Boemo bo fetotsoeng ba ho ba le takatso ea ho ba le takatso ea ho ba le takatso ea ho ba le takatso ea ho kopanela liphate (2016)

Ho kopanela liphate.Med_.logo_.JPG

LITABA: Thutong ena, joalo ka ho ba bang, lebitso "Likhatello tse Tšoaroang tsa Thobalano" (CSB) mohlomong le bolela hore banna bao e ne e le makhoba a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ke bua sena hobane lithuto tsa CSB li sebelisitse lihora tse ka bang 20 tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka beke. Tsamaiso e ne e le karolelano ea metsotso e 29 ka beke. Ho khahlisang ke hore lithuto tse 3 ho tse 20 tsa CSB li na le "orgasmic-erection disorder," athe ha ho le e 'ngoe ea litaba tse laoloang e tlalehileng mathata a thobalano.

Liphetho tse ka sehloohong: Li-corralates tsa neural tse sebetsanang le boemo ba ho khotsofatsa le li-neural connectivity li fetotsoe sehlopheng sa CSB.

Ho ea ka bafuputsi, phetoho ea pele - ts'ebetso e matlafalitsoeng ea amygdala - e kanna ea bonts'a maemo a nolofalitsoeng ("wiring" e kholo ho se neng se sa jele paate se neng se bolela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa). Phetoho ea bobeli - phokotso ea khokahano lipakeng tsa ventral striatum le prefrontal cortex - e ka ba sesupo sa ho holofala ha bokhoni ba ho laola maikutlo. Bafuputsi ba itse, "[Liphetoho tsena] li lumellana le lithuto tse ling tse batlisisang li-neural correlates tsa mathata a ho lemalla ho lemalla ho lemalla ho lemalla ho lemala le ho laola maikutlo. ” Liphuputso tsa ts'ebetso e kholo ea amygdalar ho li-cues (ho hlohlelletsa) le ho fokotsa ho hokahanya pakeng tsa setsi sa moputso le prefrontal cortex (boikaketsi) ke liphetoho tse peli tsa boko bo boholo bo bonoang ho lemalla lithethefatsi.


Tim Klucken, PhDmangolo, Sina Wehrum-Osinsky, Dipl-Psych, J an Schweckendiek, PhD, Onno Kruse, MSc, Rudolf Stark, PhD

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.013

inahaneloang

Selelekela

Ho 'nile ha e-ba le thahasello e ntseng e eketseha ho utloisisa hamolemo mokhoa oa ho qetela oa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate (CSB). Ho nahanoa hore ho fokotsa boemo ba ho ba le takatso e matla e ka 'na ea e-ba mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea CSB, empa ha ho na thuto ho fihlela joale e entseng lipatlisiso tsena.

Sepheo sa

Ho hlahloba ho se tšoane ha lihlopha ka mesebetsi ea neural e amanang le boemo ba khatello ea maikutlo le ho hokahanya litabeng tse nang le CSB le sehlopha se nang le bophelo bo botle.

mekhoa

Lihlopha tse peli (lihlooho tsa 20 tse nang le CSB le li-20) li ile tsa pepesehela boemo bo matla ba ho etsa litšoantšo ka matla a khoheli, moo ho se nang lehlakore ho se nang lehlakore (CS +) ho boletseng tšusumetso ea ho kopanela liphate le pono ea bobeli (CS-).

Mekhoa e Meholo ea Liphello

Tšelo ea mali ea oksijene-e itšetlehile ka likarabo le ho sebelisana ha kelello ea psychophysiologic.

Results

E le sephetho se ka sehloohong, re fumane ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea amygdala nakong ea maemo a khathatsang bakeng sa CS + vs CS- le ho fokotsa ho kopanya pakeng tsa ventral striatum le prefrontal cortex ho CSB vs sehlopha sa taolo.

fihlela qeto e

Liphuputso li bonts'a hore li-corralates tsa neural conditioning tse nang le khatello ea kelello le li-neural connectivity li fetoloa ho bakuli ba nang le CSB. Ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea amygdala ho ka 'na ha e-ba le mekhoa e fokolisitsoeng ea boemo bo botle ho bakuli ba nang le CSB. Ho phaella moo, ho hlokomelloa ho fokotseha ho kopanngoa ho ka hlalosoa e le letšoao la katleho ea tsamaiso ea maikutlo a senyehileng sehlopheng sena.

Mantsoe a bohlokoa: Amygdala, Ho laola, Maikutlo, Positive, Moputso, Ho tsosoa ka thobalano

Selelekela

Khatelo-pele litšebeletsong tsa Inthanete le ho phallela (mohlala, ka li-smartphone) li fane ka litsela tse ncha, tse potlakileng le tse sa tsejoeng tsa ho fumana boitsebiso ba ho kopanela liphate (SEM). Ho hlahisa maikutlo ho SEM ho tsamaisana le boikutlo bo ikhethang ba boikokobetso, bo ikemetseng, boits'oaro le mekhoa e meholo.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Ho hlahlojoa Brithani ho 2013 ho bontšitse hore hoo e ka bang 10% ea sephethephethe sa Inthanete e ne e le libakeng tsa batho ba baholo tse fetisitseng sephethephethe ho marang-rang ohle a sechaba.8 Inthanete ea lipotso ea ho hlahloba sepheo sa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng e ile ea tsebahatsa lintlha tse 'nè-kamano, tsamaiso ea maikutlo, tloaelo ea ho sebelisa, le litoro.9 Le hoja bongata ba basebelisi ba banna ba se na bothata ba SEM ea bona, banna ba bang ba hlalosa boitšoaro ba bona e le boits'oaro ba ho kopanela liphate (CSB) bo khetholloang ka tšebeliso e feteletseng, ho lahleheloa ke taolo, le ho sitoa ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa boitšoaro bo bothata, e leng se fellang haholo liphello tse mpe tsa moruo, tsa 'mele kapa tsa maikutlo ho motho kapa ho ba bang. Le hoja banna bana ba atisa ho itlhalosa e le "ho kopanela liphate kapa ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate," ho na le likhopolo tse phelisanang mabapi le tlhaho le khopolo ea CSB. Bafuputsi ba bang ba hlalositse boitšoaro bona e le lefu la ho laola maikutlo,10 boikutlo bo fokolang ba tsamaiso ea molao, khatello ea ho qobella-ho qobella,11 kapa bothata ba ho itšoara ka ho lemalla boitšoaro,12 athe ba bang ba qoba mekhatlo ea li-etiologic ka ho sebelisa lentsoe boloetse bo bong bo fapaneng le ba paradoliceng.13 Bafuputsi ba bang ba phephetse tlhoko ea ho hlahlojoa ka ho khethehileng ka kakaretso.14, 15 Ka hona, liteko tsa neurobiological ho phenyekolla li-neural correlates tsa CSB li bohlokoa ho fumana lintlha tse eketsehileng ka mekhoa ea motheo.

Ho 'nile ha etsoa tlhahiso ea hore ho fokotsa boemo ba ho ba le takatso ea lijo ho ka ba mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa ho ntlafatsa le ho lokisa lithethefatsi le mathata a mang a kelello.16, 17 Maemong a khathatsang a boemo bo matla, boemo bo se nang lehlakore (CS +) bo na le tšusumetso e matla ea maikutlo (UCS), ha ts'ebetso ea bobeli e sa nke lehlakore (CS-) e bolela esale pele ho se be teng ha UCS. Ka mor'a liteko tse 'maloa, CS + e fana ka likarabo tsa boemo bo botle (CRs) tse kang likarabo tse eketsehileng tsa boitšoaro ba letlalo (SCRs), liphetoho likhethong tsa khetho, le ho fetola liketsahalo tsa mongobo.16, 18, 19 Mabapi le li-neural correlates tsa boemo ba ho khotsofatsa, marang-rang a fumanoe a akarelletsang ventral striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) le occipital cortex.20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Ka hona, striral striral e ameha ka boemo ba ho ba le takatso ea matšoenyeho ka lebaka la karolo ea eona e ka sehloohong ea ho lebella, ho sebetsa ha moputso le ho ithuta.25, 26 Leha ho le joalo, ho fapana le ventral striatum, karolo ea amygdala bakeng sa boemo ba ho khotsofatsa ha e sa hlaka. Le hoja lithuto tse ngata tsa liphoofolo le tsa batho li 'nile tsa tiisa hore amygdala e le sebaka se ka sehloohong sa boemo ba tšabo,27 ho ameha ha eona ka boemo bo khathatsang bo 'nile ba phenyekolloa feela ka seoelo. Morao tjena, lithuto tsa liphoofolo le tsa batho li bontšitse hore amygdala e ameha ho sebetsanang le tšusumetso e matla, ho khotsofatsa, le ho sebetsana le CSB ho sebelisa mekhoa e fapa-fapaneng ea litlhahiso le moralo.28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Mohlala, Gottfried et al29 e fumane ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ea amygdala ho CS + vs CS- nakong ea takatso ea motho ea ho sebelisa monko o monate joalo ka UCS. Ts'ebetso ho OFC, insula, ACC, le cortex ea occipital hangata li hlalosoa e le lits'ebetso tsa ho lekola tse tebileng le / kapa tse tebileng.16

Ho fihlela joale, ke lithuto tse peli feela tse sebetsang tsa matla a khoheli a ho etsa litšoantšo (fMRI) tse fuputsitseng li-neural correlates tsa CSB mme li fumane ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho amygdala le ventral striatum hape le ho fetola khokahano ea neural lithutong le CSB nakong ea tlhahiso ea litaba tse amanang le thobalano.35, 36 Meaho ena e tsamaellana le lithuto tse ling tse batlisisang li-neural correlates tsa mathata a tahi le likhaello tsa taolo ea tšusumetso.37, 38 Mohlala, liphuputso tsa meta-analytical li bonts'itse kamano e kholo lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea amygdala le matla a takatso.37 Phuputso e 'ngoe e neng e sebelisitse litšoantšo tse fanoang ka ho fapanyetsana ka mokhoa o fapaneng e fumanoe e ntse e eketseha ka taba e ts'oanang ea mocheso oa lichelete libakeng tsa prefrontal lihloohong tse nang le CSB le ho se lumellane ho se pakeng tsa CSB le ho hokahanngoa ha moralo.39

Ntle le bohlokoa ba mekhoa ea ho khotsofatsa maikutlo, ho senyeha ha maikutlo ho thibelang boitšoaro ba maikutlo ho bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea mathata a mangata a kelello le boitšoaro bo sa sebetsaneng.40, 41 Mathata ana a nang le thibelo a ka hlalosa ho lahleheloa ke taolo ea litaba ka CSB ha a thulana le litokomane tse amanang le tsona. Mabapi le li-neural correlates tsa boitšoaro bo se nang maikutlo le melao ea eona ea tsamaiso, ventral striatum le ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) e bonahala e le bahanyetsi ba bohlokoa: thibelo ea ventral e nkoa e le ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho qalisa boitšoaro ba maikutlo, athe ho fokotseha ha eona ho susumelitsoe ke vmPFC ka ho khutlela morao likamano.42 Ka mohlala, liphetho tsa nakong e fetileng li amana le ho se lumellane ha maikutlo le mokhoa oa ho itšoara ka tsela e sa tsitsang.42, 43

Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na thuto ho fihlela hona joale e entseng lipatlisiso tsa li-neural correlates tsa mekhoa ea ho ithuta e khotsofatsang kapa tahlehelo ea taolo litabeng tse nang le CSB ha li bapisoa le taolo e nepahetseng. Ho itšetlehile ka lingoliloeng tse boletsoeng pejana, morero oa pele oa thuto ea joale e ne e le ho hlahloba likarabo tsa tlhaho tsa khatello ea maikutlo litabeng tsena ha li bapisoa le sehlopha se laolehileng sa taolo. Re ne re nahana ka ts'ebetso e ntseng e eketseha tumelong le tumelong ea li-subject tse nang le CSB ha li bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo. Sepheo sa bobeli e ne e le ho hlahloba phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli. Ho khetholla karolo ea neural substrate ea boemo bo feteletseng ba ho khotsofatsa le ho hokahanya litabeng tsena ho tla ba le tšusumetso feela bakeng sa kutloisiso ea tsoelo-pele le tlhokomelo ea boitšoaro bona empa le bakeng sa mekhoa ea phekolo, eo hangata e tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho fetola boitšoaro ka liphihlelo tsa thuto (mohlala, therapy).44

mekhoa

barupeluoa ba

Banna ba mashome a mabeli ba nang le CSB le li-control tse tšoanang tse 20 ba ile ba hiroa ka boits'oaro kamora papatso le phetisetso ea kliniki ea bakuli ba kantle ho naha bakeng sa kalafo ea boits'oaro ba boitšoaro (Tafole 1). Barupeluoa bohle ba ne ba e-na le pono e tloaelehileng kapa e lokisitsoeng ho ea ho e tloaelehileng mme ba saenetse tumello e nang le tsebo. Phuputso e entsoe ho latela Phatlalatso ea Helsinki. Barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba ba le lipuisano tsa bongaka tse hlophisitsoeng ho fumana liteko tsa Axis I le / kapa Axis II. Barupeluoa ba khethiloeng ba le CSB ba ne ba tlameha ho phethahatsa litekanyetso tsohle tsa bosodoma bo lumellanang le CSB13:

1. Bonyane likhoeli tsa 6, maikutlo a tsosang takatso le a matla a ho kopanela liphate, ho khothaletsa, le boitšoaro ba thobalano e tlameha ho amahanngoa le bonyane ho tse hlano tse latelang:

a. Nako e feteletseng e jeoa ke maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate le ho khothaletsa le ka ho rera le ho kopanela boitšoarong ba thobalano

b. Ho pheta-pheta litabeng tsena tsa ho kopanela liphate, litakatso, le boitšoaro ho arabela maikutlo a macha

c. Ho pheta-pheta litabeng tsa ho kopanela liphate, ho khothaletsa, le boitšoaro ho arabela liketsahalong tsa bophelo bo sithabetsang

d. Ho pheta-pheta empa ho sa atlehe boiteko ba ho laola kapa ho fokotsa haholo litakatso tsena tsa ho kopanela liphate, ho khothaletsa, le boitšoaro

e. Ho pheta-pheta boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate ha u ntse u hlokomoloha kotsi ea ho lematsa motho le ba bang kotsi ea 'mele kapa maikutlong

2. Ka bohlokong ba mahlomola kapa ho senyeha ho itseng ho sechaba, mosebetsing, kapa likarolo tse ling tsa bohlokoa tse sebetsanang le makhetlo a mangata le matla a litakatso tsena tsa thobalano, litakatso le boitšoaro

3. Litakatso tsena tsa ho kopanela liphate, litakatso, le boitšoaro ha li bakoe ke liphello tse tobileng tsa physiologic tsa lintho tse sa tloaelehang, maemo a bongaka, kapa liketsahalo tsa manic

4. Bonyane lilemo tse 18

Tafole ea 1 Litekanyo tsa palo ea batho le tsa Psychometric bakeng sa CSB le Lihlopha tsa Taolo*

Sehlopha sa CSB

Sehlopha sa taolo

Lipalo-palo li

Age34.2 (8.6)34.9 (9.7)t = 0.23, P = .825
BDI-II12.3 (9.1)7.8 (9.9)t = 1.52, P = .136
Nako e sebelisitsoeng ho shebella nako SEM, min / wk1,187 (806)29 (26)t = 5.53, P <.001

Ho ba le bothata ba ho ba le bothata

 Ketsahalo ea MD41
 Bothata bo tloaelehileng ba MD4
 Phobia social1
 Bothata ba phetoho1
 E ikhethang phobia11
Boloetse bo bakoang ke lefu la tlhaho3
 Bothata ba Somatoform1

Mathata a Axis II

 Bothata ba botho ba Narcissistic1

Meriana ea kelello

 Lebohang1

BDI = Beck Ho tepella maikutlo Inventory II; CSB = boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano; MD = ho tepella ho hoholo; SEM = lisebelisoa tse hlakileng tsa thobalano.

*Litaba li hlahisoa e le tsa bohlokoa (SD).

Mekhoa ea ho laola

Tsamaiso ea maemo e ile ea etsoa ha ho ntse ho etsoa fMRI (sheba ka tlase bakeng sa lintlha tse qaqileng). Tsamaiso ea maemo a fapaneng le liteko tsa 42 e sebelisitsoe (21 ka CS). Likarolo tse peli tse mebala (buluu bo le bong, bosehla bo le bong) li ne li sebelisoa e le CS mme li ne li bapisoa le CS + le CS- ho lihlooho tsohle. CS + e ile ea lateloa ke 1 ho tse 21 tsa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso (100% ea matlafatso). Litšoantšo tsohle li bonts'a banyalani (kamehla monna a le mong le mosali a le mong) ba bonts'a litšoantšo tse hlakileng tsa thobalano (mohlala, ho etsa thobalano ka botšehaling maemong a fapaneng) mme li hlahisitsoe ka 'mala ka qeto ea 800 × 600 ea pixel. Litšusumetso li ile tsa hlahisoa skrineng qetellong ea scanner (visual field = 18 °) ho sebelisoa projeke ea LCD. Litšoantšo li ne li talingoa ka seipone se kentsoeng kela ea hlooho. Nako ea CS e ne e le metsotsoana e 8. Litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso (UCS) li hlahile hang kamora CS + (100% ea matlafatso) bakeng sa metsotsoana e 2.5 e lateloang ke karohano ea liteko tsa metsotsoana e 12 ho isa ho 14.5.

Liteko tsohle li ne li hlahisoa ka taelo e sa reng letho: Le CS e tšoanang ha ea ka ea hlahisoa ka makhetlo a mabeli ho latellana. Li-CS tse peli li ne li hlahisoa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ka nako e le 'ngoe le ea bobeli ea ho fumana chelete. Liteko tse peli tsa pele (teko e le 'ngoe ea CS +, e leng nyeoe ea CS-e le ngoe) e ne e sa kenngoa litabatsong hobane thuto e ne e e-s'o ka e e-ba teng, e hlahisoang ke liteko tsa 20 bakeng sa CS e' ngoe le e 'ngoe.45

Litlhaloso tse ikhethang

Pele ho liteko le hang kamora ts'ebetso ea maemo, barupeluoa ba lekantse valence, ho tsosa le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ea CS +, CS-, le UCS ka sekala sa Likert sa 9 le tebello ea bona ea UCS sekaleng sa Likert sa 10. Bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa CS, litlhahlobo tsa lipalo-palo li entsoe ka ho hlahloba phapang (ANOVA) ka 2 (mofuta oa CS: CS + vs CS-) × 2 (nako: pele vs kamora ho fumana) × 2 (sehlopha: CSB vs sehlopha sa taolo) moralo o lateloa ka liteko tsa poso ho SPSS 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) bakeng sa lintlha ka 'ngoe. Liteko tse nepahetseng tsa post hoc t li ile tsa etsoa ho sekaseka litlamorao tse kholo ho ea pele. Bakeng sa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso, liteko tse peli tsa t-liteko li ile tsa etsoa ho sekaseka liphapang tsa sehlopha.

Ho itšoara ha letlalo ho lekanya

Ma-SCR a ne a le sampula a sebelisa li-electrode tsa Ag-AgCl tse tletseng isotonic (NaCl 0.05 mol / L) motsoako oa electrolyte o behiloeng letsohong le sa laoleheng le letšehali. SABR e hlalosoa e le karabo e le 'ngoe ea phasic ka mor'a ho qala ho tsosoa. Ka lebaka leo, phapang e khōlō ka ho fetisisa pakeng tsa bonyane le tse latelang ka har'a 1 ho 4 metsotsoana ka mor'a hore CS e hlalosoe e le karabo ea pele ea nako (FIR), hore ka har'a metsotsoana ea 4 le 8 e le karabo ea bobeli ea nako (SIR), 9 ho metsotsoana ea 12 e le karabo ea boraro ea nakoana (TIR). Likarabo tsa lifensetere tsa ho hlahloba li ne li ntšitsoe ka Ledalab 3.4.4.46 Likarabo tsena ke log (μS + 1) e fetotsoeng ho lokisa tlolo ea kabo e tloaelehileng ea data. Lihlooho tse hlano (tse tharo tse nang le CSB le litsamaiso tse peli) ha lia ka tsa bontša li-SCR (ha ho na likarabo tse eketsehileng ho UCS) mme li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko tlhahlobisong. Li-SCR tse bolelang li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke ANOVA ka 2 (mofuta oa CS: CS + vs CS-) × 2 (sehlopha: CSB vs sehlopha sa taolo) moralo o lateloang ke liteko tsa poso ho sebelisa SPSS 22.

Litšoantšo tsa Magnetic Resonance

Ketsahalo ea Hemodynamic

Litšoantšo tse sebetsang le tsa anatomic li fumanoe ka 1.5-Tesla ea mmele oohle oa 'mele (Siemens Symphony e nang le sistimi ea gradient ea bongata; Siemens AG, Erlangen, Jeremane) e nang le kela e tloaelehileng ea hlooho. Sebopeho sa setšoantšo sa sebopeho se ne se na le litšoantšo tsa sagittal tse nang le boima ba 160 T1 (matla a khoheli a hlophisitsoeng ka potlako a gradient echo; botenya ba sethala sa 1-mm; nako ea ho pheta-pheta = metsotsoana ea 1.9; nako ea echo = 4.16 ms; lebala la pono = 250 × 250 mm). Nakong ea ts'ebetso ea maemo, ho ile ha fumanoa litšoantšo tse 420 ho sebelisoa tatellano ea litšoantšo tsa T2 * -weighted gradient echo-planar imaging le likarolo tse 25 tse koahelang bokong kaofela (slice thickness = 5 mm; gap = 1 mm; ho theoha ha selae; nako ea ho pheta-pheta = 2.5 seconds; nako ea echo = 55 ms; flip angle = 90 °; lebala la pono = 192 × 192 mm; boholo ba matrix = 64 × 64). Meqolo e 'meli ea pele e ile ea lahloa ka lebaka la boemo bo sa phethahalang ba matla a khoheli. Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK; 2008) e kentsoeng tšebetsong MATLAB 7.5 (Mathworks Inc., Sherbourn, MA, USA). Pele ho tlhaiso-leseling, lintlha li ile tsa etsoa pele, tse kenyelletsang tokiso, bipping (b-spline interpolation), khalemelo ea nako ea selae, ngoliso e kopaneng ea data e sebetsang setšoantšong sa setho ka seng sa anatomic, le ho tloaela boemo bo tloaelehileng ba boko ba Montreal Neurological Institute. Ho boreleli ha sebaka ho ile ha etsoa ka sefahleho sa Gaussian se mahlakore a mararo se nang le bophara bo felletseng ka halofo ea 9 mm ho lumella lipalo.

Maemong a pele, lipapiso tse latelang li ne li hlahlojoa sehloohong se seng le se seng: CS +, CS-, UCS, le e seng UCS (e hlalosoang e le fensetere ea nako ka mor'a CS- tlhahiso e lumellanang le nako ea nako ea tlhahiso ea UCS ka mor'a hore CS +47, 48, 49). Mosebetsi oa thupa o khethiloe bakeng sa regressor e ngoe le e ngoe. Regressor e ngoe le e ngoe e ne e ikemetse ho tse ling, e ne e sa kenyeletse phapang e arolelanoeng (cosine angle <0.20), mme e ile ea kholisoa ke ts'ebetso ea karabelo ea hemodynamic. Likarolo tse tšeletseng tsa motsamao oa phetoho e thata ea 'mele e fumanoeng ka ts'ebetso ea ho nchafatsa li ile tsa hlahisoa e le li-covariate mohlaleng. Letoto la linako tse thehiloeng ho voxel le ne le tlhotliloeng ka sefahleho se phahameng (nako e sa fetoheng = metsotsoana e 128). Phapang ea phaello (CS + vs CS-; CS- vs CS +; UCS vs non-UCS; e seng UCS vs UCS) e hlalositsoe bakeng sa sehlooho ka seng ka thoko.

Bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bobeli, liteko tse le 'ngoe le tse peli tsa liteko li ile tsa etsoa ho hlahloba phello e ka sehloohong ea mosebetsi (CS + vs CS-; UCS vs non-UCS) le phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha. Litlhaloso tsa statistical bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa sebaka-tsa-interest (ROI) li ile tsa etsoa ka tekanyo e khōlō ea P = .05 (e sa nepisoang), k = 5, le monyako oa bohlokoa (P = .05; e lokisitsoe bakeng sa phoso ea lelapa, k = 5), 'me litlhahlobo tsa boko bo felletseng li ile tsa etsoa ka moeli oa P = .001 le k> li-voxels tse 10. Litlhahlobo tsohle li ile tsa sebetsoa ke SPM8.

Le hoja ho se na phapang pakeng tsa li-UCS le litekanyetso tsa BDI, re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng tse kenyelletsang lintlha tsa UCS le lintlha tsa BDI e le li-covariate ho ikarabella ka liphello tse ka ferekanyang tsa liphihlelo tsa UCS le ho fokotsa likotsi. Liphetho li ile tsa lula li tsitsitse (ha ho likhetho tse ling tsa sehlopha; ho tlalehoa ha lihlopha tsa sehlopha ho ile ha lula ho le bohlokoa) Mask a anatomic bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa ROI tsa amygdala (2,370 mm3), setula (10,908 mm3), occipital cortex (39,366 mm3), le OFC (10,773 mm3) li nkiloe ho Harvard-Oxford Cortical le Subcortical Structural Atlases (http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/Atlases) (25%) e fanoang ke Harvard Center bakeng sa Morphometric Analysis le master striatum mask (3,510 mm3) ho tsoa polokelong-kholo ea Morero oa Boko oa Batho o ipapisitse le database ea BrainMap Atlelase ea Harvard-Oxford ke atlelase e ka bang teng e thehiloeng litšoantšong tse boima ba T1 tsa lithuto tse 37 tse phetseng hantle (N = 16 ea basali). Mask ea vmPFC (11,124 mm3) e entsoe ka MARINA50 'me e' nile ea sebelisoa lithutong tse ngata tsa pele.51, 52, 53, 54

Psychophysiologic Interaction Analysis

Ho hlahlojoa ha Psychophysiologic (PPI),55 e hlalosang mokhoa oa ho hokahanya pakeng tsa sebaka sa peo le libaka tse ling tsa boko ka mosebetsi oa teko, eo ho thoeng ke ho fetoha ha kelello (CS + vs CS-), e ile ea etsoa. Libaka tsa peo, striral striral le amygdala, li ne li khetholloa ka likarolo tse peli tse fapaneng tse thehiloeng ho li-ROI tse sebelisitsoeng (bona ka holimo). Ka mohato oa pele, re ile ra nka eigenvariate ea pele bakeng sa sebaka se seng le se seng sa peo ha e sebelisoa ho SPM8. Ka mor'a moo, lentsoe la ho sebelisana le ile la bōptjoa ka ho atolosa eigenvariate le phapang ea kelello (CS + vs CS-) bakeng sa taba ka 'ngoe le ho e khotsofatsa ka mokhoa oa ho araba haemodynamic. Liphuputso tsa boemo ba pele li ne li khannoa sehloohong ka seng ho kenyeletsa nako ea ho sebelisana le ho ba le maikutlo a thahasellisang (PPI regressor) le eigenvariate hammoho le mosebetsi oa khatello e le lisosa tsa khatello.55 Boemong ba bobeli, re ile ra sekaseka liphapang tsa sehlopha khokahanong (PPI regressor) lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa CSB le sehlopha sa taolo se sebelisa mehlala e 'meli ea t-liteko le vmPFC joalo ka ROI. Litokiso tsa lipalo-palo li ne li ts'oana le litlhahlobo tsa fMRI tse fetileng.

Results

Litlhaloso tse ikhethang

ANOVA e bontšitse liphello tse kholo tsa CS mofuta oa valence (F1, 38 = 5.68; P <0.05), tsoho (F1, 38 = 7.56; P <.01), tsoso ea thobalano (F1, 38 = 18.24; P <.001), le litekanyetso tsa tebello ea UCS (F1, 38 = 116.94; P <.001). Ntle le moo, litlamorao tsa ts'ebelisano ea nako ea CS li fumanoe bakeng sa valence (F1, 38 = 9.60; P <.01), tsoho (F1, 38 = 27.04; P <.001), tsoso ea thobalano (F1, 38 = 39.23; P <.001), le litekanyetso tsa tebello ea UCS (F1, 38 = 112.4; P <.001). Post hoc liteko li netefalitse boemo bo atlehileng (phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa CS + le CS-) lihlopheng tsena tse peli, ho bonts'a hore CS + e nkuoe e le ntle haholo, e tsosa le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ho feta CS- kamora (P <.01 bakeng sa papiso eohle), empa eseng pele ho mohato oa phumano, ho bonts'a boemo bo atlehileng lihlopheng tse peli (Setšoantšo sa 1). Liphuputso tse ling li bontšitse hore phapang ena e ne e itšetlehile ka lintlha tse eketsehileng tsa CS + le ho fokotsa likarolo tsa CS-nako ka nako (P <.05 bakeng sa papiso eohle). Ha ho liphapang tsa sehlopha tse fumanoeng mabapi le valence (P = .92) le ho tsoha (P = .32) litekanyetso tsa UCS (tšusumetso e tsosang takatso ea thobalano).

Setšoantšo se nyane sa Setšoantšo sa 1. E bula setšoantšo se seholo

Setšoantšo sa 1

Phello e kholo ea ts'usumetso (CS + vs CS-) ka litekanyetso tse ikhethileng ka thoko bakeng sa lihlopha tse peli. Mehala ea liphoso e emela liphoso tse tloaelehileng tsa se boleloang. CS- = ts'usumetso e hlophisitsoeng -; CS + = ts'usumetso e nang le maemo +; CSB = boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano.

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Likarabo tsa Ketso ea Kelello Likarabo

ANOVA e bontšitse phello e kholo ea CS mofuta oa FIR (F1, 33 = 4.58; P <.05) le TIR (F1, 33 = 9.70; P <.01) le tloaelo ho SIR (F1, 33 = 3.47; P = .072) ho bontša li-SCR tse eketsehileng ho CS + le ho UCS, ka ho latellana, ho bapisoa le CS-. Ha ho liphello tse kholo tsa sehlopha se ileng sa etsahala ho FIR (P = .610), SIR (P = .698), kapa TIR (P = .698). Ntle le moo, ha ho mofuta oa CS oa mofuta oa ts'ebelisano le sehlopha o fumanoeng ho FIR (P = .271) le TIR (P = .260) ka mor'a ho khalemeloa ho bapisa lintho tse ngata (FIR, SIR, le TIR).

fMRI Analysis

Phello e kholo ea Mosebetsi (CS + vs CS-)

Ha o sekaseka phello e ka sehloohong ea maemo a boemo bo botle (CS + vs CS-), liphetho tsa boko bo felletseng li bontšitse likarabo tse eketsehileng ho CS + ka letsohong le letšehali (x / y / z = -30 / -94 / -21; maximum z [z, max] = 5.16; khalemeloa P [Pcorr] <.001) le ka ho le letona (x / y / z = 27 / -88 / -1; z, max = 4.17; Pcorr <.001) li-cortices tsa occipital. Ntle le moo, litlhahlobo tsa ROI li bonts'itse ts'ebetso e eketsehileng ho CS + ha e bapisoa le CS- ho ventral striatum le occipital cortex le mekhoa ho insula le OFC (Tafole 2), e bontšang hore boemo bo atlehileng ba likarabo tsa hemodynamic ho bohle ba kenang sekolo.

Tafole ea 2 Ho ntlafatsa le lipalo-palo tsa li-voxel tsa tlhoro bakeng sa litlamorao tse kholo tsa tšusumetso le liphapang tsa sehlopha bakeng sa phapang ea CS + vs CS- (region-of-interest analysis)*

Tlhahlobo ea sehlopha

sebopeho

lehlakoreng la

k

x

y

z

Maximum z

Ho lokisoa P boleng

Tšusumetso e khōlō ea ts'usumetsoThibelo ea VentralL19-15-1-22.80.045
Occipital cortexL241-24-88-84.28<.001
Occipital cortexR23024-88-54.00.002
OFCR491241-22.70.081
KenyaL134-3617173.05.073
CSB vs sehlopha sa taoloAmygdalaR3915-10-143.29.012
Laola vs sehlopha sa CSB

CSB = boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano; k = boholo ba sehlopha; L = lekhalo le letšehali; OFC = orbitofrontal cortex; R = hemisphere e nepahetseng.

*Moeli o ne o le teng P <.05 (e lokisitsoe bakeng sa phoso ea lelapa; khalemelo e nyane ea molumo ho latela SPM8). Likhokahanyo tsohle li fanoa sebakeng sa Montreal Neurological Institute.

Ha ho mesebetsi e kholo.

Matšoao a Sehlopha (CS + vs CS-)

Mabapi le ho se tšoane ha lihlopha, liteko tse peli tsa liteko li ne li bontša hore ha ho na phapang ea boitsebiso bo feletseng ba bokopi empa li bontšitse likarabo tse eketsehileng tsa hemodynamic sehlopheng sa CSB ha se bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo ea amygdala (Pcorr = .012) bakeng sa CS + vs CS- (Tafole 2 'me Figure 2A), athe sehlopha sa taolo ha sea ka sa bontša mesebetsi e ntlafetseng haholo ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa CSB (Pcorr > .05 bakeng sa papiso eohle).

Setšoantšo se nyane sa Setšoantšo sa 2. E bula setšoantšo se seholo

Setšoantšo sa 2

Setšoantšo se hlalosang se hlahisa likarabo tse ngata tsa lik'hemik'hale ho lihlooho tse nang le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ha li bapisoa le litaba tsa taolo ea CS + vs CS-. Setšoantšo sa setšoantšo sa B se fokotsa mekhoa ea ho kopanya li-hemodynamic pakeng tsa ventral striatum le prefrontal cortex litabeng tse nang le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ha li bapisoa le litaba tsa taolo. Lebala la 'mala le tšoantša litekanyetso tsa t bakeng sa phapang ena.

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UCS vs e seng UCS

Mabapi le UCS le bao e seng ba UCS, liphapang tsa sehlopha li ile tsa hlahlojoa li sebelisa liteko tse peli tsa liteko. Ha ho khethollo pakeng tsa lihlopha tse hlahang bakeng sa phapang ena, e bontšang hore ho se tšoane ha li-CR ha hoa itšetleha ka phapang pakeng tsa likarabo tse sa lumellaneng.

Ho phelisana ha Psychophysiologic

Ntle le liphetho tsa maemo a monate, re sebelisitse PPI ho lekola khokahano lipakeng tsa ventral striatum, amygdala, le vmPFC. PPI e lemoha likarolo tsa boko tse amanang le ROI ea peo ka mokhoa o itšetlehileng ka mosebetsi. Vral striatum le amygdala li sebelisitsoe e le libaka tsa peo hobane libaka tsena li amahanngoa le taolo ea maikutlo le taolo ea ho se ts'oanehe. Liphetho tsa boko bo felletseng li bonts'a ho fokotseha ha khokahano lipakeng tsa ventral striatum joalo ka sebaka sa peo le sekhetho sa pele (x / y / z = -24 / 47/28; z = 4.33; Puncorr <.0001; x / y / z = -12 / 32 / -8; z = 4.13; Puncorr <.0001), lehlakoreng le letona, le pele (x / y / z = 57 / -28 / 40; z = 4.33; Puncorr <.0001; x / y / z = -12 / 32 / -8; z = 4.18; Puncorr <.0001) li-cortices sehlopheng sa taolo sa CSB vs. Tlhahlobo ea ROI ea vmPFC e bonts'a phokotso ea khokahano lipakeng tsa ventral striatum le vmPFC ho lihlooho tse nang le CSB ha li bapisoa le taolo (x / y / z = 15/41 / -17; z = 3.62; Pcorr <.05; Tafole 3 'me Figure 2B). Ha ho khethollo ea sehlopha ho amygdala-prefrontal ho kopanya ho fumanoe.

Tafole ea 3 Sebaka sa lehae le lipalopalo tsa Peak Voxels tsa Psychophysiologic Interaction (sebaka sa peo: ventral striatum) bakeng sa Phapang ea Sehlopha (tlhahlobo ea tikoloho ea phaello)*

Tlhahlobo ea sehlopha

Ho kopana

lehlakoreng la

k

x

y

z

Maximum z

Ho lokisoa P boleng

CSB vs sehlopha sa taolo
Laola vs sehlopha sa CSBvmPFCR1371541-173.62.029

CSB = boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano; k = boholo ba sehlopha; R = hemisphere e nepahetseng; vmPFC = sebaka se ka pele sa cortex.

*Moeli o ne o le teng P <.05 (e lokisitsoe bakeng sa phoso ea lelapa; khalemelo e nyane ea molumo ho latela SPM8). Likhokahanyo tsohle li fanoa sebakeng sa Montreal Neurological Institute.

Ha ho mesebetsi e kholo.

Puisano

Likhopolo tsa khale li fetisitse boemo ba ts'ebeliso ea khatello ke mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea boits'oaro bo atamela le mathata a amanang le mafu a kelello.16 Ka hona, sepheo sa thuto ea hona joale e ne e le ho batlisisa li-neural correlates tsa boemo ba ho khotsofatsa litabeng tse nang le CSB ha li bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo le ho fumana hore na ho ka etsahala joang phapang pakeng tsa li-ventral striatum le amygdala le vmPFC. Mabapi le phello e kholo ea boemo ba ho khotsofatsa, re fumane likarolo tse eketsehileng tsa SCR, likarolo tse ikhethang, le maemo a mali a oksijene-a itšetlehile ka karabo ea ventral, OFIC, occipital cortex, le insula ho CS + vs CS-, e bontšang boemo bo atlehileng ba ho khotsofatsa litabeng tsohle .

Mabapi le liphapang tsa sehlopha, lihlooho tse nang le CSB li bonts'itse likarabo tsa hemodynamic bakeng sa CS + vs CS- ho amygdala ha li bapisoa le litaelo. Tlhaloso ena e lumellana le tlhahlobo ea meta-morao ea morao-rao e bontšitseng hore ts'ebetso ea amygdala e atisa ho eketseha ho bakuli ba nang le mathata a ho lemalla ho lemala ho bapisoa le litsamaiso37 le bakeng sa mathata a mang a kelello, ao ho buisanoang ka 'ona ho latela CSB. Ho makatsang ke hore litlhahlobo li boetse li fana ka bopaki ba hore amygdala e ka ba le karolo e kholo ea ho lakatsa bakuli.37 Ho phaella moo, amygdala ke letšoao la bohlokoa bakeng sa ho tsitsisa pontšo ea thuto.16 Ka hona, ho bolelloa hore ho eketseha ha amygdala ho ka fetoleloa e le khokahanyo ea mokhoa o fanoeng oa ho fumana chelete, e leng se etsang hore pele ho e-ba le tšusumetso e sa jeleng paate lipolotiking (CS +) ho halefa habonolo litabeng tsa CSB. Tumellanong le khopolo ena, ho eketseha ha amygdala reactivity ho tlalehiloe hore ke sesosa sa ho boloka mafu a mangata a amanang le lithethefatsi le a sa sebeliseng lithethefatsi.56 Ka lebaka lena, motho a ka 'na a nahana hore ho eketsa matla a amygdala nakong ea boemo bo thata ba' mele e ka 'na ea e-ba ba bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea CSB.

Ho feta moo, liphello tsa hona joale li lumella likhopolo-taba mabapi le mesebetsi e sa tšoaneng ea amygdala ka tšabo le ka boemo ba takatso ea lijo. Re nahana hore karolo e sa tšoaneng ea amygdala ka ho ba le tšabo le boemo ba ho khotsofatsa e ka 'na ea e-ba ka lebaka la ho ameha ha li-CR. Ka mohlala, ho eketseha ha boholo ba marang-rang ke e 'ngoe ea CRs ka ho fetisisa nakong ea ho tšoha' me e phelisanoa haholo-holo ke amygdala. Ka lebaka leo, li-activation tsa amygdala li fumaneha ka matla nakong ea ho tšoha le litsi tsa amygdala tse bakang ho holofala ha boholo ba boemo bo tšosang ba boemo bo tšabehang.57 Ka lehlakoreng le leng, startle amplitudes e fokotsehile nakong ea ho ba le maemo a khathatsang, 'me likarolo tse ling tsa likarabo tse kang likarabo tsa botona kapa botšehali (tse sa susumelletsoeng haholo ke amygdala) li bonahala li le matšoao a loketseng bakeng sa maemo a thobalano.58 Ho phaella moo, li-core amygdala tse fapaneng li ka 'na tsa kenngoa tšabong le ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo' me kahoo li ka sebeletsa mekhoa e fapaneng ea tšusumetso le ho tšoha.16

Ho feta moo, re fumane ho fokotseha ho fokolang pakeng tsa ventral striatum le vmPFC lihloohong tse nang le CSB ha li bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo. Ho ikopanya ka tsela e feteletseng pakeng tsa li-ventral striatum le libaka tsa prefrontal ho tlalehiloe moelelong oa ho theoha ha maikutlo, khatello ea lithethefatsi, le taolo ea ho se tsitsisehe 'me ho hlokometsoe papali ea chelete.43, 59, 60, 61 Liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore mehato e sa sebetseng ea ho kopanya e ka' na ea e-ba correlate ea ho senyeha ha thibelo le motlakase.41, 43 Ka lebaka leo, ho fokotseha ha moralo ho ka etsa hore ho be le mekhoa e sa sebetseng ea taolo, e lumellanang hantle le liphello tse fetileng tse bontšang hore ho na le mocha o fetotsoeng ho bakuli ba nang le bokooa ho thibela thibelo.62

Re bone phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa CS + le CS- ka litekanyo tse ikhethileng le li-SCR lihlopheng tsena tse peli, tse bontšang boemo bo atlehang, empa ha ho na liphapang tsa sehlopha mekhoeng ena e mabeli ea ho arabela. Tlhaloso ena e lumellana le lipatlisiso tse ling tse tlaleha litekanyetso tse ikhethileng e le maraka a ka tšeptjoang bakeng sa liphello tsa maemo (ke hore, phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa CS + le CS-), empa eseng ho lemoha ho se tšoane ha sehlopha ka maemo. Ka mohlala, ha ho na liphapang tsa lihlopha tse fumanoang ka litekanyo tse ikhethileng le li-SCR nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo22, 23, 24 kapa aversive48, 53, 54, 63, 64, 65 ho ba le maemo a fapaneng har'a lihlopha tse fapa-fapaneng, athe likarohano tsa lihlopha li ne li hlokomeloa mekhoeng e meng ea ho arabela joaloka ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea mali kapa ea mali.22, 23, 24, 63 Ka ho hlakileng, litekanyetso tse ikhethileng ha li bonahala e le letšoao le sa lekaneng la liphapang tsa sehlopha empa hape li bonahala eka ha li nahane ka mefuta e mengata ea liteko tse ling, tse kang ho timela kapa ho koahela.66, 67 Re bone mokhoa o tšoanang oa sephetho ho SCRs, ka phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa CS + le CS- empa ha ho na liphello tse itšetlehileng ka sehlopha. Liphuputso tsena li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore litekanyetso tsa boikokobetso le li-SCR li ka nkoa e le likarolo tse tsitsitseng tsa boemo bo botle, athe litekanyo tse ling li bonahala li le molemo bakeng sa ho bonahatsa phapang ea motho ka mong. Tlhaloso e le 'ngoe e ka ba hore litekanyetso tsa boikokobetso le li-SCR li fumana li-amygdala-tse ikemetseng (mohlala, cortical kapa ACC) tsa libaka tsa bokooa ho fapana le mekhoa ea ho arabela e kang boemong bo hlakileng ba marang-rang, e leng bohloeki haholo ka likarabo tsa amygdala.68 Ka mohlala, ho 'nile ha bontšoa hore li-SCR tse nang le maemo, empa ha li fumane likarabo tsa li-startle, li fumaneha ho bakuli ba nang le litsi tsa amygdala.69 Lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang li lokela ho hlahloba mekhoa e ka sehloohong e ka etsang hore ho be le ho arohana ha mekhoa ea ho arabela ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane 'me e lokela ho kenyeletsa matšoao a marang-rang e le tekanyo ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahloba phapang ea sehlopha.

Ho phaella moo, ho tla ba monate ho bapisa li-neural correlates tsa litaba le CSB le sehlopha sa taolo se bontšang litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ho qeta nako ea SEM empa ha ho na boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Mokhoa ona o ne o tla thusa ho utloisisa hamolemo liphello tse akaretsang tsa litekanyetso tsa ho qeta likhahla tsa SEM ha ho etsoa lits'ebetso tsa mahlaseli a SEM.

sheba mefokolo ea

Mefokolo e meng e lokela ho nkoa ka hloko. Ha rea ​​ka ra fumana phapang pakeng tsa lipolotiki tse pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe bakeng sa sena e ka ba hore liphello tsa siling li ka be li thibelitse phapang ea sehlopha. Liphuputso tse 'maloa li tlalehile hore litabeng tsa ho kopanela liphate li ka hlahisa phetisetso ea dopaminergic ho feta mekhoa e meng e khotsofatsang.1, 58, 70 Ho feta moo, ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore vmPFC hase sebaka se hlalositsoeng hantle 'me e ka' na ea e-na le likaroloana tse sa tšoaneng tse amehang mesebetsing e fapaneng ea maikutlo. Ka mohlala, sehlopha sa tlhahiso ea vFPFC lipatlisisong tse ling ke lateral hape e ka hare ho sephetho sa rona.43 Ka hona, ho fumana hona joale ho ka 'na ha bontša mekhoa e' maloa kahobane vmPFC e ameha mesebetsing e fapaneng e fapaneng e kang tlhokomelo kapa ts'ebetso ea moputso.

Qetello le Boemo

Ka kakaretso, ho hlokometsoe mosebetsi oa amygdala o eketsehileng le ho fokotseha ha li-ventral-PFC ho fokotseha ka nako e tšoanang ho lumella likhopolo-taba mabapi le botumo le ho phekoloa ha CSB. Lihlooho tsa CSB li ne li bonahala li le bonolo haholo ho theha mekhatlo pakeng tsa likarolo tse sa nke lehlakore le litakatso tse amanang le tikoloho. Ka hona, lihlooho tsena li ka 'na tsa kopana le maikutlo a etsang hore boitšoaro bo atamele. Ebang sena se lebisa ho CSB kapa ke phello ea CSB e tlameha ho arajoa ke lipatlisiso tse tlang. Ho phaella moo, mekhoa ea tsamaiso ea ho se sebetse, e bontšoang ka ho fokotsa likamano tse fokolang tsa li-ventral, e ka 'na ea ts'ehetsa ho boloka boitšoaro bo botle. Mabapi le tšusumetso ea bongaka, re fumane phapang e khōlō mekhoeng ea ho ithuta le ho fokotsa khokahanyo pakeng tsa ventral striatum le vmPFC. Mokhoa oa thuto oa takatso oa takatso o kopantsoeng le taolo ea maikutlo e sa sebetseng e ka sitisa phekolo e atlehileng. Tumellanong le maikutlo ana, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore ho kopanngoa ha lipolotiki-PFC ho fetotsoeng ho ka eketsa ka ho tebileng litekanyetso tsa ho khutlela morao.71 Sena se ka supa hore kalafo e shebaneng le taolo ea maikutlo e kanna ea sebetsa bakeng sa CSB. Bopaki bo tšehetsang pono ena bo bontšitse hore kalafo ea boits'oaro ea boits'oaro, e ipapisitseng le mekhoa ena ea taolo ea ho ithuta le maikutlo, ke kalafo e sebetsang bakeng sa mathata a mangata.72 Liphuputso tsena li tlatsetsa kutloisisong e ntlafetseng ea mekhoa ea motheo ea CSB le ho fana ka maikutlo a hore na ho ka etsahala eng bakeng sa phekolo ea bona.

Tlaleho ea bongoli

Category 1

  • (A)

Moqapi le Moqapi

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek; Rudolf Stark
  • (B)

Ho fumanoa ha Dintlha

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek
  • (C)

Tlhahlobo le Tlhaloso ea Lintlha

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark

Category 2

  • (A)

Ho hlahisa Article

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark
  • (B)

Ho e hlahisa hape bakeng sa Boitsebiso ba Intellectual

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark

Category 3

  • (A)

Tlhaloso ea ho qetela ea Sehlooho se phethiloeng

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark

References

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Khohlano ea Thahasello: Bangoli ba tlaleha hore ha ho lintoa tse thahasellisang.

Lithuso: Phuputso ena e ne e tšehetsoa ke Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Jeremane (STA 475 / 11-1)