliso ea marang-rang e nang le bothata e ka amahanngoa le khatello ea kelello, ho senyeha ha tšebetso le mathata a kelello a Axis I.9 Ntle le moo, liphuputso tse ngata li tlalehile kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang le matšoao a kelello, joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho jeoa ke bolutu, ho sebetsa hantle, joalo-joalo har'a bacha.10-12
Ho sithabela maikutlo ke letšoao la kelello le tlalehiloeng khafetsa le amanang le tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete.10,13-15 Leha ho le joalo, lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho lemalla Inthanete li ne li sa amane haholo le boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo.16
Patlisiso ea Irani e fumane hore basebelisi ba fetelletseng ba marang-rang ba ikutloa ba le boikarabello bo fokolang sechabeng le tikolohong ea bona, 'me ba sotleha haholo ke ho khetholloa. Hangata ba ikutloa ba sa atleha lithutong tsa bona le mesebetsing, mme ba na le ts'ehetso e fokolang ea sechaba le boitšepo bo tlase.6
Ho sa tsotelehe taba ea hore bafuputsi ba bangata ba fuputse mabapi le tšebeliso ea bokhoba ba marang-rang le matšoao a kelello joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ho na le lithuto tse fokolang haholo tse neng li shebane le kamano pakeng tsa matšoao a kelello a kang ho chona, psychosis le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete. Patlisiso e fetileng e ne e hanyetsana 'me lipatlisiso tsa bona tse ngotsoeng li ne li fokola haholo.17
Hoa hlokahala ho khetholla mokhoa oa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa ho lemalla Inthanete le matšoao a kelello le ho hlahloba likarolo tsa kelello tsa ho lemalla tahi ea inthanete. Morero oa thuto ena e ne e le ho khetholla setsoalle sa matšoao a kelello le taolo ea marang-rang ka ho laola litlamorao tsa lipalo tsa batho ba bangata tse kang lilemo, bong, boemo ba lenyalo le maemo a thuto. Ho nahanoa hore litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa bokhoba ba marang-rang li amahanngoa le matšoao a kelello mme li hokahana ka ho khetheha le matšoao a ho hlaseloa habonolo (OCD).
mekhoa
Moralo oa likarolo tse ling o sebelisitsoe thutong ena. Ho ipapisitsoe le sampole e kopaneng, palo e felletseng ea baithuti ba 250 ba khethiloe ka tšohanyetso ho tsoa liunivesithing tse 'ne ho kenyeletsa le University ea Isfahan, Univesithi ea Isfahan ea Saense ea Bongaka, Univesithi ea Azad ea Univesithi le Unfahan University of Technology. Barupeluoa e ne e le baithuti ba neng ba sebelisitse marang-rang bonyane hang ka beke bakeng sa likhoeli tse fetileng tsa 6 lapeng, sekolong, laeboraring, net net, kapa sebakeng leha e le sefe se amanang.
Ho lekola boemo ba bokhoba ba marang-rang, re sebelisitse mofuta o nepahetseng le o ka tšeptjoang oa Persia oa Little Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ), Tlhahlobo ea Khatiso ea Marang-rang (Young Internetictioniction) (ICD) mme ha e hlalosoe ka mokhoa o mong (NOS).
YDQ e neng e na le lipotso tse robeli tsa 'e' kapa 'che' e ile ea fetoleloa ho Farsi. E ne e na le lipotso tse kenyelletsang lintlha tse latelang tsa bokhoba ba tahi: ho ameha haholo ka inthanete, mamello (tlhoko ea ho qeta nako e eketsehileng marang-rang ho fihlela khotsofalo), ho se khone ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa ts'ebeliso ea inthanete, ho qeta nako e ngata marang-rang ho feta kamoo ho neng ho reriloe , litlamorao tse mpe maemong a bophelo a batho, thuto kapa mosebetsi oa matsoho, ho bua leshano ho pata ts'ebeliso ea nnete ea inthanete, kapa ho sebelisa marang-rang e le boiteko ba ho baleha mathata. Lihlooho li ne li nkuoa li 'lemaletse' ha li araba "e" ho lipotso tse hlano kapa ho feta nakong ea likhoeli tse 6. Ba arabelitsoeng ba arabileng ka 'e' lipotsong tsa 1 ho isa ho tsa 5 mme bonyane e 'ngoe ea lipotso tse tharo tse setseng ba khethiloe e le batho ba lemalloang ke inthanete. Tšepahalo ea halofo ea halofo ea YDQ e ne e le 0.729 mme alpha ea Cronbach e ne e le 0.713.18 Re khethile YDQ e fetotsoeng ke Beard e le matšoao a robeli a kliniki a YDQ ho lekola ho lemalla ha inthanete.7 Thutong ea rona, e ne e na le ts'epahalo ea alpha ea Cronbach ea 0.71 le boleng ba P ba tlhahlobo ea liteko kamora libeke tse 2 e ne e le 0.82.19
IAT ke tlaleho ea boits'oaro ea 20 e nang le sekhahla sa lintlha tsa 5, se thehiloeng ho litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea DSM-IV bakeng sa papali ea chelete ea bohlasoa le bokhoba ba tahi. E kenyelletsa lipotso tse bontšang boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng ba bokhoba ba tahi. IAT e na le likarolo tse latelang: Boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo amanang le inthanete kapa ho qoqa, matšoao a ho tlohela, ho mamella, ho thella ts'ebetsong ea sekolo, ho se tsotelle bophelo ba lelapa le sekolo, mathata a kamano ea motho, mathata a boitšoaro, mathata a bophelo bo botle, le mathata a maikutlo. Bokhoba ba ho lemalla bo ne bo khetholloa ho latela palo e boletsoeng ea 20-49, 50-79, le 80-100 e le tse tloaelehileng, tse itekanetseng, ebile li tebile.20 Thutong ea hajoale, re sebelisitse mofuta oa Persia oa IAT o neng o na le ts'epahalo ea alpha ea Cronbach ea 0.89 mme boleng ba P ba tlhahlobo ea liteko kamora libeke tse 2 e ne e le 0.68.21
Lethathamo la Matšoao-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) ke tlhaiso ea matšoao a ipolelang ea tlhaiso-leseling, e ntlafalitsoeng ke Derogatis et al., Le mofuta oa eona o tloaelehileng oa Iranian22 e sebelisitsoe thutong ena. SCL-90-R e ne e na le lipotso tse 90 ka kakaretso, tse neng li arotsoe ka likarolo tse robong tsa matšoao: somatization, ho qobella ho qobella, ho ba le kutloelo-bohloko har'a batho, khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, lehloeo, ho tšoenyeha ha phobic, mohopolo oa paranoid le psychoticism. Potso ka 'ngoe e na le e' ngoe ea matšoao a kelello ao ho ona ho kenyelletsoang pono ea Likert ho tloha '1 = ha ho na bothata' ho ea '5 = e tebileng haholo' ho hlalosa boholo ba matšoao ao ba bileng le ona libekeng tse 2 tse fetileng. Litekanyo tse robong tsa matšoao li ne li arotsoe ka li-index tse tharo tsa lefats'e joalo ka "index of solidity index" e emelang boholo kapa botebo ba pherekano e teng ea kelello, "matšoao a nepahetseng" a emelang palo ea lipotso tse lekantsoeng kaholimo ho ntlha e le 'ngoe, le "matšoao a matšoenyeho a matšoao" e emelang matla a matšoao. Phuputsong ena, mofuta oa Iran oa SCL-1-R o ne o na le ts'epo ea alpha ea Cronbach ea 90 mme ts'epahalo ea halofo ea halofo e ne e le 0.95.
Lipuisano li ne li ipapisitse le litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV-TR tsa lefu la taolo ea tšusumetso (ICD) le sa boletsoeng ka tsela e ngoe (NOS). Li entsoe ke ngaka ea mafu a kelello e neng e rutehile ho ICD (tlhahlobo ea kalafo le kalafo) haholo bothateng ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi Inthaneteng.
Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mofuta oa Statistical Package for Social Science Science (SPSS) 18.0. Lipalopalo tse hlalosang li ne li sebelisoa ho bonts'a demographic le thepa ea matšoao a kelello a ipapisitseng le tlhaiso-leseling. Lisosa tse sebetsang tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete li ne li ikemiselitse ho sebelisoa tlhahlobisong ea thepa e mengata.
Results
Baithuti ba makholo a mabeli le mashome a mahlano ba nkile karolo thutong ena ea sefapano. Lilemo tsa bona li ne li tloha ho 19 ho isa ho lilemo tsa 30 ka karolelano ea lilemo tsa 22.5 ± 2.6 (ho bolela ± SD). Ho bona 155 (62%) e ne e le banna; 223 (89.2%) e ne e sa nyaloa 'me 202 (80.8%) e ne e le li-undergraduate. Palo e tloaelehileng ea matsatsi le linako tse sebelisang marang-rang ka beke e ne e le 2.1 ± 1.1 le 2.2 ± 1.1, ka ho latellana. Lethathamo 1 e akaretsa litšobotsi tse ling tsa baithuti ba ipapisitseng le boitseko ba bona ba ho lemalla tahi ea inthanete.
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Litšobotsi tse ling tsa baithuti tse ipapisitseng le tlhahlobo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang
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Matšoao a kelello a kang ho chona, maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello, khatello, phobias, psychosis ntle le paranoia e amanang le tlhahlobo ea taolo ea tlhekefetso ea inthanete bakeng sa lilemo, thobalano, boemo ba thuto, boemo ba lenyalo, le mofuta oa liunivesithi. Lethathamo 2 e akaretsa boholo ba phello ea kamano pakeng tsa matšoao 'ohle a robong a kelello a thehiloeng ho OR (95% CI).
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Mokhatlo oa matšoao a kelello a tlhekefetso ea marang-rang (litlamorao tsa khatello e ngata ea maikutlo)
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Puisano
Ho latela seo re se fumaneng, baithuti ba banna ba tloaetse ho sebelisa Inthanete khafetsa ho feta basali. Kotsi ea ho lemalla ha inthanete ho banna e ne e le makhetlo a 3 ho feta basali. Leha ho le joalo ho ne ho se na phello e kholo ea lipalo tsa maemo a lenyalo lenyalong la marang-rang. Boithuto bo bong bo boletse hore bacha ba sa nyaloang ba bacha ba tloaetse tšebeliso ea inthanete mme ba kotsing ea ho lemalla Inthanete.14,23-27
Ntle le liphuputso tsena, liphuputso tse ling ha lia fumana likamano lipakeng tsa tlhekefetso ea bong le tlhekefetso ea inthanete,28-29 empa Young o fumane palo e phahameng ea basali e le ho its'etleha ka Marang-rang.4 Ho se tšoane hona ho fumanoeng ho ka bakoa ke phapang e teng tšebelisong ea Marang-rang.
Re fumane hore batho ba lemaletseng marang-rang ba ne ba e-na le mathata a mangata a kelello a amanang le kalafo ea kelello. Ho bolela hore temallo ea inthanete e tlisa matšoao a fapaneng a matšoao a kelello, a fanang ka maikutlo a hore tlatsetso e ka ba le phello e mpe maemong a bophelo ba kelello ba bocha. Liphumano tsena li lumellana le lithuto tse ling hape li tšehetsa lipatlisiso tse fetileng.30-31
Boithuto bo bongata bo ile ba fihlela qeto ea hore ho ameha haholo ka ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho ka baka mathata a kelello; Bakhoba ba marang-rang ba ne ba e-na le mathata a kelello le a kelello, a kang khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le ho ikhalala. Nathan et al. o boletse hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea marang-rang e kanna ea amahanngoa le khatello ea kelello, ho senyeha ha tšebetso le mafu a kelello a Axis I, mme ka 86% ea linyeoe tsa IAD le tsona li hlahisitsoe le tlhahlobo e 'ngoe ea DSM-IV.9,32 Matšoao a ho shebella lintho ka ho feteletseng ke matšoao a amanang haholo ho batona le batšehali ba lemaletseng marang-rang.33
Whang et al. o fumane kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa tekanyo ea bokhoba ba marang-rang le maemo a mabe a kelello a kang ho jeoa ke bolutu, khatello ea maikutlo le boitšoaro bo qobelloang.16 Ha et al. e bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa inthanete e ne e amana haholo le matšoao a sithabetsang le a shebelletseng.12 van den Eijnden et al. e tlaleha hore tšebeliso ea man messengerosa hang-hang le ho qoqa mecheng ea ho qoqa le ba bang e amana hantle le tšebeliso e qobelloang ea inthanete kamora likhoeli tsa 634
Yen et al. e tlaleha hore temallo ea inthanete e ne e amana le matšoao a ADHD le khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, bora bo ne bo amahanngoa le bokhoba ba marang-rang ho banna feela, 'me ke feela li-ADHD tse phahameng le matšoao a sithabetsang a neng a amahanngoa le bokhoba ba marang-rang ho liithuti tsa basali. Kamano lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba taolo ea marang-rang le khatello ea maikutlo e bontšitsoe ho batona le ba batšehali.13 Lithuto tse ling li tlalehile kamano e ntle pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea marang-rang le maikutlo a fosahetseng (joalo ka matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo le mokhathala).35-36
Liphumano tsena li bonts'a ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang e ka fana ka sebaka sa hore batho ba balehe matšoenyehong a lefatše la 'nete. E boetse e fana ka maikutlo a hore batho bana ba tloaetse ho hlaseloa habonolo ke boits'oaro bo bobe le likotsi tsa batho ba bang ho feta batho ba bang. Empa kamano ea causal pakeng tsa lehloeo (mabifi) le bokhoba ba marang-rang e hloka ho hlahlojoa ho feta lithutong tse lebelletsoeng le tse telele. Leha ho na le liphumano tsena, lipatlisiso tse ling li ne li sa amane le bokhoba ba inthanete ba khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho a sechaba le pherekano.17,37-38
Ho latela lithuto tse boletsoeng ka holimo, ho thata ho fihlela qeto ea hore tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete e baka phello e mpe maphelong a batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi; tšusumetso e le 'ngoe feela e mpe e ka lebisang ho sitisoeng ke mosebetsi oa borutehi, ts'ebetso ea litsebi, mekhoa ea letsatsi le letsatsi, le bophelo ba kelello joalo-joalo. Ntle le moo, ha ho hlake hore na tšebeliso e feteletseng ea inthanete ke sesosa kapa litlamorao tsa mathata a kelello.
Liphetho mabapi le litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello ba motho ea lemalloang ha li tsejoe. Empa ka kakaretso, bophelo bo botle ba batho ba lemaletseng Inthanete bo kotsing ho feta ba basebelisi ba tloaelehileng.
Hoa hlokahala ho hlahloba mekhoa e fapaneng ea palo ea batho ho matlafatsa bokhoni ba ho bapisa liphetho. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho shebisisa karolo eo tšebeliso e qobelloang ea tšebeliso ea inthanete e e hlahisang ho nts'etsapele mafu a mafu a kelello joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea kelello. Kaha ha e sa le ho tla tsebisoa hore na matšoao a kelello ke 'ona a bakang kapa sephetho sa ho lemalla joala Inthaneteng, bafuputsi ba hloka ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele inthaneteng le basebelisi ba eona.
sheba mefokolo ea
Taba ea mantlha, liphetho tsa rona ha li a ka tsa bontša ka ho hlaka hore na litšobotsi tsa kelello thutong ena li etelletse pele ntlafatso ea boitšoaro ba ho lemalla Inthanete kapa ke litholoana tsa tšebeliso ea inthanete. Taba ea bobeli, ya data e ile ea bokelloa ka nako e khuts'oane haholo mme lipotso YDQ, IAT le S-CL-90 li ne li e-na le lithibelo. Ts'ebetso ea ho khetha sampole ha e re lumelle ho akaretsa liphetho ho baahi bao e seng koleche.
Habohlokoa le ho feta, re ne re sa khone ho laola kapa ho lekanya nako eo batho ba neng ba sebelisa Inthanete ka mokhoa o feteletseng, ka hona ha ho tsejoe hore na ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea inthanete ka nako e telele e tla ama bophelo ba motho joang kelellong le 'meleng.
fihlela qeto e
Mabapi le sephetho sa thuto ena, ketsahalo ena e lokela ho nkuoa e le bothata ba kelello bo amang moloko o monyane o lebelletsoeng ho nts'etsapele sechaba sa ka moso. Ts'ebeliso e nepahetseng ea inthanete e lokela ho rutoa 'me qetellong e nkeloe sebaka sa tšebeliso ea lihlahisoa tsa sekolo ka thuto e nepahetseng lapeng, sekolong le yunivesithi.
Ntle le moo, ho hlokahala hore lingaka tsa mafu a kelello le litsebi tsa kelello tse sebetsang maemong a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, li hlokomele mathata a kelello a bakiloeng ke bokhoba ba marang-rang bo joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo, mosebetsi le ho se khotsofale ha thuto. Ba boetse ba lokela ho hlokomela ketsahalo ena e ntseng e hola le karolo eo psychology e ka e nkang ho sebetsana le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang le tlhekefetso.
Mathata a bakiloeng ke tšebeliso ea Marang-rang a bontša hore hoa hlokahala ho ntlafatsa moetlo oa ts'ebeliso e ntle ea inthanete sechabeng le malapa a sebelisang thuto e nepahetseng.
'Menehelo ea Bangoli
SSA e kentse letsoho moralo, tlhahlobo ea litterateur, mokhoa le puisano ea pampiri. MRM e kentse letsoho moralo, mokhoa, liphetho le puisano ea pampiri. FJ e kentse letsoho ho ajoeng le ho bokelletseng ha lipotso. ME o kentse letsoho puisanong e hlophisitsoeng e nang le halofo le baithuti. Bangoli bohle ba balile le ho amohela se ngotsoeng.
lumela hore baa fokola
Boithuto bona bo ile ba tšehetsoa ka nepo le thuso ke Yunivesithi ea Isfahan ea Saense ea Bongaka le Litšebeletso tsa Bophelo.
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
Khohlano ea Bangoli ba Lithahasello ha e na likhohlano tsa lithahasello.
References
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