Tsela ea ho ba le methapo ea kutlo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea likokoana-hloko: Tlhahlobo e tšoanang le ea liketso tsa boitšoaro, litsebo tsa kankere le tsa methapo ea pelo (2008)

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. Sengoloa se ngotsoeng; e fumaneha ho PMC Nov 1, 2009.

E hatisitsoe ka mokhoa o qetelle o hlophisitsoeng e le:

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. Nov 2008; 148 (4): 401-410.

E phatlalalitsoe marang-rang Mar 2, 2008. Doi:  10.1016 / j.cbpc.2008.02.004

PMCID: PMC2683267

NIHMSID: NIHMS80752

Sheba lihlooho tse ling ho PMC hore Qotsa sehlooho se hatisitsoeng.

Eya ho:

inahaneloang

Ho thehwa le ho boloka maqhama a setsoalle le batho ba baholo ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea bophelo bo botle ba motho. Leha ho le joalo lithuto tse etsang lipatlisiso tsa ts'ebetso ea methapo ea boitšoaro bo joalo li haelloa. Liroto tsa Microtine li fana ka mofuta o ikhethang oa papiso ea liphoofolo ho hlahloba mekhoa ea neural e ikarabellang bakeng sa tlamahano le boits'oaro bo amanang le eona. Boithuto bo sebelisang li-voes tsa praquia tsa monogamous le mefuta e meng e amanang le tsona li sa tsoa fana ka leseli mabapi le botebo ba maikutlo a kopanetsoeng a nuroanatomical, neurobiological and neurochemical. Thutong ena, re tla tšohla ts'ebetso ea litoeba tsa microtine lithutong tsa papiso ka ho hlahloba nalane ea bona ea tlhaho le boits'oaro sechabeng ka laboratoring. Ka mor'a moo re tla akaretsa tlhaiso-leseling e tlatselletsang ea vasopressin, oxytocin le dopamine ho molawana oa tlamahano ea maqhama. Kamora nako, re tla tšohla mekhoa eo lits'ebetso tsena tsa methapo ea kutlo li ka sebelisanang ho hokela boitšoaro bona bo rarahaneng.

Keywords: Dopamine, monogamy, oxytocin, bonding, khetho ea molekane, khetho e mabifi, vasopressin, voles

1. Selelekela

Boitšoaro ba sechaba bo kenyelletsa tšebelisano e rarahaneng pakeng tsa batho mme e bontšoa, ka mekhahlelo e fapaneng, ho pholletsa le 'muso oa liphoofolo. Ho nyaloa le ho ba mabifi, ho etsa mohlala, li tloaelehile ho mefuta e bonts'ang merero ea bophelo e fapaneng, athe ho theha maqhama a matla lipakeng tsa batho ba baholo le tlhokomelo e ntle ea batsoali ka bana hangata ho bontšoa feela ke mefuta e latelang merero ea bophelo bo bobe, ho kenyeletsa le ea rona. Ho theha maqhama a matla sechabeng ho bohlokoa bakeng sa boiketlo ba motho ka mong, 'me ho batho, ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Kahoo, ho se khone ho etsa joalo ho sebelisoa e le motsoako oa mafu a fapa-fapaneng a kelello, ho kenyelletsa autism, matšoenyeho a sechaba, le schizophrenia (Volkmar, 2001). Ho ithuta ka "neurobiology" e tlamang tlamahano ea sechaba ho ka fana ka leseli mabapi le lisosa le kalafo ea mafu a joalo.

Leha mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo e entsoe hore e ithute boits'oaro bo fapaneng le mefuta ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, ho kenyeletsoa ho tlolelana, tlhokomelo ea bo-mme le tlhekefetso (Seay et al., 1962; Coe et al., 1978; Kendrick et al., 1992; Nelson et al., 2001; Weller et al., 2003; Levy et al., 2004; Moriceau et al., 2005; Hull et al., 2006; Hull et al., 2007; Nelson et al., 2007), sebopeho sa maqhama a matla lipakeng tsa lipakeng tsa balekane (li-bonding), le boits'oaro bo amanang le litlamo tsena, joalo ka ho lebela molekane (tlhekefetso e khethiloeng) le tlhokomelo ea bo-ntate, li hlokometsoe, mohlomong ka lebaka la khaello ea mehlala ea liphoofolo tse loketseng. Boitšoaro bona bo batla bo sa tloaeleha pusong ea liphoofolo, 'me ho liphoofolo tse anyesang li bontšoa feela ke 3-5% ea mefuta e leng monogamous (Kleiman, 1977). Lilemong tsa morao tjena, litoeba tse tsoang liphatseng tsa lefutso Microtus li sebelisitsoe lithutong tsa laboratori ho hlahloba mekhoa e sa tloaelehang ea sechaba le mekhoa ea bona e ka tlase ea neurobiological. Lithuto tse shebaneng haholo le tlatsetso ea monogamous prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) le mefuta e meng e amanang le eona e fane ka leseli mabapi le tsamaiso ea li-bonto, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, cellular le limolek'hule mabapi le tlamahano ea maqhama, tlhekefetso e khethiloeng le tlhokomelo ea ntate.

Thutong ena re tla qala ho kenya Microtus litoeba le ho buisana ka tšebeliso ea bona e ka bang teng lithutong tsa papiso. Re tla buisana ka mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa sechaba sa tikoloho le hore na mofuta ona oa phoofolo o sebelisoa joang ho ithuta boitšoaro ba sechaba. Kamora nako, re tla tšohla lithuto tsa neuroanatomical le neurochemical tse hlalositseng mekhoa ea bohlokoa ea mantlha e tlamang tlamahano ea bolekane le boits'oaro bo amanang le eona.

2. The Microtus litoeba bakeng sa lithuto tsa papiso

Mofuta Microtus e entsoe ka mefuta e fapaneng ea mefuta-futa e arolelanang likamano tse haufi tsa lekhetho empa e fapana haholo mokhatlong oa sechaba. Ho tšoana hona ha phylogenetic, hammoho le leano la bophelo bo fapaneng, ho etsa hore litoeba tsena e be tsa bohlokoa haholo lithutong tse bapisoang tse etsang lipatlisiso tsa boitšoaro ba sechaba. Mohlala, libaka tsa thoriso le tsa phaene (M. pinetorumli amana haholoSetšoantšo sa 1A), litoeba tse tšehali li theha litlamo tse tšoarellang kamora ho tlolelana (FitzGerald et al., 1983; Getz et al., 1986; Carter et al., 1993). Mefuteng eo ka bobeli, e tona le e tšehali tse tlamahaneng li arolelana sehlaha le sebaka sa lapeng 'me ka bobeli mme le ntate ba nka karolo ho holiseng bana (Setšoantšo sa 1B) (Wilson, 1982; FitzGerald et al., 1983; McGuire et al., 1984; Gruder-Adams et al., 1985; Getz et al., 1986; Oliveras et al., 1986; Carter et al., 1993). Ntle le moo, monyetla oaM. pennsylvanicus) le montane (M. montanus) maeto ha a na botsoalle sechabeng (Setšoantšo sa 1A), litoeba tse bolotsana tse sa bopeng likama tse peli kapa tse arolelanang sehlaha ka mor'a ho tlolelana (Getz, 1972; Madison, 1978; Jannett, 1980; Madison, 1980; Jannett, 1982; Insel et al., 1995b; Young le al., 1998). Mefuteng ena, joalo ka tloaelo ho tse anyesang tse anyesang, ke mme feela ea nkang karolo tlhokomelong ea motsoali (Setšoantšo sa 1B) (Wilson, 1982; McGuire et al., 1984; Gruder-Adams et al., 1985; Oliveras et al., 1986). Hoa thahasellisa ho hlokomela hore mefuta ena e metle, ho sa tsotelehe mekhoa ea bona e fapaneng ea bophelo le boits'oaro ba sechaba, e bonts'a boits'oaro bo ts'oanang ba ho se khethalle sechaba. Mohlala, ba bonts'a mekhahlelo e ts'oanang ea ts'ebetso ea morethetho oa ultradian, boits'oaro ba ho hlahloba libaka, ho cheka, le moaho oa sehlaha (Tamarin, 1985). Ka hona, phapang ea bona mekhoeng ea sechaba e amana le mefuta ea bophelo ba bona.

Setšoantšo sa 1  

Ho bapisoa ha prairie le mokhoa o khahlisang oa boitšoaro bo botle sechabeng

Ntle le boits'oaro ba sechaba, mefuta ea lihlahisoa tsa tlholeho e boetse e fane ka mohlala oa papiso bakeng sa lithuto tse ling tsa nts'etsopele le 'mele. Mohlala, li-voles tse nyarosang le tse mpe li fumanoe li sa tšoane ka sekhahla sa kholo ea kholo ea boko (Gutierrez et al., 1989), sebopeho sa "dimorphism" mabapi le thobalano libakeng tse itseng tsa boko (Shapiro et al., 1991), polelo ea tikoloho ea li-neurotransmitters nakong ea kholo le botsofaling (Wang et al., 1996b; Wang et al., 1997b; Wang et al., 1997c; Wang et al., 1997d; Liu et al., 2001b), bokhoni ba sebaka (Jacobs et al., 1990), karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng le boitšoaro bo amanang le ho tšoenyeha (Shapiro et al., 1990; Stowe et al., 2005). Ka kopanelo, lintlha tsena li bonts'a ts'ebeliso e ntle ea litoeba tsa microtine lithutong tse bapisoang.

3. Thoriso e ratehang le kamano e haufi

The prairie vole ke mofuta oa mictrotine, o fumanehang joang bo bohareng ba United States (Tamarin, 1985), eo hangata e sebelisoang ho ithuta ho hokahana le sechaba. Boithuto ba masimong bo bonts'itse hore li-voes tsa prairie li monya ha banna le basali ba theha maqhama a malelele ka mor'a ho tlolelana, ba arolelana sehlaha le ntlo malapeng nakong eohle ea tlhahiso, hape ba tloaetse ho tsamaea hammoho (Getz et al., 1981; Tamarin, 1985; Getz et al., 1986). Ha e qeta ho ba tlamahano, monna le mosali ba baholo ba tla lula hammoho ho fihlela molekane a hlokahala, mme le ka nako eo, ka seoelo a ka theha tlamo e ncha ea balekane (Getz et al., 1996; Pizzuto et al., 1998).

E se e khona ho ithuta boits'oaro ba sechaba sa libaka tsa tumello ka laboratoring ha liphoofolo tsena li ikamahanya le maemo, li tsoala hantle, 'me li tsoela pele ho bontša leano le lecha la bophelo botlamuoeng (Dewsbury, 1987). Mokhoa o mong oa boitšoaro ba monogamy, tlhokomelo e ntle ea batsoali le bana, o ithutile hantle mofuteng ona. Bo-'mè le ntate ba rorisang bana ka bobeli ba nka karolo ho holiseng bana ba bona, mme bo-ntate ba kenya letsoho ka kotloloho le ka tsela e sa tobang ho pholoheng ha malinyane a bona ka ho bonts'a likarolo tsohle tsa boitšoaro ba botsoali ntle le ho ba mooki (bona maikutlo Dewsbury, 1985; Wang et al., 1996a). Mohlala, li-voes tsa banna ba bokanang ba bokella lisebelisoa tsa ho aha sehlaha, ba nka karolo ho aha metlae le ho bokella lijo, 'me ka kotlolloho malulong, monyali le ho lata malinyane (Thomas et al., 1979; Dewsbury, 1985; Gruder-Adams et al., 1985; Oliveras et al., 1986).

Sebopeho sa maqhama a batho ba baholo lipakeng tsa banna le basali basali se boetse se ithutile tikolohong e laoloang. Letšoao le tšepahalang la boits'oaro ba sebopeho sa bonono ka laboratoring ke nts'etsopele ea khetho ea molekane ea tloaelaneng (khetho ea molekane) (Williams et al., 1992b; Winslow et al., 1993; Insel et al., 1995a). Tšebelisano ena e ikhethileng e ka hlakoloa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo ea khetho ea molekane, e qalileng pele ka laboratoring ea Dr. Sue Carter (Williams et al., 1992b). Ka kakaretso, lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo ea likamore tse tharo li na le k'holese e bohareng e hokahantsoeng ke lipopo tse peli tse tšoanang, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nang le phoofolo e susumetsang. Phoofolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e susumetsang, eo e leng e tloaelehileng eo e tloaelaneng le eona, 'me e mong e le ea sa tsebeng letho ka eona, e kenella ka har'a eona' me e ke ke ea kena-kenana le e 'ngoe. Taba eo e kenngoa ka har'a k'haravene e bohareng ebe e lumelloa ho matha ka bolokolohi lisebelisoa tsohle bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea lihora tse tharo ea videotaped. Mefuteng e meng ea sesebelisoa sena, ho kenyelletsa le sa laboratori ea rona, lisebelisoa tsa khanya ea khanya ho pholletsa le lithapo tse hokahanyang li lekola nako eo thuto e e sebelisang ho koleche ka 'ngoe le khafetsa. Khetho ea molekane e kenella ha taba e qeta nako e ngata ho hokahana ka lehlakore le molekane oa eona eo a mo tloaetseng ho feta ho motho eo a sa mo tsebeng. Moralo oa khetho ea molekane o bonoa ka mokhoa o ts'epahalang libakeng tsa praemia tsa banna le tsa basali ka laboratoring kamora lihora tsa 24 tsa ho tlolelana le ho ts'oaroa (Setšoantšo sa 1C) (Williams et al., 1992b; Winslow et al., 1993; Insel et al., 1995b). Re lokela ho hlokomela hore le ha ho ruruha ho nkoa e le ntho e hlokahalang bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea likhetho tsa molekane ho li-voes tsa prairie (Winslow et al., 1993; Insel et al., 1995b), Phuputso e 'ngoe e bonts'itse hore maqhubu a basali a hlonephang litlolo tsa basali a neng a khona ho theha khetho ea molekane nakong ea kopano e atamelaneng le e motona nakong eo a neng a sa kopane (Williams et al., 1992b). Likhetho tsa molekane, hang ha li thehiloe, li bontšitsoe hore li mamelle bonyane libeke tse peli le hoja motho a sa tšabe ho pepesehela molekane oa hae.Insel et al., 1995a).

E tsamaellana le sebopeho sa khetho ea molekane, boitšoaro bo mabifi bo boetse bo hlaha libakeng tsa maiketsetso tsa banna ka mor'a lihora tsa 24 tsa ho tlolelana (Winslow et al., 1993; Insel et al., 1995b; Wang et al., 1997a). Le ha banna ba baholo ba sa kopaneleng thobalano ba tloaetse ho ithuta, empa ba bontša boitšoaro bo fokolang ba ho hlasela phoofolo e sa tsebeng letho, monna ea nang le thobalano o tla hlasela mohono ka mokhoa o makatsang (Winslow et al., 1993; Insel et al., 1995b; Wang et al., 1997a; Aragona et al., 2006), ho kenyelletsa mosali ea amohelang thobalano (Setšoantšo sa 1D) (Gobrogge et al., 2007). Qholotso ena ea ikhetha, kaha banna ba lula ba amana le balekane ba bona ba ba tloaetseng (Winslow et al., 1993; Gobrogge et al., 2007), 'me e nahanoa hore e sebetsa ho sireletseng balekane le ho etseng tokisetsong ea maqhama a seng a ntse a thehiloe kaha e thibela ho theoa ha litlamo tsa nako e tlang le likhakanyo tse ling. Bofetoheli bo ikhethileng, joalo ka tlamahano, ke boitšoaro bo tšoarellang bo nkang bonyane libeke tse peli kamora ho khethoa ha balekane (Winslow et al., 1993; Aragona et al., 2006; Gobrogge et al., 2007). Ka laboratoring, boits'oaro bona bo ithutoa ho sebelisoa tlhahlobo e kenelletseng ea moahi. Ka kakaretso, lithuto li lumelloa ho nyaloa le ho tloaelana le mosali ka nako e telele ea thuto ea lapeng. Ebe, nakong ea tlhahlobo e kenelletseng ea moahi, molekane eo a mo tloaetseng oa tlosoa ebe o nkeloa sebaka ke motho ea kenang ka hare ho eena mme karabelo ea boitseko ho taba e lebisang ho motho ea kenang e kenngoe video e hlakeloe le ho hlakisoa. Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea boits'oaro e ka aroloa, ho kenyelletsa ho lisa litlhaselo, lipontšo tsa morao, ts'itiso ea lunge, ho lelekisa, ho kenya ts'ireletso le ts'ebelisano (Winslow et al., 1993; Aragona et al., 2006; Gobrogge et al., 2007). Boithuto ba mabifi a khethiloeng bo tsepamisitse maikutlo ho li-voes tsa praemia tsa banna (Winslow et al., 1993; Insel et al., 1995b; Wang et al., 1997a), leha ho le joalo basali ba mofuta ona le bona ba bonts'a bofetoheli bo bong ba ho tsofala (Getz et al., 1980; Getz et al., 1981).

Ho bontšitsoe hore lihora tsa 24 tsa ho tlolelana le ho hlonama lipakeng tsa monna e moholo le e motšehali li etsa hore ho be le khetho ea molekane, joalo ka ha ho bontšoa ke kamano e ikhethileng ea sehlooho le molekane oa eona ea tloaelaneng le moeti ea ikhethang. (Williams et al., 1992b; Insel et al., 1995a; Insel et al., 1995b; Aragona et al., 2003). Ho fapana le moo, lihora tsa 1-6 tsa ho phomola ntle le ho ts'oaroa ha li lekane ho hlahisa khetho ea molekane mofuteng ona (Williams et al., 1992b; Insel et al., 1995a; Insel et al., 1995b; Cho et al., 1999). Paradigm ena e fetohile thuso lithutong tsa meriana le lipatlisiso tsa methapo ea kutlo ea maqhama a mabeli. Mohlala, haeba thibelo ea "receptor" ea "neurochemical receptor" e etsa hore liphoofolo li se ke tsa etsa khetho ea molekane ka mor'a lihora tsa 24, ho ka kenngoa hore ho fihlella li-receptor tsena hoa hlokahala bakeng sa ho theha maqhama a mabeli. Ntle le moo, haeba ts'ebetso ea pharmacological ea receptor ea neurochemical nakong ea 1-6 hora ea cohabitation ea boithabiso e etsa thato ea molekane, ho ka kenyelletsoa hore ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea receptor ena e lekane ho etsa hore ho be le maqhama a mabeli. Sebelisa paradigm ena, li-neurochemicals tse 'maloa li kentsoe khokahanong ea setereke ea prairie vole ho kenyelletsa oxytocin (OT), arginine vasopressin (AVP), dopamine (DA), corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) le glutamate (Williams et al., 1992a; Winslow et al., 1993; Williams et al., 1994; Carter et al., 1995; Wang et al., 1998; Wang et al., 1999; Gingrich et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2001a; Aragona et al., 2003; Liu et al., 2003; Lim et al., 2004c; Curtis et al., 2005b; Aragona et al., 2006). Thutong ena, re tla shebisisa ho kenya letsoho le ho sebetsanoa ha neuropeptides AVP le OT le neurotransmitter DA taolong ea boitšoaro bo kopanyang maqhubu a tumellano ea basali.

4. Neuropeptidergic molaoana oa khokahano ea sechaba

Boithuto ba pejana bo batlisisang neurobiology ea khokahano ea tikoloho ea prairie e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho li-neuropeptides AVP le OT ka lebaka la karolo ea bona e tsebahalang lits'ebetsong tsa bohlokoa tse amanang le tlamahano ea sechaba. Mohlala, AVP le OT e ne e le tšenyo ea nako e telele ho ithuteng le ho hopoleng (de Wied et al., 1974; Hamburger-Bar et al., 1985; Hamburger-Bar et al., 1987; Engelmann et al., 1996), lintlha tse peli li bohlokoa bakeng sa tumello ea motho ka mong mme qetellong li kopane pakeng tsa maqhubu a tumello ea batho ba baholo (Carter et al., 1995). Ntle le moo, li-peptide ka bobeli li ne li kentsoe tšebetsong ea thobalano (Argiolas et al., 1988; Argiolas et al., 1989; Carter et al., 1995) le ho nyalana ho bohlokoa molemong oa ho theha bonto. Kamora nako, OT le AVP li ile tsa tsejoa e le tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa tlamahano lipakeng tsa bo-mme le bana. Haele hantle, tsamaiso e bohareng ea OT e fumanoe e ntlafatsa boitšoaro ba bo-mme ho linku (Kendrick et al., 1987) le likhoto (Pederson et al., 1979).

Boithuto ba ho bapisa pakeng tsa mefuta e nyarosang le e litšila e senotse mekhoa ea phepelo ea li-system tsa AVP tse bohareng le tsa OT bokong ba vole. Ho sebelisa immunocytochemistry le in situ hybridization, lisele tse ntle tsa AVP li fumanoe libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko ho kenyeletsa hypothalamic nuclei, khubu ea boroko ea stria terminalis (BNST), le "methapo" ea methapo ea amygdala (MeA) (Bamshad et al., 1993; Wang, 1995; Wang et al., 1996b). Li-fiber tsa dense AVP-immunoreactive (AVP-ir) li teng kahare ea septum (LS), lateral habenular nucleus, diagonal band, BNST, medial preoptic area (MPOA), le MeA (Wang et al., 1996b). Lisele tse ntle tsa OT li fumanoa libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko ho kenyeletsa hypothalamic nuclei, MPOA, BNST, le sebaka sa morao sa hypothalamic (LH) (Wang et al., 1996b). Leha mefuta e poteletseng ea mefuta e le teng (Wang, 1995; Wang et al., 1996b) ka kakaretso, mekhoa ea ho tsamaisoa ha lisele tse ntle tsa AVP le OT le lipehelo tsa bona li bonahala li bolokehile haholo lipakeng tsa mefuta ea liphoofolo ntle le merero ea bona ea bophelo e sa lumellaneng. Sena se ts'ehetsoa hape ke 'nete ea hore litsela tsena tsa neuropeptide li arolelana litšobotsi tse ling le tse fumanoang mefuta e meng ea litoeba tse latelang mekhoa e sa amaneng le monogamous. Mohlala, tsela ea AVP ka li-voles, joalo ka litoeba (De Vries et al., 1990; Szot et al., 1993), e bonts'a tekanyo e khahlisang ea tlhabollo ea botona le botšehali ho BNST le LS. Ka ho khetheha, banna ba na le lisele tse ntle tsa AVP le letsoalo le phahameng la projeke ea AVP libakeng tsena ho feta tsa basali (Bamshad et al., 1993; Wang, 1995; Wang et al., 1996b), mme polelo ena ea AVP ho banna e laoloa ke ho potoloha ha testosterone (Wang et al., 1993).

Boithuto bo sebelisang receptor autoradiography le in situ nyalisitsoeng e bontšitse phapang e fapaneng ea mefuta ea AVP le mekhoa ea phepelo ea li-OT le letsoalo la libaka libakeng tse latelang mekhoa e fapaneng ea bophelo.Insel et al., 1992a; Insel et al., 1994; Young le al., 1996; Bacha et al., 1997b; Lim et al., 2004a; Smeltzer et al., 2006). Mohlala, li-voils tsa prairie li na le denser AVP V1a receptor (V1aR) ho ngola kapa ho bua ka mRNA ho feta montane voles libakeng tse ling tsa boko, ho kenyelletsa le bulb ea ophonicory, band ea methapo ea methapo, laterodorsal le paraventricular thalamus, le BNST (Insel et al., 1994; Bacha et al., 1997b). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li-voes tsa montane li na le methapo e phahameng ea V1aR ho feta libaka tse ling tsa bokaholimo libakeng tse ling tsa ubongo tse kenyeletsang medial preambilial cortex (mPFC) le LS (Litšoantšo 2A le B) (Insel et al., 1994; Smeltzer et al., 2006). Hoa thahasellisa ho hlokomela hore li-praque tsa "monogamous prairie" le "pine voles" li bonts'a mokhoa o ts'oanang oa ho ngola mabitso a V1aR bokong ha litlaleho tse mpe tsa montane le meadow li bonts'a mokhoa o mong, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore phapang e joalo ho pharalatso ea V1aR ha se mofuta o ikhethileng, empa ho fapana le ona. (Insel et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1997d; E monyenyane, 1999). Kannete, ho hatisoa ha litlhaku tsa V1aR ho fumanoe sebakeng sa "ventP pallidum" (VP) sa "monogamous prairie" le "pine voles"Insel et al., 1994; Lim et al., 2004a) Le ha libaka tse mpe tsa maqhubu le li-montane tsa boitšoaro bo bobe li bonts'a V1aR e tlamang sebakeng sena (Litšoantšo 2A le B) (Insel et al., 1994), ho bonts'a kamano lipakeng tsa palo ea li-V1aRs ho VP le pontšo ea leano le lecha la bophelo.

Setšoantšo sa 2  

Ho nka karolo ha AVP le OT ho tlamahaneng ka bobeli ho li-voes tsa prairie

Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phapang e boetse e fumaneha ka mokhoa oa phepelo le letsoalo la tikoloho la OT receptor (OTR) labeling le polelo ea mRNA ka mefuta ea vole ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea bophelo le boits'oaro ba sechaba. Li-voles tse nang le monogamous li na le mathata a phahameng a OTR ho NAcc, PFC, le BNST, likarolo tsa boko tse bonts'ang litlamo tse nyane ho li-voes tsa boitšoaro bo bobe (Lipalo 2C le D), ha mefuta ea boitšoaro bo bobe e na le letsoalo le leholo la OTR ho LS, nucleus ea "hypothalamus" le "cortical" nucleus ea amygdala (Insel et al., 1992b; Young le al., 1996; Smeltzer et al., 2006). Re lokela ho hlokomela hore liphapang tsena tsa phetisetso ea V1aR le OTR bokong ba vole ha li fumanehe ho ba motho e moholo feela empa hape le nakong ea peleho ea pelehi (Wang et al., 1997c; Wang et al., 1997d). Ntle le moo, liphapang tsena li tobile ho lits'ebetso tsa AVP le OT kaha ha ho na phapang ea mefuta e fumanoang bakeng sa benzodiazepene kapa opiate receptor labeling (Insel et al., 1992a). Ka kopanelo, lintlha tsena li fana ka bopaki bo tšehetsang khopolo-taba ea hore phapang pakeng tsa polelo ea li-receptor libakeng tse itseng tsa boko li bontša litšobotsi tsa boitšoaro (Hammock et al., 2002). Li-voles, mekhoa ena e fapaneng ea li-V1aR le / kapa li-OTR li baka karabelo e fetotsoeng ea boko ho li-neuropeptides tse lokollotsoeng, mme li ka ikarabella bakeng sa mefuta ea mefuta ea boitšoaro sechabeng.

Ho kopanya lintho hammoho le ho ba le kamano e ntle le batho ba bang, tse etsang hore ho thehe maqhama a mabeli, ho fumanoe hore li fetola tšebetso ea AVP e bohareng le / kapa OT. Ka li-voes tsa praemia tsa banna, mohlala, tmatsatsi a mabe a boiphihlelo ba bochaba le ho nyallana le mosali ho bakileng keketseho palong ea lisele tse ngolisitsoeng tsa AVP mRNA ho BNST (Wang et al., 1994) le ho fokotseha ha methapo ea methapo ea AVP-ir ho LS (Bamshad et al., 1994). E le lisele tsa AVP morerong oa BNST ho LS (De Vries et al., 1983), datha tsena li fana ka tlhahiso ea ntlafatso ea AVP ho BNST e amanang le tokollo e eketsehileng ea AVP ho LS e susumetsoang ke boiphihlelo le mosali (Wang et al., 1998). Ho fanoa ka sebopeho sa botona le botšehali ba tsela ena ea AVP (Bamshad et al., 1993; Wang, 1995; Wang et al., 1996b) le khaello ea liphetoho tse tšoanang mosebetsing oa AVP li-voles tsa basali (Wang et al., 1994), datha tsena li fana ka bopaki bo lumellanang ba ho nka karolo ha AVP bohareng lits'ebetsong tsa 'mele le tsa boits'oaro tse amanang le ho hola le ho theha maqhama a matla a kopantsoeng le banna ba rorisang (Bamshad et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1998). Liketelong tsa basali tsa basali, ho pepesehela lits'oants'o tsa chemosensory ea banna ho bakile keketseho ea OTR ea ho tlama mokokotlong oa anterior olildory (Witt le al., 1991), ho supa hore boits'oaro ba sechaba bo ka ama li-OTR.

Bopaki bo tobileng ba taolo ea AVP le OT ea boitšoaro bo kopantsoeng bo tsoa liphuputsong tsa neuropharmacological. Likarolong tsa banna ba rorisang basali, tsamaiso ea intracerebroventricular (icv) ea mohanyetsi oa V1aR e thibetse ho khethoa ha molekane kamora ho latela lihora tsa 24 ha botsamaisi ba AVP bo kopile thato ea molekane ntle le ho nyalana, ho kenya letsoho bohareng ba AVP ka maqhama a mabeli (Setšoantšo sa 2E) (Winslow et al., 1993; Cho et al., 1999). Mohopolo ona o ile oa tšehetsoa hape ke data e bonts'a seo Tsamaiso ea li-icv ea AVP e thusitsoe, ha Tsamaiso ea ts'ebetso ea mohanyetsi oa V1aR e ne e thibetsoe, e le khethang e le khethang libaleng tsa banna ba prairie (Winslow et al., 1993). Ho ea pele, sebaka sa marang-rang thetso e ikhethileng ea AVP ho LS kapa VP, ka tsamaiso ea AVP kapa mohanyetsi oa V1aR, e susumetsoang ke balekane ba khethiloeng, e bonts'a karolo ea likarolo tsena tsa boko ho potoloho ea AVP ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho kopanya (Liu et al., 2001a; Lim et al., 2004c). Re lokela ho hlokomela hore mananeo a mantlha a AVP ha a na litlamorao tse tšoanang boits'oarong ba maqhubu a boitšoaro bo litšila (Bacha et al., 1997b; E monyenyane, 1999). Lithutong tsa basali tsa tumello ea basali, ho kenella ha OT molemong oa khetho ea molekane ha litumelo tsa mohanyetsi oa OTR li thibetse boits'oaro bona kamora ho kenella kapa ho ts'oaroa ha OT (Setšoantšo sa 2F), e bonts'a tlhoko ea OT e bohareng ka tlamo ea marang-rang (Williams et al., 1994; Insel et al., 1995a; Cho et al., 1999). NAcc e boetse e bontšitsoe e le bohlokoa bakeng sa taolo ea OT ea bonto joalo ka ho qhekella ha OT molemong oa likhetho tsa molekane tse fetotsoeng tsa molekane oa li-AU (Liu et al., 2003).

Boithutong ba pele, litlamorao tsa AVP ho tlamahaneng ea ba babeli li ile tsa hlahlojoa feela ho ba batona ha ba OT ba ne ba hlahlojoa haholo ke basali. Ho kopants'oa hona ha thobalano le peptide ho kanna ha khethoa ka lebaka la mokhoa o tummeng oa thobalano le maikutlo a testosterone a tsela ea BNST-LS AVP le ho kenya letsoho ha OT tlamahanong ea 'm'a le lesea (Pederson et al., 1979; De Vries et al., 1983; Kendrick et al., 1987; De Vries et al., 1990; Kendrick et al., 1992). Thus, AVP le OT ho ne ho nahanoa hore li na le litlamorao tse ikhethileng tsa bong; AVP e laolang tlamahano ea maqhama a mabeli a banna le libaka tsa OT tse tsamaisang boitšoaro bo tšoanang liolong tsa basali tsa praemia (Winslow et al., 1993; Williams et al., 1994; Insel et al., 1995a). Leha ho le joalo, ka ho qhekella ka mokhoa o hlokolosi oa litheko tsa bongaka hamorao ho ile ha totobala hore AVP le OT e ne e le tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa tlamahano ea balekane le ba batona le ba batšehali. Mohlala, taolo ea "icv" ea AVP kapa OT ho ea ho banna kapa basali ba rorisang maqhubu a tlhotlheletso ea molekane ka mor'a hora e le 'ngoe ea ho ratana, leha litekanyetso tse sebetsang tsa neuropeptide e ngoe le e ngoe li ne li fapana lipakeng tsa thobalano (Cho et al., 1999). Ntle le moo, tsamaiso ea mohanyetsi oa OTR ho LS e atlehile ho thibela sebopeho sa khetho ea molekane ho li-voes tsa banna tsa praemia (Liu et al., 2001a). Tka hona, leha AVP le OT ba kanna ba ba le likarolo tse ikhethang tsa bong ho kopaneng (mohlala, ba batona le ba batšehali ba amehile haholo ho AVP le OT, ka ho latellana), ho ka etsahala hore li-neuropeptide ka bobeli li kenye letsoho taolong ea tlamahano ea balekane ho ba batona le ba batšehali li-voles tsa basali. Kamora nako, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore lithutong tse entsoeng kaholimo tsa pharmacological, tsamaiso ea AVP, OT, kapa li-receptor agonists / antagonists, ha li fetohe ka ho fetoloa ha sehlooho, ts'ebelisano 'moho kapa mosebetsi oa locomotor, o bonts'a litlamorao tsa AVP le OT e ikhethang bakeng sa boitshwaro ba ho kopanya lenyalo.

Mokhoa o bapisang o boetse o sebelisitsoe ho hlahloba motheo oa molek'hule oa boitšoaro ba motho le leano la bophelo. Boithuto bo shebileng sebopeho sa mofuta oa V1aR le OTR ka mefuta ea microtine rodent e fumane hore libaka tsa "coding coding" li bolokiloe hantle lipakeng tsa li-voles tse bobebe le tse mpe.Young le al., 1996; Bacha et al., 1997a; Young le al., 1999). Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea tikoloho e makatsang ea 5 ea mofuta oa V1aR le OTR e senotse mefuta e meng ea mefuta sebakeng sa lintho tse ka laolang taolo (Young le al., 1996; Bacha et al., 1997a; Young le al., 1999). Haholo-holo, li-monogamous prairie le li-voine tsa pine li na le tatellano ea li-microsatellite tse pheta-phetoang tikolohong ea papatso ea mofuta oa V1aR e seng teng mefuteng e mpe ea boiphihlelo le li-voales tsa montane (Young le al., 1999; Hammock et al., 2002; Hammock et al., 2004).

Ho 'nile ha nahanoa hore phapang ea mefuta ea sebopeho sa sebaka sa papatso sa V1aR e ikarabella bakeng sa mefuta e ikhethang ea polelo ea gene le boits'oaro bo amanang le sechaba.Hammock et al., 2004). Mohopolo ona o tšehetsoa ke data ho tsoa lithutong tse 'maloa tsa transgenic (Pitkow et al., 2001; Landgraf et al., 2003; Lim et al., 2004b). Mohlala, litoeba tsa transgenic tse fumaneng mofuta oa mofuta oa V1aR, li ne li e-na le mofuta oa phetisetso ea li-V1aR bokong bo tšoanang le ba li-voiri tsa prairie empa li fapane le tsa litoeba tsa nontransgenic. Ho feta moo, litoeba tsena tsa V1aR li-transgenic li arabetse ka ente ea AVP ka keketseho ea boits'oaro bo kopanetsoeng ha bo bapisoa le litterlings tsa bona tse hlaha (Young le al., 1999). Ho ekelletsa moo, polelo ea V1aR e ntseng e eketseha, ka phetiso ea vaerase ea vaerase, ho VP ea li-voes praes ea banna e ntlafalitseng boits'oaro bo kopanetsoeng le ho nolofalletsa sebopeho sa khetho ea molekane.Pitkow et al., 2001). Phuputsong ea morao tjena, veter ea vaerase e sebelisitsoe ho fetisetsa V1aR ea Viri ea prairie ho VP ea li-voes tsa mehend ea banna.Lim et al., 2004b). Ho khahlisang, li-voles tsena tsa transgenic meadow ha li bontše feela methapo e meholo ea V1aR e VP (Litšoantšo 3A-C), empa e bonts'itse mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa khetho ea molekane (Setšoantšo sa 3D), tšobotsi e ikhethang ea leano le lecha la bophelo (Lim et al., 2004b). Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela, leha ho le joalo, hore ho feto-fetoha ha mofuta oa V1aR feela ha hoa lekana ho khetholla mokhatlo oa sechaba. Ebile, phuputso ea morao-rao e fumane hore mefuta e fapaneng ea litoeba, ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e meng e se nang ammonogamous, le eona e na le libaka tsa papatso ea V1aR tse nang le tatellano e pheta-pheto ea microsatellite e ts'oanang le ea li-monogamous prairie le li-voine tsa phaene (Fink et al., 2006). Ho sibolla hona ha morao ho totobatsa ho rarahana ha maqhama a mabeli le monyetla oa hore lits'ebetso tse ngata tsa methapo ea kutlo li kenyelletsa boitšoaro bona. Ho joalo, li-vooses tsa transgenic meadow tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo ha lia ka tsa etsa khetho ea molekane ha ho e-na le mohanyetsi oa dopamine receptor (Lim et al., 2004b), hape e bonts'a hore litlamorao tsa boits'oaro ba phetisetso ea mofuta oa V1aR li ka itšetleha ka tšebelisano ea gene ena le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa methapo, joalo ka mesolimbic dopamine system.

Setšoantšo sa 3  

Ts'oaetso ea V1aR e ka kenya letsoho mokhatlong oa sechaba

5. Dopaminergic melaoana ea khokahano ea sechaba ka 'nete

Central dopamine (DA) e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho fetisisa, haeba e se eona kaofela, lits'ebetsong tsa bohlokoa tsa kelello le boits'oaro bo amanang le ho tlamahana ka lerato ho kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea thobalano, boitšoaro ba thobalano, ho ithuta, ho hopola le maemo (Mitchell et al., 1992; Cheng et al., 2003; Hull et al., 2004; Hull et al., 2006; Lemon et al., 2006; Tilleron et al., 2006; El-Ghundi et al., 2007). DA, haholo-holo libakeng tsa boko ba mesolimbic, le eona e bile le tšusumetso lipakeng tsa meputso e fapaneng ea tlhaho (Wise et al., 1989; Bozarth, 1991) ho kenyelletsa ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo (Everitt, 1990) e thusang ho tlamahana ka marang-rang (Carter et al., 1990; Williams et al., 1992b; Insel et al., 1995b; Curtis et al., 2003a; Wang et al., 2004). Bakeng sa mabaka ana, DA e ile ea qaptjoa hore e nke karolo ea bonngoe mme taolo ea DAergic ea ho ikamahanya le sechaba e se e le taba ea bohlokoa lebaleng.

Ho ajoa ha lisele tsa DA le boiketsetso bokong ba prairie vole ho entsoe ka lithuto tse fapaneng tsa immunocytochemical. Sele e ka ikemisetsa ho ba DAergic haeba e ngola bakeng sa tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tekanyo e emisang enzyme ho syntate ea catecholamine, maemong a ho se be teng bakeng sa dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH), enzyme e fetolang DA ho norepinephrine. Re sebelisa mokhoa ona, liphuputso li bonts'itse hore lisele tsa DAergic li teng libakeng tse fapaneng tsa boko tse amanang le kopanelo ho kenyelletsa BNST, MPOA, sebaka sa "patral tegmental" (VTA), MeA, le LH (Aragona, 2004; Gobrogge et al., 2007; Northcutt et al., 2007). Ntle le moo, NAcc, caudate putamen (CP) le tubercle ea olgicory li bonts'a maemo a tebileng bakeng sa bobeli ba TH le transporter ea dopamine (DAT), e bonts'a ho ba teng ha litulo tsa DA tse letsoang libakeng tsena (Aragona et al., 2003).

Liphuputso tse bapisoang li bonts'itse hore le ha mekhoa ea phepelo ea DA ea Presynaptic hangata e ts'oana lipakeng tsa maeto a boithati le a boitšoaro bo bobe (Liu et al., Ka prep), mefuta e meng ea boholo ba boholo ba lisele e teng. Mohlala, li-voes tsa prairie li fumanoe li na le lisele tse nang le boleng ba lisele tsa TH-immunoreactive (TH-ir) ho BNST le MeA ho feta mehendi ea mehendi (Northcutt et al., 2007). Lisele tsena ka botsona li ne li sa hlahise mabitso a DBH a bonts'a hore e ne e le DAergic. Joalo BNST le MeA e sebetsa ho ts'ebetsong mekhoa ea chemosensory le boits'oarisong boits'oaro bo amanang le ho tlamahana ka maqhama a marang-rang a prairie voles (Kirkpatrick et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1994; Wang, 1995; Curtis et al., 2003b), tdata ea hese e bonts'a mefuta e fapaneng ea phapang e ikhethang libakeng tsa boko ba DAergic tse amanang le mokhatlo oa sechaba.

Ntle le moo, liphapang li fumanoe ho litekanyetso tsa li-receptor tsa DA pakeng tsa mehendi le li-voes tsa prairie. Li-receptors tsa DA li ka aroloa ka malapa a mabeli a mantlha, D1-like receptors (D1Rs) le D2-like receptors (D2Rs). Ka li-voles tsa mehend le tsa prairie, li-D1R le D2R li teng ho NAcc, CP, mPFC le amygdala le D2R li teng le ka har'a substantia nigra le VTA (Aragona et al., 2003; Liu et al., Ka prep). While mokhoa ona oa phetisetso ea li-receptor o ts'oana lipakeng tsa mehend le voles tsa prairie, phapang ea mefuta ea li-receptor density e teng. Li-voales tsa mehendi tsa banna li na le tlamo e kholo ea D1R kahara NAcc le mPFC ho feta li-voes tsa banna ba rorisang, athe li-voes tsa prairie li na le D2R e tlamang mPFC (Aragona et al., 2006; Smeltzer et al., 2006). Liphapang tsena tsa boteng ba li-subtypes tse ikhethang tsa DA li ka ba le phello e kholo ho karabelo ea boko ho lokolla DA le litlamorao tse tsamaisanang le boitšoaro. Ho joalo, boemo bo phahameng ba li-D1Rs ho NAcc ea li-vooses tsa mehend tsa banna li fumanoe li ikarabella bakeng sa boitšoaro ba bona bo fokotsehileng ba setsoalle le li-voles tsa prairie (bona ka tlase) (Aragona et al., 2003; Aragona et al., 2006).

Ho nyalana ho thusa ho tiisa maqhama a mabeli (Carter et al., 1990; Williams et al., 1992b; Insel et al., 1995b; Wang et al., 2004) mme e eketsa tšebetso ea DA ho NAcc ea li-voes tsa banna le tsa basali tsa basali (Gingrich et al., 2000; Aragona et al., 2003; Curtis et al., 2003a). Ka hona ho fanoe ka maikutlo a hore DA e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa boitsong ba maqhama a mabeli. Lingoloa tsa litheko tsa limela ka har'a vole ea prairie li fane ka bopaki bo tobileng ba ho tšehetsa khopolo ena. Ka mohlala, ente ea motho ea sa tsotelleng ea DA ea amohelang motho ea sa tsotelleng ea mo qobellang ho etsa khetho ea molekane ha a le sieo, ha a ntse a entoa ke motho ea sa tsotelleng oa DA (Setšoantšo sa 4A) (Wang et al., 1999; Aragona et al., 2003). Liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore DA e ea hlokahala bakeng sa kaho ea balekane ba khethiloeng (Wang et al., 1999; Aragona et al., 2003). Boithuto libakeng tsa basali le basali ba rorisang li bonts'a hore melaoana ea DA ea maqhama a mabeli e amoheleha ebile e ikhethang.. Mohlala, ts'ebetso ea li-D2Rs, empa eseng D1Rs, ho NAcc, empa eseng CP, e nolofalitse ho theha khetho ea molekane ho li-voes tsa basali le tsa banna, athe blockade ea D2Rs ho NAcc e thibetse sebopeho sa likhetho tsa molekane. (Setšoantšo sa 4B) (Gingrich et al., 2000; Aragona et al., 2003; Aragona et al., 2006). Ho kenyelletsa moo, tsamaiso ea "agonist" ea D1R ka hara NAcc e ratoe ke khetho ea molekane (Setšoantšo sa 4C) kapa ka ts'ebetso ea D2R (Aragona et al., 2006). Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a phello e hanyetsanang ea li-receptor tsa NAcc DA ho maqhama a mabeli hoo D2R activation e ka nolofalletsang ts'ebetso ea D1R e thibela ts'ebetso ea khetho ea molekane. Further, molao oa tsamaiso ea tlamahano ea DA ke tikoloho e ikhethileng kahare ho NAcc, joalo ka ts'ebetso ea D2Rs ka mokokotlong oa NAcc, empa eseng mantlha, e etsa hore ho be le khetho ea molekane. (Aragona et al., 2006). Ho khahlisang, molaoana ona oa DA oa receptor- le sebaka se ikhethang o boetse o tsebahala ka mekhoa e meng, e kang ho qopitsa le ho batla lithethefatsi. (Hull et al., 1992; Boithati le al., 1996; Graham et al., 2007).

Setšoantšo sa 4  

Molao oa DA oa tlamahano ea maqhama a kopanelo ea banna le basali ba rorisang basali

Taolo ea DA ea receptor e tobileng ea tlamahanyo ea maqhubu e tšehetsoa ka botlalo ke tlhaiso-leseling ea morao-rao ho tsoa thutong ea meriana e amanang le manong a tsela ea li-receptor ea DA. Li-D1R le li-D2R ke li-receptor tsa G-protein tse kopantsoeng ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa ho feto-fetoha ha cyclic adenosine 3 ', 5'- monophosphate (cAMP) inracellular signature ka li-subpha tsa bona tsa alpha G-protein (E tsamaisang hampe al al., 1998; Neve et al., 2004). Li-D1R li kopantsoe le liprotheine tsa G-alpha tse nang le li-alpha tse susumetsang tse eketsang ts'ebetso ea adenylate cyclase (AC) ha e butsoitse, e fana ka keketseho ea sebopeho sa cAMP, phosphorylation e itšetlehileng ka CAMP le phosphorylation e latelang ea sele. Ntle le moo, li-D2R li kopantsoe le liprotheine tsa G-inhibitory alpha subunits. Ha e etsoa ke D2Rs, li-subunits tsena li fokotsa ts'ebetso ea AC, maemo a cAMP, ts'ebetso ea PKA, 'me qetellong ketsahalo ea sele ea post-synaptic. Phuputsong ea morao tjena, ts'ebetso ea ts'usumetso ea li-protein tsa G-protheine kapa mosebetsi oa PKA ka mokokotlong oa NAcc o thibetse sebopeho sa khetho ea molekane (Aragona et al., 2007), sephetho se tšoanang sa boits'oaro se hlokometsoeng ha D1R ka boeona e ne e sebetsoa (Aragona et al., 2006). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho fokotsa ho tšoaetsoa ha cAMP khetla ea Nacc, ka tsela ena ho etsisa litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ea D2R, e hlahisang khetho ea molekane.Aragona et al., 2007). Lintlha tsena li fane ka bopaki ba pele ba bohlokoa ba hore li-D1R le D2R li sebetsa ka thata ho tiisa maqhama a mabeli.

Kamora nako, DA ha e bohlokoa feela bakeng sa khetho ea balekane, empa e bapala karolo ho lokiseng tlamo ea maqhama (Aragona et al., 2006; Gobrogge et al., 2007). Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pejana, sehlopha sa batho ba tlotlang se kopaneng se hlasela ba kenang ntle le tumello 'me se lahla balekane bao ho ka etsahalang leha molekane oa sona a tlosoa (Winslow et al., 1993; Pizzuto et al., 1998; Aragona et al., 2006; Gobrogge et al., 2007). Moferefere ona o ikhethileng o thibela ho theha maqhama a mabeli a mabeli, ka tsela eo o boloka oa pele. Hoa tsebahala hore AVP e bohlokoa bakeng sa boitšoaro bona (Winslow et al., 1993). Leha ho le joalo, bopaki ba morao-rao bo boetse bo thatafalitse ho nka karolo ha DA (Aragona et al., 2006; Gobrogge et al., 2007). Ka ho khetheha, li-voles tse tlamahaneng tsa banna ba bonngoeng li bonts'a haholo D1R e tlamang ho NAcc ho feta li-voes tsa prairie tsa boithati. (Litšoantšo 4D le E). Tho hlophisoa ha hae hape ha hoa ba teng ka lebaka la ho pepeseha ha basali kapa ho nyaloa, empa ho e-na le hoo ho bolela ho tlamahana (Aragona et al., 2006). Li-D1Rs ho NAcc li fumanoe li thusa ho loants'a mabifi a khethiloeng ho liphoofolo tse tlamelletsoeng joaloka intra-NAcc blockade ea D1Rs, empa eseng D2Rs, e felisa boitšoaro (Setšoantšo sa 4F) (Aragona et al., 2006). Ka hona, keketseho ea palo ea li-NAcc D1R ho liphoofolo tse tlamahantsoeng e ka ba le boikarabello ka kotloloho ba tlhokomelo ea bonto. Boithuto bo bapisang bo tšehelitse pherekano ena kaha, ha ho bapisoa le li-voes tsa prairie, li-voles tsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba banna li na le boemo bo phahameng ba li-D1Rs ho NAcc, 'me ho thibeloa ha li-receptor tsena ho fella ka boitšoaro bo kopanetsoeng bo kopanetsoeng (Aragona et al., 2006).

6. Litšebelisano tsa Neurochemical taolong ea maqhama a mabeli

Boitšoaro bo rarahaneng sechabeng, bo kang ho tlamahana ka bobeli, bo hloka likarolo tse ngata tsa 'mele, kelello le tšebetso. Ka hona, ha ho makatse hore ebe li-system tse ngata tsa neurotransmitter li kenya letsoho taolong ea boitšoaro ba sechaba. Lintlha tse hlahisitsoeng ka holimo li hlahisitse lits'ebetso tse tharo tse arohaneng tsa neurochemical, AVP, OT le DA, ka kopanelo. Ha ho makatse hore ebe litsamaiso tsena li sebelisana moqoqong oa maqhama a mabeli. Ntle le moo, li-neurochemicals tse ling ho kenyelletsa ntlha ea tokollo ea corticotropin, GABA le glutamate le tsona li kenya letsoho taolong ea maqhama a mabeli.

E 'ngoe ea litšebelisano tsa pele tsa methapo e hlokometsoeng molatong oa ho tlamahana ka bobeli e ama AVP le OT. Ha tsamaiso ea mantlha ea AVP kapa OT e nolofalletsa sebopeho sa khetho ea molekane, thibelo ea "neuropeptide receptor" e atlehile ho thibela likhetho tsa molekane tse hlahisitsoeng ke AVP kapa OT (Cho et al., 1999). Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore AVP le OT li ka sebelisana ho buisana maqhama a mabeli. Lisele tsa AVP le OT le li-receptor tsa tsona li aparela libakeng tse ngata tsa bokong tse kenyelletsang LS (Insel et al., 1992a; Insel et al., 1994; Wang et al., 1996b). Ebile, tsamaiso e ikhethileng ea sebaka sa AVP ka kotloloho ho lithahasello tsa molekane oa LS, mme boits'oaro bona bo ne bo sitisoa ke tsamaiso e tšoanang ea AVP e nang le mohanyetsi oa V1aR kapa mohanyetsi oa OTR (Liu et al., 2001a). Se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho fihlella li-receptor tsa AVP le OT ho LS ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tlamahana le hore li-neuropeptide tsena tse peli li ka sebelisana molemong oa boiphetetso ba boitšoaro bona ba sechaba.

AVP le OT le tsona li fumanoe li sebelisana le DA maemong a taolo ea maqhama a mabeli. Tsamaiso ea Intra-NAcc ea mohanyetsi oa OTR libakeng tsa basali tse ratoang tsa basali tse thibeloang ke ts'ebetso ea D2R (Liu et al., 2003). Thutong e tšoanang, blockade ea D2Rs ho NAcc e thibetse likhetho tsa molekane tse hlahisitsoeng ke tsamaiso ea OT (Liu et al., 2003). Lintlha tsena li bonts'a hore ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea li-OT le D2R sebakeng sena e ea hlokahala hore ho be le maqhama a mabeli. Ho ts'ehetsa maikutlo ana, ho fumanoe hore tsamaiso ea intra-NAcc ea mohanyetsi oa D1R ha e thibele likhetho tsa molekane oa molekane oa OT (Liu et al., 2003), sephetho se tsamaellanang le tšibollo ea khetho ea khetho ea molekane ke D2R, empa eseng ts'ebetso ea D1R ho NAcc (Aragona et al., 2003; Aragona et al., 2006). Boithuto bo boetse bo bonts'itse hore AVP le DA lia ikopanya ho etsa maqhama a kopantsoeng. Maqhubu a maqhutsu a banna a fumaneng mofuta oa VeterNUMXaR oa bongaka a fetisitsoeng ka har'a mofuta oa VP a bonts'itse polelo e eketsehang ea V1aR e tsamaeang le ho nyalisoa ha khetho ea molekane (e neng e ke ke ea hlaha ka mokhoa oa tlhaho oa maqhubu).Lim et al., 2004b). Ho khahlisang, Tsamaiso ea mohanyetsi oa D2R e felisitse sebopeho sena sa likhetho tsa molekane, e bonts'a hore DA le AVP ba sebelisana ho etsa boitšoaro bo kopanyang (Lim et al., 2004b). Mohopolo oa hore DA le AVP li kenella ho VP li lumellana le lingoliloeng tsa hajoale. Ehlile, sebaka sena se ruisitsoe ka V1aRs (Insel et al., 1994), e kenelletse lipakeng tsa AVP tsa likhetho tsa molekane (Pitkow et al., 2001; Lim et al., 2004b), mme e amohela bongata ba tlhahiso e nyatsehang (Heimer et al., 1991).

Kamora nako, NAcc e amohela likhakanyo tsa DAergic tse tsoang VTA (Swanson, 1982). Glutamate le GABA ho VTA, ka hona, ba ka fetola ts'ebetso ea lisele tsa DAergic mme ka hona ba susumetsa ho lokolloa ha DA ho NAcc (Xi et al., 1998; Takahata et al., 2000). Ho khahlisang ke hore li-blockade tsa li-receptor tsa glutamate tsa mofuta oa AMPA kapa li-receptor tsa GABAA ho VTA li etsa hore ho be le khetho ea molekane ntle le ho nyalana le banna (Curtis et al., 2005a), ho fana ka maikutlo a tšebelisano lipakeng tsa GABA, glutamate, le DA taolong ea boitšoaro bo kopanyang bonngoe. Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling hape ho tseba mofuta oa lipuisano tsena.

7. Qetello

Ka kakaretso, lithuto tse bapisoang li sebelisa litoeba tsa microtine li fana ka monyetla o ikhethileng oa ho hlahloba neurobiology ea boits'oaro bo rarahaneng ba boitšoaro. Mohlala oa mofuta oa "prairie vole", o bile le thuso haholo thutong ea likamano tsa batho ba baholo. Tlhahisoleseling e fumanoeng lithutong tsena e na le monyetla oa ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea methapo e ka sehloohong e sitisang batho ho ithuta ka lebaka la khaello ea mehlala ea liphoofolo tse kang autism, matšoenyeho a sechaba le schizophrenia. Ka sebele, ho se khone ho theha maqhama a botsoalle ke karolo e kholo ea tlhahlobo ea mafu ana (Volkmar, 2001). Ntle le moo, tlhaiso-leseling ea morao-rao e tsoang laboratoring ea rona e bonts'itse hore tlamo ea setsoalle le moputso oa lithethefatsi sebakeng sa praemete li ka sebelisana, li bonts'a tšebeliso e ncha ea mohlala oa tlotliso ea tlhekefetso ea lithethefatsi. Re tšepa hore lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele tsa ho sebelisa litoeba tsa microtine li tla matlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng le bo sa tloaelehang ho batho.

Liteboho

Re leboha Kyle Gobrogge le Claudia Lieberwirth bakeng sa ho bala ka mokhoa o qaqileng buka ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Hape re ka rata ho leboha John Chalsters ka thuso ea hae e thusang ho lokisa lipalo. Mosebetsi ona o tšehelitsoe ke lithuso tsa naha tsa National Institutes of Health DAR01-19627, DAK02-23048, le MHR01-58616 ho ZW.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

*Tlatsetso ho Khethollo e Khethehileng ea CBP mabapi le Biochemistry ea China le Physology e bapisoang kapa e amanang le Seboka sa Machaba sa Phapanyetsano ea Boikoetliso, Biochemistry le Toxicology le 6th Kopano ea Papiso ea Fisiks ea China, ka Mphalane, 10-14, 2007, Univesithi ea Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.

Boitlhotlhollo ba Mohoeletsi: Ena ke faele ea PDF ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o sa amoheloang o amoheletsoeng bakeng sa ho hatisoa. Joaloka tšebeletso ho bareki ba rona re fana ka phetolelo ena ea pele ea mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. Mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho o tla ba le ho kopitsa, ho kenya lihlopha le ho hlahloba bopaki bo hlahang pele o hatisoa ka mokhoa oa oona oa ho qetela. Ka kopo hlokomela hore nakong ea mekhoa ea tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa e ka fumanoa e ka amang litaba, le litsebiso tsohle tsa molao tse sebetsang koranteng e amanang le eona.

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