Al Mamun, MA, SM Yasir Arafat, Mst Ambiatunnahar, le Mark D. Griffiths.
International Journal of Mental Health le Boitšoaro: 1-13.
inahaneloang
Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li hlahisoa ka ho pharaletseng, li ajoa, ebile li sebelisoa e le boithabiso bo pota-pota lefatšeng lohle empa ha lia ithuta hakaalo Bangladesh. Phuputso e teng hona joale e ile ea hlahloba boikutlo le likotsi tsa lik'hamphani tsa univesithi tsa Bangladeshi 'litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputso e ile ea etsoa har'a liithuti tsa 313 tsa liithuti tse phahameng sekolong sa Jahangirnagar (Dhaka, Bangladesh). Phuputso eo e fumane hore 72% ea liithuti li ne li ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bonyane hanngoe bophelong bohle ba bona, 'me hoo e batlang e le halofo ea tsona e ne e le bareki. Hoo e ka bang karolo ea bobeli ho ba bararo (67%) ba ile ba kopana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa nakong ea sekolo se phahameng, le hoja basali ba atisa ho kopana le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hamorao. Tlhahlobo ea khatello ea boitsebiso e bontšitse hore litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa li ne li boleloa ka ho ba mohlankana, ho lula libakeng tsa mahaeng, ho ba kamanong, ho etsa mesebetsi ea inthanete (e kang ho sebelisa Facebook), le ho shebella lifilimi. Lipatlisiso tse ling li hlokahalang ho ntlafatsa lits'ebetso tsa boitšoaro le lintho tse amanang le tsona tse amanang le ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a liithuti tsa Bangladeshi.
Keywords
Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Maikutlo a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Boitšoaro ba thobalano ba liithuti Bangladeshi sex
Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li hlahisoa ka bongata ebile li ajoa, 'me li sebelisoa e le boithabiso bo tloaelehileng lefatšeng lohle. Poleloana "litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro" e 'nile ea bitsoa tšoantšiso e iqapetsoeng ka mokhoa o hatisitsoeng kapa o bonahalang o hlalosang likarolo tse hlakileng tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali le / kapa liketso tsa thobalano tseo batho ba bang ba ka li fumanang li khopisa, li le litšila le boitšoaro bo bobe,' me se ka sehloohong se reretsoe ho tsosa bamameli sepheo sa ho kopanela liphate 'me e reretsoe ho thabisa kapa ho tsosa takatso ea boetsalibe (Moroallo 2007;; Malamuth 2001;; Mosher 1988). Ka ho tšoanang, Morgan (2011) li hlalosa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka ho sheba litšoantšo, livideo, li ngotsoe, le / kapa li-audio tse bontšang batho ba hlobotseng ba bontšang batho ba hlobotseng ba e-na le thobalano le / kapa batho ba etsang thobalano kapa ba ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali.
Taba ea ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (ke hore, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) li amohelehile haholo. Lithuto li 'nile tsa bontša hore banna ba ka' na ba batla ka matla le ho sheba lisebelisoa tse hlalosang thobalano ho feta basali (Bleakley et al. 2011;; Brown le L'Engle 2009;; Lim et al. 2017;; Peter le Valkenburg 2006;; Regnerus et al. 2016;; Rissel et al. 2017;; Shek le Ma 2016). Ho 'nile ha boleloa hore banna ke basebelisi ba tloaelehileng ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lebaka la lintho tse kang boitšoaro ba bona bo tloaelehileng le boikutlo ba ho se tsotelle (Chowdhury et al. 2018). Ho sebedisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho boetse ho eketsehile ka lebaka la marang-rang hobane e entse hore litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso li fumanehe, li behe chelete e ngata, 'me li sa tsejoe (Cooper 1998;; Owens et al. 2012). Tšebeliso e eketsehileng ea lisebelisoa tsa thepa (mohlala, li-smartphone, matlapa, joalo-joalo) li boetse li lebisitse litsela tse ncha tsa ho sebelisana le metsoalle (mohlala, ho sebelisa Facebook) le ho kopanela boitšoarong bo bong bo kang ho mamela 'mino (ka li-smartphone, batšoantšisi ba MP3) le libaesekopo tse shebelitsoeng le li-boxsets tsa thelevishene (mohlala, Netflix). Tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsena tse ncha tsa lisebelisoa le litsela tse ncha tsa ho ithabisa li ka 'na tsa boela tsa e-ba lisosa ho sebelisoang ho eketsehileng ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Litšoantšo tse ling tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li akarelletsa ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ne li kopana le pele (e leng bongoana, bocha, botsofali), moo batho ba phelang teng (mohlala, litoropong kapa libakeng tsa mahaeng), tšusumetso ea lithaka le mofuta oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (mohlala, livideo, litšoantšo, thobalano lipale) (Braithwaite et al. 2015;; Carroll et al. 2008;; Chowdhury et al. 2018;; Sørensen le Kjørholt 2007).
Mabaka le mabaka a amehang tabeng ea ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li na le mekhoa e mengata 'me li kenyelletsa ho batla ho tsosoa ka thobalano le / kapa bakeng sa merero ea masturbatory, bakeng sa thahasello, tlhahisoleseling le merero ea thuto, ho ntlafatsa maikutlo, le ho khotsofatsa maikutlo a thobalano joalo-joalo. 2002;; Mattebo et al. 2014;; Merrick et al. 2013;; Paul le Shim 2008). Ho fihlella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka boela ha e-ba le maikutlo a ho lona 'me ho ka ama bophelo ba batho ba letsatsi le letsatsi le mesebetsi e amanang le eona (mohlala, Patterson le Price 2012;; Perry 2015, 2016, 2017). Ho boetse ho boleloa hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka ama boitšoaro ba sechaba (Lo le Wei 2005;; Mattebo et al. 2014), etsa hore batho ba ferekane bophelo ba thobalano, joalo ka khafetsa ea ho kopanela liphate, ho thibela liketso tsa ho kopanela liphate le ho senyeha ha kamano (Moroallo) 2009;; Hald le Malamuth 2008;; Maddox le al. 2011;; Paul le Shim 2008;; Poulsen et al. 2013).
Bangladesh (moo thuto ea hona joale e ileng ea etsoa), naha e na le bophelo bo botle ba ho bala le ho ngola le botona le botšehali ke bothata bo hlakileng ka lebaka la tikoloho ea moetlo le setso sa bolumeli (Ahsan et al. 2016;; Arafat 2017;; Arafat et al. 2018). Ho kopanela liphate ha se taba eo ho buuoang ka eona phatlalatsa, 'me tsebo e fokola, e matlafatsoa ke lingaka tsa setso tse tlatsetsang ho phatlalatsa boitsebiso ba ho kopanela liphate har'a batho (Ahsan et al. 2016;; Arafat 2017). Ho fihlela joale, ho bile le letšolo la lipatlisiso Bangladesh mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano, maikutlo a mabapi le thobalano le boleng ba bophelo ba thobalano. Phuputso ea morao tjena ea Bangladesh ka Chowdhury et al. (2018) e tlalehile hore sekhahla sa ho ata ha batho ba nang le lilemo tse 20 ho isa ho 25 e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng e ne e le 54% ho banna le 12.5% ho basali. Ka lebaka la ho haella ha lipatlisiso Bangladesh, boithuto ba hajoale bo hlahlobang tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa baithuti ba pele le mehopolo le maikutlo a bona mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Likotsi tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho kenyeletsoa bong, sebaka sa bolulo, boemo ba kamano, boithabiso le ho etsa mesebetsi ea inthanete.
mekhoa
Barupeluoa le Tsamaiso
Patlisiso e khuts'oane ea "offline-and-paper") e ile ea etsoa hara baithuti ba selemo sa pele Univesithing ea Jahangirnagar (Dhaka, Bangladesh) lipakeng tsa Pherekhong le Mots'eanong 2018. Kakaretso ea baithuti ba 500 ba ile ba atameloa liholong tsa univesithi (ke hore, bolulo) le lipatlisiso tse phethetsoeng li ile tsa bokelloa ho tsoa ho baithuti ba 313 (sekhahla sa karabelo sa 62.6%). Phuputso e ne e na le likarolo tse tharo: (i) tlhaiso-leseling ka sechaba, (ii) maikutlo mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, le (iii) maikutlo mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputso e ne e na le lipotso tse koetsoeng 'me e nkile metsotso e ka bang 15 ho e phethela.
thepa
Phuputso e entsoe ho latela liphuputso tsa lipatlisiso tse fetileng (mohlala, Braithwaite et al. 2015;; Brown le L'Engle 2009;; Carroll et al. 2008;; Chowdhury et al. 2018;; Sørensen le Kjørholt 2007). Lipotso li ne li hlophisitsoe ke sehlopha sa lipatlisiso 'me li ne li boloka li le bonolo ha ho khoneha ho itšetlehile ka litemoso tsa ho qeta nako pele. Lipotso li boetse li kenyelelitsoe "Ke mang ea ileng a u tsebisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa?", "U rata litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro life?", "Ke hobane'ng ha u sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro?", "U ikutloa joang ka mor'a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa?", Le "Mehato efe (haeba leha e le efe) e lokela ho nkoa hore e se ke ea sebelisoa litšoantšong tsa bootsoa? "Ho itšetlehile ka lingoliloeng tse fetileng, ho ne ho nkoa hore lintlha tse 'maloa li ka kenya letsoho litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ho kopanyelletsa tekano, sebaka sa bolulo, maemo a kamano, boiketlo ba boikhathollo, le ho kopanela mesebetsing ea Inthaneteng. Phuputsong e boetse e kenyelletsa lipotso tse utloahalang (litlhaloso mabapi le hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ne li nkoa e le "tse ntle" le "tse mpe") e le mokhoa oa ho rarolla likamano tsa barupeluoa le thepa e hlalosang thobalano.
Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso
Lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka mokhoa oa Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 22.0 le Microsoft Excel 2016. Lipalo-palo tse hlalosang le tlhahlobo ea pele-pele li ile tsa etsoa (mohlala, maqhubu, liphesente, mekhoa, le liteko tsa chi-square) le SPSS 22.0. Mefuta eohle e fumanoang e le ea bohlokoa tlhabelong ea bivariate e ntan'o kenngoa ka mokhoa o fetotsoeng oa ho sebelisa mokhoa oa ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e le moelelo o itšetlehileng ka oona. Litholoana tsa ts'ebetso ea boitsebiso li boleloa e le ho sa ts'oaroe ka nako ea 95% ea tšepo.
Ethics
Thuto e ile ea amoheloa ke Komiti ea Boikarabello ba Boikarabelo ba Lefapha la Bophelo ba Sechaba le Bophelo ba Sechaba. Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ka mokhoa o sa tsejoeng 'me tsa ngolisoa tumello e ngotsoeng ho barupeluoa pele ho bokelloa ha dintlha. Bacha bohle ba tsebisitsoe ka (i) tlhaho le morero oa thuto, (ii) mekhoa ea ho ithuta, (iii) tokelo ea ho hana, le (iv) tokelo ea ho tlohela ho kenya letsoho thutong. Barupeluoa ha baa ka ba fumana phaello ea lichelete ka ho kenya letsoho thutong. Ho boloka sephiri sa boitsebiso le ho se tsejoe ho litho tsa sehlopha ho ne ho netefalitsoe.
Results
Lilemo tse bolelele ba barupeluoa e ne e le lilemo tse 19.68 (± 0.94) ho tloha lilemong tse 18 ho isa ho tse 23, tse nang le banna ba 69%, le 57.8% ea bankakarolo ba seng kamanong e haufi ea lerato (bona Tafole 1 bakeng sa tlhahlobo-palo ea tlhahisoleseding ea sechaba le sechaba). Mabapi le polelo ea hore na ke hobane'ng ha "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li le mpe" (Letlapa 2), barupeluoa ba e hlalosa e le ntho e nyonyehang le e nyonyehang (62%), hoo e tlōtseng melao ea bolumeli (62%), le hore e khothalletsa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (57.5%). Mabapi le hore na ke hobane'ng ha "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li le ntle" (Letlapa 2), barupeluoa ba e hlalosa e le ntho e ka sebelisetsoang ho laola thobalano ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho e-na le ho kopanela liphate (31%), e ka lebisa boikutlong bo bong bo bulehileng ka ho kopanela liphate (19.5%), mme e fana ka sepheo se se nang kotsi bakeng sa maikutlo a sa lumellaneng le a mang kapa a mang (19%). Liphello li boetse li bontšitse hore 72% ea barupeluoa ba sebelitse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bonyane hanngoe bophelong bohle ba bona (Letlapa 3). Tšusumetso ea lithaka e ne e le sesosa se tlalehiloeng ka ho fetisisa sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (34.5%), 'me 67% ea barupeluoa ba ile ba hlalosa tšebetso ea bona ea pele ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa sekolong se phahameng. Hoo e ka bang halofo ea barupeluoa ba ipholla litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali nakong e fetileng kapa ka mor'a ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (51%), 'me mofuta oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka ho fetisisa o ne o sheba livideo (Table 3). Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka boithaopo ho ne ho amana haholo le tekano (p <0.001) le banna ba kenang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa makhetlo a 12 ho feta basali (Tafole 4).
Lethathamo 1
Ho aroloa ha mekhoa ea sechaba le morabe oa ba arabelitsoeng
Mefuta-futa | palo | liphesente tse |
|---|---|---|
bong | ||
Male | 216 | 69.0 |
Female | 97 | 31 |
Tloo fomu (sebaka sa bolulo) | ||
Mahaeng a mahaeng | 163 | 52.1 |
Sebaka sa metse | 150 | 47.9 |
Boemo ba kamano | ||
Ha ho kamano | 181 | 57.8 |
Kea ratana | 110 | 35.1 |
ho itlosa bolutua | ||
Ho sebelisa Facebook | 168 | 14.7% |
Ho mamela 'mino | 184 | 16.1% |
Ho shebella filimi | 168 | 14.7% |
Ho ratana | 63 | 5.5% |
Ho lonya | 160 | 14.0% |
Buka ea ho bala | 134 | 11.8% |
tsamaea | 160 | 14.0% |
Ho ba mong | 103 | 9.0% |
Likamano le metsoalle | ||
Hantle haholo | 104 | 33.2 |
Good | 117 | 37.4 |
Fair | 77 | 24.6 |
Bad | 11 | 3.5 |
Lethathamo 2
Maikutlo a mabapi le litšoantšo tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le phapang ea tekano
Mefuta-futa | bong | p boleng | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mosali (%) | Mosali (%) | Kakaretso (%) | ||
Pono ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le mpea | ||||
E ka ba e khopisang le e nyonyehang | 134 (62.0%) | 61 (62.9%) | 195 (62.3%) | 0.886 |
E ka senya likamano tsa thobalano | 111 (51.4%) | 29 (29.9%) | 140 (44.7%) | 0.001 |
E ka susumetsa s ho etsa litlōlo tsa molao tsa thobalano, ho akarelletsa le ho betoa | 100 (46.3%) | 46 (47.4%) | 146 (46.6%) | 0.853 |
E ka baka tšenyo ea boitšoaro ba sechaba | 111 (51.4%) | 45 (46.4%) | 156 (49.8%) | 0.414 |
E ka tlōla melao-motheo ea bolumeli | 146 (67.6%) | 49 (50.5%) | 195 (62.3%) | 0.004 |
E ka lebisa ho tloha bobeng ho fetisisang (mohlala, ho lemalla thobalano) | 83 (38.4%) | 43 (44.3%) | 126 (40.3%) | 0.325 |
E ka baka maikutlo a fosahetseng ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng | 99 (45.8%) | 32 (33.0%) | 131 (41.9%) | 0.033 |
E ka khothalletsa litho tsa botona kapa botšehali | 152 (70.4%) | 28 (28.9%) | 180 (57.5%) | 0.01 |
Pono ea litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso e ntlea | ||||
A ka ithuta ka thuto ea thobalano | 36 (16.7%) | 11 (11.3%) | 47 (15.0%) | 0.222 |
Ho laola boitšoaro le hoja ho ipholla litho ho e-na le ho kopanela liphate | 82 (38.0%) | 13 (14.4%) | 96 (30.7%) | 0.000 |
E ka ntlafatsa likamano tsa thobalano | 18 (8.3%) | 8 (9.3%) | 27 (8.6%) | 0.783 |
E ka lebisa boikutlong bo bongata bo bulehileng ka thobalano | 48 (22.2%) | 12 (13.4%) | 61 (19.5%) | 0.068 |
E ka fana ka sehlahisoa se se nang kotsi bakeng sa maikutlo a sa lumellaneng le a mang kapa a mang | 50 (23.1%) | 8 (9.3%) | 59 (18.8%) | 0.004 |
E ka ba mofuta o molemo oa sechabeng oa ho itlhalosa ka bonono | 40 (18.5%) | 8 (9.3%) | 49 (15.7%) | 0.037 |
Lethathamo 3
Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea barupeluoa le phapang ea tekano
Mefuta-futa | bong | p boleng | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Mosali (%) | Mosali (%) | Kakaretso (%) | ||
Ho kopana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa | ||||
Le ka mohla | 27 (12.6%) | 60 (64.5%) | 87 (28.2) | 0.001 |
E | 188 (87.4%) | 33 (35.5%) | 221 (71.8) | |
Ntlha ea pele e hlahisoa ke | ||||
Motsoalle ea haufi | 84 (38.8%) | 24 (24.8%) | 108 (34.5%) | 0.025 |
Oneself | 88 (40.8%) | 11 (11.4%) | 99 (31.6%) | 0.000 |
Fumaneha ka phoso Inthaneteng | 36 (16.7%) | 10 (10.3%) | 46 (14.7%) | 0.142 |
Other | 34 (16.0%) | 8 (8.5%) | 42 (13.7%) | 0.080 |
Ho qala ho kopana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa | ||||
Sekolo sa mathomo (lilemo tse 6-12) | 24 (12.8%) | 6 (14%) | 30 (13.1%) | 0.001 |
Sekolo se phahameng (ba lilemo li 13-17) | 137 (72.8%) | 18 (43.9%) | 155 (66.6%) | |
Univesithi (18 ho isa ho lilemo tse ngata) | 27 (14.3%) | 17 (41.5%) | 44 (19.2%) | |
Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa | ||||
Nako e le 'ngoe kapa makhetlo a mabeli ka ho fetisisa | 89 (42.2%) | 21 (9.7%) | 110 (50.9%) | 0.001 |
Hang ka beke | 43 (19.9%) | 7 (3.2%) | 50 (23.1%) | |
Makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke | 39 (18.1%) | 2 (0.9%) | 41 (19.0%) | |
Hang ka letsatsi | 6 (2.8%) | 2 (0.9%) | 8 (3.7%) | |
Ka makhetlo a mangata ka letsatsi | 6 (2.8%) | 1 (.0.5%) | 7 (3.2%) | |
Khafetsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (matsatsi a ho qetela a 15) | ||||
Ha kea ka ka sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa matsatsing a ho qetela a 15 | 66 (35.1%) | 21 (51.2%) | 87 (38.0%) | 0.008 |
Ka tlase ho 1 h | 68 (36.2%) | 7 (17.1%) | 75 (32.8%) | |
2-5 h | 35 (18.6%) | 3 (7.3%) | 38 (16.6%) | |
6-15 h | 13 (6.9%) | 6 (14.6%) | 19 (8.3%) | |
Ho feta 16 h | 6 (3.2%) | 4 (9.7%) | 10 (1.7%) | |
Mofuta oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa o kenang | ||||
Ho sheba lifoto tse sa tloaelehang | 50 (23.7%) | 9 (9.3%) | 59 (19.2%) | 0.003 |
Ho sheba makasine ea thobalano | 65 (30.8%) | 10 (10.3%) | 75 (24.4%) | 0.001 |
Ho shebella video e nude | 113 (53.6%) | 13 (13.4%) | 126 (40.9%) | 0.001 |
Ho nahana ka motho e mong ka thobalano | 70 (32.5%) | 10 (10.3%) | 80 (25.5%) | 0.025 |
Ho kenya fono kapa ho qoqa ka thobalano | 27 (12.6%) | 5 (5.2%) | 32 (10.3%) | 0.046 |
Mabaka a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa | ||||
Ka lebaka la thahasello | 80 (37.0%) | 28 (28.9%) | 108 (34.5%) | 0.160 |
Ho ithabisa | 82 (38.0%) | 6 (6.2%) | 88 (28.1%) | 0.001 |
Ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali | 98 (45.4%) | 9 (9.3%) | 107 (34.1%) | 0.001 |
Ho kopanela litabeng tsa thobalano | 84 (38.9%) | 8 (8.3%) | 92 (29.4%) | 0.002 |
Ho ntlafatsa maikutlo a ka | 24 (11.1%) | 8 (8.2%) | 32 (10.2%) | 0.439 |
E le hore ke ithute | 22 (10.2%) | 7 (7.2%) | 29 (9.3%) | 0.402 |
Likarabo tsa ho ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa | ||||
Ha ho bothata-ke hantle ka tšebeliso ea ka ea bootsoa | 63 (29.2%) | 12 (12.4%) | 75 (24.0%) | 0.001 |
Ke ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali | 144 (66.6%) | 16 (16.5%) | 160 (51.1%) | 0.001 |
Ke ikutloa ke le moetsalibe ha ke ntse ke sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa | 53 (24.5%) | 9 (9.3%) | 62 (19.8%) | 0.002 |
Other | 35 (16.2%) | 12 (12.4%) | 47 (15.0%) | 0.380 |
Ho ila litšoantšo tsa bootsoa | ||||
E | 144 (73.8%) | 35 (79.5%) | 179 (74.9%) | 0.431 |
Che | 51 (26.2%) | 9 (20.5%) | 60 (25.1%) | |
Mohato o ka nkoang hore u qobe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa | ||||
Ho latela taeo ea bolumeli | 132 (61.1%) | 26 (26.8%) | 158 (50.5%) | 0.001 |
Ho lla le metsoalle | 95 (44.0%) | 14 (14.4%) | 109 (34.8%) | 0.001 |
Ho kopanela thutong / mosebetsi | 100 (46.3%) | 23 (23.7%) | 123 (39.3%) | 0.001 |
Litša tsa bootsoa li lokela ho tlosoa | 72 (33.3%) | 14 (14.4%) | 86 (27.5%) | 0.001 |
Ho kenya mesebetsi e ratoang haholo | 98 (45.4%) | 25 (25.8%) | 123 (39.3%) | 0.001 |
Lethathamo 4
Tlhahlobo ea khatello ea moelelo ea metsoalle e amehang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa
Mefuta-futa | Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa | |
|---|---|---|
Boemo ba likarolo (95% nako ea tšepo) | p boleng | |
Mabaka a batho | ||
bong | ||
Male | 12.66 (7.05 - 22.74) | 0.001 |
Female | 1.00 | |
Tloha (sebaka sa bolulo) | ||
Motse | 0.52 (0.31 - 0.86) | 0.010 |
Mahaeng | 1.00 | |
Likamano le mohlankana / kharebe | ||
U se na kamano | 0.53 (0.30 - 0.94) | 0.029 |
E-ba le kamano | 1.00 | |
ho itlosa bolutu | ||
U sebelisa Facebook | ||
E | 2.062 (1.246 - 3.413) | 0.005 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Ho mamela 'mino | ||
E | 1.118 (0.676 - 1.850) | 0.663 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Lifilimi tsa ho shebella | ||
E | 2.122 (1.280 - 3.518) | 0.004 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Ho kopanela kamanong | ||
E | 1.664 (0.853 - 3.247) | 0.135 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Ho lla le metsoalle | ||
E | 1.371 (0.833 - 2.255) | 0.214 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Ho bala libuka | ||
E | 0.606 (0.368 - 0.999) | 0.049 |
Che | 1.00 | |
tsamaea | ||
E | 1.504 (0.913 - 2.479) | 0.109 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Ho ba mong | ||
E | 0.526 (0.314 - 0.879) | 0.014 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Pono e mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e sebelisa e mpe | ||
E nyonyehang le e nyonyehang | ||
E | 0.858 (0.511 - 1.442) | 0.564 |
Che | 1.00 | |
E thibela likamano tsa botona le botšehali | ||
E | 3.019 (1.751 - 5.205) | 0.001 |
Che | 1.00 | |
E susumetsa ho etsa litlōlo tsa molao tsa thobalano, ho akarelletsa le ho betoa | ||
E | 0.935 (0.569 - 1.537) | 0.792 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Ho senyeha ha boitšoaro bocha | ||
E | 0.951 (0.579 - 1.562) | 0.843 |
Che | 1.00 | |
E tlōla melao-motheo ea bolumeli | ||
E | 1.330 (0.802 - 2.207) | 0.269 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Ho tloha ho tloha bobeng bo fetisisang (mohlala, ho lemalla thobalano) | ||
E | 1.091 (0.657 - 1.812) | 0.736 |
Che | 1.00 | |
E phahamisa maikutlo a fosahetseng ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng | ||
E | 1.570 (0.938 - 2.629) | 0.086 |
Che | 1.00 | |
E khothalletsa ho ipholla litho | ||
E | 4.895 (2.864 - 8.366) | 0.001 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Pono e mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e sebetsa hantle | ||
Batho ba ka ithuta thuto ea thobalano | ||
E | 1.548 (0.733 - 3.270) | 0.252 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Ho laola boitšoaro le hoja ho ipholla litho ho e-na le ho kopanela liphate | ||
E | 4.318 (2.170 - 8.591) | 0.001 |
Che | 1.00 | |
E ka ntlafatsa kamano ea thobalano | ||
E | 1.417 (0.552 - 3.841) | 0.468 |
Che | 1.00 | |
E ka lebisa boikutlong bo bongata bo bulehileng ka thobalano | ||
E | 2.310 (1.114 - 4.790) | 0.024 |
Che | 1.00 | |
E fana ka sehlahisoa se se nang kotsi bakeng sa maikutlo a sa lumellaneng le a mang kapa a mang | ||
E | 2.962 (1.342 - 6.538) | 0.007 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Tsela e nang le mekhoa e metle ea setho sa bonono | ||
E | 4.077 (1.559 - 10.662) | 0.004 |
Che | 1.00 | |
Ka ho tšoanang, liphello tsa tlhatlhobo ea khatello e bontšitse hore ho ba mohlankana e ne e le mokhoa oa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (OR = 12.66; 95% CI: 7.05-22.74). Liithuti tse tsoang libakeng tsa mahaeng (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.17-3.20) le likamano tse nang le likamano (OR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.07-3.29) li boetse li khetholloa e le li-predictors tsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tse ling tsa boithabiso, ho sebelisa Facebook (OR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.25-3.41) le ho shebella lifilimi (OR = 2.122; 95% CI 1.28-3.52) e ne e le lipolelo tse matla ka ho fetisisa tsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mabapi le maikutlo a fosahetseng a litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ne li boletsoe ka ho lemoha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le (i) ho khothalletsa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (OR = 4.86; 95% CI 2.86-8.37), (ii) ho senya likamano tsa botona le botšehali (OR = 3.02; 95% CI 1.75- 5.20), le (iii) ho ba le maikutlo a fosahetseng ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng (OR = 1.57; 95% CI 0.94-2.63). Mabapi le maikutlo a nepahetseng a litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ne li boleloa ka ho lemoha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le (i) ho laola boitšoaro ka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho e-na le ho kopanela liphate (OR = 4.32; 95% CI 2.17-8.59), ii) (iii = ho fana ka sehlahisoa se se nang kotsi kapa sefe kapa sefe kapa sefe kapa sefe kapa sefe (OR = 4.077; 95% CI 1.56-10.66), le (iv) e lebisang ho tse bulehileng haholoanyane (OR = 2.96; 95% CI 1.34-6.54) maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate (OR = 2.31; 95% CI 1.11-4.79).
Puisano
Sepheo sa thuto ea hona joale e ne e le ho hlahloba thepa le boikutlo ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le lintho tse amanang le tsona har'a baithuti ba univesithi ba Bangladesh. Lipatlisiso li bontšitse hore hoo e batlang e le bararo ba bararo ba ile ba ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bonyane hanngoe bophelong ba bona (72%). Ka kakaretso tekanyo ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e le tlase ho feta tlaleho ho tsoa India (80%; Das 2013), Sweden (98%; Donevan le Mattebo 2017), le Australia (87%; Lim et al. 2017), empa e kholo ho feta thuto e fetileng Bangladesh (42%; Chowdhury et al. 2018). Liphetho tsena tse fapaneng li ka etsahala ka lebaka la litsela tse sa tšoaneng, litekanyetso, le sampuli e ithutoang. Ka mohlala, phuputso ea hona joale e ile ea ngolisa liithuti tsa univesithing tse tlase lithuto tsa lithuto tsa lithuto tsa lithuto tsa lithuto tsa lithuto tsa lithuto tsa thuto, empa lithuto tse ling li sebelisa batho ba sa tšoaneng. Mohlala oa thuto e teng hona joale o na le tse ling tse eketsehileng (i) litšebeletso tse fumanehang ka theko e tlaase, tse theko e ka theko e tlaase ka theko ea marang-rang e bapisoang le thuto e fetileng Bangladesh. (Ii) tsebo le bokhoni ba ho fumana marang-rang ha ho bapisoa le ba libakeng tse ling tsa mahaeng.
Hobane theknoloji ea inthanete e fumaneha haholoanyane, e theko e tlaase, ebile ha e tsejoe, (Griffiths 2000;; Owens et al. 2012), e thusitse batho ho fumana boitsebiso ba marang-rang ba ho kopanela liphate ho kopanyelletsa livideo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng, puisano ea thobalano ea inthanete, joalo-joalo. 2002;; Goodson et al. 2001;; Griffiths 2001; 2012;; Shaughnessy et al. 2011;; Short et al. 2012). Tlhahlobo ea tlhekefetso thuputsong ea hona joale e bontšitse hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li amana haholo le mesebetsi e mengata e akarelletsang ho itlosa bolutu ka marang-rang (mohlala, ho sebelisa Facebook) le ho shebella lifilimi. Kaha ho shebella lifilimi li inthaneteng e ne e le mofuta oa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka ho fetisisa thutong ea hona joale, seo se fumanoang se etsa hore e be ka tsela e utloahalang.
Ho tloha tlhahlobisong ea khatello, liphello li bontšitse hore liithuti tse tsoang libakeng tsa mahaeng Bangladesh li ne li ka 'na tsa ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse tsoang libakeng tsa litoropong, e leng se fapaneng le sephetho sa thuto ea pele ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Bangladesh (Chowdhury et al. 2018). Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ne ho boleloa hape ka ho ba kamanong, ho fumana hore ha hoa tlalehoa pele ho tsebo ea bangoli. Lipatlisiso li hlokahala ho ntlafatsa maemo ana a batho ho theha sena le mabaka a mang a kotsi a ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho hlakile hore liithuti tse ngata tsa banna li ne li ja lihlahisoa tse hlalosang thobalano ho feta tsa basali, 'me tlhahlobo e bontšitse hore banna ba na le linako tse ngata tsa 12 ho kopanela litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ho feta basali ba tšoanang le liphello tsa lithuto tsa pele tsa USA (Bleakley et al. 2011;; Brown le L'Engle 2009;; Regnerus et al. 2016), Netherlands (Peter le Valkenburg 2006), Hong Kong (Shek le Ma 2012, 2016), Taiwan (Lo et al. 1999), Sweden (Häggström-Nordin et al. 2006), le Australia (Lim et al. 2017;; Rissel et al. 2017). Banna ke basebelisi ba mafolofolo ba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka lebaka la boikutlo bo tloaelehileng ba boitšoaro (Chowdhury et al. 2018), empa liphello tsa phuputso ea hona joale li bontša hore basali ba bang ke basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka nako e 'ngoe joalokaha ho boletsoe libakeng tse ling (Carroll et al. 2008). Ho khahlisang ke hore leha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa basali e ne e le tlase haholo ho feta banna, hara ba neng ba fihletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, basali ba e shebile ho feta banna ho latela lihora tse 'maloa matsatsing a 15 a fetileng. Ena ke pina e fumanoeng e sa tlalehiloeng pejana lingoliloeng mme e kanna ea ba hobane nako e hlokahalang ho fihlela ts'ebeliso e ntle ea thobalano (ke hore, ejaculation / orgasm) hangata e khuts'oane har'a banna ho feta basali (Huey et al. 1981).
Tekanyo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata ka beke (23%) e ne e le kholo ho feta Braithwaite et al.'S (2015) lithuto tse peli (10% thutong ea pele le 14% thutong ea bobeli) empa e ka tlase ho thuto ea Carroll et al. (27% ho banna, 2% ho basali) le ka ho tšoanang le thuto ea Sørensen le Kjørholt (22) %). Ho kopanela litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ka makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke (19%) e ne e le kholo ho feta Carroll et al.'S (2008) ho ithuta (16% ho banna, 0.8% ho basali), empa e ka tlaase ho thuto ea Sorensen le Kjørholt (22%). Ho kopanela litšoantšong tsa bootsoa hang-hang (3.7%) kapa makhetlo a 'maloa ka letsatsi (3.2%) e ne e le tlaase ho Carroll et al.'S (2008) ho ithuta (16% hang ka letsatsi; 5.2% ka makhetlo a 'maloa ka letsatsi) empa ka bobeli e kholo ho feta Braithwaite et al.'s (2015) hang ka letsatsi (2%), hangata ka letsatsi (2%), ka makhetlo a 'maloa ka letsatsi (2%) thutong ea bobeli). Ho ba le motsoalle oa hlooho ea khomo ea ho kopanela litšoantšong tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ne ho ka 'na ha e-ba le tšusumetso e mpe ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta ba li batlang ka bobona Ho feta moo, le hoja inthanete hona joale e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa tabeng ea ho ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Lihlopha 2002;; Cooper 1998;; Goodson et al. 2001;; Griffiths 2012;; Shaughnessy et al. 2011;; Short et al. 2012), barupeluoa thutong ea hona joale ba ne ba ka 'na ba e sebelisa ka mekhoa e meng ho feta inthanete.
Bocha ke nako e kotsing ka ho fetisisa ea ho kopana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Bleakley et al. 2011;; Donevan le Mattebo 2017;; Hald le Malamuth 2008;; L'Engle et al. 2006;; Mattebo et al. 2014;; Peter le Valkenburg 2006;; Sørensen le Kjørholt 2007); ka hona, ho ne ho sa makatse hore karolo e kholo ea bankakarolo thutong ea hajoale (ke hore, 67%) ba pepeselitsoe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa sekolong se phahameng (13-17 ea lilemo li). Leha ho le joalo, basali ba ne ba le monyetla o tšoanang oa ho kopana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa univesithing joalo ka ha ba ne ba le sekolong se phahameng. Mefuta ea lisebelisoa tsa thobalano e fumanoe ka mefuta e fapaneng marang-rang le kantle ho naha ho kenyeletsoa limakasine le livideo mme e lumellana le lipatlisiso tsa pejana (Morgan 2011) le hoja liithuti tsa Bangladeshi li bonahala li sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka tlaase ho marang-rang ho feta linaheng tse ling (Griffiths 2012). Sebopeho sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka barupeluoa sebokeng sa hona joale se ne se shebella livideo tsa bootsoa (41%) tse fetang thuto e le 'ngoe e entsoeng USA (banna ba 36%; 24%) (Brown le L'Engle 2009), empa ho nahana ka motho e mong ka thobalano ho ne ho boetse ho nkoa ke 25.5% ea barupeluoa hore e be litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho sa tsotellehe hore na ha e le hantle ke mofuta oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ha hoa tšoana le ho etsa lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho batho ba bang ho fumana hore na monahano o joalo o atile hakae. Tse ling tsa liphuputso tsena li ka 'na tsa hlalosoa ke litho tsa sehlopha sa Mamosleme le hoja bolumeli ba barupeluoa (le hore na ba phela ka melao ea Mamosleme) ha boa phenyekolloa. Liphello li bontša hore ho sa tsotellehe litekanyetso tsa bolumeli le tsa boitšoaro tse atileng haholo Bangladesh, litekanyetso tse joalo ha li thibele ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sena se ka 'na sa e-ba le maikutlo a hore na thuto ea ho kopanela liphate e rutoa sekolong se phahameng le hore thuto mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e lokela ho ba taba e tšohloang ho e-na le ho hlokomolohuoa thutong e joalo.
Phuputso ena ea hona joale e fumane hore hoo e batlang e le halofo ea barupeluoa ba tlalehile ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ha ba ntse ba ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tse ka tlaase ho thuto ea Canada e fetileng (40%) (Boiee 2002). Joaloka liphuputso tsa lithuto tse ling, thuto ena e fumane hore mabaka a tloaelehileng a ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e le ho lokolloa 'meleng le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, thahasello, thuto ea thobalano le maikutlo a khotsofatsang (mohlala, Boies 2002;; Merrick et al. 2013;; Paul le Shim 2008). Mabaka ana a "ntle" a litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ne e le li-predictor tse sa tsitsang tsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka tlhahlobo ea khatello. Linaheng tsa Mamosleme tse kang Bangladesh, ho kopanela liphate le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li nkoa e le lihlooho tse thata le tse patiloeng (Ahsan et al. 2016). Barupeluoa lipatlisisong tsa hona joale ba ka ba ba rutehileng bolumeling le moetlong le litumelo tsa bona, litumelo le litloaelo tsa bona tsa bolumeli li ka 'na tsa susumetsa mabaka a hore na ke hobane'ng ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li le "mpe," tse kang ho nyonya le ho nyelisa, ho tlōla melao-motheo ea bolumeli le ho hanyetsana le litekanyetso tsa bona tsa botho (Patterson le Price 2012). Litekanyetso tse amanang le takatso ea thobalano le boitšoaro ba Bangladesh ke hore li lokela ho etsoa ka likamano tse nyalanang, tsa lenyalo le tsa bosodoma (Perry 2017). Lipatlisiso tse ling li hlokahalang ha ho e-na le ntoa pakeng tsa seo setso le bolumeli ba naha li lebeletseng ho ba le maikutlo a thobalano le se etsahalang ka sebele.
Tšusumetso ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ka ba khahlanong le bophelo bo botle ba sechaba ka bomong bo akarelletsang bophelo bo botle ba 'mele, bophelo bo botle ba botona le botšehali le bophelo ba kelello (Moroallo 2009;; Weaver III et al. 2011), le se boleloang ke sena se bolela hore ho ithuta ho kopanela liphate linaheng tse joalo ho hlokahala hore ho be le mokhoa o ts'oarellang le o fokolang haholo-holo ho bacha le batho ba baholo ba hlahang. Leha ho le joalo, hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore liphuputso tse ling li bolela hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka fokotsa boleng ba bophelo le ho ba le maikutlo a fosahetseng mabapi le botsoalle le tlhompho ho fapaneng le tekano (Hallo le Malamuth 2008;; Paul le Shim 2008), tšusumetso e mpe ka likamanong (Maddox et al. 2011), mme ho lebisa tlhokomelo lenyalong (Paul le Shim 2008). Ba bang ba barupeluoa thutong ena ea hona joale ha baa ka ba thahasella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, mme sena se ka 'na sa bakoa ke seo morupeluoa a neng a ikutloa hore se ka ba le liphello tse mpe ka likamano tsa bona. Sena se ne se atile haholo har'a barupeluoa ba ithuteng hona joale. Barupeluoa ba ile ba fana ka litlhahiso tse ngata mabapi le mokhoa oa ho qoba ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho akarelletsa le ho latela taeo ea bolumeli, ho sebetsa le / kapa ho ithuta le ho buisana le metsoalle. Tlhaloso ea tlhaloso ena e bontša hore Bangladesh (bonyane), lintlha tse joalo li ka kenyeletsoa e le lipuisano tsa lipuisano tsa thobalano likolong tse phahameng le liunivesithing.
sheba mefokolo ea
Thuto ea hona joale e teng ntle le meeli ea eona. Thuto ea morao-rao e ne e e-na le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa moralo 'me kahoo e ke ke ea fana ka pontšo ea hore na ho na le eng. E le hore ho lokisoe sena, lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele tsa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa lia hlokahala ho hlahloba likamano tsa likamano pakeng tsa mefuta e hlakileng. Mehlala ea boholo e ne e boetse e le boikokobetso, 'me data e ne e le boipiletso (' me e bulehetse liketsong tse tsebahalang haholo tse kang ho hopola mohopolo le ho rata maemo a sechaba). Palo ea ho arabela (62.6%) ha ho ntse ho le joalo ho molemo ho ntse ho bolela hore hoo e batlang e le karolo ea boraro ea batho bao ba atamela ha baa ka ba kopanela. Mabaka a ho se kenye letsoho a sa tsejoe empa sena se ka be se ama liphello. Ka hona, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li lokela ho ba le mehlala e meholoanyane le ho leka ho eketsa litekanyetso tsa ho ba le karolo. Ho feta moo, thuto ea hona joale e ne e khannoa univesithing e le 'ngoe feela e haufi le motse-moholo oa Bangladesh. Ka lebaka leo, ho ba le mefuta e meng ea liithuti tsa univesithing (le linaheng tse ling) ho ka fokotsoa. Ka lebaka leo, lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang li lokela ho sebelisa mehlala e mengata ho ba Bangladesh le linaheng tse ling.
Nahanisisa
Thuto ea hona joale e fana ka liphuputso tse ncha tse bontšang hore maikutlo le boikutlo mabapi le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka ba tse hananang le setso sa bolumeli bo matla haholo 'me ba lumellana le thuto e eketsehileng. Liphuputso tse entsoeng ke thuto li eketsa bopaki bo teng bo mabapi le botsoalle pakeng tsa libaka tsa batho, maikutlo, le boikutlo ba ho bolela esale pele litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. E boetse e fane ka boitsebiso bo tsoang linaheng tse sa kang tsa ithuta taba ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ts'ebeliso ea eona. Liphello li bonts'a hore karolo e kholo ea liithuti tsa Bangladeshi li ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le hoja ho hatisoa haholo ka thobalano ke feela ho nyalana le ho nyalana. Lisosa tsa sechaba le sechaba (tse kang ho tsoa libakeng tsa mahaeng) li ne li amahanngoa le ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro lenaneong la hona joale 'me e ka' na ea e-ba ntho e ikhethang Bangladesh le / kapa meetlo e joalo ea bolumeli. Ho feta moo, maikutlo a mabapi le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng tsa bootsoa ha li ntle le tse mpe ha li etse letho ho hlakisa maikutlo a sebele a batho ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lintho tse ngata tse mpe tse boletsoeng mabapi le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka 'na tsa boleloa ho latela pono ea bolumeli, ea boitšoaro le ea setso (litakatso tsa sechaba) empa lintho tse ntle li ka' na tsa boleloa ho ea ka pono ea motho ka mong kapa ea maikutlo. Karolo ea botona le botšehali (ho kenyeletsa litumelo le boitšoaro) ha ho amana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li hloka thuto e eketsehileng Bangladesh le linaheng tse ling.
Notes
lumela hore baa fokola
Bangoli ba leboha sehlopha sa ba koetlisitsoeng sa Undergraduate Research Organisation haholo Abu Bakkar Siddique, Shahzabein Ritu, le Ahsanul Mahbub Jubayar; le Sahadat Hossain & Fatema Rahaman Mishu, Lefapha la Bophelo ba Sechaba le Informatics, Univesithi ea Jahangirnagar, bakeng sa tšehetso e hlokahalang nakong ea pokello ea lintlha le tlhahiso.
dithuso tsa ditjhelete
Ho itjhelete ka boithatelo.
Tumellanong le Melao-motheo ea Boits'oaro
Ethics
Thuto e ile ea amoheloa ke Komiti ea Boikarabello ba Boikarabelo ba Lefapha la Bophelo ba Sechaba le Bophelo ba Sechaba.
Khohlano ea Thahasello
Bangoli ba bolela hore ha ba na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
References
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