Liphello tsa Amphetamine Li-Microtine Rodents: Thuto e Bapisanang le ho Sebelisa Mefuta e Meholo ea Likokoana-hloko (2007)

Ho ba le boko ba maqhama a mabeli ho ka etsa hore batho ba tšoaetsoe habonolo ke bokhoba ba bootsoaComments: Li-Prairie voles li ka theha maqhama a mabeli (li-monogamy) joalo ka batho. Ke 3% feela ea liphoofolo tse anyesang e ka kopanyang lenyalo, e etsahalang mokhatlong oa kelello oa moputso. Phuputsong ena ho fumanoe hore bokhoni ba ho etsa bonto bo etsa hore liphoofolo li be kotsing ea ho lemalla. Likhoba tsa tahi li utsoa mochine o kopanyang, o sebetsang ho dopamine.

Liphetho tsa Amphetamine ho Liroto tsa Microtine: Phuputso e Utloisisang Ho Sebelisa Mefuta ea Li-Vole tse Monogamous le tse Khabane.

Neuroscience. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC Jan 21, 2008.
E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:
PMCID: PMC2211418
NIHMSID: NIHMS31818

LITHUTO TSA AMPHETAMINE MICROTINE RODENTS: KELETSO EA COMPARATIVE E SEBELISANG MESEBETSI A MONOGAMOUS LE LITŠOANTŠISO TSA SELEMO

Moetso oa khatiso oa ho qetela oa mohatisi o fumaneha ho Khopolo-taba

inahaneloang

Re bapisitse ho lokolloa ha dopamine ea amphetamine ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokellanang tsa mefuta ea vole tse bonts'ang lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa ho ikopanya ho hlahloba ts'ebelisano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa mekhatlo ea sechaba le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Ha rea ​​ka ra fumana mefuta kapa phapang ea tikoloho ho basal extracellular dopamine, leha ho le joalo, li-voogamous voles li bile le keketseho e kholo le e tšoarellang ea li-dopamine tsa extracellular kamora kalafo ea amphetamine ho feta ka maqhubu a boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Joale re ile ra lekola hore na keketseho e tlisoang ke amphetamine ea dopamine ea extracellular e ka etsa hore ho be le maqhama a mabeli ho li-voxamous voles. Re fumane hore, le ha ho ntse ho eketseha ha dopamine ka har'a li-bokellase tsa nucleus, tsamaiso ea amphetamine ha e a ka ea kenya litlamo tse peli kahare ho li-voes tsa banna tsa prairie ntle le haeba liphoofolo li ile tsa etsoa pele ho thibela ts'ebetso ea D1 receptor, e tsejoang e thibela thibelo ea maqhubu a mabeli. Liphetho tsena li tšehetsa litlhahiso tsa hore ho hokahana sechabeng le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi li arolelana karolo e tloaelehileng ea neural.

Keywords: Sistimi ea mating, li-pair tsa tlamo, dopamine, li-nucleus tse lemalloang, bokhoba ba ts'ebetso ea kokoana-hloko

Mofuta Microtus (voles) ke sehlopha se loketseng sa liphoofolo moo ho ithutang lits'ebetso tse tlamahanang pakeng tsa batho ba baholo. Le ha li tšoana ka litsela tse ngata, mefuta e fapaneng ea li-vole e bonts'a lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa ho tlolellana ho tloha ho boitšoaro bo bobe ho isa ho a nyane (Dewsbury, 1981; Shapiro le Dewsbury, 1990; Cushing et al., 2001). Mohlala, mohlalaMicrotus pennsylvanicus) le montane (M. montanus) li-voles li bonts'a mekhoa e litšila ea ho ikatisa 'me ke basali feela ba fanang ka tlhokomelo ea botsoali. Mefuteng ena, e tona le e tšehali li lula lihlaha tse fapaneng, li sireletsa libaka tse fapaneng, 'me li se ke tsa theha maqhama a pakeng tsa balekane (Shapiro le Dewsbury, 1990; Insel et al., 1995). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, prairie (M. ochrogaster) le phaine (M. pinetorum) li-voles li theha litlamo tsa nako e telele tsa nako e telele. Mefuteng ena, e tona le e tšehali e fana ka tlhokomelo ea botsoali, 'me bong ka bobeli bo arolelana sehlaha' me ka matla ba sireletsa sebaka se le seng khahlanong le ho kopana ho sa tloaelehang (Getz et al., 1981; Hofmann et al., 1984; Gruder-Adams le Getz, 1985).

Bopaki bo bokelletsoeng lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng bo thehile karolo e tiileng bakeng sa litsamaiso tse bohareng tsa dopamine, haholo-holo mesocorticolimbic "moputso" litseleng, ho thehoeng le tlhokomelong ea litlamo tse peli tsa monna a le mong. Liphetho ho fihlela joale li fana ka maikutlo a hore nakong ea tlamo ea li-bond, phokotso ea ts'ebetso ea thabo sebakeng sa ventral tegmental (VTA) e baka ho lokolloa ha dopamine ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens (NAcc) (Gingrich et al., 2000, Curtis le Wang, 2005). Karolong e ka ntle ea khetla ea NAcc (empa eseng khetla la morao kapa bokaholimo), dopamine e sebelisa li-receptors tsa mofuta oa D2 ho susumetsa tloaelo ea khetho ea molekane e amanang le maqhama a mabeli (Gingrich et al., 2000; Aragona et al., 2003; Aragona et al., 2006). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bakeng sa batho ba seng ba kopane, ho sebetsa ha li-dopamine receptors tsa D1 ho hlahisa boitšoaro bo sa rateheng ho batho bao ba sa ba tsebeng ba ka sebelisang ho thibela sebopeho sa maqhama a mabeli (Aragona et al., 2006).

Sistamine ea mesocorticolimbic dopamine e boetse e bapala karolo ea bohlokoahali bokhobeng ba lithethefatsi (Boithati le al., 1998; Yun et al., 2004), mme bangoli ba bangata ba khothalelitse hore lithethefatsi tse "lemalloang" li koetela "lits'ebetso tse bohareng tseo ka tloaelo li lumellanang le kamano ea sechaba (Lende le Smith, 2002; Panksepp et al., 2002; Insel, 2003). Tlhahiso e joalo e tšehetsoa ke ho hlokomela hore ho itšehla thajana ke tšusumetso e matla ea ho itaola ha lintho tse lemalloang (Howes et al 2000). Leha lithuto tse fokolang li lekile ka kotlolloano tšebelisano lipakeng tsa tlamahano ea botsoalle le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi, lits'ebetso tse ngata tse kopanyang maqhama a kopantsoeng le bonngoe li na le lipuisano tse sebetsang hara lits'ebetso tse sebetsanang le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Mohlala, lintho tse ngata tse lemalloang li fetola litlatsetso tse monate le / kapa likarabo ho VTA (Kalivas le Duffy, 1998; Saal et al., 2003). Ho feta moo, lithethefatsi tse kang amphetamine li hlahisa keketseho e kholo ho dopamine ea extracellular kahare ho NAcc (Zocchi et al., 2003) 'me khafetsa ho na le liphapang tsa rostral / caudal le / kapa konokono / likhetla likarabo tse joalo (Heidbreder le Feldon, 1998; Di Chiara, 2002). Qetellong, D1- le D2-mofuta dopamine receptors li ka hlahisa litlamorao tse khahlanong le boitšoaro bo batlang lithethefatsi; D2 activation e qala ho batla lithethefatsi ha ts'ebetso ea D1 e fokotsa ho batla lithethefatsi. (Boithati le al., 1996).

Hobane tlhekefetso ka bobeli le tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi li kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tse ts'oanang, 'me kaha lits'ebetso tsena ka bobeli li ka kenyelletsa liphetoho lits'ebetsong tsa neurotransmission (Saal et al., 2003; Aragona et al., 2006), hoa utloahala hore ebe lits'ebetso tsena tse peli li ka hlahisa litholoana. Tumellanong le monyetla ona, kamano e matla ea sechaba e ka fokotsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi (Recio Adrados, 1995; Ellickson et al., 1999; Bell et al., 2000kapa a ka thusa ho hlaphoheloa tlhekefetsong e fetileng ea lithethefatsi (Havassy et al., 1995). Ntle le moo, ho na le lipontšo tsa hore tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e ka ama hampe kamano ea batho ba babeli. Mohlala, tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi e fumanoe e ama mekhoa ea lenyalo le tlhalo (Yamaguchi le Kandel, 1985; Kandel et al., 1994; Kaestner, 1995). Ka bomalimabe, ha ho tsejoe letho ka mekhoa e ka hlahisoang ke litlamorao tse joalo. Phuputsong e teng hona joale, re sebelisitse mokhoa oa ho bapisa ho bona hore na ho na le phapang efe ea mefuta ea likarabo ho tsamaiso ea amphetamine e ka tsamaellanang le lits'ebetso tse tšoanang tsa tlhaho ea ho ikatisa ka mefuta ea li-vole tse bopehileng kapa tse sa theheng maqhama a mabeli. Ka mor'a moo re ile ra hlahloba hore na amphetamine e hlohlelletsoang ke dopamine e ka khothaletsa marang-rang a marang-rang a mabeli.

MELAO EA TŠEBELETSO

Lihlooho

Ka thobalano batho ba baholo ba nang le lefu la ho hlasimoloha ka thobalano ba ne ba sebelisoa ho lekola litlamorao tsa kalafo ea amphetamine maemong a tsoang kantle ho dopamine le dopamine metabolites DOPAC le HVA ho li-nucleus. Bahlaseluoa e ne e le banna ba botlamuoeng ba tsoang litulong tse tsoang ka boroa ho Illinois. Ka linako tse ling, lipalesa li ne li sa tšeloe ka morero oa ho boloka mefuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Banana ba ile ba khoesoa nakong ea matsatsi a 21, 'me ba kenngoa ka baratuoa ba bong bo tšoanang ka har'a mekotla ea mabokose a polasetiki (20 × 50 × 40 cm) le 14L: 10D photoperiod ad libitum lijo (Purina rabi chow e tlatselletsoa ka peo ea soneblomo e ntšo ea oli) le metsi. Liphoofolo li ne li fetisetsoa likhoeng tse hloekileng beke le beke. Mefuta le bong e ne e behiloe ka thoko. Ts'ebetso tsohle li amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Tlhokomelo ea liphoofolo le Tikoloho ea Florida State University.

Ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa microdialysis

Lipatlisiso tsa Microdialysis li entsoe joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pele (Curtis et al., 2003) ntle le moo sebaka se neng se le teng e ne e le 1.5 limilimithara le bohare ba limolek'hule tsa membrane e ne e le 18Kd. Mohlomong ka moralo ona o na le pholiso ea dopamine ea 5-7%. Lits'oants'o li kentsoe stereotaxically ho li-nucleus accumbens tse tsoang ka ho le letšehali (li-coordates ho tloha bregma: anterior 2.1 mm, lateral 0.6 mm, ventral 6.3 mm) tlasa sodium pentabarbitol anesthesia (1 mg / 10 kg bodyweight) 'me liphoofolo li ile tsa lumelloa ho hlaphoheloa bosiu kaofela. Likhetsi li ile tsa sebelisoa li sa khaotse ho 2.3 ul / min ka tharollo ea isotonic ea sodium, potasiamo, calcium le magnesium (144 mM NaCl, 2.8 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl2, le 0.9 mM MgCl2 (E sirelelitsoe le Curtis, 1993)).

Mohlala oa pokello le tlhaiso-leseling

Mefuta ea Dialysate e ile ea bokelloa ho lino-mapholi tse nang le 5ul ea 0.1N perchloric acid mme hang-hang ea hoamisoa ka −80 ° C ho fihlela ho hlahlobisisoa. Tekanyetso ea dopamine, DOPAC, le HVA li ne li ikemiselitsoe ho sebelisa ts'ebetso e phahameng ea metsi chromatography (HPLC) ka tlhahlobo ea motlakase (ECD, ESA, Inc., Chelmsford MA, USA). Bakeng sa sampole ka 'ngoe, 45ul ea dialysate e ne e kentsoe kholomong. Bahlahlobi ba arotsoe ba sebelisa Alliance Seperals Module (Waters, Inc., Milford MA, USA), le kholomo ea MD-150 (ESA, Inc.) e nang le mohala oa selefouno (sekhahla sa phallo ea 0.7 ul / min) e nang le 75 mM sodium dihydrogen. phosphate monohydrate (EM Science, Washington, PA, USA), 1.7 mM 1-octanesulfonic acid sodium salt (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), 0.01% triethylamine (Aldrich, USA), 25uM EDTA (Fisher, Pittsburgh, PA , USA), pH e fetotsoe ho 3.0 ka ~ 2ml / l ea 85% phosphoric acid (Fisher). Tlhahlobo ea ho sekaseka e fihlelitsoe ka ho kenyelletsa sampole ea 400mV, e lateloe ke phokotso ho −350mV. DOPAC le HVA ba ile ba qekelloa ka ho sebelisa litlhoro tsa oxidation ka phaello e tlase, ha dopamine e ne e qopitsoa ka ho sebelisa litlhoro tse fokotsang phaello e ngata. Libaka tsa tlhoro li ile tsa fetoloa hore e be lipalo (pg mohlahlobi / 45 ul, ha e sa lokisoe bakeng sa ho hlaphoheloa) Moeli oa quoption bakeng sa dopamine e ne e le ~ 2 pg / 45 ul sind, mme moeli oa ho lemoha e ne e le ~ 0.5 pg / 45 ul injion.

Litlamorao tse mpe tsa kalafo ea peripheral amphetamine

Kamora ho hlaphoheloa bosiu bo le bong, mehlala e mene ea 20 ea motsotsoana e ile ea bokelloa, kamora moo monna e mong le e mong a amohela ente ea intraperitoneal (ip) ebang ke 200ul / 40g boima ba 'mele ba letsoai kapa ba saline e nang le 3mg / kg amphetamine. Mehlala e ne e se e bokelloa ka nako ea metsotso e mashome a mabeli ka lihora tse tharo ebe e hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa HPLC-ECD.

Litholoana tsa amphetamine ka har'a li-nucleus accumbens

Lihlopha tse ling tse peli tsa banna ba mofuta o mong le o mong li ile tsa sebelisoa ho hlahloba litlamorao tsa amphetamine tse tsamaisoang ka kotloloho ho NAcc ka tsela e fapaneng ea morao-rao ha ho ntse ho bokelloa sampole bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea dopamine. Sehlopheng sa pele, kamora ho etsa sampole ea mantlha, mokelikeli oa dialysis o ile oa fetoloa ho e 'ngoe e nang le 1 mM amphetamine bakeng sa linako tse tharo tsa sampling tse mashome a mabeli tse lateloang ke ho khutlela metsing a tloaelehileng a dialysis bakeng sa lihora tse ling tse peli. Teko ena e ne e etselitsoe ho lekola boholo ba likarabo tsa nakoana tse khutšoane tsa kalafo ea amphetamine. Sehlopheng sa bobeli, kamora sampling ea mantlha, mokelikeli oa dialysis o ile oa nkeloa sebaka ke o mong o nang le 100 UM amphetamine. Kamora moo, litekanyetso tsa amphetamine li ile tsa eketsoa ka ho eketsa khatello ea maikutlo ka mor'a sampuli e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea bobeli. Mehlala ea Amphetamine e lekiloeng e ne e le 0, 100, 200, 400, le 800 M le 1 mM. Kaha ho ne ho hloka metsotso e ka bang 12 bakeng sa motsoako o mocha oa amphetamine ho fihla sebakeng se sebetsang sa probe se latelang liphetoho lipakeng tsa tharollo, sampole ea pele seterekong se seng le se seng e ne e le mohlala oa phetoho, ha tlhaselo ea amphetamine e ne e le teng ka metsotso e meraro pele, mme ka nako eohle, nako ea mehlala ea bobeli seterekong ka seng. Teko ena e ne e etselitsoe ho leka likarabo tsa nako e telele tsa kalafo ea amphetamine.

Tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea microsalysis

Qetellong ea nako ea sampling ea micodialysis, liphoofolo li ile tsa fuoa overdose ea sodium pentabarbitol mme masapo a tlosoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea ho beoa ka lipatlisiso. Li-brains li ne li arotsoe 40 onm ka kristallat 'me likarolo ho NAcc li ne li kenngoa ka har'a li-slide tsa microscope. Ho behwa hoa Probe ho ile ha hlahlojoa ka linama tse sa tsoa kenoa, kapa maemong a mang, ka linama tse sa hlapolloang. Boikemisetso ba ho beoa bo entsoe ho sebelisoa meralo ea tikoloho e hlalositsoeng ke Paxinos le Watson (1998). Sesebelisoa sa mofuta oa "corpus callosum" se ne se sebelisetsoa ho hlakola bokantle ba kamora kamora poso kahare ho NAcc. Mohlomong likhohlopo tse nang le lipina tse tsamaeang le "ventricle" ea morao li ne li nkuoa e le khetla ea NAcc, athe tse nang le lipina tsa morao-rao bakeng sa ventricle li ne li nkuoa e le mokokotlong oa NAcc. Bakeng sa ho kenyelletsoa lithutong, bonyane 80% ea sebaka se sebetsang e ne e tlameha ho ba kahare ho khetla kapa khetla. Liphoofolo tse nang le mefuta e mengata ea libaka tse fetang e le 'ngoe li ile tsa behelloa ka thoko.

Litlamorao tsa kalafo ea amphetamine ka popelong ea khetho ea molekane

Litekong tsa pele, li-prairie voles tsa banna (n = 7-10 / group) li fumane li-ente tsa 200 ul / 40 g boima ba 'mele ba letsoai kapa ba saline e nang le 0.5, 1.0, kapa 3.0 mg / kg ea amphetamine. E mong le e mong e motona o ne a roaloa ka mosali ea sa kopaneleng thobalano le mosali ea sa tsoaloang ka nako e tšoanang le ea lilemo tse tšeletseng tsa ho etsa thobalano e seng thobalano. Litšebelisano pakeng tsa litho tsa setho ka seng li ile tsa khethoa ka video bakeng sa netefatso ea kamora hore ho rohakana ha ho etsahale nakong ea ho lula hammoho le ho lekola bofokoli ba boitšoaro bo ka bang teng ka lebaka la kalafo ea lithethefatsi.

Hang ka mor'a nako ea ho phomola ea lihora tse tšeletseng, monna e mong le e mong o ile a etsa tlhahlobo ea khetho ea molekane (Williams et al., 1992). Lisebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea khetho ea molekane e ne e le mokotla o sa jeleng paate (20 × 50 × 40 cm) o hokahantsoeng ka methapo ho lisa tse peli tse ts'oanang, e 'ngoe e ne e na le mosali eo a neng a tloaelane le eena ha e' ngoe e ne e e-na le mosali ea sa tsebeng eo monna a neng a e-so ka a kopanela le eena. . Tse tšehali li ile tsa kenngoa ka har'a mekotla ea tsona 'me kahoo tsa se ke tsa kopana, athe taba ea banna e ne e sa fihlelle ka mokhoa o sa fihlellang oa mekotla eohle e meraro. Lenaneo la "khomphutha" le hlophisitsoeng (R. Henderson, Univesithi ea Florida State) le sebelisa mabone a mangata hofihlella methapo e hokahaneng e shebile motsamao oa tse tona hara koaletsoeng. Teko e ile ea tšoarella 3 h. Hape, liphoofolo li ne li fuoe vide bakeng sa tlhahlobo e hlakileng ea boitšoaro. Lintho tse fapakaneng tse kenyellelitsoeng li kenyelletsa nako e sebelisitsoeng haufi-ufi le mosali e mong le e mong ea hlohlelletsang e le boits'oaro bo kopanetsoeng, nako e sebelisoang terakeng e sa nke lehlakore joalo ka tekanyo ea boits'oaro bo sa sebetseng sechabeng, le palo ea mats'oao lipakeng tsa koalo joalo ka tekanyo ketsahalo e akaretsang.

Boitekong ba bobeli, li-voes tsa prairie tsa banna li ile tsa kenngoa (ip) ka 100 ug / kg ea SCH23390, mohanyetsi oa mofuta oa D1 mofuta oa dopamine receptor. Metsotso e mashome a mararo hamorao monna e mong le e mong o amohela koloi kapa 1mg / kg amphetamine (ip), e ne e pentiloe le e tšehali bakeng sa 6 h, ebe o hlahlojoa hore na a khetha khetho ea molekane joalokaha ho hlalositsoe ka holimo.

Tlhahlobo ea lintlha

Palo e phethahetseng ea diopysate dopamine e ne e sebelisoa bakeng sa mefuta, lebatowa, le lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa kalafo ho bapisoa le litekanyetso tsa motheo ka Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (Statistica). Bakeng sa lipapiso tsena, moelelo oa mehlala e mene ea motheo ea phoofolo ka 'ngoe e ne e sebelisoa. Litlhaloso tse qaqileng tsa motsoako o fapaneng oa lintlha tse sebelisoang ho li-ANOVA li hlahisoa le liphetho. Mefuta ea lipapiso ea basal DOPAC le HVA li entsoe ka liteko tse ikemetseng.

Bakeng sa lipapiso tse ling kaofela, lipalo tsa dopamine kapa metabolite ea eona molemong ka mong oa mantlha le sampole ea amphetamine li hlahisitsoe e le liperesente tsa chelete ea mantlha ea mantlha. Litekanyetso tsena ka nako eo li ne li sebelisoa ka mehato e phetoang ea li-ANOVA ka phetoho ea palo ea tlhahlobo ho ea ka nako e le mokhoa o phetoang. Maemong a fokolang, ho ne ho hlokahala hore ho hakanngoe boleng ba mehlala e haellang ho sebelisa liteko tsa mehato e phetoang. Maemong ana, moelelo oa lisampole tsohle tsa nako e loketseng o baliloe. Tlhatlhobo ea Bohareng e ile ea sebelisoa ho hlahisa tekanyetso ea bobeli ea boleng bo haellang. Moelelo oa litekanyetso tsena tse peli ka nako eo o ne o sebelisetsoa ho nkela boleng ba sampole bo sieo sebaka. Ha ho phoofolo e kenyellelitsoeng litlhahlobong e neng e na le mehlala e fetang e le 'ngoe ea sampole e hlahisitsoeng ka tsela ena. Litlhahlobo tsa post-hoc tsa Student-Neuman-Keuls (SNK) li sebelisitsoe ho tsoela pele ho hlahloba litlamorao kapa likamano tse kholo (p <0.05). Hape, litlhaloso tsa lintlha tse fapaneng tse sebelisitsoeng ho li-ANOVA li hlahisoa ka liphetho. Bakeng sa sampole e ka nkuoang e fapane haholo le ea mantlha, sampole eo e ne e tlameha ho fapana haholo le bonyane mehlala ea mantlha e mene joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke tlhahlobo ea SNK post hoc. Litlamorao tsa kalafo ho khetho ea balekane li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa li-pa-t liteko ho bapisa sehlopha ho bolela nako e sebelisitsoeng haufi le molekane le motho eo u sa mo tsebeng. Litlhahlobo tsa boits'oaro bo bong nakong ea liteko tsa khetho ea molekane li entsoe ka li-ANOVA tse lateloang ke SNK post hoc e sekaseka ha ho fumanoa litlamorao tse kholo kapa litšebelisano.

LIPOTSO

Liphoofolo tsohle li ne li le matsatsi a 66 bonyane ka hona li ne li holile ka nako ea thobalano ka nako ea liteko. Mehla ea liphoofolo e ne e sa fapana lipakeng tsa mefuta (F1,49 = 0.17, p = 0.68) kapa lihlopha tsa kalafo (F4,49 = 0.01, p = 0.94).

Mefuta ea tlhaho, sebaka, le lipapatso tse ka tlase tsa li-dopamine tsa basal

ANOVA ea mekhoa e meraro e ne e sebelisoa ho bapisa maemo a dopamine a mantlha. Kakaretso ea liphoofolo tsa 48 li fihletse lipallo tsa probeSetšoantšo sa 1) bakeng sa ho kenyelletsoa ho mefuta (n = 20 meadow voles; 28 prairie voles), sebakeng (n = 29 rostral; 19 caudal), le sub-nucleus (n = 18 konokono; 30 shell) lipapiso. Basal extracellular dopamine (Lethathamo 1) e ne e sa fapana lipakeng tsa mefuta (F1,40 = 0.08, p = 0.78), sub-nuclei (F1,40 = 0.85, p = 0.36), kapa maemo a rostral / caudal (F1,40 = 0.33, p = 0.57) mme ho ne ho sena lipuisano tse bohlokoa lipalo.

Setšoantšo sa 1

Ho beha lipatlisiso tsa Microdialysis

Lethathamo 1

Mefuta ea tlhaho le papiso ea sub-nucleus ea "basal extracellular dopamine" e ka har'a li-nucleus tse bokellaneng. Boleng ke pg / 45µl ea dialysate (bolela ± sem), lipalo tsa liphoofolo sehlopheng ka seng li bontšoa mabakeng. li-p-boleng li fanoa molemong oa sehlooho ...

Mefuta ea liphoofolo e bapisoa kamora ho tsamaisoa ha phello ea amphetamine

Meapo ea banna ba hlahang haufi le baeti ba amoheloang 200ul / 40g boima ba 'mele oa saline koloi ip (n = 5 bakeng sa mefuta e' ngoe le e ngoe) kapa sa saline e nang le 3 mg / kg ea amphetamine (n = 8 meadow voles, li-voles tsa 6 prairie. ANOVA ea mekhoa e 'meli e sebelisang mefuta le kalafo joalo ka mabaka e senotse liphapang tsa maemo a dopamine a mantlha (Lethathamo 2) ebang lipakeng tsa mefuta (F1,23 = 1.29, p = 0.27) kapa lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa kalafo (F1,23 = 0.97, p = 0.33), leha ho bile le tšebelisano ea bohlokoa (F1,23 = 5.11, p = 0.04). Tlhahlobo ea kamora ho sebelisana e sa senola liphapang tsa bohlokoa bo pakeng tsa mefuta kapa lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa kalafo leha ho bile le phapang e pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa amphetamine le saline bakeng sa li-voles voles (p = 0.08).

Lethathamo 2

Mefuta le sehlopha sa kalafo se bapisoa le basal extracellular dopamine kahare ho li-nucleus accumbens. Boleng ke pg / 45µl ea dialysate (bolela ± sem), lipalo tsa liphoofolo ka mabenyane. boleng ba p-boleng bo fanoa bakeng sa litlamorao tse kholo ho tsoa ka mekhoa e 'meli ...

Tsamaiso ea Peripheral ea 3mg / kg amphetamine e ile ea eketsa maemo a dopamine a extracellular dopamine ho NAcc ka mefuta e 'meli (F1,15 = 7.27, p <0.02); leha ho le joalo, boholo le bolelele ba keketseho bo ne bo fapane (papiso ea mefuta F1,15 = 17.10, le <0.01; mefuta ka ho sebelisana ha nako F12,180 = 2.24, p <0.02) lipakeng tsa mefuta (Setšoantšo sa 2). Li-voles tsa prairie, amphetamine e ile ea eketsa dopamine ea extracellular hoo e ka bang 275% ea motheo, mme leha ho bile le ho theoha butle butle, maemo a dopamine a ile a lula a le kaholimo ho motheo bakeng sa bonyane metsotsoana ea 5 ea metsotso e mashome a mabeli. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, amphetamine e ile ea eketsa dopamine ea extracellular dopamine feela ho isa ho 175% ea basement ho li-meadow voles, mme maemo a ile a phahamisoa haholo holim'a motheo feela bakeng sa metsotso ea 40. Maemo a dopamine a ne a sa fetohe ka mor'a kalafo ea saline mefuteng ka bobeli. Paterone e ile ea bonoa bakeng sa lipalo tse ngata tsa dopamine esita le bakeng sa phetoho ea liperesente ho tloha motsong oa motheo. Ha litheko tse felletseng tsa dopamine tse fumanoeng mohlaleng ka mong li bapisoa pakeng tsa maqhubu a praemete le mehendtere a fumanang kalafo ea amphetamine, ho bile le phello ea bohlokoa ea mefuta ea mofuta oa (F13,117 = 8.09, le <0.001). Ha ho bapisoa le lintlha tsa nako ka bomong, ho ne ho se na phapang ea mefuta lipakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa mantlha, empa li-prairie voles li bonts'a palo e kholo ea extracellular dopamine (30.5 ± 9.8 pg / sampole) kamora tsamaiso ea amphetamine ho feta meadow voles (18.7 ± 4.2 pg / sampole) .

Setšoantšo sa 2

Tsamaiso ea potoloho ea amphetamine e eketsa dopamine ea extracellular kahare ho li-nucleus accumbens

Mefuta ea lipapiso e bapisa tsamaiso e ikhethang ea amphetamine

Tsamaiso e ikhethileng ea setsi ea 1mM amphetamine ka har'a NAcc ka ho khutlisetsa morao-rao ka bongata ka bongata tekong ea extracellular dopamine ho isa ho 2000% ea basement mehlolong ka bobeli (n = 3 meadow voles le 6 prairie voles; Setšoantšo sa 3A). Ho feta moo, boholo le nako e telele ea likarabo li ne li tšoana ho mefuta ka bobeli. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ha ho liphapang tse fumanoeng tsa mefuta e fumanoeng ha mahloriso a amphetamine a ntse a eketseha butle ka lihora tse 'maloa (n = 4 meadow voles le 4 prairie voles; Setšoantšo sa 3B). Boitekong bona, ho khutlisetsa lebitso ka morao ho 100 M amphetamine ho eketsehile ka li-dopamine tsa extracellular ho ea ho 700% ea basement. Tekanyo eo ea ho lokolloa ha dopamine e ile ea matlafatsoa, ​​empa ha ea ka ea eketseha le ho feta leha ho le joalo keketseho e ileng ea hlaha ka makhetlo a leshome ea khatello ea amphetamine. Ho ne ho se na phapang lipakeng tsa basal extracellular dopamine ekaba lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa liteko (F1,13 = 0.001, p = 0.97) kapa lipakeng tsa mefuta (F1,13 = 0.001, p = 0.98)

Setšoantšo sa 3

Ts'ebetso ea ho feto-fetoha ea dialysis ea amphetamine ka har'a li-nucleus e kentse keketseho e kholo maemong a dopamine ea extracellular dopamine ka bobeli ba mefuta-futa ea makhopho a vole

Liphetho tsa Amphetamine ho metabolite ea dopamine ho NAcc

Ka kakaretso ho ne ho se na liphapang tsa mefuta ea mantlha ea DOPAC (prairie 1159.7 ± 295.9, meadow 1011.2 UM 171.4; t = 0.56, p = 0.58) kapa HVA (prairie 1033.5 ± 162.2, meadow 976.8 UM 165.7; p = 0.24, p = 0.81, p = XNUMX, p = XNUMX, p = XNUMX, p = XNUMX). Tsamaiso ea potoloho ea amphetamine e bakile ho fokotseha ho hoholo hoa litekanyetso tsa extracellular tsa DOPAC (F12,108 = 13.54, le <0.001) (Setšoantšo sa 4A). Joalo ka dopamine, bophahamo ba karabelo bo ne bo le bonyenyane mme nako e khuts'oane ho li-voales tsa mehend e bapisoa le ea li-voles tsa prairie. Tsamaiso e ikhethileng ea setsi ea 1mM amphetamine ho NAcc ka ho khutlisa dialysis e fokotsehile haholo litekanyetso tsa extracellular DOPAC (F12,132 = 23.06, p <0.001) mefuteng ka bobeli (Setšoantšo sa 4B). Maemo a ile a lula a tepelletse maikutlo nakong eohle ea tlhahlobo le ha ho ne ho e-na le tharollo ea amphetamine e ileng ea nkeloa sebaka ke metsi a tloaelehileng a daalysis kamora sampole tse tharo feela. Keketseho e atolositsoeng ea amphetamine ho NAcc e hlahisitse mokhoa o tšoanang oa ho fokotseha hoa maemo a kantle ho "DOPAC" (F12,48 Ka tlase ho 15.70, p <0.001); leha ho le joalo, protocol ena ea tsamaiso e hlahisitse phello e kholo ea mefuta (F1,4 = 17.18, p <0.02) le mofuta ka ts'ebelisano ea kalafo (F12,48 = 2.24, p <0.03). Le ha lihlopha tsena ka bobeli li bonts'itse ho fokotseha ha DOPAC ea lisele tse ling, phello e ne e le matla haholo ho meadow voles (Setšoantšo sa 4C). Methati ea li-extracellular ea HVA e ne e sa angoa ke tsamaiso ea pheriferale kapa ea sebaka se ikhethileng mefuteng eo ka bobeli (tsohle li-p-values> 0.20, data ha e bontšoe).

Setšoantšo sa 4

Liphetho tsa Amphetamine maemong a extracellular a DOPAC

Amphetamine litlamorao ho tlamahanong ea bobeli

Joalo ka ha ho lebeletsoe, banna ba tšoaroang ka letsoai ba pepesehetse mosali ea emisitsoeng ka lihora tse tšeletseng tsa likamano tse seng tsa thobalano ba bontšitse kamano e seng khetho.Setšoantšo sa 5A) ha kamora nako a fuoe khetho pakeng tsa mosali ea tloaetseng le mosali ea sa tloaelehang oa ovari (t = 0.69, p = 0.51). Phekolo ea Amphetamine ho efe kapa efe ea litekanyetso tse tharo le eona e ile ea hloleha ho susumetsa khetho ea molekane (0.5 mg / kg: t = 0.71, p = 0.50; 1.0 mg / kg: t = 1.26, p = 0.29; 3 mg / kg: t = 0.05 , p = 0.96). Leha ho le joalo, ha 1 mg / kg ea amphetamine e ne e tsamaisoa kamora ho hlapanya ka D1-mofuta dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 (Setšoantšo sa 5B), banna ba bontšitse khetho ea ho ikopanya le molekane (t = 2.46, p <0.05). Liphoofolo tse fuoeng SCH23390 li lateloa ke ente ea letsoai e bonts'itseng boits'oaro bo sa khetholleng bo ts'oanang le bo bonoang ho banna ba bang ba taolo (t = -0.43, p = 0.68). Ho ne ho se na khaello ea boitšoaro e amanang le kalafo efe kapa efe (Lethathamo 3). Ka ho khetheha, nako eohle e sebelisitsoeng haufi-ufi le basali ba babeli e ne e sa fapana lipakeng tsa lihlopha (F5,46 = 0.46, p = 0.80). Boitšoaro bo seng ba boiketlo ba sechaba bo jwaloka nako e sebelisitsoeng khoebong e sa nke lehlakore (F5,46 = 0.25, p = 0.94) le ts'ebetso ea locomotor (F5,46 = 1.46, p = 0.23) le tsona li ne li sa angoe ke kalafo.

Setšoantšo sa 5

Keketseho e susumetsoang ke Amphetamine ho NAcc dopamine ha e ea ka ea etsa thato ea balekane li-voes tsa praemia tsa banna ntle le ha liphoofolo li ile tsa phekoloa pele ho thibela ts'ebetso ea D1-mofuta dopamine receptor activation

Lethathamo 3

Sehlopha sa kalafo se bapisoa le boits'oaro bo akaretsang ba sechaba le batho bao e seng ba sechaba sechabeng ka liteko tsa khetho ea molekane oa 3. Lipalo-palo tsa liphoofolo sehlopheng ka seng li bonts'itsoe ho batsoali.

TŠOHLOA

Liphuputso tse bapisoang li sebelisa li-voles li khethollotse liphapang tsa neuroanatomical le neurochemical tse amanang hantle le litsamaiso tse ikhethileng tsa mofuta oa ho ikatisa (Insel le Shapiro, 1992; Wang, 1995; Lim et al., 2005). Ho feta moo, liphuputso tse 'maloa li bonts'itse hore ho kopanya lenyalo ho kenyelletsa ho hlophisa bocha likarolo tse ling tsa boko (Bamshad et al., 1993; Wang et al., 1994), Haholo-holo ka likarolo tsa tsela ea mesolimbic dopamine (Aragona et al., 2006). Kaha libaka tse ling tse kopaneng tse kopanyang bonngoe le tsona ke tsa bohlokoa tlhekefetsong ea lithethefatsi, re ile ra hlahloba hore na phapang ea mefuta e hlahisang lits'oants'o tse fapaneng tsa matoana le tsona e hlahisa likarabo tse tobileng ho lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso.

Mefuta ea phapang ea NAcc dopamine karabo ho amphetamine

Li-voale prairie tsa banna li bile le keketseho e matla le e tšoarellang nako e telele ea dopamine ea extracellular ho NAcc kamora tsamaiso ea pherekano ea amphetamine ho feta meexico ea mehendi. Tlhatlhobo ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore li-voogamous voles li ka ameha haholo litlamorao tsa amphetamine ho feta mefuta e litšila. Kahoo, mefuta e meng e nyonyehang, litlamorao tse matlafatsang tsa lithethefatsi tse kang amphetamine li ka ba matla ho feta tse fumanoang ke mefuta e litšila. Ntle le moo, phapang ea mefuta ea ho lokolloa ha dopamine e khothalletsoang ke lithethefatsi e ka bonts'a hore tekanyetso ea amphetamine e matlafatsang bakeng sa maqhubu a boitšoaro bo bobe e ka hlahisa karabelo e matla joalo maetong a mahlonoko hore e be motlatsi (Orsini et al., 2004). Maemong ana ka bobeli, liphetoho tse bohareng ba litsela tse amanang le tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi li ka holisoa ho mefuta e nyalanang.

Ha rea ​​ka ra fumana phapang pakeng tsa litekanyetso tsa basal extracellular dopamine libakeng tsa prairie le meadow, ebile ha rea ​​ka ra bona phapang ea mefuta ha amphetamine e ne e tsamaisoa ka kotloloho ho NAcc. Liphetho tsena li fana ka bopaki bo bong ba hore phapang ea mefuta ea lintho tse tsamaeang ka har'a vole mohlomong ha e hlahisoe ke phapang ea mantlha ea dopamine neurocircuitry (Curtis et al., 2003). Ho fapana le moo, mefuta ea mefuta e ka hlaha lipakeng tse sa bonahaleng tsa ho lokolloa ha dopamine kapa ho pepesoa, ho ajoa kapa letsoalo la li-dopamine receptors, kapa litšebelisanong tsa dopamine le li-system tse ling tsa neurotransmitter (Liu le Wang, 2003; Lim le lenyane, 2004). Kaha amphetamine e shebile phepelo ea dopamine (Jones et al., 1998), ho haella ha phapang ea mefuta ea lihlahisoa tse matlafalitsoeng ho arabela ts'ebetsong e ikhethang ea amphetamine e bonts'a hore mefuta ha e fapana ka boholo kapa ts'ebetso ea batsamaisi ba dopamine. Ka bokhabane, khaello ea mefuta ea mefuta mabapi le taolo ea amphetamine e tsoetseng pele e fana ka maikutlo a hore mefuta ha e fapana ka bokhoni ba eona ba ho hlahisa dopamine. Leha ho le joalo, phapang ea mefuta ea extracellular DOPAC kamora kalafo e tsitsitseng ea amphetamine e ka pheha khang khahlanong le tlhaloso e joalo (Jones et al., 1998). Joalo ka dopamine, litlamorao tsa amphetamine ho li-extracellular DOPAC li ne li le ngata ebile li le telele ho li-voes tsa prairie ho feta ho li-voole voles kamora ho tsamaisoa ka tsamaiso, empa ha amphetamine e ne e tsamaisoa ka kotlolloho ho NAcc, ho ne ho na le phokotseho e kholo ea DOPAC libakeng tsa maqhubu. Kaha ho na le khaello ea mefuta ea mefuta ea li-dopamine tsa extracellular kamora kalafo ea amphetamine ho liphoofolo tse ts'oanang, ha ho hlake hore na ho tolokoa litholoana tsee joang. Monyetla o mong ke hore phokotso e kholo ho tsoa ho li-DOPAC tsa extracellular kamora tsamaiso e ikhethang ea amphetamine libakeng tsa mehend e ka bonts'a maemo a tlase a dopamine ea intracellular ka li-voles tse litšila. Ho ke ho hlokomeloe hore re ke ke ra fana ka monyetla oa hore mefuta ea mefuta-futa e bonoang kamora tsamaiso ea peripheral amphetamine e ka bonts'a phapang ea bokhoni ba ho fepa amphetamine.

Amphetamine le bonding

Khetho ea bobeli e kholo thutong ea hona joale e ne e le hore kalafo ea amphetamine ha e ea ka ea etsa thato ea molekane ha ho se na D1 dopamine receptor blockade. Bokantle, sena ke sephetho se sa lebelloang. Keketseho ea dopamine ea extracellular ho NAcc e kopantsoe le sebopeho sa maqhama a mabeli (Gingrich et al., 2000), le ts'ebetso ea nakoana ea ts'ebetso ea mesolimbic e lekane ho susumetsa khetho ea molekane (Gingrich et al., 2000; Aragona et al., 2003; Curtis le Wang, 2005; Aragona et al., 2006). Kaha liphetho tsa microdialysis li bontša hore kalafo ea amphetamine e eketsa tlhahiso ea dopamine libakeng tsa prairie, a priori motho a ka bolela esale pele hore kalafo ea amphetamine e ka baka maqhama a mabeli. Hobaneng ha amphetamine a ile a hloleha ho hohela khetho ea molekane?

Karabo e kanna ea ba karolo ea tšebetso ea D1- le D2-mofuta oa li-dopamine receptors e bapala ka bonase (Aragona et al., 2003). Boithuto ba pele ba ho nka karolo ha dopamine ho litlamo tsa maqhama li khothalelitse hore, le ha ts'ebetso ea li-receptors tsa D2 e nolofaletsa sebopeho sa li-coup-bond, li-receptors tsa D1 li ne li sa kopanele ts'ebetsong ena (Wang et al., 1999). Mosebetsi o latelang, leha ho le joalo, o bonts'itse hore ts'ebetso ea li-receptor tsa D1-mofuta oa dopamine e hlile e thibela ho etsoa ha litakatso tsa molekane tse hlahisoang ke ts'ebetso ea pharmacological ea li-receptors tsa D2 kapa ka ho ruruha (Aragona et al., 2006). Phetoho ena e hanyetsanang e bonts'oa ke taba ea hore dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine e etsa litlamo tsa joala ka mokhoa o itšetlehileng ka tekanyetso (Aragona et al., 2006). Maemong a tlase a apomorphine e tlama haholo ho li-receptor tsa D2, e thusa ho theha maqhama a mabeli. Leha ho le joalo, maemong a phahameng, apomorphine e tlama ho li-receptor tsa D1 hape, e hlokomoloha litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ea D2. Sephetho se ts'oanang se ka lebelloa bakeng sa lithethefatsi tse kang amphetamine tse hlahisang keketseho ea lefats'e ka bongata ho dopamine ea extracellular (Becker, 1990; Bacha le Rees, 1998; Yurek et al., 1998). Keketseho e joalo ha e na monyetla oa ho hlahisa ts'ebetso e khethiloeng ea subset e itseng feela ea li-dopamine receptors, empa ho e-na le hoo e tla tsosa ts'ebetso e sa tobang ea li-receptor tsohle tsa dopamine. Kaha ts'ebetso e kopanetsoeng ea li-receptor tsa D1 le D2 e lekane hore e be maqhama a mabeli (Aragona et al., 2006), ho lokolloa ha dopamine ea amphetamine ha ho khothalletse khetho ea molekane ha ho se na D1 blockade. Leha ho le joalo, kalafo ea nakong e fetileng e nang le mohanyetsi oa D1 e baka ts'ebetso ea D2 haholo kamora amphetamine, ka hona likhetho tsa molekane li hlahisoa kamora kalafo e tšoanang le lithethefatsi ka bobeli.

Liphetho tsena li boetse li thusa ho hlakisa karolo ea li-receptor tsa D1 ho ratanang. Le ha ho na le bopaki bo botle ba hore ts'ebetso ea D1 e thibela ho theha maqhama a kopantsoeng mme e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho haneng balekane ba bacha ba ka bang teng (Aragona et al., 2006; Curtis et al., 2006), pele, ho ne ho sa tsejoe hore na blockade of D1 receptors feela e ne e lekane ho etsa li-bond. Thutong ea hona joale, D1 blockade feela ha ea ka ea susumetsa sebopeho sa khetho ea molekane. Ka hona, ho ba sieo ha ts'ebetso ea D2, ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea D1 feela ha hoa lekana hore ho kopane ho kopane.

Re lokela ho tseba hore litlamorao tsa D1 blockade ha li hlahisoe ke khatello ea boitšoaro nakong ea tlhahlobo ea khetho. Phuputsong e le 'ngoe, tekanyetso ea mohanyetsi oa D1 e sebelisitsoeng mona e hlahisitse ho senyeha ha nakoana hoa koloi (Weatherford et al., 1990). Leha ho le joalo, ha rea ​​ka ra fumana mefokolo ea koloi; ba batšo ba batona ba ne ba sa fapana le ba batona ho ba boits'oaro bo seng nakong ea tlhahlobo ea khetho ea molekane. Sena se ka bonts'a phapang nakong ea liteko. Phuputsong e teng hona joale ho bile le bonyane metsotso ea 30 pakeng tsa ente ea lithethefatsi le tšimoloho ea litšebelisano tsa boitšoaro mme phapang e tebileng ea ho tsepamisa maikutlo ha ea ka ea hlahlojoa ho fihlela lihora tsa 6-9 ka mor'a phekolo ea lithethefatsi. Kahoo, keketseho ea nako e sebelisitsoeng le molekane eo u mo tloaetseng e ne e se litholoana tsa liphetoho likamanong tsa sechaba ka kakaretso, liketsahalong tsa bangoli, kapa nako e sebelisitsoeng boinotšing. Ho fapana le moo, phapano ea boits'oaro bo kopanetsoeng e khannoa ke phetoho ea ho tloha kopanong e seng khetho ho ea khetho ea ho ikopanya le molekane. Hape hoa etsahala hore D1 blockade boitšoaro bo fetotsoeng nakong ea cohabitation ea pele. Tse tona li bonahala li tloaelana le tse tšehali nakong ea ho kopana. Leha ho le joalo, boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng nakong ena ke ba bobeli ba inama ka khutso k'honeng e le 'ngoe ea nako e telele ea nako ea ho phomola. Kahoo ho ka ba thata ho sibolla boitšoaro bo hatellang ntle le mehato e ka kenang.

Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, lintho tse lemalloang hangata li lebisa lits'ebetsong tse ts'oanang tse kopanyang botsoalle. Le ha thuto ea hona joale e tsepamisitse ts'ebetso ea mesolimbic dopamine, ho lokela ho hopoloa hore lits'ebetso tsa mantlha tsa opiate li bapala karolo ea bonngoe ba sechaba (Panksepp et al., 1997), hape e ka ba liphofu tsa lintho tse lemalloang (De Vries le Shippenberg, 2002) karolo ka ho sebelisana le dopamine (Koob et al., 1998). Haeba ho ka ba le liphello tsa boiphetetso lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi le tlamahano ea sechaba, liphetoho tse sebelisoang bohareng tse amanang le karabelo ea lithethefatsi li ka ama ho theha maqhama a kopaneng, le ho ba le likamano tse tšoanang. Mohlala, lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li ka fetola litsela tse bonts'ang tse amanang le li-receptor tsa D1 (Nestler, 2001), ts'ebetso eo e sitisang tlamo ea botsoalle (Aragona et al., 2006). Ka hona, ka li-voes tse matlafatsang, lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso li ka hlahisa liphetoho tse bohareng ebe hamorao li etsa hore ho be thata le ho feta ho theha maqhama a botsoalle. Sena se ka fetoleloa joang ho mefuta e meng e sa ntse e ka tsejoa, leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e ka ba le litlamorao tse kholo tsa tlamahano ea motho.

Liteboho

Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tsa NIH HD48462 (JTC) le MH58616 le DA19627 (ZW)

khutsufalitsoeng

  • DOPAC
  • 3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid
  • HVA
  • homovanillic acid
  • VTA
  • sebaka sa ventral tegmental
  • NAcc
  • nucleus accumbens
  • EDTA
  • ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
  • ip
  • inraperitoneal

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

LITLHAHISO

  1. Aragona BJ, Liu Y, Curtis JT, Stephan FK, Wang Z. Karolo e mahlonoko ea li-dusamine tsa nucleus accumbens dopamine ka popong ea khetho ea molekane ho li-voes tsa banna tsa prairie. J Neurosci. 2003; 23: 3483-3490. [E fetotsoe]
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