Tlhaloso ea Semalase ea Semalase ea Sebapali sa Meriana ea Lithethefatsi ho Baithuti ba Bongaka ba Malaysia (2015)

2015 Oct 2;10(10):e0139337. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.

Ching SM1, Ee A2, Ramachandran V3, Sazlly Lim SM4, Wan Sulaiman WA4, Foo YL4, Ho FK4.

inahaneloang

SELELEKELA:

Boithuto bona bo ile ba qalisoa ho tseba likarolo tsa psychometric tsa Smart Phone Addiction Scale (SAS) ka ho fetolela le ho netefatsa tekanyo ena ho puo ea Semalay (SAS-M), e leng puo e ka sehloohong e buuoang Malaysia. Boithuto bona bo ka khetholla puisano ea mohala o bohlale le marang-rang har'a liithuti tsa bongaka tsa merabe e mengata ea Merabe. Ntle le moo, ho ts'epahala le ho nepahala ha SAS le tsona li bontšitsoe.

LISEBELISOA LE MEKHOA:

Kakaretso ea bankakarolo ba 228 e ile ea khethoa pakeng tsa Phato 2014 le Loetse 2014 ho tlatsa letoto la lipotso, ho kenyeletsoa SAS le liteko tse fetotsoeng tsa tšebeliso ea tšebeliso ea Inthanete ea Kimberly Young (IAT) ka puo ea Semalay.

LIKOTSO:

Ho ne ho e-na le banna ba 99 le basali ba 129 ba nang le lilemo tse pakeng tsa 19 ho isa ho 22 ea lilemo li (21.7 ± 1.1) e kenyellelitsoe thutong ena. Tlhatlhobo e hlalosang le ea bohlokoa, li-coefficients tsa kahare ho sehlopha, liteko tsa t le liteko tsa khokahano li ile tsa etsoa ho netefatsa ho tšepahala le ho nepahala ha SAS. Teko ea Bartlett ea bokantle e ne e le bohlokoa (p <0.01), mme tekanyo ea Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin ea ho lekana ha mehlala bakeng sa SAS-M e ne e le 0.92, e bontšang ka mokhoa o khahlisang hore tlhahlobo ea lintlha e ne e nepahetse. Ts'ebetsong ea kahare le ho sebetsa ka nako e le 'ngoe ea SAS-M li netefalitsoe (alpha ea Cronbach = 0.94). Likhoebo tsohle tsa SAS-M, ntle le tebello e ntle, li ne li amana haholo le mofuta oa Semalay oa IAT.

CONCLUSIONS:

Boithuto bona bo ntlafalitse tekanyo ea pele ea ho lematsa ka mohala o motle har'a liithuti tsa bongaka. Sekala sena se ile sa bontšoa hore sea tšepahala ebile se nepahetse ka puo ea Semalay.

Tlhaloso: Ching SM, Yee A, Ramachandran V, Sazlly Lim SM, Wan Sulaiman WA, Foo YL, et al. (2015) Ho netefatsoa ha Semela sa Tlatsetso ea Tlatsetso ea Li-Smartphone har'a Baithuti ba Bongaka ho la Malaysia. PloS ONE 10 (10): e0139337. Doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337

mohlophisi: Aviv M. Weinstein, Univesithi ea Ariel, ISRAEL

Re amohetse: Ka March 18, 2015; E amohetse: September 11, 2015; E phatlalalitsoe: October 2, 2015

Copyright: © 2015 Ching et al. Ena ke sengolo se bulehileng sa phihlello se tsamaisitsoeng tlasa maemo a License ea Boikarabelo ba Creative Commons, e lumellang tšebeliso e sa thibeloang, phetiso, le phetiso ea mofuta o fe kapa o fe, ha fela ho ngolisitsoe mongoli oa mantlha le mohloli

Ho fumaneha ha Data: Lintlha tsohle tse nepahetseng li ka hare ho pampiri le lifaele tsa eona tsa Tšehetso.

Lithuso: Bangoli le bona ba ka rata ho leboha letlole la lipatlisiso la UPM (fana ka: UPM / 700-2 / 1 / GP- IPM / 2014 / 9436500) bakeng sa tšehetso ea lichelete. URL ke http://www.rmc.upm.edu.my/.

Lithahasello tse tsitsitseng: Bangoli ba boletse hore ho na le lithahasello tsa tlhōlisano tse teng.

Selelekela

Ha ho na pelaelo hore li-smartphone li re file monyetla o moholo bophelong ba rona ba letsatsi le letsatsi, kaha e na le bokhoni bo matla ba khomphutha le khokahanyo ho feta lifono tsa mantlha tsa likarolo [1]. Ts'ebeliso ea smartphone e na le merero le merero ea bona e fapaneng. Boithuto bo bongata bo tlalehileng hore smartphone e na le melemo e mengata bakeng sa boiketlo ba sechaba le bongaka [2-5]. Le ha smartphone e fetohile e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa puisano tse tummeng le tsa bohlokoa, ts'ebeliso ea eona e feteletseng e hlahile e le bothata sechabeng lefats'e mme e thehile letsoalo le lecha la bophelo bo botle ba kelello, moo mosebelisi a ratang ho nts'etsapele ho itšetleha ka eona [6-8].

Tebello ea Smartphone e boetse e bitsoa "ts'ehetso ea mohala oa selefouno", "ts'ebeliso e kenelletseng ea mohala oa thekeng" kapa "ts'ebeliso e mpe ea mehala ea fono". Maemo ana a hlalosa haholo ketsahalo ea ts'ebeliso ea mehala ea fono e nang le mathata [9, 10]. “Ho lemalla li-Smartphone” ke lebitso leo hangata le sebelisoang ho lingoliloeng. Tlatsetso ena e tšoauoa haholo ke ho itšunya-tšunya ho feteletseng kapa ho se laolehe hantle, kapa litloaelo tse mabapi le tšebeliso ea li-smartphone, ho isa moo batho ka bomong ba hlokomolohang likarolo tse ling tsa bophelo [11-13]. Boithuto bo tlaleha hore ts'ebeliso e matla ea mohala oa fono e ne e amana le khatello ea maikutlo, ho khathatseha boroko, ho tsuba le matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo [14-16].

Lintlha tsa morao-rao tse tsoang Malaysia li bontšitse hore ho kenella ha smartphone ho ile ha eketseha ho tloha 47% ho 2012 ho 63% ho 2013. Ho 2014, Ma-Malay a limilione tsa 10.13 e ne e le basebelisi ba mafolofolo ba li-smartphone, ha a bapisoa le 7.7 milione ho 2012 [17-20]. Tšebeliso ea kelello ea smartphone e ts'oana le bokhoba ba marang-rang. Tšebeliso ea bokhoba ba marang-rang e ata haholo ho bacha le batho ba baholo lefatšeng ka bophara [21]. Ho lemalla taolo e feteletseng ea inthanete ho lebisa ho tsitsipano ea kelello, ho itšepa tlaase, khatello ea maikutlo le ts'ebetso e mpe ea thuto le mosebetsi.22-25]. Lithuto tsa lehae li tlalehile hore ho ata ha lithethefatsi tsa inthanete e ne e le 43% [26], hape ho na le basebelisi ba Facebook ba mafolofolo ba fetang limilione tse 4.2 ho la Malaysia; ha e le hantle, Facebook ke sebaka sa marang-rang se phahameng ka ho fetisisa naheng ena. Kaha ho na le keketseho e potlakileng ea tšebeliso ea li-smartphone ho la Malaysia, ho na le tlhoko e potlakileng ea ho netefatsa tekanyo ea ho lekanya tšebeliso ea li-smartphone ho baahi ba lehae ho tseba hore na ho na le eng hape le ho khetholla hore na ke mang ea kotsing ea ho theha lekhoba la li-smartphone e le hore baetsi ba melaoana e ka rera ho kenella ho loketseng nakong e tlang haufinyane.

Joalo ka sebopeho sa boikoetliso se lokiselitsoeng teko ea ho lemalla inthanete [27], Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) e ntlafalitsoeng ke Min Kwon et al. e ne e le sekala sa pele sa ho lemalla li-smartphone se sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa ho hlahloba lefu [28]. Sekala sena se na le lintho tsa 33 'me ho tlalehiloe hore se ka tšeptjoa, se na le tšebelisano e ntle ea kahare (Cronbach's alpha = 0.967), le bonnete ba nako eohle ea subscales tse tšeletseng ho tloha 0.32 ho 0.61 [28].

Boithuto bona bo ikemiselitse ho fetolela SAS puong ea Semalay le ho ithuta likarolo tsa psychometric tsa mofuta oa Semal SAS (SAS-M) ho tsamaisa ts'ebeliso ea eona bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse ling maemong a sebaka.

Methodology

Moralo oa ho Ithuta le Ho Bea

Ena e ne e le thuto e akaretsang ea liithuti tsohle tsa bongaka tsa pele le tsa bobeli tse tsoang Universiti Putra Malaysia. Baithuti bana ba ile ba batloa thutong ea netefatso ho tloha ka Phato 2014 ho isa ho Loetse 2014. Univesithi ena e Serdang, haufi le motse-moholo oa tsamaiso ea Malaysia, Putrajaya. Re hakantse boholo ba sampole hore bonyane 165 e ipapisitse le lipalo tsa linyeoe tse hlano ka ntho e ngoe le e 'ngoe ho SAS (e nang le kakaretso ea lintho tsa 33) [29]. Ka hona, mohlala oa 228 mohlaleng ona o ne o lekane.

Tsamaiso.

Mothati oa 1: Sengoli se fumane phetolelo ea Senyesemane ea SAS ho Kwon et al. Ho fetolela ho tloha ho Senyesemane ho ea ho Semalay ho entsoe ka tsela e tšoanang ke litsebi tse peli tsa lipuo tse peli, 'me phetolelo ea morao e entsoe ke setsebi sa boraro sa lipuo tse peli. Ho ile ha buisanoa ka liphapang pakeng tsa phetolelo ea pele le phetolelo ea morao, 'me ha etsoa liphetoho tse tšoanang. Phetolelo ea ho qetela ea SAS e fetoletsoeng, eo re e bitsitseng moralo oa SAS-M, e hlahisitsoe ke sehlopha sa litsebi se entsoeng ka ngaka e le 'ngoe ea mafu a kelello, lingaka tse peli tse phahameng le ngaka e le' ngoe ea malapa, bao kaofela e neng e le litsebi tse tšoanelehang mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa psychometric le bao kaofela ba neng ba e-na le boiphihlelo ba tleliniking ba nang le maemo a sithabetsang.

Mothati oa 2: Moralo oa pele oa SAS-M o ile oa lekoa har'a liithuti tsa matsoalloa a 20 tsa matsoalloa a Malawi ho fumana liphoso tsa mofuta ona. Mantsoe afe kapa afe ao babuelli ba a nkileng a sa tšoanelehe kapa a sa nepahala mofuteng ona a ile a bonoa a ba a lokisoa. Baithuti ba bangata ba ne ba thatafalloa ke ho amohela 15 ea ntho: "Ho halefa le ho koata ha ke sena smartphone". Ntho ena e ile ea ntlafatsoa 'me ea fetoleloa e le “Ho ikutloa eka ha ke felloe ke mamello hape ha ke sena smartphone” ka puo ea Semalay. Phetolelo e phethetsoeng ea SAS-M e ile ea hlahlojoa hape ke litsebi tse peli tsa kelello tsa setsebi tse nang le lilemo tse fetang 10 tsa boiphihlelo ho lekola bonnete ba litaba le ho netefatsa sefahleho se khotsofatsang le li-semantics tse khotsofatsang, tekanyetso, le tekano e tšoanang.

Mothati oa 3: Morutoana e mong le e mong o fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo kamora ho fumana tlhaiso e felletseng ea sebopeho le lekunutu la thuto, mme baithuti ba 228 ba lumela ho nka karolo ho ithuteng, ka sekhahla sa karabo ea 9%. Lintlha tsa Sociodemographic (lilemo, bong, bong le lekeno la ntlo) li fumanoe ho baithuti. Tlhahisoleseling mabapi le tšebeliso ea li-smartphone tsa baithuti e ipapisitse le litekanyetso tsa bona, joalo ka palo ea lihora tse sebelisoang ka beke, palo ea lilemo e le mosebelisi o tloaelehileng oa li-smartphone le lilemo tseo ba qalileng ho sebelisa smartphone, li ngotsoe. Baithuti ba fuoe lipotso tse latelang:

  1. SAS le SAS-M (Lethathamo A ho Sengoloa sa S1).
  2. Mofuta oa Semalay oa Teko ea Tlatsetso ea Kantle ho Internet

Lisebelisoa

Sekala sa Tebello ea Li-Smartphone [28].

SAS ke mochini o ikhethileng, 6-point Likert-hlobo o nang le lintho tsa 33. Potso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le tekanyo ea karabo ho tloha 1 ho 6 (1 = ha e lumellane ka matla le 6 = e lumellane ka matla), e bonts'a matšoao a teng khafetsa. Moqosuoa o potoloha polelo e hlalosang ka botlalo litšobotsi tsa bona tsa tšebeliso ea li-smartphone. Palo kaofela e ka fumaneha ho SAS e tloha 48 ho 288. Ha lintlha li ntse li phahame ka ho eketsehileng, e ba le tekanyo e matla haholoanyane ea tšebeliso ea mahlale a kelello.

Teko ea ho lemalla Inthanete [26].

Potso ea IAT, e ntlafalitsoeng ke Kimberly Young ho 1998, ke sesebelisoa se sebelisoang haholo ho hlokofatsa bokhoba ba marang-rang. Phetolelo ea Semalay e netefalitsoe sebakeng sa heno, e na le tšebelisano e ntle ea ka hare (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91) le ho ts'epahala (intraclass correlation coeffnty (ICC) = 0.88, P <0.001). Ena ke lenane la lipotso le iphelisang le nang le sekala sa lintlha tse 5 tsa Likert se nang le lintho tse 20, se nang le lintlha tse 20 le ntlha e kaholimo ho 100. Ho fumana lintlha tsa potso ka 'ngoe ho tloha ho 1 ho ea ho 5 (1 = ha ho mohla ho isa ho 5 = kamehla), e pheta ketsahalo ea matšoao. Baithuti ba khethile polelo e hlalosang hantle litšobotsi tsa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea inthanete. Ha lintlha li le holimo ke hore, tšebeliso ea marang-rang e matla haholo. Ha lintlha tsa mofuta oa Semalay oa IAT li feta 43, motho eo o fumanoa a le kotsing ea ho lemalla inthanete [26].

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Litlhahlobo tsohle li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa Statistical Package ea mofuta oa Scientific Social 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang li ngotsoe bakeng sa litšobotsi tsa mantlha tsa bankakarolo. Alpha ea Cronbach e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekola botsitso ba kahare ba SAS-M, 'me tloaelo ea data e ile ea lekoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Homogeneity ea lintho tsa sekala e ile ea hlahlojoa ho ipapisitsoe le li-coefficients tsa khokahano lipakeng tsa lintho le lintlha tse felletseng haeba ntho e hlakotsoe. Ho theha bonnete ho ile ha fuputsoa ke tlhahlobo ea lintlha tsa tlhahlobo le promax ea oblique le Kaiser Normalization. Ho jarolla lintlha tsa> 0.30 ho sebelisitsoe ho tseba lintho molemong ka mong. Ho ipapisitsoe le molao oa Guttman-Kaiser, lintlha tse nang le boleng ba eigenval tse kholo ho feta 1 lia bolokoa [30, 31]. ICC e ne e sebelisetsoa ho hlahloba ho ts'epahala ho lekanang lipakeng tsa SAS-M le mofuta oa Senyesemane oa SAS le ho ts'epa-pheteha ha liteko tsa SAS-M. Khokahano ea Pearson e sebelisitsoe ho hlahloba bonnete ba nako e tšoanang pakeng tsa SAS-M le mofuta oa Semala oa IAT. Palo e khaotsoeng ea SAS-M bakeng sa linyeoe tse kotsing e ile ea khethoa ho tsoa libakeng tse hokahanang ha palo ea mofuta oa Mala oa IAT e ne e feta 43 [26], eo ka nako eo kutloisiso le ho hlaka li neng li lekana le tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso ea mofani oa tšebeliso (ROC). Sebaka se neng se le ka tlasa leseli (AUC) se ne se reriloe bakeng sa kotlo ea ROC.

Tlhaloso

Basebelisi ba kamehla ba hlalosoa e le ba sebelisang smartphone bonyane 6 kapa makhetlo a eketsehileng likhoeling tsa 6 [32]

Boemo bo amohelehang

Tumello ea melao ea boitšoaro bakeng sa thuto ena e fumanoe ho Komiti ea Ethiciti ea Universiti Putra Malaysia (FPSK-EXP14 P091).

Results

Baithuti ba 228 ka kakaretso ba ile ba hapuoa thupelong ena. Lethathamo 1 e bonts'a litšobotsi tsa bongaka tsa batho ba ithutileng. Ka kakaretso, lilemo tse bolelang e ne e le lilemo tse ka bang 22 ± 1.1. Ba fetang halofo ea baithuti e ne e le basali (56.6%), 'me boholo e ne e le ba morabe oa Malawi (52.4%). Lihora tsa ho sebelisoa ha smartphone ka beke e ne e le lihora tsa 36.5. Ka karolelano, barutoana ba ile ba qala ho sebelisa li-smartphone ba le lilemo tsa 19, 'me palo ea lilemo tse sebelisoang ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa li-smartphone e ne e le lilemo tsa 2.4.

ponahalo e nyane  

 
Tafole 1. Litšobotsi tsa palo ea sechaba se ithutoang (N = 228).

 

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.t001

Sebopeho sa Factor le Seemo sa kahare sa SAS-M

Teko ea Bartlett ea bokopane e ne e le bohlokoa (p <0.01), 'me tekanyo ea Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin ea ho lekana ha mehlala bakeng sa SAS-M e ne e le 0.92, e bontšang hore sekala se ne se khahlisa [33], eo le eona e bonts'itseng hore tlhahlobo ea lintlha e nepahetse. Ho ntšitsoe lintlha tse tšeletseng (eigenvalue> 1.00) ka mokhoa oa ho hlahloba lintlha le ho potoloha ha oblique promax ka tloaelo ea Kaiser e bakileng 65.3% ea phapang eohle. Sephetho sena se ne se lumellana le SAS ea mantlha [28].

SAS-M e bonts'itse botsitso bo botle ba kahare; Tekano ea alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa kakaretso kaofela e ne e le 0.94, 'me li-coefficients tse amehang bakeng sa lintlha tsena tse tšeletseng e ne e le 0.877, 0.843, 0.865, 0.837, 0.865 le 0.861. Mabaka a tšeletseng a tsamaellanang le lits'ebetso tsa SAS a ne a bitsoa "kamano e tloaetseng bophelo ba marang-rang", "pherekano ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi", "bokapele", "tšebeliso e feteletseng", "tebello e ntle" le "ho tlohela" (Lethathamo 2). Lintho tsohle li ne li hlophisitsoe ka botlalo ho feta 0.9. Ho tlosoa hoa ntho efe kapa efe ha hoa ka ha eketsa ho tšoana ho teng ka hare ho palo e felletseng (Lethathamo 3). Ho ts'epahala ho tšoanang pakeng tsa SAS-M le SAS ho ne ho phahame, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke ICC ea 0.95 (95% Nako ea kholiseho = 0.937-0.962). Ho tšepahala ha SAS-M ka mora liteko-nako kamora nako ea beke ea 1, ho bile le ICC ea 0.85 (95% Nako ea kholiseho = 0.808-0.866).

ponahalo e nyane  

 
Tafole 2. Tlhatlhobo ea lintlha: Mofuta oa SAS-Mala.

 

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.t002

ponahalo e nyane  

 
Tafole 3. Ntho e hlophisitsoeng - Likahare ka botlalo le alpha ea Cronbach haeba ntho e ne e hlakotsoe bakeng sa SAS-M.

 

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.t003

Ho nepahala ha SAS-M: Litloaelano lipakeng tsa Metsoana ea SAS-M le Mala Version ea IAT

Liphetho tsa tlhahlobisiso ea pearson ea Pearson e ileng ea etsoa lipakeng tsa subscales tsa SAS-M le mofuta oa Mala oa IAT li bonts'itsoe ho Lethathamo 4. Liphetho li bonts'a hore lithuso tsohle tsa SAS-M, ntle le "tebello e ntle", li ne li amana haholo le mofuta oa Mala oa IAT.

ponahalo e nyane  

 
Tafole 4. Ho nepahala ka nako e tšoanang ha SAS-M (khokahano ea Pearson): Likarolo tse tlase tsa SAS-M le mofuta oa Mala oa IAT.

 

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.t004

The AUC for ROC curve e ne e le 0.801 (95% CI = 0.746 ho 0.855). Palo e khaotsoeng e nepahetseng ea ho tsebahala ea likotsi tse kotsing e ne e feta 98, ka kutloisiso ea 71.43%, boleng ba 71.03%, boleng bo nepahetseng ba ponelo-pele (PPV) ea 64.10% le boleng bo bobe ba ho bolela esale pele (NPV) ea 77.44 %. Ho ata ha nyeoe e kotsing ea ho lemalla bokhoba ba smartphone thutong ena e ne e le 46.9%, ho ipapisitse le lintlha tsa 98.

Puisano

Phuputso ena e ile ea lekola botebo ba kahare, boholo le boholo ba eona 'me ea aha bonnete ba SAS-M. Liphumano tse tsoang thutong li bonts'a hore SAS-M ke sesebelisoa se ka tšeptjoang le se sebetsang sa ho lekola tšebeliso ea li-smartphone ho baahi ba buang Semalay.

Thutong ena, SAS-M e bonts'itse botsitso bo botle ba kahare; Tekano ea alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa kakaretso kaofela e ne e le 0.94, 'me li-coefficients tse amehang bakeng sa lintlha tsena tse tšeletseng e ne e le 0.877, 0.843, 0.865, 0.837, 0.865 le 0.861. Ho ts'epahala ho ts'oanang ha SAS-M le ho ts'epahala ha liteko kamora nako ea beke ea 1 li fumanoe li le ntle, li-ICC tsa 0.95 le 0.85, ka ho latellana, li leng betere ho feta tsa mofuta oa mantlha oa SAS [28]. Ho fihla joale, ena ke thuto ea pele ea mofuta oa eona e amanang le bokhoba ba smartphone, 'me e bonts'a hore SAS-M e ntle joalo ka mofuta oa Senyesemane.

Leha ho le joalo, likarolo tse tšeletseng tse hlahelletseng tse hlalositseng karolo e kholo ea phapang ea SAS-M li ne li ts'oana le tsa SAS ea mantlha. Phuputsong e teng hona joale, likarolo li ne li kenyelletsa "likamano tsa bophelo bo botle ba cyberpp", "mathata a bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi", "primacy", "ts'ebeliso e feteletseng", "tebello e ntle" le "ho tlohela". Likarolo tsa SAS ea mantlha e ne e le "pherekano ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi", "tebello e ntle", "ho tlosoa", "kamano e thehiloeng marang-rang", "tšebeliso e feteletseng" le "mamello". Ha se lintlha tsohle tse fumanoeng tlhahlobisong ena ea lintho tse lekanang le lintlha tse fumanoeng ho SAS ea mantlha. Ho ka etsahala haholo ka lebaka la hore sena se bontša phapano lipakeng tsa sampole tsa Mala le Korea. Moelelo oa SAS ea mantlha e ne e fetotsoe nakong ea phetolelo.

Boholo ba likarolo tse tlalehiloeng thutong ea morao tjena bo tšoana, ntle le "primacy" ea motsoako, e fapaneng le karolo ea "mamello" ho SAS ea mantlha. Mabaka a ka bang teng e ka ba palo ea rona ea ho ithuta e ne e le nyane (21.7 ± 1.1 lilemo tse nang le lilemo tsa 20 ho 27) ha li bapisoa le palo ea baahi ba Korea (26.1 ± 6.0 e nang le lilemo ho tloha 18 ho 53). Bokapele ba palo ea batho bao re ithutang le bona e ne e le ba thuto e fapaneng joalokaha lithuto tsohle e ne e le liithuti tsa bongaka ha li bapisoa le maemo a thuto le thuto ea mantlha thutong ea SAS ea mantlha. Tlhaloso e fapaneng e kanna ea thatafatsoa ke ho bua ka maemo le lithuto tsa batho ba ithutiloeng.

Phuputsong ena, liphallelo tsohle tsa SAS-M, ntle le "tebello e ntle", li ne li amana haholo le mofuta oa Mala oa IAT. Ena ke eona feela subscale e sa amaneng hantle le IAT hobane IAT haholo e lekanya tšebeliso e mpe ea inthanete, ka hona ha ho na lintho tse botsang ka tebello e ntle. Leha ho le joalo, karolo ena ha e fokotse bonnete ba nako e tšoanang hobane lipapatso tse ling tsa 5 li kopantsoe hantle.

Ho ata ha linyeoe tse kotsing e ka khetholloang e le lemallo la li-smartphone tse sebelisang tekanyo ena e ne e le 46.9%. Ho na le litlhaloso tse 'maloa ka sephetho sena. Keketseho e phahameng ea bokhoba ba li-smartphone e lebelletsoe joalo ka ha lipatlisiso tsa lehae li bonts'itse hore 85% ea batho ba India ba na le mehala ea mohala [18]. Li-smartphone ke khetho e ratoang haholo hobane Marang-rang a tloaetse ho latela mekhoa ea sechaba [20]. Ntle le moo, smartphone e fana ka melaetsa ea mahala hang-hang ka li-platform tse itseng, mohlala, WhatsApp le WeChat, tse ntlafatsang bophelo ba basebelisi. Boithabiso ke mokhoa o mong o hlalosang ho ata ha bokhoba ba li-smartphone hobane ka lifono tsena, baithuti ba bongaka ba ka mamela 'mino, ba shebella lifilimi le ho bapala lipapali tsa ho imolla khatello ea maikutlo [34]. Ka hona, ba kanna ba batla ho qeta nako e ngata le li-smartphone tsa bona qetellong ea letsatsi mme qetellong e be basebelisi ba pathological.

Leha ho le joalo, e 'ngoe ea lintho tseo re amehileng ka tsona thutong ea rona e ne e tla ba lintlha tse khaotsoeng tsa SAS-M bakeng sa linyeoe tse kotsing e ile ea khethoa ho tsoa lintlheng tsa khokahano ha lintlha tsa mofuta oa Semala sa IAT li ne li feta 43 Sena ha se ho fihla matsatsing a hahiloeng ka nepo bakeng sa IAT. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ha ho na sesupo sa tlhahlobo ea marang-rang kapa tšebeliso ea li-smartphone ho latela DSM V boteng ba bokhoba ba ho lemalla [21, 25]. Kahoo, ntlha e felisitsoeng e ithutoang ke thuto ea rona mohlomong e ne e le tlase haholo e lebisang tekong e phahameng haholo ea ho lemalla li-smartphone. Ka ho le letona ho fumanoa ha lithethefatsi tsa marang-rang ho lokela ho thehiloe maemong a mararo joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke Ko, et al, 2012 [25].

SAS-M e sebetsa joalo ka ho hlahlobeloa kapa sekala bakeng sa ho lekola botebo ba tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea smartphone ho feta sesebelisoa sa ho hlahloba. Ho etsa tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea bokhoba ba smartphone e tla ba bothata ba bohlokoa bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Re khothalelitse hore nakong e tlang ho hlahlojoa ha lithethefatsi tsa smartphone ho lokela ho kenyelletsa lintlha tse ling tse nang le lintlha tsa A, B, le C. Crition A e na le matšoao a ts'eletseng a bokhoba ba smartphone joalo ka kamano ea cyberpace, tšitiso ea bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, primacy, ts'ebeliso e ntle, tebello e ntle le ho ikhula. Criterion B e hloka ho kenyelletsa tšebetso ea ho senyeha ha tšebetsong bakeng sa tšebeliso ea li-smartphone. Criterion C e lokela ho qhela mafu a mang a kelello a kang ho ferekana kapa pherekano e ka bang teng. Bafo bao ba phethagatšago mekgwa ye ka moka ya A, B, le C ba ka lebelelwa fela ba na le botšofadi ba di-smartphone.

Matla le mefokolo

Liphetho tsa phuputso ena li lokela ho tolokoa ho latela moeli oa boithuto: Taba ea mantlha, ha ho na tekanyetso e netefalitsoeng ea ho hlahloba ts'oaetso ea inthanete kapa ea smartphone ho latela DSM V ka bongata ba bothata ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi [21, 25]. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la lithuto tse fokolang tsa bokhoba ba li-smartphone maemong a lehae, liphetho tsa thuto ena li ntse li ka fa leseli ho sehlopha sa litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle. Taba ea bobeli, le ha boholo ba mohlala bo ne bo lekane empa bo ne bo sa khethoa ka tšohanyetso. Bong le morabe ha lia ka tsa ajoa ka ho lekana. Ntle le moo, thuto ena e ile ea etsoa setsing se le seng, kahoo palo ea batho ba neng ba le teng e ne e se ea tlhaho ebile e kanna ea se ke ea bonts'a bongata ba Malaysia.

Leha ho na le phokotso ena, liphetho tsa thuto ea morao-rao li paka hore SAS-M e ka sebelisoa ho lekola tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa smartphone har'a batho ba baholo ba rutehileng ba Malaysia.

fihlela qeto e

Boithuto bona bo ntlafalitse tekanyo ea pele ea ho lematsa ka mohala o motle har'a liithuti tsa bongaka. Boithuto bona bo boetse bo fana ka bopaki ba hore SAS-M ke sesebelisoa se sebetsang le se ka tšeptjoang, se ikemiselitseng ho hlafuna ba leng kotsing ea ho lemalla li-smartphone.

Ho tšehetsa Boitsebiso

S1_Text.doc
 
 

Sengoloa sa S1. Tlatsetso ea mohala oa mohala oa mohala oa Mala.

doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0139337.s001

(DOC)

Menehelo ea Mongoli

O ile a amohela le ho hlophisa liteko: SMC AY FKH. O entse liteko: VR SMSL WAWS YLF. Ho hlahlobisisa lintlha: SMC AY. Li-reagents tse kenyellelitsoeng / lisebelisoa / lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo: SMC AY. Ngola pampiri: SMC AY VR.

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