Tšusumetso e jalang ho bapala lipapali tsa video tse mabifi ka pefo (2017)

Lik'homphieutha ka Boitšoaro ba Botho

E fumaneha inthaneteng 17 November 2017

Tobias Greitemeyer^,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.022

Lintlha-khōlō Tsa

• Ho pepesehela papali e mabifi ea video ho amana le boitšoaro bo mabifi ho sebapali.

• Phello ena le eona e hasana marang-rang a libapali.

• Batho bao e seng libapali ba le mabifi ha ba hokahane le libapali.

inahaneloang

Ho pepesetsoa papali e mabifi ea video ho bonts'itse ho eketsa mabifi ho sebapali. Phuputso ea hajoale e lekola mohopolo oa hore papali ea papali ea video e mabifi ha e ame feela sebapali, empa e ama le marang-rang a sebapali. Ebile, litlhahlobo tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang li bonts'a hore ho bapala lipapali tse mabifi tsa video ho amahanngoa le pefo e ntseng e eketseha, e ntan'o ata har'a batho ba hokahaneng. Le barupeluoa ba sa bapalang lipapali tsa video tse mabifi ka bobona ba tlalehile pefo e kholo ha marang-rang a bona a sechaba a na le batho ba bapalang lipapali tse mabifi tsa video. Litsebi tsa kelello le sechaba ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ba tšoenyehile ka hore ho pepeseha ha papali ea video e mabifi ho na le monyetla oa ho eketsa mabifi sechabeng. Joalokaha thuto ea hajoale e bontša, ha se bapalami ba lipapali tsa video tse mabifi feela empa le marang-rang a bona a sechaba a ka tlatsetsang ketsahalong ena.

Keywords

lipapali tsa Fitio;
websaeteng;
mabifi;
tšoaetso

1. Selelekela

Ho pepesetsoa papali ea video e mabifi (VVE) ho amahanngoa le sephetho se mabifi. Leha lithuto tse ling li hlotsoe ho fumana litlamorao tse ntle (mohlala, Charles et al a., 2013 ; Engelhardt et al a., 2015), litlhahlobo tsa meta (Anderson et al a., 2010 ; Greitemeyer le Mügge, 2014) e bontšitse hore VVE e eketsa phihlello ea mehopolo e mabifi, tšusumetso e mabifi le boits'oaro bo mabifi le hore litlamorao tsena li lula li fumanoa lithutong tsa liteko, likarolo tse fapaneng le tsa bolelele ba nako (mohlala, Anderson et al a., 2004 ; Anderson et al a., 2007). Kahoo ho bonahala hore ho bapala lipapali tse mabifi tsa video ho ama boits'oaro ba sebapali sechabeng kantle ho lefatše.

Ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e atileng ea lipapali tsa video tse mabifi, ho bile le ngangisano ka litlamorao tsa bona tse mpe sechabeng. Le ha phello ea VVE pefong e se kholo (ho pota r = .19, Anderson et al a., 2010 ; Greitemeyer le Mügge, 2014), Le litlamorao tse nyane (mme litlamorao tsa lipapali tsa video tse mabifi li nyane ho isa bohareng ka boholo ba tsona) li ka ba le tšusumetso e mpe maemong a sechaba ha batho ba bangata ba e fumana (e leng eona e sebetsang ho VVE). Kahoo, ho 'nile ha boleloa hore VVE e ka baka tšenyo ea sechaba (mohlala, Anderson et al., 2010). Patlisiso ea hajoale e leka mohopolo oa hore VVE e kanna ea se ke ea susumetsa sebapali feela empa le ts'ebeliso ea marang-rang ea sebapali ("batho bao motho a amanang le bona ka kotloloho" [Fischer, ka 1982, leq. 2)). Haeba eseng feela libapali tsa lipapali tsa video tse mabifi empa le marang-rang a tsona a sechaba a arabela ka mabifi a eketsehileng, ho tšoenyeha ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho bapala lipapali tsa video tse mabifi ho loketse le ho feta.

2. Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng

Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, lipatlisiso tse ngata tse fetileng li rarollotse litlamorao tsa VVE pefong ea sebapali (bakeng sa litlhahlobo, Anderson & Balichaba, 2014; Krahé, 2015). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ea ka tsebo ea ka, ha ho thuto e buileng kamoo VVE e amang marang-rang a sebapali. Ho etsoa tlhahiso ea hore VVE e amahanngoe le pefo ho sebapali le hore keketseho ena e hasane hohle marang-rang a sebapali ka hore marang-rang a sechaba a ba mabifi le ho feta. Habohlokoa le ho feta, ho etsoa tlhahiso ea hore tlhekefetso e eketsehileng ea marang-rang ea sechaba e hlahe leha o laola palo ea VVE ea marang-rang. Ka mantsoe a mang, le batho ba sa bapalang lipapali tsa video tse mabifi ba ka ba mabifi le ho feta ha ba hokahane le batho ba bapalang lipapali tse mabifi tsa video. Kamora nako, pefo ea sebapali e lokela ho ikarabella bakeng sa tšusumetso ea VVE ea sebapali pefong ea marang-rang a sechaba.

Phuputso e fetileng e fane ka bopaki bo matla ba hore meralo ea kelello e ka hasana maqhama ohle a marang-rang. Ka mohlala, Christakis le Fowler (2007) o fumane hore menyetla ea motho ea ho nona e eketsehile ka 57% haeba a na le motsoalle ea tla nona. Ka kakaretso, liketsahalo tse fapaneng joalo ka ho tsuba (Christakis le Fowler, 2008), tsoalo mosebetsing (Pink, Leopold, le Engelhardt, 2014), boitšoaro ba ho vouta (Nickerson, 2008), boits'oaro ba tšebelisano (Randi, Arbesman, & Christakis, 2011), le thabo (Boitumelo, Klourmann, Harris, Danforth, & Dodds, 2012) li bontšitsoe hore li hasana marang-rang.

Sena se ka fana ka maikutlo a hore ho bapala lipapali tse mabifi tsa video ho ka tšoaetsana ka hore batho ka bomong ba na le monyetla oa ho bapala lipapali tsa video tse mabifi haeba marang-rang a bona a sechaba a na le libapali tsa lipapali tse mabifi. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa hajoale li ikemiselitse ho ea pele mohato o le mong: e tla hlahlojoa hore na le phello ea VVE e hasana marang-rang a batho, ka hore ho etsoa tlhahiso ea hore VVE e eketsa pefo ea sebapali, e ntan'o baka mabifi marang-rang a libapali. Khopolo-taba ena e ipapisitse le mabaka a latelang.

Mohlomong moetsalibe ea hloahloa ka ho fetesisa ke ho qholotsa (mohlala, nyefolo). Ho latela mefuta ea khale ea pherekano le mabifi (Dollard, Doob, Miller, Mowrer, le Sears, 1939hammoho le mefuta ea sejoale-joale ea neoassociation (Berkowitz, 1989), mabifi a eketsa menyetla ea ho ba mabifi (bona le GAM; Anderson & Bushman, 2002). Ebile, hoa tsebahala hore mabifi le pefo li nametse har'a batho ba hokahaneng (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, Dishion, & Tipsord, 2011). Mohlala, maemong a mokhatlo, Foulk le basebetsi-'moho le eena (Foulk, Woolum, & Erez, 2016) ba fumane hore boits'oaro bo bobe bo tlase joalo ka ho hloka tlhompho bo namela ho motho e mong. Ho feta moo, sampole e emelang naha ea bacha ba Amerika e bonts'itse hore bankakarolo ba na le monyetla oa ho etsa boitšoaro bo mabifi (mohlala, ho hula sebetsa ho motho e mong) haeba motsoalle oa hae a kile a etsa joalo (Bond & Bushman, 2017). Kahoo, batho ba hokahaneng le (ba mabifi) ba bapalang lipapali tsa video tse mabifi ba ka ba mabifi le ho feta haeba ba sa li bapale ka botsona. Boithuto ba hajoale bo fana ka teko ea pele ea boits'oaro ea monahano ona, ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea marang-rang ea boithabiso (Clifton le Webster, 2017).

Liphuputsong tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang, barupeluoa ba kopuoa ho tlaleha ka moo ba bonang likamano tsa bona tsa sechaba (tse bitsoang "metsoalle" ho tse latelang). Ho lebelletsoe hore VVE ea metsoalle e amahanngoa le pefo ho bankakarolo le hore kamano ena e na le lipalo ha e laola VVE ea bankakarolo. Ho boetse ho lebelletsoe hore boemo ba metsoalle ba pefo bo sebetsana le tšusumetso ea VVE ea metsoalle pefong ea bankakarolo.

3. Mokhoa

Barupeluoa ba mashome a tšeletseng a metso e supileng ha baa ka ba tlatsa lenane la lipotso, ka hona ha baa ka ba kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong. Sampole ea hoqetela e kenyelelitse batho ba 998 (basali ba 499, banna ba 499, ho bolela lilemo = lilemo tse 36.8, SD = 11.2) ba nkileng karolo ho MTurk. Hobane lenane la lipotso le ne le le lekhuts'oane haholo, ha ho a hlahlojoa tlhokomelo. Ho ne ho se na likhetho tse ling tsa data. Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba tsamaisoa pele ho etsoa litlhahlobo, 'me ho tlalehiloe mefuta eohle ea mefuta.

Qalong, barupeluoa ba ithutile hore ena e tla ba phuputso ka bona le marang-rang a bona. Kamora ho fana ka palo ea batho, boits'oaro bo tlalehiloeng bo ile ba lekoa. Ho fihlela sena, bankakarolo ba amohetse lintho tse 10 (mohlala, "Ke otlile motho e mong" hape "Ke buile lintho tse mpe ka motho e mong ea ka morao") tse sebelisitsoeng ka katleho lipatlisisong tse fetileng (Krahé le Möller, 2010). Bakeng sa ntho ka 'ngoe, barupeluoa ba bontšitse makhetlo a mangata ao ba bontšitseng boitšoaro bo fapaneng likhoeling tse tšeletseng tse fetileng. Lintho tsohle li lekantsoe sekaleng sa lintlha tse 5 ho tloha ho 1 (ha ho mohla) ho 5 (khafetsa), 'me lintlha li ne li lekantsoe ka bongata ho theha index ea likarolo tse ngata (α = .90). Ba boetse ba arabetse hore na ba bapala lipapali tsa video tse mabifi hangata hakae, ba sebelisa ntho e le 'ngoe: "Ke hangata hakae le bapalang lipapali tsa video tse mabifi (moo sepheo e leng ho lematsa batho ba bang ba lipapali)?" (1 = ha ho mohla ho 7 = khafetsa).

Joalo ka lipatlisiso tsa pejana tsa marang-rang tsa egocentric (mohlala, Mötteli & Dohle, khatisong; Stark & Krosnick, 2017), barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba arabe lipotso ka batho ba bahlano bao ba ikutloang ba le haufi le bona le bao ba buileng le bona ka litaba tsa bohlokoa likhoeling tse 'maloa tse fetileng (metsoalle). Ba ithutile hore ekaba metsoalle, basebetsi-'moho, baahelani, beng ka bona. Bakeng sa motsoalle e mong le e mong, ba arabetse pefong e tšoanang (α pakeng tsa = .90 le .91) le lipotso tsa VVE ha ba ntse ba ikarabela. Likarabo ho metsoalle e mehlano li ile tsa beoa karolelano. Kamora nako, bankakarolo ba ile ba leboha mme ba botsoa hore na ba nahana hore teko ena e leka ho ithuta eng. Boholo ba bankakarolo ba hlokometse kamano pakeng tsa lipapali tsa video tse mabifi le pefo, empa ha ho le ea mong ea hlokometseng khopolo-taba e nepahetseng.

4. Liphetho

Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang le likamano tsa mehato eohle li bonts'itsoe ho Lethathamo 1. VVE e ne e amana le pefo, bakeng sa motho ea nkang karolo le metsoalle. Ho feta moo, VVE ea bankakarolo le metsoalle hammoho le boemo ba bona ba pefo e tlalehiloeng, ka tatellano, li ne li amana hantle. Habohlokoa ka ho fetisisa, kamano lipakeng tsa pefo ea motsayakarolo le VVE ea metsoalle e ne e le bohlokoa.

Tafole 1.

Mekhoa, Liphapang tse Tloaelehileng, le Likamano tsa Bivariate

	M	SD	1	2	3
1. Morupeluoa oa VVE	2.92	2.08
2. Morupeluoa ea mabifi	1.39	0.54	.20^*
3. Metsoalle ea VVE	2.37	1.20	.59^*	.20^*
4. Metsoalle e mabifi	1.38	0.46	.20^*	.72^*	.27^*

Hlokomela: ^*p <.001

Litlhahlobo tsa lipapali

Ho lekola hore na VVE ea metsoalle e amahanngoa le pefo ea bankakarolo ha e laola VVE ea bankakarolo, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea bootstrapping (e kenyelletsang liphetho tsa litlamorao tse peli tse kholo hammoho le tšebelisano). Ebile, tšusumetso ea VVE ea metsoalle e ile ea lula e le bohlokoa (tekanyetso ea ntlha = .13, SE = .03, t = 4.38, p <.001, 95% CI = 0.07, 0.18). Bakeng sa bobeli, VVE ea bankakarolo (tekanyetso ea ntlha = .09, SE = .02, t = 4.29, p <.001, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.13) le tšebelisano (khakanyo ea ntlha = -.02, SE = .01, t = 3.09, p = .002, 95% CI = -0.03, -0.01), nako ea boits'epo le eona ha ea ka ea kenyelletsa 0. Maemong a phahameng a VVE ea morupeluoa (+ 1 SD), VVE ea metsoalle e ne e sa amane le pefo ea motsayakarolo (ntlha lekanya = .02, SE = .02, t = 1.21, p = .227, 95% CI = -0.02, 0.06). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, maemong a tlase a VVE ea bankakarolo (-1 SD, ha e lekane le VVE sethaleng sa hona joale sa data), VVE ea metsoalle e ne e amana le pefo ea motho ea nkang karolo (khakanyo ea ntlha = .11, SE = .02, t = 4.44, p <.001, 95% CI = 0.06, 0.15), e fana ka maikutlo a hore bankakarolo ba mabifi ha marang-rang a bona a sechaba a bapala lipapali tsa video tse mabifi leha ba sa bapale lipapali tsa video tse mabifi ( Setšoantšo sa 1).

Setšoantšo sa 1.

Lithaba tse bonolo tsa tšebelisano-'moho ea VVE ea metsoalle le VVE ea bankakarolo pefong ea bankakarolo.

Mokhoa oa ho khetha

Qetellong, ho ile ha hlahlojoa hore na boemo ba metsoalle ea bona ba pefo bo bakile tšusumetso ea VVE ea metsoalle pefong ea bankakarolo. Ha pefo ea metsoalle ea VVG le ea metsoalle e kentsoe ka nako e le ngoe, khatello ea maikutlo e ikarabella bakeng sa phapang e kholo maemong a motho ea nkang karolo, F(2, 995) = 527.58, R² = .52, p <.001. Ntle le moo, boemo ba bohale ba metsoalle bo amohetse boima bo boima ba khatello, t (995) = 31.42, β = .72, 95% CI = .78, .88, p <.001, athe VVE ea metsoalle ha e ea etsa joalo, t (995) = 0.01, β = .00, 95% CI = -.02, .02, p = .992. Mokhoa ona oa bonamoli o bontšoa ho Setšoantšo sa 2. Teko ea Sobel e bonts'itse hore litlamorao tse sa tobang li ne li fapane haholo le zero, Sobel test statistic = 8.49, p <.001.

Setšoantšo sa 2.

Boipheliso ba litlamorao tsa VVE ea metsoalle ho khahlapetso ea bankakarolo ke pefo ea metsoalle. Litsela tsohle li bohlokoa ntle le haeba ho boletsoe ka hosele. β^* = ho lekana ho tloha VVE ea metsoalle ho ea ho pefo ea bankakarolo ha o laola mabifi a metsoalle.

Mokhoa oa ho khetha

5. Puisano

Lipapali tsa video li tumme haholo (Lenhart et al., 2008'me boholo ba lipapali tsa video tse rekisoang haholo li na le pefo (Dill, Molichaba, Richter, & Dill, 2005). Kahoo, potso ea hore na VVE e etsa hore libapali li be mabifi ebile taba ea ngangisano e chesang. Se haellang moqoqong ona, leha ho le joalo, ke tšusumetso ea VVE ho batho bao sebapali se amehang le bona. Joalokaha thuto ea hajoale e bontša, esita le batho ba sa bapalang lipapali tsa video tse mabifi ba ka ba le mabifi a phahameng haeba ba hokahane le libapali tsa papali ea video tse mabifi.

Joalo lipatlisisong tse fetileng (bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa meta, Anderson et al a., 2010 ; Greitemeyer le Mügge, 2014), VVE e ne e amahanngoa le mabifi a eketsehileng ho sebapali. Boemo ba pefo ea metsoalle le bona bo ne bo amana haufi le pefo ea motho ea nkang karolo. Ebile, boemo ba pefo ea metsoalle bo bakile tšusumetso ea VVE ea metsoalle pefong ea bankakarolo. Ka kakaretso, paterone ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore tlhekefetso e eketsehileng ka lebaka la VVE e ka namela ho batho ka bomong, ka hore sebaka sa marang-rang sa sebapali sa papali ea video se mabifi se ba mabifi le ho feta ka lebaka la tlhekefetso e kholo ho sebapali.

Hoa hlokomeleha leha ho le joalo hore moralo oa khokahano ha o lumelle liqeto tsa lebaka. Ho hlokahala lithuto tsa nako e telele kapa tsa liteko ho fana ka bopaki ba khopolo-taba ea hore phello ea VVE pefong ea sebapali e hlile e namela marang-rang, ka hore batho ba ba mabifi le ho feta ba hokahantseng le sebapali. Ho lokela hape ho hopoloa hore tlhaiso-leseling e itlalehileng ho fapana le boits'oaro ba 'nete e ile ea hlahlojoa. Sena ke sa bohlokoa ka ho khetheha kaha data ea marang-rang ea egocentric e ipapisitse le maikutlo a monkakarolo ka litšobotsi tsa motsoalle. Kahoo ho ka nahanoa hore barupeluoa ba phahamisitse boemo ba hore na ba tšoana le metsoalle ea bona hakae. Ho feta moo, maikutlo a bankakarolo ka VVE ea motsoalle le boemo ba hae ba pefo e kanna eaba li tsamaisoa ke seo barupeluoa ba lumelang hore VVE le pefo li amana joang. Mohlala, ba kanna ba bona motsoalle a le mabifi mme ka hona (ka phoso) ba etsa qeto ea hore motsoalle o bapala lipapali tsa video tse mabifi. Ka kopo hlokomela hape hore khokahano lipakeng tsa karolo ea motho ea nkang karolo le metsoalle ea bona e ne e le holimo haholo (e sebetsang le khokahano lipakeng tsa VVE ea motsayakarolo le metsoalle), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore bankakarolo ba ahlole metsoalle ea bona ka ho itlhahisa e le qalo. Leha ho le joalo, tloaelo e joalo e ka fokotsa litlamorao tse ikhethang tsa lintlha tsa VVE tsa metsoalle ho pefo ea monkakarolo ha a laola VVE ea monkakarolo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho fumana tšebelisano-'moho eo barupeluoa ba sa bapalang lipapali tse mabifi tsa video ho mabifi le ho feta ha metsoalle ea bona e bapala lipapali tse mabifi tsa video hape e fana ka maikutlo a hore litekanyetso tsa bankakarolo ba metsoalle ea bona ha li bontše feela likalo tsa bona. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa kamoso tse sebelisang marang-rang a sechaba moo tlhahisoleseling e mabapi le metsoalle e fanoang ke metsoalle ka botsona e ka amoheleha haholo.

Motho a ka boela a hlahloba hore na libapali tsa lipapali tsa video tse mabifi ha li khothalletse pefo marang-rang a tsona a marang-rang feela, empa le metswalleng ea metsoalle ea bona. Lihahi tsa kelello li bonahala li namme ka likhato tse tharo tsa karohano (Christakis le Fowler, 2007 ; Christakis le Fowler, 2008). Ka mantsoe a mang, libapali tsa lipapali tsa video tse mabifi li ka eketsa pefo marang-rang a tsona, a tla arabela ka mabifi khahlanong le motho oa boraro, eo, ka lebaka leo, a tla ba mabifi le ho feta.

Boemong bo sebelisitsoeng, lipatlisiso tsa hajoale li tla thusa mang kapa mang eo sepheo sa hae e leng ho fokotsa mabifi. Mohlala, liphetho tsa morao-rao li fana ka maikutlo a hore ka tšebelisano-'moho ho bapala papali e mabifi ea video sehlopheng (se amanang le ho bapala papali e le 'ngoe ea video feela) ho loants'a (bonyane karolo e' ngoe) litlamorao tse mpe tsa VVE pefong (Mihan et al a., 2015 ; Velez et al a., 2016). Kahoo, ho kholisa indasteri ea papali ea video ho theha lipapali tsa video tse kopanetsoeng tse hohelang bareki haholo ho ka ntlafatsa litlamorao tse mpe tsa VVE bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Habohlokoa, ho kenella ha melaoana efe kapa efe e fetolang VVE ea sebapali ha e susumetse pefo ea sebapali feela empa e ka ba le phello e sa tobang marang-rang a sebapali.

Ho boetse ho na le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa ho bafuputsi ba nang le tjantjello litlamorao tsa marang-rang. Mosebetsi oa pejana o shebile hore na litšobotsi tse itseng li hasana joang marang-rang a sechaba. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lipatlisiso tsa hajoale li bua ka hore na phello (ke hore, pefo) ea tšobotsi (ke hore, ho pepeseha ha papali ea video e mabifi) e hasana joang marang-rang. Le ha tšobotsi e sa namele (ke hore, sebaka sa marang-rang ha se bapale lipapali tse mabifi tsa video), sebaka sa marang-rang se kanna sa hlahisa litlamorao tse tšoanang (ho eketsa mabifi) joaloka sebapali.

Ho lokela ho hatisoa hore ho pepeseha ha papali ea video ha ho hlile ha ho kotsi likamanong tsa batho. Ho fapana le moo, lipatlisiso li bonts'itse hore ho bapala lipapali tsa video tsa prosocial (moo sepheo e leng ho ruisa batho ba bang ba lipapali) ho eketsa litholoana tse ntle (bakeng sa litlhahlobo, Greitemeyer, 2011 ; Greitemeyer le Mügge, 2014). Kahoo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li ka senola hore papali ea papali ea video e sa rateheng ha e susumetse sebapali hantle feela empa e hasana hohle marang-rang a sebapali ka hore metsoalle ea sebapali e be e thusang haholo.

Ho phethela, pefo le pefo li bonts'itsoe hore li namela maqhama ohle a marang-rang (Dishion, & Tipsord, 2011). Joalo Huesmann (2012) e beha tjena: "E 'ngoe ea tse fumanoeng hantle lingoliloeng tsa kelello ka boits'oaro bo mabifi le pefo ke hore pefo e tsoala pefo" (leq. 63). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, thuto ea hajoale e fana ka maikutlo a hore VVE e etsa hore sebapali se be mabifi le ho feta, ebe se hasana ka marang-rang a bona a sechaba. Ho entsoe tlhahiso ea hore VVE e na le monyetla oa ho eketsa mabifi maemong a sechaba (Anderson et al., 2010). Ho bonahala eka ha se bapalami ba lipapali tsa video tse mabifi feela empa le marang-rang a bona a sechaba a ka tlatsetsang ketsahalong ena.

Liteboho:

Phuputso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke thuso ea P28913 e tsoang ho Austrian Science Fund.

References

Anderson le Bushman, 2002
CA Anderson, BJ Bushman
Khahlano le batho
Tlhahlobo ea selemo le selemo ea Psychology, 53 (2002), maq. 27-51
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