Dopamine Tlhophiso ea Khetho ea Sechaba ka Mefuta e Tloaelehileng ea Lihlopha (2009)

Boithuto bo Felletseng: Taolo ea Dopamine ea Khetho ea Sechaba ho Mefuta e Metle ea Monogamous

Sehlooho sena se bile teng e boletsoeng ke lihlooho tse ling ho PMC.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Ho na le kananelo e ntseng e eketseha ea hore ho etsa liqeto sechabeng ho susumetsoa ka matla ke tšebetso ea maikutlo le maikutlo. Sebaka sa neuroeconomics ea sechaba se bonts'itse hore lits'ebetso tsa neural tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa moputso li amahanngoa le khetho ea boiketlo ba sechaba le khetho ea batho ho batho. Mona, re bontša hore neurobiology ea lithahasello tsa sechaba ka mofuta oa monogamous rodent, vole ea prairie, e boetse e laoloa ke lits'ebetso tsa neural tse kenyang moputso le tšebetso ea maikutlo. Ka ho khetheha, re hlalosa kamoo phepelo ea mesolimbic dopamine e arolelanang ka mokhoa o fapaneng le sebopeho le tlhokomelo ea litlamo tsa monogamous pair ho mofuta ona. Kahoo, ts'ebetso ea moputso e fana ka taolo e kholo mabapi le boits'oaro bo khethiloeng sechabeng bo sebeletsang e le motheo oa mokhatlo o rarahaneng oa sechaba. Re phethela ka hore li-prairie voles ke sistimi e ntle ea mohopolo oa boikhethelo ba boikhethelo le hore ho nka liqeto tse rarahaneng sechabeng ho ka hlalosoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ka moputso le ts'ebetso ea hedonic.

Keywords: nucleus accumbens, prairie vole, monogamy, khokahano ea sechaba, bonto ea bobeli, ho etsa liqeto sechabeng, neuroeconomics ea sechaba

Selelekela

Maemong a boiketlo ba batho, ho etsa liqeto ho susumetsoa haholo ke kameho e ntle kapa e mpe bakeng sa boiketlo ba batho ba bang (Fehr le Camerer, 2007). Batho ba bonts'a likhetho tse matla sechabeng tse senotsoeng ka boitšoaro bo ikhethileng boo ho bona batho ba itšoarang ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, ba etsang lintho ka mokhoa o matla oa ho hloka leeme, mme ba na le bokhoni bo boholo ba ho ts'epa (Krueger et al., 2007; Sanfey, 2007; Tankersley et al., 2007; Zak et al., 2004). Ka 'nete, liqeto tse entsoeng sechabeng ho batho li rarahane hoo ho ka bonahala e le lebaka la kutloisiso ea kahisano e ikhethileng ho mefuta ea rona (Skuse le Gallagher, 2009). Leha ho le joalo, ho tloha ka pono ea ho iphetola ha lintho, boitšoaro ba pro-social joalo ka tšebelisano 'moho le ts'epano ke ntho e sa utloahaleng kapa e se nang boithati (Rilling et al., 2002; Sanfey, 2007). Boitšoaro bo joalo ke litholoana tsa khetho e neng e etsa hore ho be le boikopanyo har'a lihlopha tse haufi tsa sechaba, moo ho neng ho le bonolo hore batho ka bomong ba sebelise matla a fokolang ho thusa litho tse sa amanang le sehlopha ho fumana melemo e kholo ea mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa sechaba ( Pfeiffer et al., 2005; Rutte le Taborsky, 2007; Liteko, 1971). Ho latela pono ena, re ka lebella hore boits'oaro bo botle ba pro-social bo hlahisoe ke mefuta e meng e ka sebeletsang e le mehlala e sebetsang ea laboratori mme ka hona ra lumella lipatlisiso tsa mekhoa ea neural ea boitšoaro ba boikhethelo ba sechaba le ho etsa liqeto.

Mona, re hlalosa ka moo ts'ebeliso ea mofuta o le mong oa mofuta ona, phello ea sechaba se le seng sa sechaba (Microtus ochrogaster), e tsoetse pele haholo kutlwisiso ea rona ea taolo ea neural ea boitšoaro ba boikhethelo ba sechaba (Carter et al., 1995; Dewsbury, 1987; Getz le Carter, 1996; Bacha le Wang, 2004). Pele re fana ka kakaretso e akaretsang ea boitšoaro bo botle ba prairie mme re fana ka maikutlo a hore mokhatlo o rarahaneng oa mofuta ona o ka fihlelleha haholo ka boits'oaro ba "boikhethelo": khetho ea pele ea molekane ea tloaelaneng le qeto ea ho qoba kapa ho hanana ka matla le balekane ba bacha ( Carter le Getz, 1993; Getz le Hofmann, 1986; Insel and young, 2001). Re ntan'o totobatsa lintlha tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse 'maloa tsa morao-rao tse hlalosang melaoana ea boitšoaro bo botle ba sechaba sa puisano ka ho tsamaisoa ka neural bakeng sa maikutlo le ts'ebetso ea moputso, dopamine (DA) ho supa kahare ho li-nucleus accumbens (NAc) (Aragona le Wang, 2007; Aragona et al., 2003, 2006). Kamora nako, re bapisa liphumano tsena le lithuto tse hlahlobileng taolo ea neural ea ho etsa liqeto sechabeng (Fisher et al., 2005; Kosfeld et al., 2005; Riling et al., 2002). Lipapiso tsena li senola ho tšoana ho hoholo lipakeng tsa maikutlo a boikhethelo a boitšoaro bo ikhethileng pakeng tsa batho le maeto a boithabiso, a fana ka maikutlo a hore li-prairie voles ke sistimi e ntle ea thuto bakeng sa ho etsa liqeto sechabeng. Ntle le moo, taba ea hore karolo e kholo ea mokhatlo oa boiketlo ba libaka tsa prairie e ka hlalosoa haholo ke mekhoa e bonolo e khethiloeng e laoloang ke ts'ebetso ea maikutlo e ka ba le litlamorao tse ngata bakeng sa ho ithuta ha neuroeconomics ea sechaba (Cacioppo et al., 2000; Lee, 2008).

Mohlala oa Prairie Vole

Li-voiri tsa Prairie ke litoeba tse nyane (∼40g) (Setšoantšo (Figure1A) 1A) e ajoang haholo-holo masimong a United States bohareng (Cushing et al., 2001; Hall, 1981; Hoffmann le Koeppl, 1985). Lirolo tsena ke tse ling tsa mefuta e nyane ea liphoofolo tse anyesang (3-5%) tse bonts'ang mokhatlo o mong o ikemetseng oa sechaba (Dewsbury, 1987). Motheo oa mokhatlo ona oa sechaba ke 'pair bond', e hlalosoang e le kamano e tsitsitseng pakeng tsa litho tsa sehlopha sa ba hlahisang bana ba arolelanang likarolo tse tšoanang le mesebetsi ea motsoali (Aragona le Wang, 2004). Mofuta ona o ile oa bonoa o le mong ka ho nyaloa ke lithuto tsa masimong tse bonts'ang hore banna le basali ba babeli ba tsamaea hammoho (Getz et al., 1981), arolelana sehlaha le litamati tse le 'ngoe kapa tse fetang moo (Getz le Hofmann, 1986), hape ka bohale o leleka ba kenang ntle le tumellano sebakeng sa bona (Getz, 1978). Ho feta moo, libaka tsa basali tsa basali li bontša maemo a phahameng a tlhokomelo ea botsoali (Getz le Carter, 1996; Thomas le Birney, 1979) 'me ho fanoe ka maikutlo a hore batsoali ka bobeli ba hlokahala bakeng sa pholo ea malinyane e khethiloeng bakeng sa tlamahano e tiisang ea bobeli (Emlen le Oring, 1977; Kleiman, 1977; McGuire et al., 1993; Wang le Novak, 1992). Haele hantle, maqhama a mabeli a tsofetse hoo setho se setseng sa lelapa se ke keng sa amohela molekane e mocha leha setho se seng sa maqhama se lahlehile (Getz le Carter, 1996; Thomas le Wolff, 2004). Sena se emela mohlala o matla oa boits'oaro bo seng molemong oa boithati ba phoofolo mme ka hona e hanana le mehlala ea moruo ea mantlha ea ho etsa liqeto.

Setšoantšo sa 1 

Mohlala oa mofuta o motle oa tlholo. (A) Setšoantšo sa motho e moholo oa monna ea rorisoang. (B) Cartoon ea lisebelisoa tsa khetho ea molekane. E mong le e mong o koaletsoe a lekana ebile lijo le metsi lia fumaneha ad libitum nakong ea tlhahlobo ea 3-h. (C) Maremisi a banna a rorisoang ka lipelesa ka estrogen ...

Habohlokoa, boits'oaro bo nyarosang bo bonoang tlhahong bo boetse bo bontšoa ka ts'epahalo tlasa maemo a laboratori (Carter le Getz, 1993; Carter et al., 1995). Mohlala, metsamao ea litlama e khetha ka ho khetheha ho tloaelana le motho eo a tloaelaneng le eena, ha a bapisoa le pale e ncha e ngotsoeng (Dewsbury, 1975, 1987; Grey le Dewsbury, 1973). Kamora ho tlolelana, li-prairie voles li lula li le hammoho nakong ea boimana (McGuire le Novak, 1984; Thomas le Birney, 1979) mme sena se thusa bokhachane bo atlehileng (McGuire et al., 1992). Joalo ka tikolohong ea bona ea tlhaho, li-voes tsa banna tsa praemia li bonts'a maemo a holimo haholo a tlhokomelo ea batsoali ka lab (Oliveras le Novak, 1986). Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke hore, bonding e ka hlahlojoa ka mokhoa o tšepahalang ho lab ka ho lekanya lintho tse khethiloeng sechabeng tse tsoang ho boitšoaro bo ikhethileng bo amanang le ho theha le ho boloka bonto (Williams et al., 1992; Winslow et al., 1993; Bacha le Wang, 2004).

Liteko tsa Laboraro tsa Pair Bond Formation le Tlhokomelo

Tlhahlobo ena e tla shebisisa lintlha tse bokelletsoeng ho tsoa lithutong tsa banna (Aragona le Wang, 2007; Aragona et al., 2003, 2006). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le mosebetsi o mongata o etsoang ho li-prairie voles tsa basali (Cho et al., 1999; Fowler et al., 2002; Insel le Hulihan, 1995; Williams et al., 1992; Witt et al., 1991) mme ho tla hlokomeleha ha data e ne e bokelloa ho sebelisoa lithuto tsa basali. Mohato oa pele o hlokahalang bakeng sa ho theha maqhama a kopantsoeng ke hore banna ba tlameha ho khetha balekane ba bona ho feta balekane ba bacha, e leng ntho e sa tloaelehang ho banna ba mefuta e mengata ea liphoofolo tse anyesang kaha ba rata ho nyalana le basali ba batšo (Fiorino et al., 1997). Leha ho le joalo, li-voirs tsa banna ba ratang ho tloaelana le mosali ea tloaetseng (Dewsbury, 1987) le tlhahiso ea basali ba bacha ha e qobelle ho kopitsa mananeong a basali a thobalano (Grey and Dewsbury, 1973).

Ntle le ho khetha ho nyalana le mosali ea tloaetseng, ho itlama ka lenyalo ho boetse ho hloka hore banna ba khethe ho tloaelana le balekane bao ba ba tloaetseng. Sena se khetholloa ka lab ka teko e bonolo ea boikhethelo ea maemo a bophelo e bitsoang "tlhahlobo ea khetho ea molekane" (Williams et al., 1992). Bakeng sa teko ena, taba e kenngoa ka har'a lisebelisoa tse nang le likamore tse tharo 'me e lokolohile ho tsamaea ka likamore. (Figure1B) .1B). Molekane (molekane) le mosali ea sa tsejoeng (moeti) ba sebeletsa e le liphoofolo tse matlafatsang tse kentsoeng metseng e arohaneng (Setšoantšo. (Figure1B) .1B). Litaba li qala ho hlahloba lisebelisoa le ho sebelisana le liphoofolo tse khothatsang ka bobeli ebe li robala ka thoko ho molekane kapa moeti (Williams et al., 1992; Winslow et al., 1993). Haeba lithuto li qeta nako e ngata haholo li buisana le balekane ho feta bao u sa ba tsebeng (e hlahlobiloeng ke a t-etest) joale sehlopha ho thoe se bontša khetho ea molekane (Aragona le Wang, 2004; Curtis le Wang, 2005; Liu et al., 2001).

Boithuto bo bongata bo bontšitse hore li-voesques tsa banna tsa basali li kopantsoe le mosali ea holisitsoeng ka estrogen ea 24h ea ho ratoang ka mokhoa o tšepahalang bontša likhetho tsa molekane (Aragona et al., 2003; Lim le lenyane, 2004; Liu et al., 2001) (Setšoantšo (Figure1C) .1C). Leha ho le joalo, haeba lithuto tsa banna li lula hammoho le basali bakeng sa 6 feelah ntle le ho nyaloa, lithuto li bonts'a likhokahanyo tsa lehlakore le khethang mme ka hona li sitoa ho bonts'a khetho ea molekane (Aragona le Wang, 2007; Curtis le Wang, 2005; Liu et al., 2001) (Setšoantšo (Figure1D) .1D). Kahoo, re sebelisa '24h mating 'paradigm ea ho ts'ehetsa khetho ea molekane ka ts'epahalo maemong a taolo le ho hlahloba hore na ho sebelisa litlolo tsa meriana ho ka thibela ho theha maqhama a kopantsoeng le botsitso. Ho kenyelletsa moo, re sebelisa "6-h cohabitation 'paradigm ho hlahloba hore na mananeo a litheko tsa meriana a ka susumetsa litakatso tsa molekane ha ho se na matlanyana (Wang le Aragona, 2004; Bacha le Wang, 2004).

Le ha khetho ea molekane e hlokahala bakeng sa setlamo sa para, ha e a lekana bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea eona ea nako e telele. Banna ba tlamahantsoeng ba Pair le bona ba khetha ho hana ka mokhoa o hlekefetsang balekane ba bona ba bacha (Aragona et al., 2006; Gobrogge et al., 2007). Sena se bitsoa "mabifi a khethiloeng" 'me se ithutoa ka lab sebelisa teko ea moahi eo ho eona taba e pepesitsoeng ho tlhahlobo ea lipale le boitšoaro bo mabifi bo hlalosoang (Wang et al., 1997; Winslow et al., 1993). Ha 24h ea ho ruruha ho eketsa mabifi a ikhethileng (Wang et al., 1997; Winslow et al., 1993), boits'oaro bo mabifi bo eketsoa haholo ho ba batona ba batona (ho bapisoa le basali ba batona) mme lithuto tsa banna ha li lelekise kapa ho loma basali ba kenang ka morao ho 24h ea mating (Wang et al., 1997). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho latela ts'ebetso e atolositsoeng ea (cNabX)libeke) tseo ho tsona basali e bang baimana, banna ba ba mabifi haholo ho basali ba batšo (ho bontša maemo a holimo a ho lelekisa le ho luma) (Aragona et al., 2006; Gobrogge et al., 2007) mme qeto ena ea ho hana ka matla balekane ba macha e ka ba bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka tlamo e tsitsitseng ea maqhama a mabeli.

Thutong ena, re tla nahana ka botebo hore na mokhatlo o ikemetseng oa sechaba o ka hlalosoang ke (1) khetho ea pelehi ea ho ikatisa le mosali a le mong, 'molekane oa molekane' le (2) khetho e latelang ea ho hana bokhoni. balekane ba bacha, mabifi a ikhethileng. Ho ba le li-indices tsa laboratori tse thehiloeng hantle li lumella tlhahlobo e qaqileng ea neurobiology e ka tlas'a boits'oaro bona. Ha maqhama a kopanang a kopanyelletsa le mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebetso ea kelello le ea kelello, ha ho makatse hore mefuta e mengata ea neural e bohlokoa molemong oa eona ho kenyelletsa: oxytocin (Bales et al., 2007; Bamshad et al., 1993; Insel le Shapiro, 1992; Liu le Wang, 2003; Witt et al., 1990), vasopressin (Bamshad et al., 1994; Hammock, 2005; Lim et al., 2004b; Liu et al., 2001; Winslow et al., 1993), corticosterone (DeVries et al., 1995, 1996; Lim et al., 2007), estrogen (Cushing le Wynne-Edward, 2006), glutamate le GABA (Curtis le Wang, 2005). Lenane lena le tla hola ha liteko tse ling li ntse li etsoa mme hoo e ka bang ha ho tsejoe letho ka hore na litsamaiso tsena li sebelisana joang ho tsamaisa bonto. Kahoo, mosebetsi o sa tloaelehang o ntse o le teng. Le ha ho le joalo, haufinyane tjena re entse lithuto tse bonts'ang karolo ea bohlokoa ea phetiso ea litaba tsa DA tsa mesolimbic molemong oa tlamahano le tokiso ea li-male prairie voles (Aragona le Wang, 2007; Aragona et al., 2003, 2006).

Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine le Pair Bond Fform

Ho theha maqhama a maqhama ke mokhatlo o hlahang ka tlhaho o pakeng tsa balekane ba nyalanang (Aragona et al., 2006; Wang le Aragona, 2004; Bacha le Wang, 2004) le ho ithuta ho kopaneng ho laoloa haholo ke phetiso ea mesolimbic DA (Di Chiara le Bassareo, 2007; Kelley, 2004; Bohlale, 2004). Haholo-holo, phetisetso ea DA ka hara NAc e bohlokoa likarolong tsa bohlokoa tsa ts'ebetso ea moputso (Berridge le Robinson, 2003;; Everitt le Robbins, 2005;; Roitman et al., 2005, 2008; Salamone le Correa, 2002; Wheeler et al., 2008) e ka fokolisang tlhahlobo ea melemo ea litšenyehelo e amanang le boits'oaro ba boikhethelo le ho etsa liqeto (Phillips et al., 2007). Ka hona, re entse lithuto tse ileng tsa fuputsa melaoana ea ho khethoa ha balekane ka ho fetisoa ha DA ka har'a NAc (Aragona le Wang, 2007; Aragona et al., 2003, 2006).

E tšoanang le mefuta e meng ea litoeba (Jansson et al., 1999), "prairie vole NAc" e hoketsoe ka mokhoa o matla ke litsi tsa dopaminergic tse hlahang ho sebopeho sa mocheso oa mocheso o pakeng tsa mmele. (Figure2A) 2A) (Aragona et al., 2003; Curtis le Wang, 2005; Gobrogge et al., 2007). E boetse e lumellana le lithuto tse entsoeng ho litoeba (Becker et al., 2001; Pfaus et al., 1995; Robinson et al., 2002), mehato ea Microbalalysis e bonts'a hore ho tlolelana ha maraka ho eketsa keketseho ea DA kahare ho NAc ea basali ba basali (Gingrich et al., 2000) le lithuto tsa ho tlosoa hoa tishu li bonts'a hore ho tlolelana le mosali ho boetse ho eketsa phetisetso ea dopamine (joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke phetoho ea dopamine) libakeng tsa banna tsa prairie (Setšoantšo. (Figure2B) 2B) (Aragona et al., 2003). Boithuto bona bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho hanana ho etsa hore ho be le keketseho e nyane moqoqong oa DA ka har'a nako ea lipampiri ka har'a libaka tsa puisano.

Setšoantšo sa 2 

Dopamine melaoana ea li-bond tsa maqhama a mabeli. (A) Karolo ea Coronal e bonts'ang li-tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemical labeling tsa dorsal le ventral striatum tse tsoang ho monna e moholo oa prairie vole. CP = caudate putamen, NAc = li-nucleus li bokella NAc khetla, OT = olfactory ...

Re ile ra kholoa hore keketseho e potlakisang phetisetso ea DA ho ne ho hlokahala molemong oa ho khetha khetho ea molekane (Aragona et al., 2003). Ho leka sena, re ile ra hlahloba pele hore na li-blockade tsa li-receptor tsa DA ka hara NAc li thibetse likhetho tsa molekane oa bona oa mating (Figure2C) .2C). E lumellana le lithuto tse fetileng (Williams et al., 1992; Winslow et al., 1993), laola liphoofolo tse fumaneng li-infusions tse fokolang tsa mokelikeli oa 'mele oa mokokotlo (CSF) kahare ho NAc pele ho nako ea boiketlo ba 24-h (ka ho ts'oaroa) ho bontšitse likhetho tsa molekane oa moferefere (tlhoro). (Figure2C) .2C). Leha ho le joalo, blockade ea li-receptor tsa DA ka mohanyetsi ea sa sebetseng oa DA receptor antagonist (haloperidol) pele ho nako ea ho tlolelana, o ile a felisa sebopeho sa tšebelisano-pele ea molekane ea tsoang ho balekane (Setšoantšo. (Figure2C) .2C). Habohlokoa le ho feta, li-receptor blockade tsa DA ha lia ka tsa fetola tšebetso ea sethoathoa kapa boitšoaro ba mathe, bo bonts'a hore phetisetso ea DA ka hara NAc nakong ea ho nyaloa e ile ea ama ka kotloloho khetho ea sechaba eo e neng e le litholoana tsa ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo (Aragona et al., 2003).

Ka mor'a moo re ile ra leka hore na ts'ebetso ea pharmacological ea li-receptor tsa DA kahare ho NAc e ne e lekane ho susumetsa khetho ea balekane nakong eo ho neng ho se na mathe (Aragona et al., 2003). Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pele (Williams et al., 1992; Winslow et al., 1993), lihlooho tsa taolo tse fumaneng infusions ea CSF ho NAc pele ho nako ea 6-h cohabitation ha e bontše likhetho tsa molekane (Setšoantšo. (Figure2D) .2D). Leha ho le joalo, ts'oaetso e tlase ea "agonist" ea DA e sa khethang e ile ea etsa hore motho a rate khetho ea hae, athe tekanyetso e phahameng ea apomorphine ha e ea etsa joalo. (Figure2D) .2D). Lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea pharmacological ea li-receptor tsa DA ka hara NAc e lekane ho tsamaisa khetho ea balekane ba tloaelaneng.

Ho hanyetsa Molao oa Phetolo ea Pair Bond ea D1 le D2 Receptor Signaling Pathways ho NAc Shell

Ho hlophisoa ha litakatso tsa molekane ka tekanyetso e tlase ea apomorphine ke sesupo sa mokhoa o ikhethileng oa receptor o tlasa taolo ea DA ea boits'oaro bona. Ho na le malapa a mabeli a li-receptor tsa DA: D1-like (D1 le D5 receptors) le D2-like (D2, D3, le D4 receptors) (Neve et al., 2004). Le ha apomorphine e kopanya li-receptor tse peli tsa D1 le D2, e tlama li-receptors tse kang D2 joalo ka tumellano e kholo haholo (Missale et al., 1998). Ka hona, re ile ra nahana hore tekanyetso e tlase ea apomorphine e sebetsitsoeng ka mokhoa o khethollang D2- empa eseng li-receptors tse kang D1 mme ka hona e ile ea susumetsa sebopeho sa khetho ea molekane ka mokhoa oa D2-Mediated mochini oa banna oa praemae voles (Aragona et al., 2006). Ntle le moo, ho hloleha ha apomorphine ea lethal dose e phahameng ho susumetsa litakatso tsa molekane ho bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea li-receptor tse kang D1 tse kahare ho NAc ehlile e thibela sebopeho sa li-bond. Li-hypotheses tsena li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka ho leka litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi tsa "receptor" tse khethehileng tsa dopaminergic ho li-paradigms tsa rona tse peli tse thehiloeng ho hlahloba mofuta oa khetho ea molekane.

E lumellana le data e tsoang ho basali ba basali ba basali (Gingrich et al., 2000;; Wang et al., 1999), ts'ebetso e ikhethang ea li-receptors tse kang D2 tse kahare ho khetla ea NAc (empa eseng motheo oa NAc) e kenyelletsang likhetho tsa molekane nakong ea ho ba mating (Setšoantšo. (Figure3A) .3A). Ts'ebetso ea li-receptor tse kang D1 tse kahare ho khetla ea NAc ha ea hloleha feela ho etsa thato ea molekane, empa e boetse e thibetse likhetho tsa molekane tse hlahisitsoeng ke ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea D2 (ke hore ha D1 le D2 agonists li ne li kopanetsoe) (Setšoantšo. (Figure3A) .3A). Habohlokoa, ts'ebetso e tšoanang le ea D1 joalo ka hara khetla ea NAc e boetse e thibetse likhetho tsa molekane oa hau tsa mating. (Figure3B) .3B). Ka kopanelo, lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore ts'ebetso ea li-receptor tse kang D1 tse kahare ho khetla ea NAc e thibela ho etsoa ha likhetho tsa molekane.

Setšoantšo sa 3 

Ho hanana le taolo ea sebopeho sa maqhama a mabeli ke D2- le D1-joalo ka dopamine lits'ebetso tse tšoaeang dopamine kahare ho khetla ea NAc. (A) Ho kenya letsoho ha li-receptor tse kang D2 tse ka har'a khetla ea NAc ka ho kenngoa ka bongata ha D2-agonist quonpirole e ikhethang (D2 e fetileng) ...

Li-receptor tsa D1 le D2-li na le litlamorao tse fapaneng ho feta ho saena ka cAMP (Neve et al., 2004). D2-like receptors activate inhibitory G-protein tse thibelang phetoho ea ATP ho cAMP ka adenyl cyclase (Missale et al., 1998). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ts'ebetso ea li-receptor tse kang D1 e tsosa liprotheine tsa G-protheine tse eketsang tlhahiso ea CAMP mme ka hona ts'ebetso ea protheine kinase A (PKA) (Missale et al., 1998). Tlhahiso e fokolisitsoeng ea cAMP e ka ithutoa ke pharmacological blockade ea libaka tsa cAMP tse tlamang ho PKA sebelisa analogue ea cAMP (Rp-cAMPS) athe tlhahiso ea CAMP e ntseng e eketseha e hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa analogue ea cAMP e kopanyang PKA le ho khutlisa lits'oants'o tsa eona tsa tsamaiso (Sp-cAMPS) (Lynch le Taylor, 2005; Ho ithaopa. 1998).

Kaha re na le ts'ebetso e kang ea D2 joalo ka hara sebopeho sa boikhethelo ba mofani oa NAc, re ile ra nahana hore ts'ebetso ea PKA e fokotsehileng e tla thusa le boitšoaro bona. E lumellana le molao oa D2 oa sebopeho sa maqhama a mabeli, e fokotsa tšebetso ea PKA (sebelisa Rp-cAMPS) litakatso tsa molekane ka lebaka la ho hloka mathoasong (Setšoantšo. (Figure3C) .3C). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ts'ebetso e ntseng e eketseha ea PKA (e sebelisang Sp-cAMPS) e ile ea hloleha ho susumetsa khetho ea balekane (Setšoantšo. (Figure3C) .3C). Joalo ka ha ho lebeletsoe, ts'ebetso ea PKA e fokotsehileng ha e a ka ea fetola tokiso ea tlamahanyo ea mathe (setšoantšo (Figure3D) .3D). Leha ho le joalo, e lumellana le ts'ebetso e tšoanang le ea D1-e thibela ts'ebetso ea maqhama a mabeli, ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea PKA e thibetse ho ratooa ha tlamahano ea mathe (Figure3D) .3D). Ka kopanelo, lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore ho theha maqhama a mabeli ho nolofalletsoa ke ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea D2 joalo ka morao le ts'ebetso e ileng ea fokotseha ea tsela ea ho supa ea CAMP. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ts'ebetso e kang ea D1-joalo le ts'ebetso e ileng ea eketseha ea PKA e thibela ho theha maqhama a mabeli.

Tekanyetso e phahameng ea D1-Like DA Receptors kahara NAc ea Liphoofolo tse Tlamisitsoeng ka Pair

Ho na le liphetoho tse matla boits'oarong e le phetoho e tlohang ho monna ho tloha ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho ea ho ba babeli ba kopaneng (Carter et al., 1995). Ka ho khetheha, banna ba tloaetseng ho etsa thobalano ba bontša boits'oaro bo botle ho batho ba batšehali, athe ba batona ba kopaneng ba qoba kapa ho hlasela basali ba mofuta o mocha. Ka lebaka la karolo ea bohlokoa ea phetiso ea DA ka hara NAc kamanong ea khethollo ea balekane, re ne re lebelletse hore liphetoho tse tsamaisong ena ea letšoao la DA li ne li amana le liphetoho tsa boits'oaro tse amanang le ho tlamahana ha lenyalo (Aragona et al., 2006). Re sebelisitse receptor autoradiography ho bapisa letsoalo la receptor la DA lipakeng tsa maqhubu a banna le basali ba thobalano ba kopantsoeng le basali ba 2libeke. Nakong ena e atolositsoeng ea banna le basali ba ile ba arolelana sehlaha 'me tse tšehali lia ima (Aragona et al., 2006). Mehlala ea baemeli ba li-receptor e tlamang e bontša ka ho hlaka hore li-receptors tse kang D1 (Setšoantšo (Figure4A) 4A) empa eseng li-receptors tse kang D2 (setšoantšo (Figure4B) 4B) li eketseha haholo kahare ho NAc ho ba batona ba tlamahaneng. Lintlha tsa bohlokoa li bonts'a hore D1-receptor e tlamang e ile ea eketseha haholo ka hara NAc ka banna ba kopaneng ba bapisoa le taolo ea bana ba motho ea tsamaeang le bona (Setšoantšo. (Figure4C) .4C). Sehlopha se ikemetseng sa taolo se bonts'itse hore mating e le 'ngoe e ne e sa lekana ho eketsa D1-receptor binding (Aragona et al., 2006). Kahoo, liphoofolo tse tlamelletsoeng ka bobeli li na le mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa ho bontsa li-D1-joalo ka NAc mme kaha sistimi ena e hanana le ho theha khetho ea balekane, re ile ra leka hape haeba ho hlophisoa ka neural ho ikarabella bakeng sa tlhokomelo ea bonto.

Setšoantšo sa 4 

Tekanyetso e phahameng ea li-receptors tse kang D1 tse kahare ho NAc ea liphoofolo tse ikopantseng. (A) Mehlala ea baemeli ba receptor e kang ea D1 e kenang kahare le kahare ea banna ba baholo ba nang le thobalano le banna ba baholo ba hlonngoeng ba batona kapa ba batšehali ...

Nchafatso ea Neural kahare ho NAc Underlies Pair Bond

Kaha re liphoofolo tse tlamahantsoeng li ekelitse polelo ea "receptor" e tšoanang le D1 ka har'a NAc mme li bonts'a mabifi a mangata ho basali ba maoatle, re ile ra leka hore na ho hlophisoa ka neural ho amana le ho hlekefetsoa ho hoholo. Ka ho khetheha, re sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea moahi ho bona hore na melaoana ea ho amohela li-D1-like receptors ka har'a NAc e tsamaisana le ho hana ka mokhoa o hlekefetsang balekane ba macha, e leng khetho e mabifi (Gobrogge et al., 2007;; Wang et al., 1997; Winslow et al., 1993). Thutong ena, molekane oa mosali o ile a tlosoa holima ntlo ea hae ea lapeng le tse peli tse amanang (Figure5A) 5A) hape e mabifi (Setšoantšo (Figure5B) 5B) Boitšoaro ba taba ea monna e ile ea hlahlojoa kamora ho kenngoa ha mosali ea 'intruder' (Wang et al., 1997; Winslow et al., 1993). Banna ba tlamahantsoeng ba Pair ba bontšitse litekanyetso tse phahameng haholo tsa bolekane ho balekane ba bona ba tloaelo ha bo bapisoa le bo bonts'itsoeng ke ba batona ba sa kopaneleng thobalano ba hlahisitsoeng le mosali e mocha. (Figure5C) .5C). Ha ba batona ba tlamahantsoe ba bonts'a mokhoa o sa amaneng le basali ba sa tsejoeng (basele) (Figure5C), 5C), boits'oaro bo kopanetsoeng bo khutlisetsoa maemong a hlahisoang ke litaba tsa thobalano haeba D2 kapa D1-like receptors li ne li koetsoe ka hara NAc (Setšoantšo. (Figure55B).

Setšoantšo sa 5 

Dopamine melaoana ea tokiso ea maqhama a mabeli joalokaha ho bontšoa ke mabifi a khethiloeng ho basali ba batjha. (A) Setšoantšo sa balekane ba kopaneng ba tloaetseng ho etsa lintho tse kopanetsoeng (hangata ba hakana kapa ba kopana ka lehlakoreng le leng). (B) Banana ba tlamahantsoeng ba batona (ka ho le letona) ba bontšang ho ba mabifi ...

Ha ho na baimana ba kopanelang liphate le baetsana ba batona le ba batšehali ba bonngoeng le balekane ba bona ba sa bonts'a moea o mabifi (Figure5D) .5D). Leha ho le joalo, ba batona ba kopantsoeng ba ne ba le mabifi haholo ha ba hlahisoa le basali ba batšo (basele), ba bontšang keketseho e kholo ea lipalo tsa tlhaselo (Setšoantšo. (Figure5D) .5D). Boitšoaro bo bobe bo felisitsoe ke blockade ea li-D1-like (empa eseng D2-like) receptors kahare ho NAc (Setšoantšo. (Figure5D) .5D). Lintlha tsena li bonts'a ntlafatso ea li-receptors tse kang D1 tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo (Setšoantšo (Figure4) 4) buella mabifi a khethang. Ka hona, polasetiki ka har'a sesebelisoa sa mesolimbic DA e theola qeto ea ho hana balekane ba macha mme ka hona e boloka tlamo ea pele.

Kakaretso ea Dopamine Regulation holim'a Pair Bond Formation le Tlhokomelo

Molao oa Mesolimbic DA oa tlamahano e ka ba le litlamorao bakeng sa lits'ebetso tsa kelello le tsa kelello tse amanang le khetho ea sechaba le ho etsa liqeto. Phetisetso ea DA e arolelanang ho khethoa ha balekane e etsahala ka ho khetheha karolong ea rostral ea khetla ea NAc (Aragona et al., 2006) (Setšoantšo (Figure6A) .6A). Sebaka sena sa tikoloho se bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho sebetsa likarolo tse ntle tsa thuto e amanang le lithuto tse amanang le thuto e kopanetsoeng (Di Chiara le Bassareo, 2007;; Ikemoto, 2007;; Pecina et al., 2006). Kahoo, phetisetso ea DA ka hara khetla ea NAc e ka laola ho hlophisoa ha khetho ea balekane ka ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea moputso kapa khothatso e khothatsang (Berridge, 2007; Di Chiara le Bassareo, 2007). Ntle le moo, phetisetso ea DA ka hara khetla ea NAc e bohlokoa hape bakeng sa litlamo tsa bo-'m'e le bana, e leng kamano e phelisang ea tikoloho (Champagne et al., 2004; Li le Fleming, 2003; Numan et al., 2005). Ka bobeli, tlhaiso-leseling ena e fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebetso ea moputso ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho ratwa ha balekane ho libaka tsa tumellano ea libaka.

Setšoantšo sa 6 

Phapang e fapaneng ea taolo ea maqhama a mabeli le tokiso ka phetiso ea dopamine ka hara NAc. (A) Cartoon e thehiloeng ho (Arbuthnott le Wickens, 2007) e bonts'a karolo ea khetla ea NAc moo ho thetsoang ha litho tsa DA ho hlahisang tlamo ea bonto. (B) Setšoantšo se Qanollang ...

Ka har'a khetla ea NAc, tsamaiso ea DA ea sebopeho sa khetho ea molekane e hlakile haholo. Ho lokisoa ha DA ho kopantseng ho kenya tšebetsong li-receptors tsa D2 'me ho fokotsa ho ts'oaroa ha cAMP ho khothaletsa sebopeho sa maqhama a mabeli (Setšoantšo. (Figure6B) .6B). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ts'ebetso ea li-receptors tse kang D1 le ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea cAMP signaling e thibela sebopeho sa bonto (Setšoantšo. (Figure6C) .6C). Lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore, tlasa maemo a tlholeho, phetisetso ea DA ha e eketsehe ka mokhoa o ts'oanang kaha e ntse e le tlasa maemo a laboratori (Schultz, 2002). Sebakeng seo, lithuto tse kopanyang maqhama li fana ka maikutlo a hore litšebelisano tse ntle tsa sechaba li etsa hore ho be le keketseho e nyane molemong oa kantle ho litaba tsa DA tseo ka boomo li etsang li-receptors tse phahameng tsa D2 empa li sa sebetse li-receptors tse tlase tsa D1-like. 1989). Leha ho le joalo, ho tla hlokahala hore lithuto tse tlang li leke sena ka ho lekanya phetisetso ea DA ea nako ea nnete (Aragona et al., 2008; Letsatsi et al., 2007;; Phillips le al., 2003) nakong ea lipuisano tse ntle tsa sechaba ho tseba hore na Ka vivo Phetisetso ea DA e tsamaisana le "pharmacology" ea boitšoaro bo hlalositsoeng tekong ena.

Ha ho bapisoa le boemo ba bona ba basal (Setšoantšo (Figure6D), 6D), ba batona ba tlamahantsoeng ba bonts'a keketseho e matla ponts'ong ea holimo ea li-receptor tse kang D1 joalo ka NAc (Setšoantšo. (Figure6E) .6E). Re khothalelitse sena e ka ba keketseho e tlatselletsang ho latela tlhokahalo ea D1-like receptor activation nakong ea lipuisano tse khothaletsang sebopeho sa maqhama a mabeli (Aragona et al., 2006). Kaha ba batona ba tlamahantsoeng ba bonts'a molao-taelo ho li-receptor tse kang D1 tse kahare ho NAc le ts'ebetso ea li-receptors tsena li thibela sebopeho sa bonono, re khothalelitse hore ha banna ba kopaneng ba leng tlamahanong ea bona ea tlhaho ba kopana le mosali e mocha, DA e lokolloa ka mokhoa o phahameng haholo. mahloriso (Robinson et al., 2002) e lekaneng ho kenya tšebetsong li-receptors tse tlase tsa D1-like (Richfield et al., 1989), haholo-holo kaha ho bonahala ho na le palo e kholo ea li-receptor tse kang antikon ea D1-li-voes ka li-voes tse tlamahantsoeng. Sena se khothaletsa ho hana ka mokhoa o hlekefetsang balekane ba macha ka lebaka leo e ka bang mokhoa o motle oa ho boloka tlamo ea pele ea lenyalo. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore phetisetso ea DA le NAc ka mokhoa o fapaneng li arola moralo oa khetho ea balekane ba pele le ho lahloa ho latelang ke bolekane. Sena se fihlelloa, bonyane ka karolo, ka neuroplasticity (up-regulation of D1-like receptors) ka har'a sistimi ena ea mesolimbic DA. Sena se emela mohlala o matla oo ho oona mokhatlo o rarahaneng oa boiketlo ba sechaba o ka tlaleheloang haholo ka boits'oaro bo habeli bo ikhethileng ba boits'oaro bo tsamaisanang le maikutlo / moputso oa ts'ebetso ke letšoao la mesolimbic DA.

Dopamine-Oxetocin Likamano le Moralo oa Litlhophiso tsa Partner

Leha ho na le karolo ea bohlokoa ea DA ho kopaneng, DA e sebetsana le lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa neuropeptide ts'ebetsong ea eona ea taolo ea boitšoaro bona (Lim et al., 2004b, 2007; Bacha le Wang, 2004). Haholo-holo, tšebelisano-'ngoe ea DA le li-oxytocin receptors ka hara NAc e bohlokoa molemong oa ho theha maqhama a mabeli (Liu le Wang, 2003). Ts'ebetso ea li-receptor tse kang D2 tse kahare ho NAc e nolofalletsa sebopeho sa boikhethelo ba molekane nakong ea ho se sebetse, leha ho le joalo, blockade ea li-oxytocin receptors kahare ho sebaka sena (ka ho kenella ka tšebeliso ea mohanyetsi oa li-oxytocin receptor le mohanyetsi oa D2-like receptor agonist ka ts'ebetso ea D2 (Liu le Wang, 2003). Ntle le moo, ts'ebetso ea sebopeho sa khetho ea molekane ka ts'ebetso ea li-oxytocin receptors ha e sebetse haeba li-receptors tse kang D2 li koetsoe (Liu le Wang, 2003). Habohlokoa, boithuto bona bo ile ba etsoa lithutong tsa basali tsa basali (Liu le Wang, 2003), leha ho le joalo, re boetse re bonts'itse hore li-receptor tsa oxytocin ka hara NAc li bohlokoa bakeng sa kaho ea khetho ea balekane ho ba batona (M. Smeltzer le Z. Wang, litlhahlobo tse sa phatlalatsoang). Le ha ho tsebahale hore na litšebelisano tsa DA-oxetocin li sebelisana le eng, li-dopaminergic terminal tsa dopaminergic libakeng tsa prairie ha lia ka tsa fokotsa polelo ea li-oxytocin receptor kahare ho NAc (Lim et al., 2004a). Sena se bontša hore li-oxytocin receptors sebakeng sena ke li-post-synaptic. Ho feta moo, kaha li-receptor tsa oxytocin le D2-bobeli li kopantsoe le limolek'hule tse bontšang liprotheine tsa G-protein (Burns et al., 2001), ts'ebetso ea mefuta e 'meli ea li-receptor e ka tsamaisa sebopeho sa boikhethelo ba molekane ka ho thibela mekhoa ea ho saena ea CAMP (Aragona le Wang, 2007). Le ha data e teng e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho theha maqhama a mabeli ho kopanngoe ka tšebelisano 'moho ea li-oxetocin ka bobeli le li-receptor tsa D2-DA (Gingrich et al., 2000; Liu le Wang, 2003; Mocha et al., 2001), ho ka etsahala hore li emetse lits'ebetso tse tšoanang tse teng kahare ho NAc. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li hlokahala ho utloisisa hore na lits'ebetso tsa DA le oxytocin receptor li sebelisana ka kotloloho, 'me haeba ho joalo, fumana hore na litšebelisano tsena li etsahala liseleng tse le ngoe kapa tse hokahaneng. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ling li hlokahala ho utloisisa litšebelisano tsa DA le lits'ebetso tsa ho saena tse bohlokoa bakeng sa tlamo empa li fumaneha kantle ho NAc (joalo ka vasopressin kahare ho porral pallidum; Lim et al., 2004b).

Ho bapisa pakeng tsa Molaoana oa Neural oa Moputso oa Sechaba ho Prairie Voles and Humans

Ho khahlisang, taolo ea neural ea khetho ea molekane ho batho e boetse e kenyelletsa litsamaiso tsa DA signing (Fisher et al., 2005). Haholo-holo, tlhahiso ea setšoantšo sa molekane oa hau e eketsa ts'ebetso ea litsamaiso tsa dopaminergic ka tsela e ts'oanang le e bakiloeng ke moputso oa chelete (Aron et al., 2005; Zald et al., 2004). Kahoo, khetho ea molekane ho batho e ka kenyelletsa mekhoa ea mantlha e susumetsang kapa e nang le moputso (Fisher et al., 2005) tse lumellanang le tse bonoang li-voles tsa prairie. Kahoo, motheo oa neano oa khetho ea balekane ho li-prairie voles o emela mohlala o motle bakeng sa likarolo tsena tsa khetho ea molekane ho batho. Ho feta moo, liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho utloisisa li-neurobiology tsa ts'ebetso ea moputso ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho utloisisa neurobiology ea khetho ea sechaba le ho etsa liqeto (Loewenstein et al., 2008; Sanfey, 2007; Zak, 2004). Ho hlile ho khothalelitsoe hore boitšoaro ba pro-sechabeng bo ka fihlelloa ka ts'ebetso ea meputso e khothalletsang boitšoaro bo kopanetsoeng, ka karolo e itseng, ka ho tsamaisa maikutlo a matle (Harbaugh et al., 2007), ho kenyelletsa le maikutlo a ho ts'epa (Rilling et al., 2002).

Tšepo ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea mokhatlo oa sechaba oa sechaba mme liphuputso tsa morao tjena li bonts'itse hore neuropeptide e le 'ngoe ea bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea NAc ea bonding ho li-voles, oxytocin, e bohlokoa boits'oaro ba ts'epo ho batho (Zak et al., 2004). Ho nka karolo ha oxytocin boitšoarong ba trust ho ile ha hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa papali ea trust, eo sebapali se le seng se sebetsang e le 'motseteli' ea lokelang ho khetha hore na a fe sebapali sa bobeli chelete kapa che. Haeba 'motseteli' a fa sebapali sa bobeli chelete, chelete ea papali e ea eketseha 'me' motseteli 'o ts'epa hore (nakong ea sebapali sa bobeli) sebapali sa bobeli se tla busetsa, se khutlisetse motseteli chelete e ngata ho feta eo a neng a tsetetse pele (Kosfeld et al., 2005). Ona ke papali e le 'ngoe ea liteko, ha ho na letho le ka emisang sebapali sa bobeli hore se boloke chelete feela. Kahoo, ho na le litšenyehelo tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa sebapali sa pele ho tšepa hore sebapali sa bobeli se tla buseletsoa. Ho khahlisang, tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo ea oxytocin e ile ea eketsa bokhoni ba 'motseteli' ho hlola kotsi e amanang le ho ts'epahala le ho eketsa chelete eo 'motseteli' a e fang sebapali sa bobeli (Kosfeld et al., 2005). Ka hona, oxytocin o bonahala a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boits'oarong ba sechaba le batho ba ratoang.

fihlela qeto e

Tlhahlobo ea hajoale e totobatsa ho ts'oana ho hoholo lipakeng tsa mahlale a amanang le ts'ebetso ea bophelo ba batho le mahare a tumisang. Ha ho le joalo, mofuta oa mofuta oa "prairie vole" e ka ba sesebelisoa se matla sa ho lekola taolo ea neural ea khetho ea sechaba ka mekhoa e hlaselang e sa khoneheng ha ho sebelisoa litaba tsa batho. Le ha tšimo ea sebaka se rorisang vole e ntse e le bongoaneng, liteko tse sebelisoang mefuteng ena li bonts'a ka nepo hore phetiso ea mesolimbic ea DA e bohlokoa bakeng sa khetho ea sechaba. Kaha ts'ebetso ena e tsamaisana le likarolo tsa moputso le ts'ebetso ea maikutlo, ho nka karolo ha tsona liqetong tse etsahalang sechabeng ho ka hlalosa hore na hobaneng hangata batho ba bontša khetho e matla ho fapana le ho lula ba itšepa ka boits'oaro (Camerer le Fehr, 2006; Fehr le Camerer, 2007; Sanfey, 2007). Ha tšimo ea neuroeconomics ea sechaba e ntse e tsoela pele, e ntse e tsoela pele ho nka qeto ea hore na ho nka liqeto tse nepahetseng e le sepheo se setle ka ho nka liqeto tse bohlale hobane ho kenyelletsa moreki a le mong mme ka hona ho hloka lialorithms tsa ho ithuta tse rarahaneng (Lee, 2008), kapa haeba ho na le tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ho nka liqeto tsa boiketlo ba sechaba ka ha se tataisoa haholo ke maikutlo a susumetsang a maikutlo le ts'ebetso ea hedonic (Sanfey et al., 2003; Skuse le Gallagher, 2009). Le ha ho nka liqeto sechabeng ho kenyelletsa mabaka le ts'ebetso ea maikutlo, datha e tsoang mohlaleng o rorisang o bontša kamoo mokhatlo o rarahaneng oa boiketlo o ka fihlelloang ka palo e fokolang ea boits'oaro bo bobebe bo kopaneng haholo le ts'ebetso ea moputso. Sena se ts'ehetsa pono ea hore khetho e ratile likokoana-hloko tse sebetsanang le liqeto tse rarahaneng ka ho sebetsa ho latela tekanyo ea thabo kapa ho se khahlise ho ka amahanngoang le karabelo ea bona ea boitšoaro (Cabanac et al., 2009). Kahoo, le ha likelello li bonahala li khona ho ba le bokhoni bo tsotehang ba ho nahana le ho beha mabaka, liketsahalo tse rarahaneng haholo, tse kang ho etsa liqeto le kelello, le tsona li ka hlalosoa ka mokhoa o matla ke ts'ebetso ea hedonic le maikutlo.

Tlhōlisano ea Tlhaloso

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

lumela hore baa fokola

Bangoli ba lakatsa ho leboha Shanna L. Harkey bakeng sa linepe le Jeremy H. Day, Joshua L. Jones, le Bobby W. Pastrami ka ho bala sengoloang. Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tsa naha tsa National Institutes of Health MHR01-58616, DAR01-19627, le DAK02-23048 ho ZXW.

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