Etsa hore batho ba se ke ba hlola ba e-na le tšusumetso ea ho kopanela liphate ho baithuti ba likoleta tsa banna ba kopanelang liphate ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (2019)

J Behav Addict. 2019 Jun 1; 8 (2): 234-241. Doi: 10.1556 / 2006.8.2019.31.

Sklenarik S1, Potenza MN2,3,4, Gola M5,6, Kor A7, Kraus SW8,9, RP ea Astur1.

inahaneloang

MOSEBETSI LE LINAKO:

Hangata, batho ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi ba bontša tloaelo e itseng ea boiketsetso ha ba sebetsana le tšusumetso e amanang le bokhoba ba ho lemalla. Phuputso ena e ile ea lekola hore na mokhoa oa ho khetha ho tsosa takatso e mpe o teng ho banna ba lilemo li kopaneng ba tsoang kolecheng ba tlalehang ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

LITLHAHISO:

Re ile ra leka liithuti tsa baithuti ba pele ba sekolo sa 72 ba sebelisa mokhoa oa ho qoba ho itšireletsa, ka nako eo barupeluoa ba neng ba laetsoe ho sutumetsa kapa ho hula mohoanto ka lebaka la mokhoa ona oa ho etsa litšoantšo. Ho etsa matsapa a ho atamela le ho a qoba, ho hula sebuoa sa thabo se holisang setšoantšo le ho sutumetsa setšoantšo. Khafetsa le ho teba ha tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ile ha hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Screener ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa le Bothata ba Bothata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

LIKOTSO:

Barupeluoa ba bontšitse mokhoa o hlakileng oa khethollo e makatsang ha ba bapisoa le maikutlo a ho se nke lehlakore, 'me mokhoa ona o lumellana haholo le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.. Ntle le moo, batho ba nang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso (joalo ka ha ho khethollotsoe ke PPUS) ba bonts'a mekhoa e mengata habeli ho feta ea bao e seng mathata.

TLHOKOMELISO LE PUISANO:

Ho shebella ho khethollo ea botona kapa botšehali bakeng sa tšusumetso e mpe ho batho ba nang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho bontša ho tšoana lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba lithethefatsi.

LITLHAKU TSE KHOLO: Bokhoba; atamela khethollo; qoba; khethollo ea kelello; litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

PMID: 31257916

DOI: 10.1556/2006.8.2019.31

Selelekela

Liphuputso tsa lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo tse bakang likarabo tsa takatso ea maikutlo (mohlala, litšoantšo tsa joala kapa lithethefatsi tse amanang le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi) li fane ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le mathata a lemalloang, ho khetholla likarabo tse hlakileng le khethollo e ka tlatsetsang ntlafatsong le tlhokomelong ea boits'oaro bo lemalloang. (Tšimo le Cox, 2008). Litloaelano lipakeng tsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho lemoha lintho tse sa bonahaleng le mekhoa e meng ea ho lemalla li fumanoe li sebelisa mekhoa e ikhethang ea tlhahlobo le bokamoso bo sebelisang mekhoa e fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa mesebetsi ea thabo (Cousijn, Goudriaan, & Wiers, 2011; Krieglmeyer & Deutsch, 2010; Wiers, Eberl, Rinck, Becker, & Lindenmeyer, 2011))Tšimo, Kiernan, Eastwood, & Child, 2008; Krieglmeyer & Deutsch, 2010, le mesebetsi e amanang le ponong (Mechelmans et al., 2014; Pekal, Laier, Snagowski, Stark, & Brand, 2018; Baetsi ba Schoenmaker, Wiers, Jones, Bruce, & Jansen, 2007). Likamano lipakeng tsa khethollo ea kelello e ka bonts'ang litšekamelo tse susumetsang tse hlahisitsoeng ho tsoa mekhatlong e ithutileng, le mekhoa e tlatsetsang e hlokometsoe ho tsa bongaka le tse seng tsa bongaka ka lihlopha tsa lilemo ho tloha ho bana ba baholo le bacha ho ea ho batho ba baholo (Stacy le Wiers, 2010).

Mohato oa bohlokoa oa ho ba le kelello o kenyelletsang boits'ebetsong bo lemaletseng ke ho ts'oara, kapa ketso e itlhomphang ea ho tsamaisa 'mele (kapa ho tsamaisa mmele ho ea ho o itseng) ho e-na le ho tloha hole le ona (Field et al., 2008). Ho latela mefuta e mecha ea ho lemalla, litloaelo tse lemalloang li hlaha ka lebaka la ho se lekane pakeng tsa ts'usumetso ea "ntho e sa susumetse" le ts'ebetso ea tsamaiso e ikemetseng (Cousijn et al., 2011; Stacy le Wiers, 2010; Wiers et al., 2007; Wiers, Rinck, Dictus, & van den Wildenberg, 2009). Sistimi ea takatso ea lijo e tsamaisana le ts'ebetso ea 'mele e amehang tlhokomelong le liketsong, tse ka lebisang motho ka mong ho lekola mohopolo o thehiloe ho bohlokoa ba ts'usumetso le ho baka nts'etsopele ea boits'ebetso ba boiketsetso ba ho itšunya-tšunya ho potlakisa (Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert, & Lang, 2001; Wiers et al., 2009). Ho kopanela khafetsa le ka nako e telele boits'oarong bo matlafatsang ho ka matlafatsa likarabo tsa thabo, ka nako e tšoanang ho eketsa likarabo tsa othomathiki le taolo e fokolisang ea taolo ea ho laola litšusumetso; Ka kakaretso, mekhoa e amanang le bokhoba e ka potlaka, e sa sebetse, ho ba thata ho e laola, hape e laoloa haholo kantle ho tlhokomeliso (Stacy le Wiers, 2010; Tiffany le Conklin, 2000; Wiers et al., 2007).

Ho joalo, ho sekamela katamelong ho kentsoe letsoho mekhoeng e mengata e lemalloang e sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng ea liteko. Mohlala, Field et al. (2008) o sebelisitse mosebetsi oa SRC - oo ho oona ho tsoang mokhoa oa ho qoba (AAT) - ho bonts'a hore ba noang haholo (empa eseng lino tse tahang) ba potlakela ho hulela manikin ho e-na le ho susumetsa joala. Mesebetsi ea SRC e boetse e thathamisitse ho khetholla ho ho tsubang ba tsubang (Bradley, Tšimo, Mogg, & De Houwer, 2004) le basebelisi ba bang ba tloaelehileng ba cannabis (Tšimo, Eastwood, Mogg, & Bradley, 2006). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Wiers et al. (2011) o fumane hore nakong ea joala-AAT, lino tse tahang li ne li ka potlaka ho atamela ho feta ho qoba litšoantšo tsa joala, empa eseng tse susumetsang tse amanang le joala. Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba lemaletseng ts'oaetso ba tloaetse ho arabela liketsong tse amanang le lithethefatsi ka karabelo ea mokhoa, le hore litloaelo tse joalo li ka baka tšebeliso ea basebelisi khafetsa (Field et al., 2008).

Ntle le moo, mekhahlelo ea ho atamela e kanna ea sebelisana le litšekamelo tse ling tsa ts'ebeliso ea kelello, joalo ka leeme la tlhokomelo le leeme la ho lekola, ho theha sisteme e susumelletsang ho lemalla lithethefatsi e bolokang boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Lingoliloeng li fana ka maikutlo a hore ntle le ho bonts'a litloaelo tsa boits'oaro ba batho ba lemaletseng ho lemalla lithethefatsi, batho ba lemalloang hape ba kanna ba ba hlokomela ka ho khetheha (ke hore, ho qeta nako e ngata ba ba shebile) le ho ba lekola e le ba nang le maikutlo a matle le ho tsosa ho feta mekhoa e meng e fumanehang ho tikoloho (Cousijn et al., 2011; Tšimo le Cox, 2008; Stacy le Wiers, 2010). Ho hokahana ha litheko tsena ho hlakisoa ke mohopolo oa tšusumetso ea maikutlo, o fanang ka maikutlo a hore maikutlo a susumetsang maikutlo a amanang le tšebeliso ea litheko li hlahisa leeme bakeng sa litakatso tsena, tšusumetso ea mathata ea ho etsa boits'oaro bo matla le ts'ebetso ea mekhoa ea mekhoa. (Stacy le Wiers, 2010). Ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, ts'ebetso e lebisang tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho litheko tse amanang le bokhoba ba tahi e 'nile ea amahanngoa khafetsa le bongata le khafetsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le ho teba ha mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ntle le kotsi e ka bang teng ea ho khutla hape ka mor'a ts'ebeliso; Phello ena e fumanoe mabapi le tšebeliso ea joala, koae, cannabis, opiates le cocaine (Tšimo le Cox, 2008; Schoenmakers et al., 2007). Kahoo, khethollo ea kelello, tšusumetso ea mathata, le ho kenya letsoho liketsong tse lemalloang li bonahala li hokahane.

Lintlha li fana ka maikutlo a hore lithethefatsi tse itšoereng hampe kapa tse seng tsa lithethefatsi (mohlala, bothata ba papali ea chelete) li arolelana likarolo tsa motheo le mekhoa ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi (Grant, Brewer, & Potenza, 2007; Grant, Potenza, Weinstein, & Gorelick, 2010). Lithethefatsi tse itšoereng hantle li tšoana le ho lemalla lithethefatsi (phenomenon, mamello le ho tlohela), nalane ea tlholeho, ho kopana le mathata a kelello, menehelo ea lefutso, li-neurobiological correlates, litlamorao tse bohloko (joalo ka khatello ea maikutlo le ho holofala libakeng tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso), le likarabo kalafong (Grant et al., 2010; Petry, 2015; Potenza, 2006). Litla-morao tsa boitšoaro bo botle li boetse li arolelana likarolo tse ling tsa bongaka tse nang le mathata a tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, ho kenyelletsa taolo e fokotsang ea boitšoaro, takatso ea takatso ea lijo, le mathata a ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa ho kenya letsoho liketsong tse lemalloang leha ho bile le litlamorao tse mpe (Grant et al., 2007, 2010).

Ka hona, khethollo ea kelello e bile le tšusumetso litlamong tsa boitšoaro le lithahasellong tsa lithethefatsi (Potenza, 2014). Mohlala, batho ba nang le ts'ebeliso ea papali ea methapo ea methapo ba sebelitse hampe haholo mehatong ea tlhokomelo e phahameng le tšebetso e phahameng ho tse ling empa eseng lithuto tsohle, ka liphumano tse lumellanang tse kopantseng papali ea chelete ea ho becha le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi mesebetsing e kenyelletsang liphallelo tsa "cortical" tsa pele tsa bophelo ba motho.Grant et al., 2007; Lawrence, Luty, Bogdan, Sahakian, & Clark, 2009; Potenza, 2014, 2017). Ha lits'ebetso tsa "cortical" tsa pele ho tsa tlhaho li kentsoe ts'ebetsong ho hlahisa sephetho se khotsofatsang le ho etsa liqeto (Leeman & Potenza, 2012; Potenza, 2017), khethollo ea kelello e ts'oanang le ba kentseng lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi e ka ba le tšusumetso litlamong tse ling tsa boits'oaro.

Ho fihlela joale, litsamaiso tsa mantlha tsa mabitso li hlalosa mathata a kelello [ke hore, khatiso ea bohlano ea Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello le khatiso ea 11th ea International Classization of Diseases (ICD-11) e fana ka litlatsetso tse seng tsa tlholeho tse amanang le papali ea chelete le papali ea chelete (Petry, 2015; Potenza, 2018). Ho sebelisitsoe bothata ba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boitšoaro bo bong bo qobelloang bo kopantsoe hore bo nkoe e le bokhoba ba boitšoaro le ho arolelana likarolo tsa methapo le methapo ea kutlo ka lithethefatsi tsa lithethefatsi (Ke Tla Tseba Joang 2018; Kowalewska et al., 2018; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018), leha ho kopantsoe ts'ebetso e qobelloang ea boitšoaro ba thobalano e le bothata bo laolang tšusumetso ho ICD-11 (Kraus et al., 2018). Hajoale, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho hlahloba hore na tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa kapa e nang le mathata e ka bontša ho tšoana hofe kapa hofe ho fapana le boits'oaro bo bong bo bobe. Ts'ebeliso ea meralo ea liteko e ka thusa ho bonesa likarolo tsa tleliniki kapa litloaelo tsa boits'oaro bo amanang le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa.

Ka hona, sepheo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho bona hore na mokhoa oa ho khetha ho tsosa takatso o teng har'a banna ba lilemo li koleche ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le hore na ho ba le leeme le joalo li ka amana le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joang. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ke boitšoaro bo atileng har'a batho ba lilemong tsa koleche. Giordano le Cashwell (2017) tlaleha hore 43.1% ea baithuti ba koleche ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bonyane hang ka beke; ho feta 10% ea baithuti bana ba fihlela litekanyetso tsa bokhoba ba cybersex. Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e atile haholo bathong ba banyenyane ha ba bapisoa le ho banna ba bangata ho feta basali (Brown, Durtschi, Carroll, & Willoughby, 2017). Liphetho tse mpe tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li kenyelletsa boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano (mohlala, thobalano ntle le khohlopo), litholoana tse mpe tsa likamano, khatello ea maikutlo le phokotso ea khotsofalo ea thobalano le bophelo (Braithwaite, Coulson, Keddington, & Fincham, 2015; Schiebener, Laier, & Brand, 2015; Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, 2016). Ha ho nahanoa ka phihlello, phihlello le phihlello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Cooper, Delmonico, & Burg, 2000) le ntlha ea hore litsamaiso tse susumetsang kapa tšebetso ea botsamaisi li ka holisoa ka botlalo ho bacha kapa ho batho ba baholo ba banyenyane (Likamore, Taylor, & Potenza, 2003), palo ea batho ba koleche e ka ba kotsing ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.

Ho bonahala monyetla oa hore mekhoa e hlokolosi ea kelello e sebetsa tšebelisong e litšila ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho lemalla lithethefatsi. Ho joalo, liphuputso tse 'maloa li bontša hore batho ba etsang boitšoaro bo tiileng ba ho ba le thobalano ba bontša leeme ka bobeli (Mechelmans et al., 2014) le mekhoa ea ho qoba lintho tse susumetsang tse tsosang takatso; leha ho le joalo, liphumano tsa morao-rao li tsoakane. Mohlala, Snagowski le Brand (2015) e fetotseng AAT e nang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa 'me e hlokometse hore batho ba itlalehang ba nang le matšoao a eketsehileng a lemallo ea cybersex ba tloaetse ho etsa kapa ho qoba tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, empa eseng maikutlo a ho se nke lehlakore. Liphumano tsena li bonts'a kamano e mpe pakeng tsa matšoao a ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​tse kang hore matšoao a maholo a amana le mokhoa o mongata. or litloaelo tsa ho qoba, le matšoao a hlakileng ha a (Snagowski & Brand, 2015). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Stark et al. (2017) o fumane kamano e ntle feela pakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng le lintlha tsa ho qoba ho li-AAT tse fetotsoeng ka litaba tsa thobalano. Ho feta moo, phuputsong e 'ngoe e hlakileng, batho ba nang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ba ile ba nka bohato bo potlakileng ba ho fumana litšoantšo tse lemosang ho feta tse boletsoeng esale pele,' me tšekamelo ena ea karabelo e potlakileng e ne e amana le ho hloaea matla le ho teba ha matšoao a tlhekefetso a tlhekefetso ea thobalano le Hypersexourse (Gola et al., 2017). Litloaelo tsa bokhoba ba cybersex le tsona li amahantsoe le mathata a ho laola taolo ea maemo a mangata a akaretsang a litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso le tsa bootsoa.Schiebener et al., 2015). Lintlha tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore taolo e senyehileng e ka amana le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joalo ka lithahasello tsa lithethefatsi le boits'oaro. Ha re kopantsoe hammoho, ho bonahala ho utloahala hore khethollo ea kelello bakeng sa tšusumetso e makatsang e ka fumanoa mabapi le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho teba ha tšebeliso le takatso e matla ea (Mechelmans et al., 2014; Snagowski & Brand, 2015; Stark et al., 2017).

Phuputso ena e etselitsoe ho lekanya mokhoa le mokhoa oa ho qoba litloaelo tsa baithuti ba koleche ea banna ba jang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba sebelisa mofuta oa AAT o fetotsoeng ka tšusumetso e mpe; sesebelisoa sa ho atometsa se kopantsoeng le ho otloloha ka letsoho le ho fetoha ha leseli mokokotlong oa thabo e ka ba mokhoa oa nnete le tšekamelo ea ho qoba (Cousijn et al., 2011; Wiers et al., 2009). Maemong a lipatlisiso tsa pejana, re khothalelitse hore barutoana ba koleche ba banna ba tlalehileng ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bonts'a mokhoa o khethollang maikutlo a seng molaong le hore mehato ea mathata a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e tla amana le boemo ba mokhoa.

barupeluoa ba

Liithuti tse mashome a supileng a metso e 'meli tsa baithuti ba pele ba tsoang Univesithing ea Connecticut (lilemo tse tloaelehileng = lilemo tsa 19.5, SD = 2.4) ba ipolelang hore ke basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ile ba hiroa letamong la barupeluoa ba Lefapha la Psychology. Likhetho tsa thobalano li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa potso e tsoang sekoleng sa Kinsey (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948/1988). Barupeluoa ba ile ba fumana mokitlane oa sehlopha ka ho nka karolo. Boithuto bona bo amohetse Boto ea Institutional Review Board ho Univesithi ea Connecticut.

thepa

Barupeluoa ba ne ba lutse ka pel'a khomphutha mme ba botsoa ho tlatsa lipotso pele ba etsa komporo ea AAT. Lipotso li ile tsa hlahloba khafetsa le ho teba ha tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso hammoho le maikutlo mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Methati e ne e kenyelletsa Scale (PPUS) e nang le mathata le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe. PPUS (Kor et al., 2014) ke sekhahla sa thepa ea 12 se kopang batho ka bomong ho lekola polelo mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa selemong se fetileng ka sekepe sa 6-point Likert se simolohang ho "ha ho na 'nete"Ho"hoo e batlang e le 'nete. "Sekala sena se kenyelletsa polelo e kang," Ke ne ke sa atleha boitekong ba ka ba ho fokotsa kapa ho laola khafetsa ha ke sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso "le" Ke qeta nako e ngata ke nahana ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa "(Kor et al., 2014). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, BPS e kopa batho ka bomong ho arabela maemong a mahlano mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso likhoeling tse fetileng tsa 6 ka sekepe sa 3-point Likert ho tloha "ha ho mohla"Ho"khafetsa, ”Hape e na le lintho tse kang,"U ntse u tsoela pele ho sebelisa lintho tse amanang le botona le botšehali le hoja u ikutloa u le molato ka hona"(Kraus et al., 2017). BPS ke sekhahla sa tlhahlobo se lekanyang karolo e le 'ngoe feela ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso - ho laola kapa ho haella ha boitšoaro - mme e ka ba molemo ho khethollang batho ba kotsing ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso kapa e le mohato oa projeke. Ha ho bapisoa, PPUS ke tekanyo e akaretsang e lekolang likarolo tse nne tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ka hona e ka fana ka setšoantšo se pharaletseng sa matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.Kor et al., 2014).

Re sebelisitse mofuta o fetotsoeng oa AAT o sebelisitsoeng ke Wiers et al. (2011), moo barupeluoa ba laetsoeng ho sututsa kapa ho hula molamu oa thabo ho arabela litšoantšo tse ipapisitseng le likarolo tse sa amaneng le litaba tsa setšoantšo (mohlala, hore na setšoantšo se shebile holimo kapa holima). K'homphieutha ka 'ngoe e ne e e-na le `` joystick' 'e tloaelehileng ea lipapali le li-headphone mme software eohle e ne e ngotsoe ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng ke mongoli RSA. Liphuputso tsa pejana li bontšitse hore mokhoa oa ho qoba mokhoa oa ho qoba mokhoa oa thabo ke mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho kenya tšebetsong mekhoa e hlakileng ea boits'oaro e ipapisitse le valence ea lits'oants'o tsa litšoantšo (Krieglmeyer & Deutsch, 2010). Ho feta moo, Wiers et al. (2009) fana ka maikutlo a hore ha phapang e tšepahalang ea tsela le metsamao ea thibelo e fumanoa ho arabela likarolo tse sa ameheng tsa litšoantšo (joalo ka ha li bapisoa le likarolo tse amehang), likarabo li ka ba teng ka mokhoa o iketsang, ka hona, li laoloa kantle ho tlhokomeliso ea batho.

Mosebetsi oa AAT thutong ena o ne o e-na le litšoantšo tsa 50 tse makatsang tsa basali, baratani le basali ba basali le linepe tsa 50 tse sa jeleng paate tsa lintho tse tloaelehileng tsa lapeng, tse kang lebone kapa oache. Liphetoho tse tsosang takatso li ile tsa khethoa ho ipapisa le lithuto tse ngata tse tlalehang hore erotica e bonts'ang basali kapa baratani (monna / mosali le mosali / mosali) ba lekantsoe ka mokhoa o ts'oanelang ba ho tsosa mofere-fere ebile ba etsa hore ho be le moea o matla oa takatso ea matla, o hlahisoang ke karabelo ea 'mele (Bernat, Patrick, Benning, & Tellegen, 2006; Bradley et al., 2001). Halofo ea litšoantšo e ne e le lipikselse tsa 600 × 800 mme e hlahisoa ka tsela e otlolohileng (pono ea setšoantšo), mme halofo e 'ngoe e ne e le pixels tsa 800 × 600' me e hlahisitsoe ka mokhoa o hlakileng (pono ea naha).

Tsamaiso

Kamora ho fana ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho tlatsa lipotso tse fanoang ka Qualtrics, ts'ebeletso ea lipatlisiso inthaneteng. Kamora sena, bankakarolo ba ile ba laeloa hore na ba ka phethela joang AAT. Barupeluoa ba ne ba lutse ka pela khomphutha mme ba laeloa hore ba hule thabo ea thabo ho arabela litšoantšo tse shebileng holima litšoantšo (li-pixels tsa 600 × 800) le ho sutumelletsa thabo ho arabela litšoantšo tse shebileng holimo (ponahalo ea naha - pixels ea 800 × 600) . Ho hula thabo ho entse hore setšoantšo se eketsehe ka boholo, se hlahise maikutlo a ho atamela; ho sututsa molamu oa thabo ho entse hore setšoantšo se fokotsehe ka boholo, ho etsisa mokhatlo oa ho qoba. Saese ea pele ea setšoantšo e ne e le 3 ka. × 4 ka hare bakeng sa litšoantšo tse emeng le 4 ho. × 3 ho. Bakeng sa litšoantšo tse rapameng. Ho atamela ho felletse ka hore setšoantšo se holisoe ka boholo bo tsoelang pele ho fihlela se tlatsa skrineng mme se nyamela ka nako ea 1-s. Ho qoba ho entse hore setšoantšo se fokotsehe khafetsa ho fihlela se nyamela ka nako ea 1-s. Halofo ea mefuta eo ka bobeli ea litšusumetso e ile ea hlahisoa e le litšoantšo tsa naha 'me halofo e' ngoe ea hlahisoa e le litšoantšo tsa litšoantšo. Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba arabe kapele le ka nepo ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang letotong la liteko tse 2 tsa liteko. Nako ea karabelo e baliloe e le palo ea li-milliseconds ho tloha ha setšoantšo se hlahisoa skrineng ho fihlela ha ho qalisoa mokhatlo oa thabo. Letoto la pele le qalile ka liteko tse 100 tsa boikoetliso ho sebelisoa likhutloana tse mebala, tse lateloang ke lits'oants'o tse 20 tse sa nke lehlakore tse 50 tse hlahisitsoeng ka tatellano ea pseudorandom. Letoto la bobeli le etsahetse kamora khefu ea 50-s mme le qalile ka liteko tse 60 tsa liteko tse lateloang ke liteko tse 2 tsa liteko. Likarabo tse fosahetseng li ne li bontšoa ke lerata la li-headphone. Sehlopha se seng le se seng sa liteko se nkile hoo e ka bang metsotso e 100. Kamora ho phethela AAT, barupeluoa ba ile ba hlakoloa mme ba lelekoa.

Tlhahlobo ea lintlha

Lintlha tsa tlhaiso-leseling li ile tsa baloa ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le o fumanoeng ke Wiers et al. (2011) bakeng sa AAT, likarabo tse neng li fosahetse / li fosahetse le linako tsa karabelo tse telele ho feta tse tharo SDka holim'a mantsoe a ne a lahliloe ho latela tšebetso ea motho e mong le e mong. Lintlha tse fosahetseng tsa khethollo e ile ea baloa ka ho tlosa linako tsa karabelo tse bohareng:

[(sututsa-ho hohela)-(khatello ea ho se nke lehlakore-ho se hule kahare)].

Kahoo, boleng bo botle bo bonts'itse khethollo ea maikutlo bakeng sa ts'usumetso e mpe. E 'ngoe e ka' nang ea nyatsuoa ke mokhoa ona oa ho qoba lintho tse tla etsa hore batho ba se ke ba thabela boithabiso.Krieglmeyer & Deutsch, 2010); ka hona, linako tsa karabelo tsa bohareng li ne li sebelisoa hobane li sa amehe haholo ho barekisi ho feta mokhoa (Rinck & Becker, 2007; Wiers et al., 2009).

Ethics

Kamora ho fana ka tumello e ngotsoeng e nang le tsebo, thuto e amohetsoe ke Boto ea Thupelo ea Setheo Univesithing ea Connecticut.

Barupeluoa ba mashome a supileng a metso e 'meli ba phethile teko. Barupeluoa ba robeli ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko ka lebaka la ho bonts'a khetho ea thobalano eo e neng e se khetho ea bong bo fapaneng (ke hore, ba ne ba na le lintlha tse phahameng ho feta 1) sekaleng sa Kinsey (Kinsey et al., 1948/1988), mme barupeluoa ba bang ba tšeletseng ba khelositsoe ka lebaka la tlhaiso-leseling e sa phethahalang kapa e feteletseng (ke hore, ba fetang ba bararo SDka holimo ho moelelo). Sena se entse hore 58 e behe li-data tse phethahetseng.

Mohlala o le mong t-teko e bonts'itse hore ho na le leano la bohlokoa la ho atamela la 81.81 ms (SD = 93.07) bakeng sa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso, t(57) = 6.69, p <.001, ha e bapisoa le litšoantšo tse sa jeleng paate (Setšoantšo 1). Ntle le moo, ha re hlahloba ho hokahana lipakeng tsa liteko le mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea leeme, re fumane khokahano e kholo lipakeng tsa BPS le lintlha tsa leeme, r = .26, p <.05, e bonts'a hore ho phahama ha lintlha tsa BPS, ho matlafatsa mokhoa oa ho atamela (Setšoantšo 2). Khokahano pakeng tsa PPUS le lintlha tsa leeme ha e ea ka ea e-ba ea bohlokoa, r = .19, ns. Ho bile le kamano e matla lipakeng tsa lintlha tsa BPS le PPUS, r = .77, p <.001.

tlosa motsoali

Setšoantšo sa 1. Ho ne ho se na leeme ka sepheo sa ho nke lehlakore, empa ho bohlokoa (p <.001) atamela leeme bakeng sa litšusumetso tse mpe. Lintlha tse amanang le leeme li ile tsa baloa ka ho tlosa linako tse bohareng tsa karabelo: (RTSututsa - RTHula)

tlosa motsoali

Setšoantšo sa 2. Ho bile le khokahano e ntle pakeng tsa lintlha ho BPS le mokhoa oa leeme (r = .26, p <.05), e bontšang hore ho phahama ha lintlha tsa BPS, ho matlafatsa mokhoa oa ho atamela

Ho lekola khethollo ea kelello ho ba kotsing e kholo ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​palo e felletseng ea 28 kapa ho feta ho PPUS e sebelisitsoe e le monyako oa ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joalo ka ha ho boletse mongoli AK. Ka hona, barupeluoa ba bane sampoleng ea rona ba ile ba aroloa e le bothata ba basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho latela mokhoa ona. Re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo ea tsela e le 'ngoe ea phapang (ANOVA) ho bona hore na lintlha tsa khethollo li fapane haholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli. Batho ba nang le bothata ba ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bontšitse mokhoa o matla haholo oa ho atamela leeme [186.57 ms (SD = 135.96), n = 4] ha e bapisoa le batho ba se nang bothata ba ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro [74.04 ms (SD = 85.91), n = 54], F(1, 56) = 5.91, p <.05 (Lethathamo 1). Ka lebaka la phapang ea boholo ba sehlopha, ho na le ngongoreho ka phapang e teng lipakeng tsa lihlopha. Ka hona, re ile ra etsa teko ea Levene ea homogeneity ea ho fapana 'me ra fumana hore ha ho na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha, ka hona a fana ka maikutlo a hore ANOVA e sebetsa ntlheng ena (statistic ea Levene = 1.79, df1 = 1, df2 = 56, p = .19).

 

Lethathamo

Tafole 1. Kakaretso ea BPS le PPUS le RTs bakeng sa maemo a mane bakeng sa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba nang le bothata ho sampole (N = 4), e hlalosoa e le batho ka bomong ba fumaneng 28 kapa ho feta ho PPUS

 

Tafole 1. Kakaretso ea BPS le PPUS le RTs bakeng sa maemo a mane bakeng sa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba nang le bothata ho sampole (N = 4), e hlalosoa e le batho ka bomong ba fumaneng 28 kapa ho feta ho PPUS

Lilemo (lilemo)Sekolo sa BPSKakaretso ea PPUSMokhoa oa ho se nke lehlakore RT (ms)Qobang ho se sebetse RT (ms)Mokhoa o fosahetseng oa RT (ms)Qoba RT (ms)Mekhoa e fosahetseng ea ho khetholla (ms)
19.5 (1.3)10.25 (2.2)29.75 (0.9)968 (263.3)985 (304)1,106 (366.7)1,310 (494.9)187 (136) *

Hlokomela. BPS: Screener ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa bo Hare; PPUS: Mathata a Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa a Sebelisa Tsena; RT: nako ea karabelo.

*p <.05.

Liphetho li tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea hore barutoana ba banna ba tsoang kolecheng ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba potlakela ho atamela ho feta ho qoba tšusumetso e mpe nakong ea mosebetsi oa AAT. Ho ne ho e-na le khethollo e kholo ea 81.81 ms bakeng sa litšusumetso tse mpe; ka mantsoe a mang, barupeluoa ba ne ba potlakela ho ea litšoantšong tse litšila ha li bapisoa le ho suthela hole le litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso. Barupeluoa ba ne ba potlakile ho hula thabo ho feta ho e sutumetsa ka lebaka la litšusumetso tse mpe, empa leeme lena le ne le le sieo mabapi le tšusumetso e sa nke lehlakore. Mekhoa e ts'oanang ea ho atamela e tlalehiloe liphuputsong tse sebelisang li-AAT tse fetotsoeng, joalo ka tsa Stark et al. (2017) sebelisa erotic-AAT le Wiers et al. (2011) Ho sebelisa joala-AAT. Liphumano tsena li tsamaellana le mesebetsi e mengata ea li-SRC tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore batho ba lemaletseng ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea litheko ba bontša mokhoa oa ho etsa lintho ho e-na le ho qoba tšusumetso e matla (Bradley et al., 2004; Field et al., 2006, 2008).

Ka kakaretso, liphumano li fana ka maikutlo a hore mokhoa oa ts'usumetso ea ho lemalla e ka ba karabelo e potlakileng kapa e lokiselitsoeng ho feta thibelo, e ka hlalosoang ke ho bapisoa ha leeme le litloaelo tse ling tsa boits'oaro bo bobe. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke lingoliloeng (Cousijn et al., 2011; Tšimo le Cox, 2008; Stacy le Wiers, 2010), Batho ka bomong ba bonts'ang litloaelo tsa mekhoa e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le bona ba tloaetse ho li sheba halelele (ehlile, ka karolelano, bankakarolo ba shebile litšoantšo tse litšila tse fetang 100 ms nako e telele ho feta litšoantšo tse sa nke lehlakore pele ba li sutumetsa. 2) le ho li lekola li le ntle ebile li tsosa maikutlo ho feta lintlha tse ling, joalo ka lintho tse sa nke lehlakore. Ka hona, liphuputso tse tlalehiloeng ke Mechelmans et al. (2014) bontša hore batho ba nang le boits'oaro bo qobellehang ba bonts'a khethollo ea maikutlo a fosahetseng. Boithuto ba nako e tlang bo lokela ho hlahloba likarolo, ka ho arohana le hammoho, tsa ho atamela, tsa tlhokomelo le tsa leeme ka tšebeliso ea mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore mokhoa ona o leeme ka mokhoa o tsosang takatso ha o bolele hore o kotsing ea ho lemalla; Ho a utloahala hore basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba na le maikutlo a nepahetseng ka tšusumetso e mpe kapa ba e rata feela ho e-na le tšusumetso ea ho se nke lehlakore. Ha e le hantle, lintho tse tsosang takatso li na le pherekano e tebileng ho feta lintho tse tloaelehileng tsa lapeng, tse kang lebone kapa tafole. Ho feta moo, tšusumetso e tsosang takatso e tsosa takatso e matla ea maikutlo (Bradley et al., 2001), ho fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ka bomong ba ka sekamela ho atiseng maikutlo a makatsang ho sa tsotelehe kotsi ea ho lemalla.

 

Lethathamo

Tafole 2. Karolelano ea lintlha tsa BPS le PPUS le RTs bakeng sa maemo a mane ho sampole kaofelaN = 58)

 

Tafole 2. Karolelano ea lintlha tsa BPS le PPUS le RTs bakeng sa maemo a mane ho sampole kaofelaN = 58)

Lilemo (lilemo)Sekolo sa BPSKakaretso ea PPUSMokhoa oa ho se nke lehlakore RT (ms)Qobang ho se sebetse RT (ms)Mokhoa o fosahetseng oa RT (ms)Qoba RT (ms)Mekhoa e fosahetseng ea ho khetholla (ms)
19.5 (2.4)7.59 (1.9)17.98 (5.5)865 (168.6)855 (157.1)915 (216.6)987 (261.6)82 (93.1) *

Hlokomela. BPS: Screener ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa bo Hare; PPUS: Mathata a Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa a Sebelisa Tsena; RT: nako ea karabelo.

*p <.001.

Ntle le moo, lintlha tse felletseng ho BPS li ne li tsamaisana hantle le litekanyetso tsa leeme, tse bontšang hore ho ata ha tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ba matla le ho feta haholoanyane bakeng sa tšusumetso e mpe. Mokhatlo ona o tšehelitsoe hape ke sephetho se bonts'ang batho ba nang le bothata ba ts'ebeliso e litšila ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​joalo ka ha li khethollotsoe ke PPUS, ba bonts'a mokhoa o matla oa 200% o matla oa ho susumetsa ka mokhoa o tsosang takatso ha o bapisoa le batho ba se nang bothata ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Leha ho le joalo, sepheo sena sa ho qetela se lokela ho nahanoa ka hloko ka ho fuoa lenane le lenyane le fihlella litekanyetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Liphumano tsena li lumellana le tseo ba ithutileng tsona mabapi le bokhoba ba lithethefatsi tse bonts'ang hore ho khetha mekhoa e meng e amanang le bokhoba ke ntho e tloaelehileng e teng ho batho ba lemaletseng bokhoba.Bradley et al., 2004; Cousijn, et al., 2011; Field et al., 2006; Krieglmeyer & Deutsch, 2010; Wiers et al., 2011). Tumellanong le lipatlisiso tse bonts'ang hore ts'ebetso e lebisang tlhokomelo e khethehileng ho litloaelo tse amanang le bokhoba e amana le ho teba ha boits'oaro bo lematsang (Tšimo le Cox, 2008; Schoenmakers et al., 2007), re fumane hore lintlha tse mabapi le lehloeo li ne li amana hantle le lintlha ho BPS, tse ka sebelisoang e le mohato o bonts'a ho teba ha tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.

Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsa rona li fapana le tse bontšang kamano e khahlisang lipakeng tsa matšoao a bokhoba ba cybersex le tšekamelo ea ho qoba mekhoa e meng ea baithuti le bao e seng baithuti ba tsoang Jeremane (Snagowski & Brand, 2015). Ho tšoana le se fumanoeng ke Stark et al. (2017), batho ba nang le mathata a maholo a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa thutong ena ba bonts'itse mekhoa ea khethollo ea maikutlo, eseng likhethollo. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka khonehang bakeng sa phapang ena ke hore Snagowski le Brand (2015) o sebelisitse taeo e amanang le mosebetsi (ke hore, suthisa molamu oa thabo ho latela litaba tsa setšoantšo), athe thuto ena le ea boithuto ba Stark et al. (2017o sebelisitse litaelo tse sa amaneng le mosebetsi (ke hore, tsamaea ho latela mokhoa oa litšoantšo kapa 'mala oa liforeimi). Litaelo tse amanang le mosebetsi li ka qobella bankakarolo ho sebetsana le litšitiso ka botebo, tse ka lebisang ho boits'oaro ba ho qoba har'a basebelisi ba ikutloang ba le molato kapa ba tšaba litlamorao tse mpe tse amanang le boits'oaro ba bona (Stark et al., 2017). Le ha litaelo tse sa amaneng le mosebetsi li kanna tsa se fane ka boemo bo ts'oanang ba ts'ebetso, Wiers et al. (2009) e tlaleha hore metsamao ea mekhoa e fumanoang karabong ea likarolo tse sa sebetseng tsa litšoantšo e ne e ka ba kotsi ka bohona ebile e sa tsebe letho. Ka kakaretso, ha ho fanoa ka liphapang tse hlakileng ho pholletsa le lithuto tse entsoeng libakeng tse fapaneng, mehlala e fapaneng (liithuti tse fapaneng le baithuti / bao e seng moithuti), le mekhoa e nepahetseng, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho utloisisa mekhoa le mekhoa ea ho qoba ho a mangata, ho sebelisa mefuta e fapaneng ea AAT . Le ha ho le joalo, 4 ea lithuto tsa 58 (6.89%) e kopane le moeli oa lintlha tsa 28 e sebelisa PPUS, mme ho fumana sena ho tsamaellana le lithuto tse fetileng tse tlalehang hoo e ka bang 10% ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea cybersex hara baithuti ba koleche ea banna (Giordano & Cashwell, 2017).

Ho fumanoa hammoho, liphello li bontša phapang pakeng tsa lithethefatsi le boitšoaro bo bobe ba boitšoaro (Grant et al., 2010). Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso (haholo-holo tšebeliso e mpe) li ne li amahanngoa le mekhoa e potlakileng ea tšusumetso ea boetsalibe ho e-na le tšusumetso e sa nkeheng, mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho atamela o tšoanang le o fumanoang ke mathata a ho sebelisa joala (Field et al., 2008; Wiers et al., 2011), tšebeliso ea li-cannabis (Cousijn et al., 2011; Field et al., 2006), le mathata a sebelisoang ke koae (Bradley et al., 2004). Phapang pakeng tsa likarolo tsa tsebo le mekhoa ea methapo ea kutlo ea metsoako e bakoang ke lithethefatsi tse peli le litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li bonahala li le teng, tse lumellanang le lithuto tsa pele (Kowalewska et al., 2018; Stark et al., 2018). Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa tlatsetso li netefalitsoe ka khethollo ea kelello, haholo lihlopheng tse ling tse sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ka bobeli bongaka le batho bao e seng bakuli ho kenyeletsa basali, batho ba sa ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng, le lihlopha tsa lilemo tse ngata kantle ho koleche-ea lilemo li). methapo ea kutlo le bongaka.

Meeli le mekhoa ea nakong e tlang

Mefokolo e lokela ho tsejoa. Taba ea mantlha, phuputso ena e ile ea lekola lintlha ho tsoa ho barupeluoa ba banna le basali ba neng ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Liphuputso tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho lekola khethollo e ka bang teng ho banna ba likamano tse ling tsa thobalano (mohlala, bosodoma le ba bong bo fapaneng), basali ba litso tse fapaneng tsa thobalano, hammoho le li-transgender le lihlopha tse ling (mohlala, kink le polyamorous). Lintho tse ling tse ka bang le tšusumetso e mpe ea ts'oaetso (joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisoang kapa boholo ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa hara beke le pele ho thuto) ha lia bokelloa 'me li lokela ho hlahlojoa lithutong tse tlang. Liphuputso tse ling hape li lokela ho lekola likhetho tse ka bang teng ntle le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, sehlopheng sa batho ba sa boneng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa).

Ntle le moo, ho botsa lipotso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho kanna ha susumetsa karabelo nakong ea mosebetsi. Leha ho le joalo, mekhatlo lipakeng tsa litekanyo tsa ho lekola kapa ho lekola litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e fana ka maikutlo a kamano pakeng tsa leeme le boholo ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa mathata, ho fokotsa khahlanong le matšoenyeho ana le ho fana ka maikutlo a hore khethollo ea kelello e lokela ho hlahlojoa hape lithutong tse tlang. Kahoo, tlhahlobo ea rona ea mekhoa e metle ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e hloka mohlala o moholo oa batho ba nang le bothata ba ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Phuputso e lekolang mokhoa oa ho khetha litšila tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka ntlafatsa likarolo tsa likhahla tsa kutloisiso tseleng ea eona (mohlala, nakong ea kalafo le ho fola). Liphuputso tse ling li ka etsa lipatlisiso ka kalafo e ipapisitseng le khethollo ea kelello, ho fanoe ka tlhaiso-leseling e ts'ehetsang ts'ebetso ea bona litlamong tsa lithethefatsi (Gu et al., 2015; Wiers et al., 2011). Mohlala, lingaka tse nang le mathata a tšebeliso ea joala li ne li koetlisoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng kapa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho qoba tšusumetso ea joala ho ena le ho e sebelisa ka mokhoa o thabisang. Ho qhekella hona ha tloaelo ea ho ea ho joala ho bakile khethollo e ncha ea joala le ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea joala; ho feta moo, sephetho se ntlafalitsoeng sa kalafo se ile sa bonoa 1 selemo hamorao (Wiers et al., 2011). Ka mokhoa o nang le monyetla, mananeo a hlokofatsang a nang le kelello a ka ba le litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa kalafo bakeng sa ho phekola ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​mme monyetla ona o lokela ho hlahlojoa ka kotloloho lithutong tse tlang.

RSA le Dr. MNP ba rerile moralo oa thuto. RSA e hlophisitse mosebetsi. MG o ile a buisana a ba a fana ka litšoantšo tse amanang le tšusumetso e mpe. SWK le AK ba ntlafalitse le ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le liteko tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sebelisitsoeng thutong. SS e ile ea fumana tšehetso 'me ea tsamaisa pokello ea data. SS ka kopanelo le RSA e hlahisitse tlhahiso ea pele ea sengoloang. Bangoli bohle ba fane ka maikutlo, ba bala, 'me ba lekola buka e ngotsoeng pele ba nehelana ka eona.

Khohlano ea thahasello

Bangoli ha ba na likhohlano tsa lithahasello mabapi le se ngotsoeng mona. Ngaka MNP e fumane tšehetso ea lichelete kapa matšeliso bakeng sa tse latelang: o buisane le ho eletsa RiverMend Health, Opiant / Lakelight Therapeutics, le Jazz Pharmaceuticals; o amohetse tšehetso e sa lekanyetsoang ea lipatlisiso ho tsoa ho Mohegan Sun Casino le ho fana ka tšehetso (ho Yale) ho Setsi sa Naha sa Litaba tsa Mesebetsi ea Lipapali le Pfizer tse Ikarabellang; o nkile karolo lipatlisisong, mangolong, kapa lipuisanong tsa mehala tse amanang le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi, mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso, kapa lihlooho tse ling tsa bophelo bo botle; e buisane le litsi tsa molao le tsa papali ea chelete mabapi le litaba tse amanang le mathata a taolo ea tšusumetso le lits'ebetso ho kenyelletsa le mabapi le lithethefatsi tsa dopaminergic; e fanne ka tlhokomelo ea bongaka Lefapheng la Connecticut la Bophelo bo Botle ba kelello le lits'ebeletso tsa tlatsetso ea mathata a lits'ebeletso tsa bongaka; e entse tlhahlobo ea lithuso bakeng sa Setsi sa Naha sa Bophelo le mekhatlo e meng; o hlophisitse limakasine le likarolo tsa khatiso; e fane ka lipuo tsa thuto lithutong tse ntle, liketsahalong tsa CME le libakeng tse ling tsa bongaka kapa tsa saense; mme e hlahisitse libuka kapa likhaolo tsa buka bakeng sa baphatlalatsi ba mangolo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello.

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