Ho lemalla ho bapala lipapaling tsa papali ea papali ea papali ea chelete: Bophelo ba meriana, mafu a kelello le botho ba Correlates (2014)

Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014: 315062.
E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2014 Jul 14. doi: 10.1155/2014/315062

PMCID: PMC4122146

Susana Jiménez-Murcia,^1,^2,^3,^* Fernando Fernández-Aranda,^1,^2,³ Roser Granero,^2,⁴ Mariano Chóliz,⁵ Melania La Verde,⁶ Eugenio Aguglia,⁶ Maria S. Signorelli,⁶ Gustavo M. Sá,⁷ Neus Aymamí,¹ Mónica Gómez-Peña,¹ Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez,^1,⁸ Laura Moragas,¹ Ana B. Fagundo,^1,² Sarah Sauchelli,¹ José A. Fernández-Formoso,⁹ 'me José M. Menchón^1,^3,¹⁰

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sepheo. Re ithutile tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ea papali ea video (VGU) le bokhoba ba tahi (VGA) bothateng ba papali ea papali ea chelete (GD) mme re ba bapisa le lihlooho tse sa sebelisoeng papali ea livideo (bao e seng VGU) mabapi le boitšoaro ba bona ba papali ea chelete, psychopathology, le botho ba bona litšobotsi. Method. Mohlala oa bakuli ba 193 GD (121 bao e seng VGU, 43 VGU, le 29 VGA) ka ho latellana ba amohetse yuniti ea rona ea ts'ebetso ea ho becha e nkileng karolo thutong. Tlhahlobo. Mehato e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea ho itšetleha ka papali ea video (VDT), lethathamo la matšoao-90-le ntlafalitsoeng, le bohale le tlhaiso-leseling la sebapali, hammoho le li-indices tse ling tsa GD. Results. Ho GD, ho ata ha VG (ts'ebeliso kapa bokhoba ba tahi) e ne e le 37.3% (95% CI: 30.7% ÷ 44.3), VGU 22.3% (95% CI: 17.0% ÷ 28.7), le VGA 15% (95% CI: Liphesente tse 10.7 ho isa ho 20.7. Phapang ea Orthogonal polynomial le khatello ea thepa e bonts'itse mekhoa e metle ea boemo ba VG le ho tiea ha GD le mehato e meng ea psychopathology e akaretsang. Kamora 'meetso ea sebopeho sa equation, lintlha tse phahameng tsa VG li ne li amahanngoa le lilemo tse nyane, psychopathology e akaretsang, le litšoaneleho tse ikhethang tsa botho, empa eseng le matla a GD. Thobalano ea bakuli le lilemo tsa bona li ne li kentse letsoho litseleng tsa lipuisano lipakeng tsa litšobotsi tsa botho le bofokoli ba VG. Nahanisisa. Bakuli ba GD ba nang le VG ba sa le banyenyane ebile ba na le litšobotsi tse eketsehileng tsa botho bo sa sebetseng, le psychopathology e akaretsang. Ho ba teng ha VG ha hoa ka ha ama ho teba ha GD.

1. Selelekela

Patlisiso mabapi le bothata ba ho becha (GD) e batla e le ncha. Ebile e ne e se ho fihlela 1980 moo buka ea tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso le lipalo ea mafu a kelello, khatisong ea eona ea boraro (DSM-III), ka molao e ileng ea hlokomela bothateng bona (ka nako eo e neng e bitsoa papali ea methapo ea mali) 'me ea e kenyelletsa bothateng ba taolo ea tšusumetso e seng libakeng tse ling. Haufinyane tjena, ho DSM-5 [1], mofuta oa nosological oa pherekano o fetotsoe kamora ho hlahloba lingoliloeng le bopaki bo neng bo le teng [2]; e ile ea reoa hape ka hore ke bothateng ba papali ea chelete (GD) mme e behiloe karolong e ncha e bitsoang Mathata a amanang le lithethefatsi le tlhekefetso. Ho feta moo, tlhahlobo ea liketso tse seng molaong e tlositsoe, ho felisoa ha tlhahlobo ea GD ho fetotsoe ho tloha ho mekhoa e mehlano ho isa ho e mene, mme ho ne ho hlalositsoe hore matšoao a tlameha ho ba teng ka nako ea likhoeli tsa 12 [3].

Nakong ea tlhahlobo ea bukana ena, litaki tsohle tse neng li ka ba teng ka ho hloka toka li ile tsa hlahlobisisoa, ke hore, papali ea chelete, papali ea inthanete, tšebeliso e akaretsang ea Marang-rang, ho ea mabenkeleng, ho ikoetlisa le ho sebetsa. Kamora nako, ke GD feela e ileng ea khethoa e le lekhoba la ho se tsotelle, ka lebaka la ho tšoana ha lona la bongaka, phenomenology, comorbidity, le karabelo ea kalafo ka mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (SUDs) hape le ka lebaka la mabaka a eona a arolelanoang a neurobiological [4, 5].

Leha ho le joalo, komiti e sebetsang ea DSM-5 e nkile qeto ea ho beha mofere-fere oa lipapali tsa inthanete (IGD) ho Karolo ea 3, e kenyeletsang mathata a ka bang teng a hlokang hore ho etsoe lipatlisiso tse ling hape. Qeto ena e ne e ipapisitse le palo e eketsehang ea lithuto tsa tliliniki le palo ea batho ba nang le lefu lena le litlamorao tse matla tsa motho ka mong le tsa batho ba bang [6]. Ho feta moo, ho tšoana ho itseng ho likarolo tsa neurobiological [7, 8], comorbidity ea kelello, le litšobotsi tsa botho (ho batla maikutlo, ho hloka matla le ho itšepa) li sa tsoa fumanoa pakeng tsa IGD ka li-SUD le GD [9]. Ka lebaka la hore lisebelisoa tse ngata le mekhoa e mengata e sebelisitsoe ho lingoliloeng tsa mahlale tsa IGD, ho ile ha etsoa qeto ea ho theha mokhoa oa ho hlahloba mefuta e robong, eo ho eona ho lokelang ho ba le tse hlano kapa ho feta ka nako ea likhoeli tsa 12 e le hore maemo a lumellane le tlhahlobo ea lefu la IGD [2, 6]. Ho kenyelletsoa ha boemo bona ho DSM-5 ntle le pelaelo ho tla ba le tšusumetso e kholo eseng feela ho lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang [10] empa hape le likarolo tse ling tsa kliniki tse kang ho nyatsuoa le lintlafatso ho hlahlobeng le kalafo [11].

Le ha basebelisi ba lipapali linaheng tse tsoetseng pele ba tloaetse ho feta 18 [12], lithuto tse fokolang li fuputse IGD ho palo ea batho ba baholo. Boholo ba tse ntseng li etsoa ho fihlela joale li se li tsamaisitsoe Europe [13-16]. Tsohle lia lumellana ho bonts'a kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa papali tse bapaloang tse ngata tse fumanehang inthaneteng (li-MMORPG) le boits'oaro bo bobebe kapa bo hohelang. Litefiso tsa prevalence li pakeng tsa 0.2% le 1.3% bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e lemalloang le 3.3% le 4.1% bakeng sa boits'oaro bo nang le mathata [14-16]. Leha ho le joalo, thuto e entsoeng ke Achab et al. [13] bathong ba baholo, ba ileng ba fetola maemo a tlhahlobo ea DSM-IV-TR [17bakeng sa mathata a ho itšetleha ka lithethefatsi ho li-MMORPG, ho tlalehiloe tekanyo ea bokhoba ba litheko bo phahameng joalo ka 27.5%. Ho se lumellane ha sephetho ho ka bakoa ke ho se tšoane ha lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo tse sebelisitsoeng ke lithuto kapa ho palo ea batho bao sepheo se entsoeng lipatlisiso (joalo ka ha ho boletsoe ke King et al. [18]); ha lithuto tse ling li ne li bua haholo ka basebelisi ba baholo ba tloaelo ea ho ba le mekhoa e meng ea ho lemalla [13], ba bang ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ho bacha ba bacha [19, 20]. Leha ho le joalo, bangoli ba 'maloa ba hlokometse lintlha tse ikhethang tse tloaelehileng ho bohle ba nkang karolo (mohlala, ho ikarola, tahlehelo ea taolo, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa mamello, mathata a sechaba le a lichelete, mathata a amanang le beng ka motho, hammoho le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho hloka botsitso, ho lula fatše, ho fokotsa boroko. le ho tlohela mesebetsi, boikarabello le mesebetsi ea boikhathollo) [6, 11, 16, 18].

Mefuta e meng ea litaba tsa sechaba le tsa bongaka tse amanang le IGD ea batho ba baholo e ne e le lilemo (boemo bo atile haholo ho batho ba baholo), thuto e phahameng, ho lula litoropong le botsofaling ba ho qala [13]. Litšobotsi tse tšoanang li hlalositsoe ho GD [21, 22]. Ntle le moo, mathata ana ka bobeli a amana le psychopathology joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le mathata a ho laola maikutlo [6, 11, 23] le litšobotsi tsa botho bo sa sebetseng tse kang ho ts'oaroa ho phahameng le ho ts'oha ha maikutlo, neuroticism, Interiorion, le bohanyetsi [11, 24, 25].

Lithuto tse 'maloa tse bapisang GD le bokhoba bo bocha ba theknoloji [26-29] ho tsamaellana ho tlaleha maemo a phahameng a psychopathology le litšobotsi tse fosahetseng malulong ana ka bobeli. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba tsona ha bo khetholle pakeng tsa IGD le bothata ba tšebeliso e akaretsang ea marang-rang kapa ts'ebetso ea marang-rang (IA). Tonioni et al. [28] ha e tlalehe feela ho tšoana ho amanang le mokhatlo oa khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le ts'ebetso ka kakaretso empa le liphapang tsa maemo a sechaba. Bokhoni ba boiketlo ba sechaba bo ne bo le tlase sehlopheng sa IA, ba neng ba hlahisa kamohelo e tlase ea sechaba, tšebelisano, le tšehetso ea sechaba ka kakaretso. Mabapi le litšobotsi tsa botho, lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li ne li na le lintlha tse tlase tse itšetlehileng ka moputso le ho itataisa le lintlha tse phahameng mabapi le boits'oaro. Leha ho le joalo, Muller et al. [29] ho tsebahatsa neuroticism e phahameng, letsoalo le tlase le ho fetofetola ho bakuli ba nang le IGD, ba babeli ba ho qetela e le baphethahatsi ba lipalo ba boemo bona. Bakeng sa Kuss [11], leha ho na le mabaka a tlokotsi a tloaelehileng ho ts'oaetso ea likoluoa tse peli tse joalo ka ho kenyelletsoa ha lisekhete tsa moputso oa boko, ho hloka matla, bofokoli mesebetsing ea botsamaisi, le tlhokomelo, hape ho bile le liphapang tsa kliniki, ntle le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso e mpe le ts'ebeliso e hlokometseng e bonoang ka bobeli.

Leha lithuto tse ling li lekotse liphapang le ho tšoana pakeng tsa GD le IGD / VG, ke ba fokolang ba ileng ba hlahlobisisa ts'ebeliso le tlhekefetso ea VG ho GD. E ipapisitse le liphetho tsa lithuto tse fetileng [28], re fane ka maikutlo a hore ho na le ho na le ho ts'oana ho hongata ho feta phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse tharo tsa bakuli ba GD tse arotsoeng ho latela boemo ba tšebeliso ea lipapali tsa video: Basebelisi ba lipapali tse seng tsa video (bao e seng VGU), basebelisi ba lipapali tsa video (VGU) le ba lemaletseng lipapali tsa video ( VGA). Leha ho le joalo, re ne re lebelletse sehlopha se nang le GD plus VGA ho bonts'a mekhoa e mebe ea kelello ea psychopathology le litšobotsi tsa kelello tse sa sebetseng (viz. Maemo a phahameng a ho phehella, a hlalosoang e le mamello ho boits'oaro le ha e le pherekano kapa mokhathala).

Ha ho fanoa ka khaello ea hajoale ea lithuto tsa sampole tsa bongaka, haholo-holo ho batho ba baholo, thuto e teng hona joale e ne e e-na le lipheo tse tharo tse ka sehloohong: (1) ho hlahloba boteng ba matšoao a papali ea papali ea video (VGA) ho GD, (2) ho tiisa hore na boteng bo teng ea matšoao a VGA a amahanngoa le ho teba ha matšoao a GD le psychopathology ka kakaretso, le (3) ho lekola hore na ho ba teng ha matšoao a VGA ho amana le tšobotsi e itseng ea botho le litšobotsi tsa botho ho bakuli ba GD.

2. Mokhoa

2.1. Barupeluoa

Kakaretso ea bakuli ba GD ba batlang kalafo ba 193 ba kentse letsoho thutong ea hajoale (banna ba 167 le basali ba 26), phetisetso e latellanang bakeng sa tlhahlobo, le kalafo ea bakuli ba kathoko Lefapheng la Papali ea Papali ea Lefapha la Psychiatric Lefapheng la Univesithi ea Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain, 2013. Bakuli bohle ba fumanoe ho latela litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV ba sebelisa lipotso tsa tlhahlobo ea Stinchfield bakeng sa papali ea chelete ea papali ea chelete [30, 31], e tsamaisoang ke litsebi tsa kelello le mafu a kelello. Boholo ba bakuli ba GD e ne e le lisekeine tsa papali ea slot (63.7%; N = 123). Ho latela tlhahlobo ea ts'ehetso ea papali ea video (VDT), bakuli ba GD ba abetsoe li-post hoc ho lihlopha tse tharo: 121 (62.7%) ka kakaretso ea lintlha tsa VDT tsa 0 ho sehlopha sa basebelisi ba lipapali tse seng tsa video (bao e seng VGU), 43 (22.3% ) e nang le lintlha tse felletseng tsa VDT pakeng tsa 1 le 19 ho sehlopha sa basebelisi ba lipapali tsa video (VGU), le 29 (15%) e nang le lintlha tse felletseng tsa VDT 20 kapa ho feta sehlopheng sa litheko tsa lipapali tsa video (VGA). Kaofela e ne e le libapali tsa inthanete.

Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo 1, lilemo tse bolelang sampole e ne e le lilemo tsa 42.4 (SD = 13.4). Boholo ba lithuto li ne li sebelisoa (51.3%) le 33.2% li ne li sa nyaloa kapa li se na molekane. Bothata ba tšebeliso ea joala bo tlalehiloe ka 18.1%, le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi ho 7.3%.

Litekanyetso tsa sechaba le mekhoa ea bongaka ea mohlala oa GD (N = 193) le papiso lipakeng tsa lihlopha.

2.2. Liletsa

Ho ile ha fanoa ka betri e pharalletseng ea tlhahlobo e neng e lekanya matšoao a GD le VGA, litšobotsi tsa sechaba, maikutlo a akaretsang a kelello le litšobotsi tsa botho. Betri e kenyellelitse lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang lefatšeng ka bophara tšimong ea GD, joalo ka Screen Oaks Gurb Screen (SOGS) [32, 33] le lipotso tsa Stinchfield tsa tlhahlobo ea papali ea chelete bakeng sa papali ea chelete ho latela litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV [30, 31]. Teko e netefalitsoeng ea puo ea Sepanishe e nang le sehlooho se reng ho itšepa ha papali ea video (Teko ea Dependencia de Videojuegos—VDT) [34], letšoao la tlhahlobo ea matšoao (SCL-90-R) [35], le maikutlo a ntlafalitsoeng le boits'oaro [36] le tsona li ile tsa sebelisoa.

2.2.1. Sesebelisoa sa Papali ea Lipapatso ea South Oaks (SOGS) [33]

SOGS e kenyelletsa lintho tsa 20 tse hlahisang palo e felletseng ho tloha 0 ho isa 20, e nang le boleng bo phahameng bo bonts'ang psychopathology e matla, le nomoro ea tse hlano kapa ho feta tse bonts'ang ho becha ha li-pathological (PG - e se e bitsoa "bothata ba papali ea chelete" ho DSM-5 [3, 37]). Thepa ea psychometric ea Sepanishe papaling ea lipotso e bontšitsoe e le e khotsofatsang. Ho ts'epa-pheta-phetoa ho ile ha r = 0.98 mme botsitso ba kahare e ne e le 0.94 (Cronbach's α). Ho nepahala ha sepheo mabapi le mekhoa ea DSM-III-R ea papali ea papali ea chelete [38] e hakantsoe ho r = 0.92 [39]. Ho feta moo, liphuputso tse 'maloa lipampiring tsa kliniki le tsa batho ka kakaretso li tlalehile hore SOGS e fana ka thepa e khotsofatsang ea psychometric e le index ea bothata bo boholo ba papali ea chelete [40-42].

2.2.2. Potso ea Stinchfield ea Tlhatlhobo ea Papali ea Chelete ea Palo ea Batho ho latela DSM-IV Criteria [30, 31]

Potso ena e lekanya litekanyetso tse leshome tsa DSM-IV tsa tlhahlobo ea PG ka lintho tsa 19 [43]. Tekanyo ena e bonts'itse thepa e khotsofatsang ea psychometric. Ts'ebetsong ea kahare, e lekantsoeng le alpha ea Cronbach, e hlahisitse litekanyetso tsa α = 0.81 bakeng sa sechaba ka kakaretso le α = 0.77 bakeng sa sehlopha sa kalafo ea papali ea papali ea chelete. Ho nepahala ha Convergent ho hakantsoe ka kamano le SOGS joalo ka r = 0.77 bakeng sa sampole ea kakaretso ea baahi le r = 0.75 bakeng sa sampole ea kalafo ea papali ea papali ea chelete. Sekala sena se fetotsoe molemong oa baahi ba Spain ke Jimenez-Murcia, Stinchfield, le basebetsi mmoho le eena [31] mme e bonts'itse thepa e lekaneng ea psychometric. Alpha ea Cronbach sampoleng ea hona joale e ne e le ntle haholo (α = 0.90).

Teko ea ho itšetleha ka papali ea video (Teko ea Dependencia de Videojuegos — VDT) [34] ke tekanyo ea tlaleho ea 25 e tšepahalang le e sebetsang e lekanyang ts'ebeliso ea papali ea video le ho lemalla papali ea video. Tlhahlobo e kenyelletsa lintlha tse 'ne tse hlahisang litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong tsa ho its'epa: ho tlosa, ho mamella, mathata a hlahisoang ke ts'ebeliso e feteletseng, le ho hloka taolo. Ho lintlha tsena, joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe, ho ikarola (ho hlalosoa e le khatello e hlahisoang ke ho se khone ho bapala lipapali tsa video le ho sebelisa lipapali e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le maemo a bohloko a maikutlo) liakhaonto tse kholo bakeng sa phapang eo. Kakaretso ea VDT ke letšoao la ho lemalla papali ea video, le lintlha tse khaotsoeng tsa 20. Phokotso ea kahare ea kakaretso ea VG ea sampole e ne e le hantle (alpha = 0.97). Tsamaiso ea ROC e khethile 20 e le eona e khaotsitsoeng hantle bakeng sa palo e tala, ka kutloisiso ea 80.0% le ho tsebahala ha 86.7% (sebaka se tlas'a ROC curve = 0.80, P = 0.024).

2.2.3. Phetoho ea mocheso oa mocheso le tšebeliso ea litšobotsi (TCI-R) [36]

Ena ke potso ea 240 ea ntho e nang le likhetho tsa karabo ea 5-point Likert [44]. E lekanya likarolo tse supileng tsa botho: mekhoa e mene ea maikutlo (tšireletso e kotsi, ho batla lintho tse ncha, ho itšetleha ka moputso, le ho phehella) le batho ba bararo (ho itaola, ho sebelisana 'moho le ho iphetola). Phetolelo ea Spain ea lethathamo e bontšitse thepa e khotsofatsang ea psychometric, e pakeng tsa 0.77 le 0.84 [45, 46].

2.2.4. Lethathamo la Letshwao la Matšoao 90-Item-Revised (SCL-90-R) [35]

SCL-90-R e lekanya mathata a mangata a kelello le matšoao a psychopathology. Potso ena e na le lintho tsa 90 'me e lekanya likarolo tse robong tsa matšoao a mantlha: ho ba motho ka mong, ho shebella / ho qobella, ho utloa maikutlo a motho, ho sithabela maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho tšoha, ho tšoenyeha ka phobic, maikutlo a paranoid, le psychoticism. E boetse e kenyelletsa lintlha tse tharo tsa lefats'e: index ea boima ba lefatše (GSI), e etselitsoeng ho lekanya khatello ea maikutlo ka kakaretso; letšoao la khatello ea matšoao a hlakileng (PSDI), le etselitsoeng ho lekola botebo ba matšoao; le matšoao a nepahetseng (PST), a bonts'ang matšoao a itlalehang. GSI e ka sebelisoa e le kakaretso ea likhakanyo. Teko ea phetolelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea puo ea Sepanishe e hlahisitse ho feto-fetoha ha hare (alfine alpha) ea 0.75 [35, 47].

Litlhahlobo tse ling tsa palo ea batho, tsa bongaka, le tsa sechaba / tsa malapa tse amanang le papali ea chelete li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa lipotso tse ntlafalitsoeng tsa sefahleho sa sefahleho tse hlalositsoeng kae kapa kae [48].

2.3. Tsamaiso

Ho latela melaoana ea kalafo ea yuniti le mochini oa kalafo o phatlalalitsoeng libakeng tse ling [48], re entse tlhahlobo e ikhethileng ea semishene le tlhahlobo e sebetsang ea GD. Lintlha tsohle li ile tsa bokelloa nakong ea lipotso tsa pele. Liteko tse setseng tsa psychometric tse boletsoeng ka holimo li ile tsa fuoa lithuto tsohle thutong ea bobeli. Lipuisano ka bobeli li ile tsa etsoa ka nako ea beke e le ngoe ke setsebi sa kelello le setsebi sa mafu a kelello (se seng le se seng se nang le boiphihlelo ba lilemo tse fetang 15 lefapheng lena). Bakuli ba GD ba abetsoe lihlopha tse tharo tsa VG (bao e seng VGU, VGU, le VGA) joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ho Karolo ea 2.1 holimo. Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Sepetlele sa Univesithi ea Bellvitge (Barcelona, Spain) e amohetse thuto, 'me ho fumanoe tumello ho tsoa ho bohle ba nkang karolo.

2.4. Tlhahlobo ea Statistical

Litlhahlobo li ile tsa etsoa ka SPSS20 bakeng sa Windows. Lihlopha tsena tse tharo tsa VG li ile tsa bapisoa ka ho khutla hoa mantlha bakeng sa sephetho se thata le lits'ebetso tsa ANOVA bakeng sa data ea bongata. Bakeng sa mehlala ka bobeli (logistic regression and ANOVA), lihlopha tsa VG li ile tsa kenngoa e le lipapatso tse ikemetseng mme meetso e lekanyang mehato e amanang le GD e ile ea nkuoa e le litekanyetso. Phapang ea polynomial ea Orthogonal (e sebelisoang bakeng sa lihlopha tse ikemetseng) e entse tlhahlobo ea tšekamelo ea liteko bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling, boteng ba mekhoa le / kapa mekhoa ea quadratic (k - 1 = 2 ea ho bapisa tatellano ea odara e ile ea hlahlojoa, ka tatellano le mekhoa ea quadratic, ka lebaka la k = 3 maemo a karohano ea sehlopha). Cohen's d e ne e sebelisoa ho lekanya boholo ba phello bakeng sa papiso e habeli pakeng tsa lihlopha (boholo ba phello e ne e nkuoa e le tlase le |d| <0.50, e leka-lekaneng le |d| > 0.50, 'me e phahame ka |d| > 0.80).

Likamano tse ikhethileng, tse lokiselitsoeng bong ba bankakarolo le lilemo tsa bona, li lekotse botsoalle lipakeng tsa lintlha tsohle tsa VG (e nkuoang e le phapang ea metric-metric polygonal) le mehato ea bongaka.

Ho hatelloa hanyane ka hanyane le khatello ea thepa e khethiloeng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng bakeng sa lintlha tsa VG (bakeng sa sekala se seng le se seng le bakeng sa tlhophiso ea binary ho ipapisitse le khaolo = 20), ho nkuoa e le mefuta e kenang ea bong ba bankakarolo, lilemo, boemo ba mosebetsi, boemo ba lenyalo , le boemo ba botho (lintlha tsa TCI-R).

Li-hypotheses tsa mediation li ile tsa lekoa ka meetso ea equation ea sebopeho (SEM) le STATA13 bakeng sa Windows. Lipalo-palo tse lekanang hantle li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka botlalo χ² teko, motso o bolela phoso e lekantsoeng ea phapang ea haufi (RMSEA), index ea lipapatso ea basement (index e lekantsoeng ea CFI), le boholo bo setseng (standardized mean squidibleRES SMSR). Ho lekana ho ne ho nkuoa ho le molemo ha [49] sephetho se sa nahaneleng (P > 0.05) e fihletsoe ho χ² teko, haeba RMSEA e ne e le tlase ho feta .08, haeba li-coefficients tsa CFI li ne li phahame ho feta 0.90, le haeba SRMR e ne e lekanyelitsoe ho 0.08. Boleng ba equation bo lekanetseng le boholo ba litlamorao le bona bo hakanngoa R² li-coefficients bakeng sa equation ka 'ngoe le bakeng sa modumo oa lefats'e (li-coefficients tsena li hlahlobile karolo ea phapang e hlalositsoeng ke matšoao / matšoao), ho ikamahanya ka makhetlo a mangata (mc), le Bentler-Raykov khafetsa ka bongata²) [50]. Li-coefficients tse peli tsa ho qetela li bonts'a kamano ea phapano e ngoe le e ngoe e itšetlehileng ka poleloana ea tatellano ea mohlala (mefuteng e sa sebetseng, mc² e kopantsoe ho qoba bothata ba ho fumana melaetsa e mengata e sa lumellaneng).

3. Liphetho

3.1. Litloaelo tsa Sociodemographic le Clinical le ho ba teng ha VG

Ho ne ho na le barupeluoa ba 121 bao eseng ba VGU (62.7%, 95% CI: 55.7% –69.2%), basebelisi ba lipapali tsa video tsa 43 (VGU) (22.3%, 95% CI: 17.0% -28.7%), le lithethefatsi tsa lipapali tsa video tsa 29 ( VGA) (15.0%, 95% CI: 10.7% –20.7%). Lethathamo 1 e kenyelletsa tlhaiso-leseling e felletseng ea sampole e felletseng le lihlopha tse arohaneng tse ipapisitseng le lipotso tsa lipotso tsa papali ea video. Phapang ea lipalo-palo e hlahile bakeng sa lilemo tsa bakuli (ka bakuli bao e seng ba VGU ba seng ba le baholo) le lilemo tsa ho qala ha bothata ba GD (ka bakuli bao e seng ba VGU le bona ba hlahisa lilemo tsa khale tsa ho qala).

Ho ne ho se na bopaki bo lekaneng ho fihlela qeto ea hore palo e felletseng ea VDT e fapane ho latela bong ba bankakarolo, boemo ba mosebetsi, boemo ba lenyalo, tšebeliso ea koae le ts'ebeliso ea lintho.

3.2. Ho bapisoa pakeng tsa Lihlopha tsa VG bakeng sa Mehato ea GD: SOGS le DSM-IV Lipotso

Karolo e kaholimo ea Lethathamo 2 e bonts'a papiso ea lintlha tsa SOGS (bakeng sa ntho e ngoe le e ngoe le bakeng sa lintlha kaofela) lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa VG. Ho ata ha bakuli ba tlalehileng ho bapala mechini ea slot le lipapali tse ling tsa ho becha ho ne ho le holimo sehlopheng sa VGA (P = 0.045 le P = 0.022). Ho ile ha fumanoa mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho sebelisa "likarete tsa ho bapala" (boemo bo holimo ba VG, ho ata ha bakuli ba tlalehang mofuta ona oa papali ea chelete) le mokhoa oa quadratic oa ho ata ha mefuta e meng ea ho becha (tlhahlobo e ne e le 15.4, 5.3, le 31.8 ea se nang VGU, VGU, le VGA, resp.). Moelelo oa kakaretso ea SOGS e hlahisitse mokhoa o nepahetseng oa boemo ba VG (sena se bolela hore e eketsehile ho tloha 9.7 bakeng sa non-VGU ho 10.1 ho VGU le 11.2 ho VGA, P = 0.043).

Ho bapisoa bakeng sa lintlha tsa SOGS le litekanyetso tsa DSM-IV.

Ho latela liphetho tsa lipotso tsa DSM-IV (karolo e tlase ea Lethathamo 2), VGA e bile le palo e phahameng ea lipalo ea bakuli ba tlalehelang boteng ba tlhahlobo ea A2 ("e hloka ho becha chelete e ngata," P = 0.002), 'me metara le litekanyetso tsa quadratic li fumanoe bakeng sa letšoao lena. Ho ile ha fumanoa mokhoa o nepahetseng oa letoto bakeng sa ntlha ea A6 ("ho becha hape kamora ho lahleheloa," P = 0.050) le molemong oa mokhoa oa DSM ka botlaloP = 0.038).

Boholo ba litlamorao bo lekantsoe ka Cohen's d e bonts'itse hore bakeng sa dichotomous SOGS-vitu le DSM-mekhahlelo e phahameng haholo e ne e le lipakeng tsa bakuli bao e seng VGU le VGA (ka har'a tekanyo e lekanang bakeng sa papiso ea bohlokoa ea sehlopha, ntle le ntho "mekhoa e meng ea papali ea chelete" le ntlha "e hloka ho becha?" chelete e eketsehileng ”) le tse tlase haholo pakeng tsa bakuli ba VGU le VGA. Phapang lipakeng tsa bao e seng VGA le VGA e fihletse boholo bo lekaneng ba palo ea SOGS le lintlha tse felletseng tsa DSM, mme papiso e 'ngoe e tsamaeang le bobeli e fihletse boholo bo tlase ba phello.

3.3. Ho bapisoa pakeng tsa Lihlopha tsa VG bakeng sa Psychopathology e akaretsang le Botho

Lethathamo 3 e bonts'a sephetho sa lits'ebetso tsa ANOVA ha li bapisoa le SCL-90-R le TCI-R e bolelang lintlha lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse tharo tsa VG. Likala tsohle tsa SCL-90-R li fihletse mekhoa e fapaneng haholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse tharo. Mekhoa e metle ea linear e fumanoeng lipapatsong tsa polynomial e bontšitse hore lintlha tse phahameng tsa VG, li phahamisa lintlha tsa SCL-90-R (VGA> VGU> non-VGU). Tloaelo ea bohlokoa ea quadratic e bonts'itse hore leha liphapang tse bolelang lipakeng tsa bao e seng VGU le VGU li le tlase, liphapang lipakeng tsa VGU le VGA li ne li le holimo. Cohen's d ho lekanya boholo ba phello bakeng sa papiso ea li-SCB-90-R le TCI-R li bontša hore phapang pakeng tsa bao e seng VGU le VGU e ne e le tlase (ntle le tlhaiso ea TCI-R ea ho phehella). Phapang pakeng tsa Pairwise bakeng sa sekala sa SCL-90-R kaofela se fumanehe ka tekanyo e kholo. Bakeng sa lintlha tsa TCI-R, ho ile ha fumanoa liphapang tse leka-lekaneng bakeng sa tlhaiso ea ho itataisa bakeng sa papiso e habeli pakeng tsa bakuli ba VGA le maemo a mang a mabeli a VG.

Papiso bakeng sa liphetho tsa kliniki.

Tloaelo e nepahetseng ea mela e ile ea boela ea fumanoa bakeng sa kamano pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa VG le TCI-R bolela lintlha bakeng sa ho phehella le mokhoa o mobe pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa VG le TCI-R ho bolela lintlha bakeng sa ho itaola. Tloaelo e eketsehileng ea quadratic bakeng sa ho itaola ha TCI-R hape e bonts'itse phapang pakeng tsa non-VGU le VGU le phapang e phahameng pakeng tsa VGU le VGA.

3.4. Kopano lipakeng tsa VG Scores le Liphetho tsa Clinical

Likamano tse ikhethileng bakeng sa thobalano ea bakuli le lilemo li bontšitse hore lintlha tsa VG li hokahane hantle le lintlha tsohle tsa SCL-90-R mme hampe le lintlha tsa boits'oaro ba TCI-R (Lethathamo 4). Meetso ea boholo ba lihokelo e ne e le maemong a itekanetseng.

Likamano tse fapaneng, tse fetotsoeng bong ba bankakarolo le lilemo, lipakeng tsa lintlha tsohle tsa VG le sephetho sa bongaka.

3.5. Bokhoni ba ponelo-pele ea Sociodemographic le Botho ba Litšobotsi har'a Lihlopha tsa VG

Khoele ea mela ea pele e kenyellelitsoeng ho Lethathamo 5 e na le mohlala oa boiketlo o motle o khethiloeng bakeng sa kakaretso ea VG, ho nahanisisa ka mefuta-futa ea sechaba le boemo ba botho bo lekantsoeng ka lipotso tsa TCI-R joalo ka lintho tse ikemetseng. Moqoqong feela oa bohlokoa e ne e le sekhahla sa ho itataisa sa TCI-R: tlase TCI-R ea ho itataisa e ne e le holimo, palo ea VG e ne e phahame.

Mefuta e boletsoeng esale pele bakeng sa lipotso tsa papali ea video e baloa ka ho khutla ka bohlale.

Mohlala oa bobeli ho Lethathamo 5 e tsamaellana le mohato oa morao-rao oa ho nka sebaka sa likhetho tsa binary tse hlahlobang maemo a holimo pele (ho kenya mohlala sete e tšoanang ea lintho tse ikemetseng joalo ka ho li-regression tse ngata tse fetileng) tsa palo e phahameng ho feta 0 ka kakaretso ea VG (phapang e tshepehileng e ne e ngotsoe 0 bakeng sa bao e seng Bakuli ba VGU le 1 ea bakuli ba VGU le VGA). Liphetho li bonts'itse hore monyetla o moholo oa VG ka holimo 0 (VGU le VGA) o ne o amahanngoa le lilemo tse nyane le lintlha tse phahameng tsa TCI-R tsa ho phehella.

Moetso oa boraro ho Lethathamo 5 e na le mohlala o motle oa ho khetholla kakaretso ea VG e kaholimo ho 20 (phetoho e itšetlehileng e ne e ngotsoe 0 bakeng sa bakuli bao eseng VGU le VGU le 1 bakeng sa bakuli ba VGA). Liphetho li bontšitse hore lintlha tse tlase tsa ho itaola tsa TCI-R li ile tsa eketsa kotsi ea VGA.

3.6. Litsela tsa Boemo ba VG le Boitšoaro ba GD

Setšoantšo sa 1 e bonts'a setšoantšo sa SEM e hlahlobang tsela ea sephetho sa litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro ba VG (e lekantsoeng ka palo ea VG) le ho teba ha GD (SOGS kakaretso lintlha). Lethathamo 6 e kenyelletsa lipalo-palo tsa li-coefficients tse behiloeng tsa mofuta ona. Mefuta-futa e kenyellelitsoeng ho SEM e khethiloe liphellong tse fumanoeng mefuteng ea pejana ea khatello ea maikutlo, e supileng lilemo tsa bakuli le ho phehella ha TCI-R le lintlha tsa boits'oaro e le lihlahlobi tsa bohlokoa tsa VG (thobalano le eona e kenyelelitsoe joalo ka phapano e ikemetseng. ka lebaka la kamano ea eona e matla le GD). Meleng e phatlolohileng e bonts'a likhokahano tse sa reng letho. Mefuta e fapaneng e khethiloeng ho lokisa tsela ke eona e nang le mekhatlo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa litlhahlobong tse fetileng. Litekanyetso tse lekanyang boemo ba mohlala ba botle li ne li lekane: χ² = 0.29 (P = 0.589), RMSEA = 0.01, CFI = 1, le SRMR = 0.008. Ka kakaretso R² bakeng sa tsela e ne e le 0.16.

Setšoantšo sa 1

Setšoantšo sa 1

Moetso oa tekanyetso (SEM) e ananelang litsela tsa papali ea video (VG) le maemo a papali ea papali ea chelete (GD). Mehala e senyehileng e bonts'a litloaelano tse se nang bohlokoa.

Moetso oa equation ea meaho.

Boemo ba VG (bo lekantsoeng ke palo e felletseng ea VG) bo ne bo phahame bakeng sa bakuli ba nang le boits'oaro bo tlase ba TCI-R le lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho phehella tsa TCI-R. Ntle le moo, ho phehella ha TCI-R ho ile ha fokotsa kamano pakeng tsa lilemo le lintlha tse felletseng tsa VG: lithuto tse nyane li ne li e-na le lintlha tse ngata tsa ho phehella tsa TCI-R, mme kamano e ntle e ile ea fumaneha lipakeng tsa tšobotsi ena ea botho le sekhahla sa VG. Boithati ba TCI-R bo boetse bo kopanya kamano lipakeng tsa thobalano le kakaretso ea VG. Banna ba fumane lintlha tse phahameng holima tšobotsi ena ea botho, e neng e sa tsamaisane hantle le boemo ba VG.

Botebo ba GD (bo lekantsoeng ke kakaretso ea SOGS) bo ne bo sa amanngoe le lintlha tse felletseng tsa VG, empa bo ne bo amana le lilemo tse nyane, lintlha tse tlase tsa boits'oaro ba TCI-R, le lintlha tse phahameng tsa TCI-R tsa ho phehella. Hape, joalo ka VG, ho itataisa ha TCI-R ho ile ha kenella tseleng e pakeng tsa botona le botšehali, mme ho phehella ha TCI-R ho ile ha kenella tseleng e pakeng tsa lilemo le boemo ba GD.

4. Puisano

Boithuto ba hajoale bo ile ba lekola ho ata ha matšoao a VG mohlaleng oa bakuli ba GD mme ba hlahloba phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa VG (VGU dhidi ea VGA). Ntle le moo, re ile ra lekola kamano lipakeng tsa ho teba ha matšoao a VG le matšoao a GD, psychopathology ka kakaretso le litšobotsi tsa botho, le phapano ea bongaka ebe re li bapisa le bakuli ba se nang tšebeliso ea VG (bao e seng VGU).

Sephetho sa mantlha sa thuto e ne e le hore ho ata ha VGA molemong oa tlhahlobo ea mafu ea GD e latellanang e ne e le 15%. Sena se lumellana le lingoliloeng, tse hlalosang kamano e pakeng tsa boteng ba mathata a papali ea chelete le tšebeliso ea hangata le ho kenya letsoho lipapaling tsa video [51]. Ho feta moo, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore ho ata ha ts'ebeliso ea bothata ba VG kapa bokhoba har'a bakuli ba GD bo phahame ho feta lithutong tse ling tse ts'oanang, tse simolohileng ho 0.6% ho 10%, leha sampole ea rona e le ea khale [16, 52]. Leha ho le joalo, litefiso tse fumanoeng thutong ea rona li lumellana le tse hlalositsoeng ho batho ba baholo [13].

Ho ba teng ha tšebeliso ea VG (VGU le VGA) ho ne ho amahanngoa le mefuta e khethehileng ea kliniki e kang lilemo tse nyane, empa eseng joalo ka matšoao a GD joalo ka ha a lekantsoe ka mekhoa ea SOCS kapa DSM-IV. Litlaleho tsa lingoliloeng tsa nakong e fetileng li bonts'a hore lilemo le bong ke bomoea bo matla ba tšebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea lipapali kapa lits'oants'o tsa livideo [13, 20, 51], empa eseng boteng ba GD e ka sehloohong [51, 52].

Sephetho sa bobeli se ka sehloohong ke hore bakuli ba VGU le VGA ka bobeli ba ile ba hlahisa psychopathology e phahameng ka kakaretso. Sena se lumellana le lingoliloeng tse teng [28, 53], e tlalehang kamano pakeng tsa palo e phahameng ea matšoao a VG le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le phobia ea sechaba. Lintho tsena tse u sithabetsang maikutlong le mathata a sechaba ha e ka ba litholoana tsa bokhoba ba lipapali tsa video [16] empa e kanna ea ba mabaka a tlatsetsang ho phehelleng ha lefu lena. Ka sebele, Kuss [11] e hlalosa kamoo khethollo ea likamano tsa batho tsa inthanete, tlhoko ea ho baleha le tšebeliso ea maano a ho sebetsana le likhatello tsa letsatsi le letsatsi hore e lule e fetoha. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, King le Delfabbro [54] nahana ka tšebeliso e nang le mathata ea lipapali tsa video tse amanang le liteko tsa ho fihlela boitšepo kapa ho amoheloa ke sechaba.

Sephetho sa boraro sa mantlha e ne e le hore bakuli ba sebelisang VG (VGU le VGA) ka ho feteletseng ba hlahisa litšobotsi tse sa sebetseng, e leng ho itaola le ho phehella ho hoholo. Boithuto bo bong bo boetse bo fumane litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa botho bo joalo ka ho se ts'oarehe / ho ba mabifi, ho hloka matla, ho ruruha, ho jeoa ke bolutu le ho kenella ho amanang le VGA [52, 55].

Boithuto ba hona joale bo na le meeli e mengata ea mekhoa e lokelang ho tsotelloa. Taba ea mantlha, litho tsa sampole ke baemeli feela ba bakuli ba GD ba batlang kalafo, ka hona liphetho tse fumanoeng li ka se sebetse ho batho bohle ba nang le GD. Kaha ke 7% feela ho 12% ea batho ba GD ba batlang thuso bakeng sa bofokoli ba bona, sampole ea sechaba ea GD e kanna ea hlahisa litholoana tse fapaneng. Taba ea bobeli, tšebeliso ea lipotso tse ikemetseng tse ikemetseng joalo ka ha ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo e sa lumelle tlhahlobo e tebileng ea likhathatso tse ikhethang tsa axis I le axis II comorbid.

5. Liphello

Phuputso ena e eketsa lingoliloeng tse haelloang ho VGA ho sampole tsa bongaka tsa GD mme e hlahisa mohlala oa tsela ho hlalosa kamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a VG, litšobotsi tsa kliniki le tsa sechaba, litšobotsi tsa botho, le psychopathology ka kakaretso. Ho ipapisitsoe le liphumano tsa mohlala, re fihlela qeto ea hore bobeli ba VGU le VGA bo tsamaisoa ke maemo a phahameng a ho phehella le maemo a tlase a ho itaola, le hore bakuli ba tloaetse ho ba banna le ba lilemong tse tlase. Ho khothaletsoa maano a ho kena lipakeng a shebaneng le koetliso ea likarolo tsena tsa botho le ho hlahlojoa ka tatellano bakeng sa VGU / VGA.

lumela hore baa fokola

Ts'ehetso e 'maloa ea lichelete e amohetsoe ho tsoa ho Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PSI2011-28349) le AGAUR (2009SGR1554). CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn) le CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERsam) ke maano a bobeli a ISCIII.

Khohlano ea Lithahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa lithahasello mabapi le phatlalatso ea pampiri ena.

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