J. Castro-Calvo, V. Cervigón-Carrasco, R. Ballester-Arnal, C. Giménez-García, Mohlomphehi.
Litlaleho tsa Boitšoaro bo Boreleli, 2021, 100345, ISSN 2352-8532,
Comments: E ngotsoe hantle hantle ebile e thusa ho utloisisa lithuto tse ngata tsa kelello tse thathamisitsoeng ho Leqephe la lithuto tsa boko ba YBOP. Ena ke tlhahlobo ea lithuto tsa bootsoa tse 21 tse lekolang "lits'ebetso" tsa neuro le tsa kelello tse fetotsoeng litlamong tsa lithethefatsi le boits'oaro
Results: Liphuputso li ne li shebile lits'ebetsong tse 'ne tsa kutloisiso: leeme la tlhokomelo, taolo ea thibelo, mohopolo o sebetsang le ho nka liqeto. Ka bokhutšoanyane, PPU e amana le (a) khethollo ea maikutlo ho tsa thobalano, (b) taolo e haelloang ea thibelo (haholoholo, ho mathata a thibelo ea likoloi le ho lebisa tlhokomelo hole le litšitiso tse sa amaneng le letho), (c) ts'ebetso e mpe le ho feta mesebetsing e lekolang mohopolo oa ho sebetsa, le (d) mathata a ho etsa liqeto (haholo-holo, likhetho tsa phaello e nyane ea nako e khuts'oane ho fapana le phaello e kholo ea nako e telele, mekhoa ea khetho e potlakileng ho feta e seng basebelisi ba -erotica, mekhoa ea ho atamela litakatso tsa thobalano, le liphoso ha ba ahlola monyetla le boholo ba litlamorao tse ka bang teng ka mokhoa o sa hlakang).
"Boemong ba khopolo-taba, liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena li tšehetsa bohlokoa ba likarolo tsa mantlha tsa kutloisiso ea mofuta oa I-PACE (Brand, 2016)".
I-PACE ke mohlala oa ho lemalla boitšoaro bo hlephileng, ho kenyelletsa bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: https://sciencedirect.com/
- Boitšoaro bo lemalloang bo hokahane le boikoetliso-boikoetliso le takatso.
- Boitšoaro bo lemalloang bo amana le taolo e fokotsehileng ea thibelo.
- Boitšoaro ba tloaelo bo hlahisoa ts'ebetsong ea boits'oaro.
- Ho se leka-lekane lipakeng tsa lipotoloho tsa fronto-striatal ho kenya letsoho boitšoarong bo lemalloang.
Se qotsitsoeng ho Intro:
Ha e le ho nahana le ho hlophisa lintho, PPU e nkuoa e le karoloana ea Hypersexual Disorder (HD; Kafka, 2010), joalo ka mofuta oa Tlhekefetso ea Thobalano (SA; Rosenberg et al., 2014), Kapa joalo ka ponahatso ea Compulsive Sexual Behaeve Disorder (CSBD; Kraus et al., 2018). E le mohlala oa bohlokoa ba PPU ho SA, Wéry le al. (2016) e fumane hore 90.1% ea sampole ea batho ba 72 ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate ba tlalehileng PPU e le bothata ba bona ba mantlha ba thobalano. Tlhahiso ena e utloahala hape le liphetho tse tsoang tekong ea tšimo ea DSM-5 bakeng sa HD (Reid et al., 2012), moo 81.1% ea sampole ea bakuli ba 152 ba batlang kalafo bakeng sa boemo bona ba tlaleha PPU e le boits'oaro ba bona bo ka sehloohong bo nang le bothata ba thobalano.
Lintlha-khōlō Tsa
- Batho ba bang ba ba le matšoao a bakoang ke ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
- Mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello e kanna ea amana le nts'etsopele ea Mathata a Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa (PPU).
- Re entse tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea lithuto tse 21 tse hlahlobang lits'ebetso tsa kutloisiso tse amanang le PPU.
- Re supile lits'ebetso tse 4 tsa kutloisiso tse loketseng nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea PPU.
inahaneloang
Selelekela
Batho ba bang ba ba le matšoao le liphetho tse mpe tse tsoang ho ts'ebetsong ea bona e phehellang, e fetelletseng le e nang le bothata litšoantšong tsa bootsoa (ke hore, Sebelisa Mathata a Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa, PPU). Mefuta ea morao-rao ea thuto e fetohile lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa kutloisiso (mohlala, taolo ea thibelo, ho etsa liqeto, leeme la ho ela hloko, jj.) Ho hlalosa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea PPU, empa bopaki bo matla bo tsoang lithutong tsa liteko bo ntse bo lekantsoe. Moelelong ona, tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea hajoale e reretsoe ho lekola le ho hlophisa bopaki bo mabapi le lits'ebetso tse amanang le PPU.
mekhoaTlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng e ile ea etsoa ho latela tataiso ea PRISMA ho hlophisa bopaki mabapi le lits'ebetso tse amanang le PPU. Re bolokile le ho sekaseka lithuto tsa liteko tsa 21 tse buang ka sehlooho sena.
Results: Liphuputso li ne li shebile lits'ebetsong tse 'ne tsa kutloisiso: leeme la tlhokomelo, taolo ea thibelo, mohopolo o sebetsang le ho nka liqeto. Ka bokhutšoanyane, PPU e amana le (a) khethollo ea maikutlo ho tsa thobalano, (b) taolo e haelloang ea thibelo (haholoholo, ho mathata a thibelo ea makoloi le ho lebisa tlhokomelo hole le litšitiso tse sa amaneng), (c) ts'ebetso e mpe le ho feta mesebetsing ea ho lekola mohopolo oa ho sebetsa, le (d) mathata a ho etsa liqeto (haholo-holo, likhetho tsa phaello e nyane ea nako e khuts'oane ho fapana le phaello e kholo ea nako e telele, mekhoa ea khetho e potlakileng ho feta basebelisi bao e seng ba erotica, mekhoa ea ho atamela litakatso tsa thobalano, le liphoso ha ba ahlola kgonahalo le boholo ba diphetho tse ka bang teng tlasa tlhakatlhakano).
fihlela qeto e: Tekolo ena e hlophisehileng e fana ka kakaretso e akaretsang ea boemo ba hajoale ba tsebo mabapi le likarolo tsa kutloisiso tse amanang le PPU, hape e supa libaka tse ncha tse lumellang lipatlisiso tse ling.
Keywords
1. Selelekela
Ho fihla ha inthanete ho fetotse haholo tsela eo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoang ka eona (Kohut et al., 2020). Matsatsing ana, lisebelisoa tse ngata (mohlala, li-laptops, li-PC, matlapa, li-smartphone) li lumella phihlello e sa tsejoeng le e sa lefelloeng ea mefuta e mengata ea litaba tsa bootsoa, ho tloha kae kapa kae le 24/7 (Döring & Mohseni, 2018). Ka lebaka leo, lilemong tsa ho qetela, re ngotse keketseho e hlakileng ea palo ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho ipapisitsoe le data ea sephethe-phethe sa webosaete, Lewczuk, Wojcik, le Gola (2019) hakanngoa hore pakeng tsa 2004 le 2016, palo ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng e eketsehile ka 310%. Palo ena e ts'oana le e tlalehiloeng ke Pornhub tlalehong ea eona ea selemo le selemo: lipakeng tsa 2013 le 2019, palo ea maeto a ngolisitsoeng webosaeteng ena e tummeng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e eketsehile ho tloha ho 14.7 ho isa ho 42 billion (Litšoantšo tsa Pornhub., 2013, Litšoantšo tsa Pornhub., 2019). Liphuputso tse entsoeng ho latela mokhoa o shebaneng le motho li hakanya hore ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e haufi le 92-98% ho banna le 50-91% ho basali (Ballester-Arnal, Castro-Calvo, García-Barba, Ruiz-Palomino, le Gil-Llario, 2021). Ha ho bapisoa le tlhaiso-leseling e bokelletsoeng lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e eketsehile ka 41% ho banna le 55% ho basali ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 18-25 (Ballester-Arnal, Castro-Calvo, Gil-Llario, le Gil-Juliá, 2016). Lipalo tsena li ea fokotseha e le tšebetso ea nako e hlahlobiloeng: moleng ona, Grubbs, Kraus, le Perry (2019) e fumane hore ho ata ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho sampole e emelang naha ka bophara ea US ho fokotsehile ho tloha 50% (70% ea banna; 33% ea basali) ha e lekantsoe selemong se fetileng ho 31% (47% le 16% ka ho latellana) ha e ne e hlahlojoa nakong e fetileng khoeli, le ho 20% (33% le 8%) ha e lekantsoe bekeng e fetileng.
Ho na le ngangisano e kholo mabapi le melemo le likotsi tse ka bang teng tsa ho ata hohle ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, haholo-holo ho bacha le ho bacha (bakeng sa tlhahlobo, bona Döring, 2009). Mohlala, lithuto tse ling li totobatsa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e kanna ea ba mokhoa o atlehang oa ho khotsofatsa takatso ea thobalano (Daneback, Ševčíková, Mänsson, & Ross, 2013), buseletsa ho hloka tsebo ka thobalano le ho lekola thobalano ka polokeho (Smith, 2013), eketsa mefuta e fapaneng likamanong tsa thobalano (Daneback, Træen, le Månsson, 2009), sitisa ho teneha le mathata a letsatsi le letsatsi (Hald & Malamuth, 2008), kapa thusa ho phekola likotsi tse itseng tsa thobalanoMiranda et al., 2019). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka baka mathata a fapaneng ka lebaka la 'mefuta ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sebelisitsoeng' kapa 'tsela eo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoang ka eona' (Owens, Behun, Manning, & Reid, 2012). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li shebile menyaka ea banna, li sutumetsa litoro le litakatso tsa basali, 'me ha se hangata li bonts'a boits'oaro bo botle ba thobalano (joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea khohlopo nakong ea thobalano) (Gorman, Monk-Turner, & Fish, 2010). Ho tšoenyang le ho feta, litsebi tse ngata li pheha khang ea hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ntse li nyenyefatsa le ho ba mabifi ho basali (Lykke & Cohen, 2015). Le ha liphuputso tsa morao-rao li hanana le 'bohlale bo amohelitsoeng' (Shor & Seida, 2019), ho na le tumellano mabapi le taba ea hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa hajoale (tsa profeshenale le tsa boitseko) li na le tšekamelo ea ho bontša taolo ea banna ea thobalano (Klaassen le Peter, 2015). Ka lebaka leo, ho fanoe ka maikutlo a hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka ama likamano tsa botona le botšehali hampe ka: (c) ho theha lits'oants'o tsa 'mele le litekanyetso tsa thobalano, (d) ho roba litekanyetso tsa setso tsa ho nyala mosali a le mong le botšepehi; kapa (e) ho ntšetsa pele lithahasello tse sa tloaelehang tsa thobalano (Braithwaite et al., 2015, Döring, 2009, Stanley et al., 2018). Ntle le moo, ho na le sehlopha se ntseng se hola sa lipatlisiso se bontšang hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka ba mathata haeba li etsoa hampe mabapi le khafetsa, ho tiea le ho holofala ha tšebetso. Kahoo, e 'ngoe ea likotsi tse kholo tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke monyetla oa ho hlahisa matšoao le liphetho tse mpe tse tsoang ho keneng ho phehellang, ho feteletseng le ho ba le bothata ketsahalong ena (Duffy et al., 2016, Wéry le Billieux, 2017).
Ho hakanngoa hore lipakeng tsa 0.8% -8% ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bonts'a matšoao a Mathata a Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa (kamora mona, PPU) (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2016, Bőthe et al., 2020, Ross et al., 2012). Matšoao a bohareng a PPU a kenyelletsa: (a) nako le boiteko bo fetelletseng bo sebelisitsoeng ho shebella / ho batla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; (b) boitšoaro bo hlephileng mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; (c) ho hloleha ho phethahatsa boikarabello ba lelapa, bochaba, kapa mosebetsi; le (d) ho phehella boitšoarong ba motabo ho sa natsoe litlamorao tsa ona (Efrati, 2020, Wéry le Billieux, 2017). E bululetsoe ke maemo a sebelisitsoeng ho Mathata a Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi (SUDs), bangoli ba bang ba kenyelletsa mamello, ho ithiba le ho lakatsa e le matšoao a tloaelehileng hara batho bana (Allen et al., 2017, Rosenberg et al., 2014). Le ha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa e joalo ka ho hula le mamello e ntse e le lipuisanong (Starcevic, 2016b). Ha e le ho nahana le ho hlophisa lintho, PPU e nkuoa e le karoloana ea Hypersexual Disorder (HD; Kafka, 2010), joalo ka mofuta oa Tlhekefetso ea Thobalano (SA; Rosenberg et al., 2014), Kapa joalo ka ponahatso ea Compulsive Sexual Behaeve Disorder (CSBD; Kraus et al., 2018). E le mohlala oa bohlokoa ba PPU ho SA, Wéry le al. (2016) e fumane hore 90.1% ea sampole ea batho ba 72 ba lemaletseng ho kopanela liphate ba tlalehileng PPU e le bothata ba bona ba mantlha ba thobalano. Tlhahiso ena e utloahala hape le liphetho tse tsoang tekong ea tšimo ea DSM-5 bakeng sa HD (Reid et al., 2012), moo 81.1% ea sampole ea bakuli ba 152 ba batlang kalafo bakeng sa boemo bona ba tlalehileng PPU e le boits'oaro ba bona bo ka sehloohong bo nang le bothata ba thobalano. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Bőthe et al. (2020) ba fumane hore batho ka bomong ba arotsoe e le bothata ba basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka mokhoa o tsamaisoang ke data o hapiloeng ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng ka bongata ba HD; ehlile, bongata ba sekhahla sena bo khetholloa hantle pakeng tsa batho ba sebetsanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro empa ba se na bothata ebile ba le bothata ho feta tse ling tse fapaneng (ho kenyeletsoa makhetlo ao litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisang). Ka lebaka leo, mekhoa ea hajoale ea boits'oaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano e nka PPU e le karoloana ea SA / HD / CSBD (e hlahelletseng ka ho fetesisa) ho fapana le ho ba boemo bo ikemetseng ba bongaka (Gola et al., 2020), Hape re nahana hore bakuli ba bangata ba hlahisang SA / HD / CSBD ba tla bontša PPU e le boits'oaro ba bona bo ka sehloohong bo nang le bothata ba thobalano. Boemong bo sebetsang, hona ho bolela hore bakuli ba bangata ba hlahisang PPU ba tla fumanoa ba e-na le e 'ngoe ea mabitso a kliniki' ka kakaretso ',' me PPU e tla hlaha e le sebui ka har'a moralo ona oa tlhahlobo.
Bongata ba lingoliloeng tse mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo e ipapisitse le li-SUDs (Kluwe-Schiavon et al., 2020) le Lithethefatsi tsa Boitšoaro (BAs)1 (mohl., papali ea chelete [Hønsi, Mentzoni, Molde, & Pallesen, 2013], Tšebeliso e nang le mathata ea inthanete [Ioannidis et al., 2019], boloetse ba lipapali [Schiebener & Brand, 2017], kapa ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata marang-rang a sechaba [Wegmann le Brand, 2020]) e fane ka bopaki mabapi le bohlokoa ba eona ho latela ponahalo le ho tiea ha maemo ana a kliniki. Lefapheng la li-SUD, tse ling tsa meetso e nang le tšusumetso e kholo (mohlala, khopolo-taba ea tšebetso tse peli [Bechara, 2005] kapa khopolo ea khothatso ea ho matlafatsa [Robinson le Berridge, 2001]) ba fetohetse lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa kutloisiso ho hlalosa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea boits'oaro bo lemalloang. Lefapheng la li-BA, mofuta oa I-PACE (Brand, Young, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016) e hlahisitse hore lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa kutloisiso (mohlala, taolo ea thibelo, ho etsa liqeto, jj.) li khubung ea nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea maemo ana. Kholisong e latelang ea mohlala ona, Brand et al. (2019) e khothalelitse hore mofuta ona o ka hlalosa nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea PPU. Kaha PPU e nkuoa e le sebopeho sa boits'oaro bakeng sa HD (Kafka, 2010Bohlokoa ba ho holofala ha kutloisiso ha ho hlalosoa PPU bo boetse bo amoheloa ke mofuta oa morao-rao oa thuto ea HD: Potoloho ea Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali (Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, & Lykins, 2017). Moetso ona o etsa tlhahiso ea mohopolo oa 'ho ba le kutloisiso' ho hlalosa tse ling tsa likarolo tsa methapo ea kutlo kamora HD. Leha ho na le bohlokoa bo totobetseng ba ho lekola lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea kelello kamora PPU, lithuto tse matla tse sebetsanang le karolo ena li se li qalile ho etsoa feela lilemong tsa morao tjena. Lithuto tsena tsa pele li tšehelitse bohlokoa ba lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa kutloisiso ha li hlalosa PPU (mohlala, Antons & Brand, 2020); le ha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse ling lia hlokahala ho netefatsa tlatsetso ea bona ntlafatsong le tlhokomelong ea PPU. Ntle le moo, mosebetsi oa ho lekola le ho kopanya lithuto tse matla tse entsoeng ho fihlela joale ho hlokahala ho bokella le ho sekaseka bopaki bohle bo teng ka taba ena. Moelelong ona, tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea hajoale e reretsoe ho lekola le ho hlophisa bopaki bo mabapi le lits'ebetso tse amanang le PPU. Kaha PPU e ka arolelana lintho tse tšoanang le li-SUD le li-BA tse ling, re tsepamisitse maikutlo tlhahlobisong ena ka mekhoa e mene ea kutloisiso e amanang haholo le maemo ana: khethollo ea tlhokomelo, taolo ea thibelo, mohopolo oa ho sebetsa le ho etsa liqeto (Wegmann le Brand, 2020).
2. Mekhoa
Tlhahlobo ena e hlophisitsoeng e entsoe ho latela PRISMA (Lintho Tse Ratiloeng Tse Ikhethileng Bakeng sa Litlhahlobo Tse Ts'ebetso le Litlhahlobo tsa Meta-Analyses)Moher et al., 2009). Ka lebaka la ho se lumellane ha lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ena, re nkile qeto ea ho sebelisa mokhoa oa boleng o ipapisitseng le tlhahlobo ea liphetho tsa mantlha thutong e ngoe le e ngoe (synthesis synthesis) (Popay et al., 2006). Mokhoa ona o eletsoa ha lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong li sa lekana ka mokhoa o lekanang ho lumella mekhoa e meng ea bongata (mohlala, meta-analysis) kapa bophara ba tlhahlobo bo fana ka maikutlo a ho kenyelletsoa ha meralo e mengata ea lipatlisiso (lipolelo ka bobeli li sebetsa tlhahlobisong ena).
2.1. Tlhahlobo ea Lingoliloeng le Khetho ea Boithuto
Patlo e hlophisitsoeng e sebelisitsoe ho bokella bopaki mabapi le lits'ebetso tsa kutloisiso tse amanang le PPU. Boithuto bo ne bo tšoaneleha haeba (1) ba ka lekola ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ka ts'ebetso ea liteko mme (2) ba hokahanya liphetho tsa mosebetsi ona le karolo e amanang ka kotloloho kapa ka kotloloho le PPU. Re kenyelelitse lithuto tse thehang likamano tse latelang lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso e itseng ea kutloisiso le PPU: (a) lithuto tse bapisang lits'ebetso tse ling tsa kutloisiso lithutong tse nang le PPU le ntle le eona; (b) lithuto li bapisa lits'ebetso tse itseng tsa kutloisiso lithutong tse nang le / ntle le SA / HD / CSBD (ha feela thuto e hlalositse PPU e le bothata bo ka sehloohong ba boitšoaro ba thobalano ba karolo e kholo ea sampole le / kapa ha likarolo tse ling tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa- khafetsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa- tlohella ho khetholla lipakeng tsa lihlopha); (c) liphuputso tse entsoeng ka mehlala ea sechaba e hokahanyang ts'ebetso e itseng ea kutloisiso le sesupo se tobileng sa PPU (mohlala, likala tse lekanyang PPU); (d) lithuto tse entsoeng litsing tsa sechaba tse hokahanyang ts'ebetso e itseng ea kutloisiso le sesupo se sa tobang sa PPU (mohlala, nako ea ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng, lintlha tse sekala tse lekolang boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano, jj le (e) lithuto tse entsoeng lithutong tsa bongaka kapa tsa sechaba tse hokahanyang lits'ebetso tse itseng tsa kutloisiso le lits'oants'o tsa PPU kamora ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (mohlala, ho tsosoa ha motho a pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ho lakatsa kamora ho etsa joalo, jj.).
Re khethile lithuto tse tšoanelehang ka ho batlisisa lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng ka Senyesemane ho tloha 2000 ho isa Mphalane 2020, re sebelisa lienjineri tse 'ne tsa lipatlisiso: PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science le Google Scholar. Ho khetholla lingoloa tse amehang, re sebelisitse metsoako e fapaneng ea mantsoe a latelang a ho batlisisa: “litšoantšo tsa bootsoa” kapa “lintho tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro” kapa “erotica” kapa “thobalano inthaneteng *” LE “ts'ebetso ea kutloisiso” kapa “mesebetsi ea bolaoli” kapa “tlhokomelo” leeme * ”kapa" memory memory "kapa" inhibition "kapa" inhibitory control "kapa" ho etsa liqeto ". Asterisk kamora polelo ea ho batla e bolela hore mantsoe ohle a qalang ka motso oo a kenyelelitsoe patlisisong ea thuto. Ho khetholla lingoliloeng tse ling, re ile ra etsa lipatlisiso tse tlatselletsang re sebelisa mantsoe a bohlokoa a kang: "lithethefatsi" tsa bootsoa "kapa" ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa "kapa" ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate "kapa" lefu la hypersexual "kapa" khatello ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano ". Liphuputso tse fumanoeng ka mantsoe a mararo a ho qetela (SA, HD, le CSBD) li kenyelelitse mehlala ea bakuli ba tlalehang PPU e le setsi sa bona sa mantlha sa thobalano, empa le bakuli ba tlalehang mathata a mang a thobalano (mohlala, ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea lipuisano tsa inthanete kapa li-webcam tsa thobalano, tse phehellang le tse sa laoleheng. litaba tsa kantle ho lenyalo, tloaelo ea ho kopa barekisi ba thobalano, jj.). Ho latela mekhoa ea ho kenyelletsa, lithuto tse lekolang mehlala ea bongaka eo mathata a eona a neng a sa tsepamisoa ho PPU ha a kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong ena.
Ho bontšoa chate ea lipalesa e hlalosang mohato oa khetho ea boithuto Setšoantšo sa 1. Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsa 7,675 li fumanoe. Kamora ho tlosa likopi, re ile ra fumana lirekoto tse 3,755 23. Bangoli ba babeli ba tlhahlobo (JCC le VCC) ba hlahlobile likhetho le lihlooho tsa litaba tse nepahetseng. Ke lithuto tse 12 feela tse fumanoeng li ka sebetsa. Kamora tlhahlobo e felletseng, re tlositse lingoloa tsena tse XNUMX (n= 11). Ho eketsa palo ea lithuto, re batlile lethathamo la lingoliloeng tse kenyellelitsoeng lingoliloeng tse nepahetseng, re khetholla lirekoto tse ling tsa 10 tse ileng tsa qetella li kenyelelitsoe kamora tlhahlobo e felletsengn= 21).
Setšoantšo sa 1. Setšoantšo sa phallo ea ho hlahloba le mokhoa oa ho khetha.
2.2. Ho ntša data
Lintlha tse latelang li ntšitsoe boithutong ka bong (bona Lethathamo 1). Taba ea mantlha, re ile ra ngola lintlha tse loketseng boithuto ba boithuto (sengoloa sa mongoli 'me letsatsi la phatlalatso). Re boetse re ngotse lintlha tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa kakaretso ea liphetho tsa tlhahlobo, tse kenyeletsang naha moo thuto e neng e etsoa teng 'me e tlhaloso ea sampole (mohlala, boholo, thobalano le kabo ea lilemo, litšobotsi tsa sampole, jj.).
Lethathamo 1. Kakaretso e khuts'oane ea lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ena
| Boitsebiso ba boithuto | naha | Tlhaloso ea mohlala | Sebaka sa kutloisiso | Mosebetsi / Paradigm | Mehato e meng | Liphuputso tse kholo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kagerer et al. (2014) | Duitsland | Baithuti ba 87 ba bong bo fapaneng: (a) basali ba 41 le (b) banna ba 46 (Mlilemo = 24.23) .Sampole e seng ea bongaka. | Boikemisetso bo mabapi | Mosebetsi oa ho etsa lipatlisiso (ho kenyeletsoa lintho tse sa nke lehlakore le tse tsosang takatso); li-stimuli li ile tsa hlahisoa bakeng sa 500ms | Lenane la lipotso tsa boits'oaro ba tsa thobalano (SOQ) Takatso ea Thobalano ea Thobalano (SDI) | (1) Ho batla maikutlo a thobalano ho ne ho tsamaellana hantle le ho tataisa (r= .33) 'me e hokahane hampe le ho aroloa ha litšoantšo (r= -. 24). Ka hona, ba batlang maikutlo a thobalano ba ne ba tloaetse ho arabela ka potlako mosebetsing oa ho etsa letheba ha letheba le hlaha pela setšoantšo sa thobalano (ha ho bapisoa le setšoantšo se sa nke lehlakore), 'me ba beha litšoantšo tse potlakileng tse bontšang thobalano mosebetsing oa ho shebella linepe (leeme la ho shebella litakatso tsa thobalano. ho sebetsana). (2) Ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano ho ne ho sa tsamaellane haholo le lintlha tse ling tsa liteko, ho bolelang hore lintlha tse phahameng mofuteng ona ha lia ka tsa thusa ho tsotella thobalano. |
| Doornwaard et al. (2014) | Netherlands | Barupeluoa ba 123 ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 18 le 23 (Mlilemo = 19.99): (a) basali ba 61 le (b) banna ba 62. | Boikemisetso bo mabapi | Mosebetsi oa ho Hlahloba Dot (ho kenyeletsoa lintho tse sa nke lehlakore le tse tsosang takatso); li-stimuli li ile tsa hlahisoa bakeng sa 500ms. Task Search Task | Potso ea Ad Hoc e lekola ho pepesehela litaba tsa thobalano inthaneteng | (1) Barupeluoa ba neng ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa ba ne ba araba ka potlako mosebetsi oa lipatlisiso tsa letheba (ntle le hore na letheba le hlahile pela setšoantšo sa lehlakore kapa sa thobalano). |
| Mechelmans et al. (2014) | united kingdom | Banna ba 66 ba ratanang le batho ba bong bo fapaneng:Mlilemo = 25.14) le (b) taolo e phetseng hantle e 44 (Mlilemo = 24.16). | Boikemisetso bo mabapi | Dot Probe Task (ho kenyeletsoa lehlakore le sa nke lehlakore, tse tsosang takatso, le tse hlakileng); li-stimuli li ile tsa hlahisoa bakeng sa 150ms. | Sekhahla sa Boitšoaro bo Ikemetseng (UPPS-P) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) State-Trait Anxcare Inventory (STAI) The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory- Teko ea Boitsebiso ba Matšeliso a Tšebeliso ea Joala (AUDIT) ea Bacha ba Inthanete ea Tlhekefetso (YIAT) e Sebetsang Inthaneteng (CIUS) Teko ea Naha ea Batho ba baholo ea ho Bala | (1) Bafo ba nang le CSB (PPU e le bothata ba bona ba mantlha ba thobalano) ba ne ba na le leeme le leholo la ho totobatsa lits'oants'o tse hlakileng tsa thobalano (litaba tsa bootsoa) (p= .022) empa eseng bakeng sa tšusumetso e sa nke lehlakore (p= .495). Haholo-holo, lithuto tse nang le CSB li ile tsa arabela ka potlako mosebetsing oa ho etsa letheba ha letheba le hlaha pela setšoantšo se hlalosang thobalano (ha se bapisoa le setšoantšo se sa nke lehlakore). (2) Khethollo ena e ne e bonoa feela ha barupeluoa ba ne ba hlahisoa ka tšusumetso e hlakileng ea thobalano ; ha ba hlahisoa ka maikutlo a litšila (boemo bo tlase ba ho itlhalosa), barupeluoa ba nang le CSB (PPU e le bothata ba bona ba mantlha ba thobalano) le baithaopi ba phetseng hantle ba arabile ka mokhoa o ts'oanang. |
| Banca et al. (2016) | united kingdom | Banna ba 62 ba ratanang le batho ba bong bo fapaneng:Mlilemo = 25.14) le (b) taolo e phetseng hantle ea 40 (Mlilemo = 25.20). | Boikemisetso bo mabapi | Dot Probe Task (ho kenyeletsoa lehlakore le sa nke lehlakore, tse tsosang takatso, le tse hlakileng); li-stimuli li ile tsa hlahisoa bakeng sa 150ms. | Mosebetsi oa ho hlophisa | (1) Lihlooho tse nang le khetho e kholo bakeng sa maemo a ts'oanang a thobalano (haholo-holo, ho qobella ho kopanela liphate le PPU) le tsona li bontšitse khethollo e matlafatsang bakeng sa ts'oaetso ea thobalano (p= .044). (2) Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khetho ea romana le litlhahiso tse tloaelehileng e ne e sa amahanngoe le khethollo ea maikutlo ea thobalano (p= .458). (3) Tlhaloso ea bohlokoa: Patlisiso ena e ile ea lekola lintlha tse tsoang thutong ka Mechelmans et al. (2014). Ka hona, kopano lipakeng tsa lithuto tsena ka bobeli e bakoa haholo ke ho kopana hona. Lebaka la ho kenyelletsa thuto ho Banca et al. (2016) hape ke hore e fana ka leseli le eketsehileng mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa leeme la tlhokomelo le likarolo tse ling tsa neuropsychological le phenomenological tsa CSB. |
| Pekal et al. (2018) | Duitsland | Barupeluoa ba 174: (a) basali ba 87 le (b) banna ba 87 Barupeluoa ba ne ba le pakeng tsa lilemo tse 18-52 (Mage = 23.59) 8.9% ea barupeluoa ba banna le 2.2% ea basali ba lekiloeng ba le hantle bakeng sa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le bothata. | Boikemisetso bo mabapi | Ts'ebetso ea Probe ea Visual lits'oants'o li hlahisitsoe ka 200 kapa 2,000ms. | Mofuta o mokhutšoane oa Teko ea Tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang e lumellanang le thobalano inthaneteng- (s-IATsex) Ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le ho lakatsa litekanyetso (ke hore, ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le ho hloka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali kamora ho pepesetsoa lits'oants'o tsa bootsoa) | (1) Khethollo ea maikutlo mabapi le litakatso tsa thobalano (ke hore, likarabo tse potlakileng mosebetsing oa lipatlisiso ha motsu o hlaha pela litakatso tsa thobalano) o ne o amana le ho tiea ha lithethefatsi tsa bootsoa (r= .23), takatso (ke hore, takatso ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali) (r pakeng tsa .18-.35), le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano (r pakeng tsa .11-.25). (2) Kamano lipakeng tsa leeme la ho shebella litakatso tsa thobalano le ho tiea ha bokhoba ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e le ntho e ts'oanang ho banna le basali. (3) Kamano lipakeng tsa leeme la ho shebella litakatso tsa thobalano le ho tiea ha bokhoba ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e le karolo e 'ngoe. motsamaisi ka ho lakatsa le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano. |
| Seok le Sohn (2018) | Korea Boroa | Banna ba 45 ba bong bo fapaneng (basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro): (a) litekanyetso tsa liboka tse 23 tsa ho fumana lefu la hypersexual (Mlilemo = 26.12; SD= 4.11) le (b) ditaolo tse 22 tse phetseng hantle (Mlilemo = 26.27; SDLitšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro beke le beke li sebelisa: Linako tsa 3.39 ho barupeluoa ba nang le bosodoma le 5.23 ho banna ba phetseng hantle (p <.1.80; d= 3.2). | Taolo ea thibelo (haholo-holo taolo ea thibelo ea tlhokomelo). | Mosebetsi oa Stroop | Teko ea Tlhatlhobo ea Thobalano ea Thobalano ea Thobalano-R (SAST-R) Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI) EPI-BOLD: likarabo tse itšetlehileng ka boemo ba oksijene ea mali | (1) Batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea hypersexual le taolo e phetseng hantle ba bontšitse linako tse ts'oanang tsa karabelo ha ba araba liteko tse kopaneng le tse sa sebetseng tsa stroop. (2) Batho ba nang le lefu la hypersexual ba ne ba sa nepahala ho feta taolo e nepahetseng ha ba araba liteko tse sa sebetseng tsa stroop (82% vs. 89% ; p<.05), empa eseng ha o araba liteko tse kopaneng tsa stroop. Sena se bolela hore bakuli ba nang le bosodoma ba tloaetse ho ba le mathata maemong a hlokang ho hlokomoloha tlhaiso-leseling e fosahetseng. |
| Seok le Sohn (2020) | Korea Boroa | Barupeluoa ba 60 ba banna (basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro): (a) litekanyetso tsa liboka tse 30 bakeng sa ho fumanoa ke bothata ba bosodoma (Mlilemo = 28.81) le (b) banna ba 30 ba phetseng hantle (Mage = 27.41) Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro beke le beke li sebelisa: Linako tsa 5.23 ho barupeluoa ba nang le bosodoma le 1.80 ho banna ba phetseng hantle (p <.001; d= 3.2). | Taolo ea thibelo (haholo-holo taolo ea lithibelo tsa makoloi). | Mosebetsi oa Go / No-Go (o sebelisa feela likhothaletso tse sa nke lehlakore - mangolo- empa o hlahisoa ka mokhoa o sa jeleng paate kapa oa thobalano) | Ts'ebetso ea MRIS ea Tlhekefetso ea Bokhoba ba Tlhekefetso (SAST-R) Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro ba Hypersexual (HBI) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | (1) Barupeluoa ba Hypersexual ba sebelitse hampe mosebetsing oa Go / No-Go (ke hore, ba entse ho se lumellane ho hoholo ho feta taolo e nepahetseng. (2) Phapang lipakeng tsa bankakarolo ba nang le bosodoma le taolo e phetseng hantle e hlahelletse haholo litekong tsa ho sa tsamaee (liteko ho ke barupeluoa bafe ba lokelang ho thibela likarabo) mme ha mosebetsi oa Go / No-Go o hlahisoa hammoho le setšoantšo sa thobalano ka morao (ha se bapisoa le semelo se sa jeleng paate). (3) Mabapi le linako tsa karabelo, batho ba hypersexual ba ile ba arabela butle ha ba le litekong tsa thobalano. semelo se ne se le teng (p <.05). |
| Antons le Brand (2020) | Duitsland | Basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba banna ba 28 (Mlilemo = 29.28; SD= 8.81): (a) basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba 10, (b) ba nang le mathata a 9, le (c) basebelisi ba 9 ba likokoana-hloko. | Taolo ea thibelo (haholo-holo taolo ea thibelo ea likoloi tse matlafatsang pele). | Stop-Signal Task (ho sebelisa lintho tse sa nke lehlakore - mebala e fapaneng e fapaneng- ho bonts'a mofuta oa teko, le tse mpe tse sa nke lehlakore le tsa bootsoa joalo ka maemo a morao-rao) | Teko e khuts'oane ea lithethefatsi ea inthanete e fetotsoe bakeng sa Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete (s-IATporn) Boitšoaro ba Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-15) e sebetsang ea MRI | (1) Boima ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete (s-IATporn) bo tsamaellana le linako tsa karabelo nakong ea liteko tsa ho emisa lets'oao ho se nke lehlakore (r= -. 49) le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (r= -. 52) maemo. Haholo-holo, ts'ebeliso e matla ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng e ne e amahanngoa le linako tse potlakileng tsa ho arabela nakong ea liteko tsa ho emisa (ke hore, taolo e ntle ea thibelo). (2) Ho lakatsa (ke hore, takatso e matla ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) e tsamaellanang le linako tsa karabelo nakong ea lets'oao la ho emisa. liteko empa feela maemong a bootsoa (r= -. 55). Hape, takatso e eketsehileng e ne e amahanngoa le linako tse potlakileng tsa ho arabela nakong ea liteko tsa ho emisa (ke hore, taolo e ntle ea thibelo). |
| Wang le Dai (2020) | China | Banna ba 70 ba bong bo fapaneng: (a) 36 ba nang le tloaelo ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi tsa cybersex (TCA) (Mlilemo = 19.75) le (b) taolo e phetseng hantle ea 34 (HC). (Mage = 19.76) Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa beke le beke li sebelisa: Linako tsa 3.92 ho batho ba nang le TCA le 1.09 ho HC | Taolo ea thibelo (haholo-holo taolo ea lithibelo tsa makoloi le ts'ebetso e latelang ea makoloi). | Likhetho tse peli tsa Oddball Paradigm (ho kenyeletsoa boits'oaro bo sa nke lehlakore le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) | Bothata ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Inthaneteng Sebelisa Scale (PIPUS) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11)Ea tlas'a maemo sekala sa ho lekanya likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebeliso ea cybersexSelf-Rating Self Anxiety Scale (SAS) Boithati ba khatello ea maikutlo (SDS) Electroencephalography (EEG) | (1) Barupeluoa ka bobeli ba nang le TCA le HC ba bontšitse linako tse arabelang butle ha ba ne ba araba Likhetho tse peli tsa Khetho ea Oddball ha ho tluoa litabeng tsa thobalano (ha li bapisoa le tšusumetso e sa nke lehlakore); leha ho le joalo, liphapang tsa nako ea karabelo lipakeng tsa mefuta ka bobeli ea litšusumetso li ne li tsebahala haholo ho bakuli ba nang le TCA. Ka mantsoe a mang, batho ba nang le TCA ba ile ba ba le taolo e futsanehileng ea thibelo ea ts'oaetso ha ba tobane le ts'oaetso ea thobalano ha e bapisoa le HC. |
| Laier et al. (2013) | Duitsland | 28 banna ba bong bo fapaneng (Mlilemo = 26.21; SD = 5.95) | Sehopotso sa ho Sebetsa | n-Back Task (4-Back Task e sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le tšusumetso) | Ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le ho lakatsa litekanyetso (ke hore, ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le ho hloka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali kamora ho pepesetsoa lits'oants'o tsa bootsoa) | (1) Ts'ebetso ts'ebetsong ea 4-back (boemo ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) e tsamaellanang le litsupa tsa ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le takatso. Ka ho khetheha, ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano kamora ho bona litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse amanang le karolo ea ho tlola (r= .45), le takatso e amanang le karolo ea lilamo tsa bohata (r= .45) (maemong ka bobeli, litsupa tsa ts'ebetso e mpe). Sena se bolela hore batho ba bonts'ang karabelo e eketsehang ea thobalano litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ba tloaetse ho mpefala mosebetsing oa ho hopola. (2) Ts'ebetso e akaretsang tekong ea 4-back e ne e boletsoe esale pele (R2= 27%) ka tšebelisano lipakeng tsa ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le takatso kamora ho pepesetsoa takatso ea thobalano: haholo-holo, barupeluoa ba bonts'ang takatso e phahameng le takatso ea thobalano kamora ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba entseng hampe tekong ea 4-back. |
| Au and Tang (2019) | China | Ithute 1: 24 banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 19 le 27 (Mlilemo = 23.08; SDIthute 2.22: 2 banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 27 le 18 (Mlilemo = 23.0; SD= 3.15) | Ho hopola mohopolo | Ithute 1: n-Back Task (3-Back Task e sebelisa litlhaku e le tšusumetso) kamora ho hlahisoa ha maikutlo a nepahetseng, a fosahetseng, a thobalano kapa a sa nke lehlakore a sebelisa li-videoclip. n-Back Task (3-Back Task e sebelisang litlhaku, mebala e mebala, kapa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le tšusumetso) kamora ho tsosoa ha thobalano. | Inquory ea Boitšoaro ba ho Kopanela Liphate ka ho Kopanela Liphate (CSBI) Lethathamo la Lipotso tse Ikemetseng (DEQ) Takatso ea thobalano le takatso ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali kamora ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, tse hlahlojoang ke ea tlas'a maemo Tekanyo ea Visual Analogue (VAS) Mehato ea 'mele (khatello ea mali, lebelo la pelo le mocheso) | Study1: (1) Barupeluoa ba ipehileng holimo ho CSBI ba bontšitse ho nepahala ho fokotsehileng ha ba araba tlhahlobo ea mokokotlo oa 3 tlasa maemo a mane (rsa nke lehlakore= .52; rtse ntle= .72; rmpe= .75; rthobalano= .77). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lintlha tse phahameng ho CSBI li tsamaisana le nako ea karabelo ha u araba tlhahlobo ea mokokotlo oa 3 tlasa maemo a mabeli (rsa nke lehlakore= .42; rthobalano= .41). Ka bokhutšoanyane, batho ba nang le lintlha tse phahameng ho CSBI ba ne ba tloaetse ho sebetsa hampe ho feta mohopolong oa ho sebetsa (ka nepo nako e eketsehileng ea ho araba) ntle le boemo ba maikutlo.Sethuto sa 2: (2) Barupeluoa ba iketselitseng lintlha tse phahameng ho CSBI ba bontšitse ho nepahala ho fokolang ha ba araba teko ea mekokotlo ea 3 e sebelisa lintho tse fapaneng tse fapaneng (rlitšoantšo tsa bootsoa= .50; rmangolo= .45; rLikoloto= .53). Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lintlha tse phahameng ho CSBI li tsamaisana le nako ea karabelo ha u araba tlhahlobo ea mekokotlo e meraro u sebelisa mebala e mebala e le tšusumetso (r= .39). Ka bokhutšoanyane, batho ba nang le lintlha tse phahameng ho CSBI ba ne ba tloaetse ho sebetsa hampe ho feta mohopolong oa ho sebetsa (ka nepo le ho eketsa nako ea ho araba) ntle le mofuta oa tšusumetso e sebelisitsoeng tekong ea mokokotlo oa 3. |
| Sinke et al. (2020) | Duitsland | Banna ba 69 ba bong bo fapaneng: (a) Litekanyetso tse 38 tsa ho kopana bakeng sa ho fumanoa ke lefu la Compulsive Sexual Behaeve disorder (Mlilemo = 36.3; SD= 11.2) le (b) ditaolo tse 31 tse phetseng hantle (Mlilemo = 37.6; SDLitšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa beke le beke li sebelisa: 11.7 min ka beke ho barupeluoa ba nang le CSBD vs 213 ka taolo e nepahetseng (p <.. 49; d = 001). | Ho hopola mohopolo | n-Back Task (1-Back and 2-Back task using letters) ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tse sa jeleng paate ka morao | Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro ba Hypersexual (HBI) Tlhatlhobo e ntlafalitsoeng ea Teko ea Tlhatlhobo ea Thobalano ea Thobalano ea Thobalano (SAST-R) Puisano e hlophisitsoeng ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng e lekolang litšoaneleho tsa thobalano Sekala sa Thibelo le Thibelo ea Thobalano (SIS / SES) | (1) Bakuli le taolo e phetseng hantle ha ea ka ea fapana ts'ebetsong ea bona ho 1-Back le 2-Back Tasks (ho nepahala le nako ea karabelo) ha mesebetsi e ne e etsoa ka setšoantšo se sa nke lehlakore ka morao. (2) Ha 1-Back le 2-Back Tasks li ne li khannoa ka setšoantšo sa thobalano ka morao, bakuli le taolo e phetseng hantle ba bontšitse phapang e kholo (p pakeng tsa .01-.03) mabapi le ho nepahala le nako ea karabelo: haholo-holo, bakuli ba ne ba sa nepahala hanyane (93.4% vs. 97.7% mosebetsing oa 1-Back; 80.1% vs. 88.2% mosebetsing oa 2-Back) le e bonts'itse linako tse eketsehileng tsa karabelo (668ms vs. 607ms ho 1-Back task; 727ms vs. 696ms in the 2-Back task). (3) Ho fapana le hoo, bakuli ba qobelloang ka thobalano ba sebelitse hantle ho feta taolo e phetseng hantle mosebetsing o lekanyang kananelo ea tšusumetso ea thobalano hora e le 'ngoe hamorao ea mesebetsi ea 1-Back le 1-Back (2% vs. 65.5% le 48.3% vs. 52%). Phello ena e ne e sa bonoe bakeng sa tšusumetso e sa nke lehlakore. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore bakuli ba nang le CSBD ba na le hlooho e ntle le ho hopola litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, empa eseng bakeng sa litšusumetso tse sa amaneng le thobalano (ke hore, mohopolo o motle oa nako e telele le ho hopola likhopolo tse itseng tsa thobalano). |
| 'Muelli oa molao (2008) | usa | Barupeluoa ba 71: (a) banna ba 38 le (b) basali ba 33 ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 18-57 (Mlilemo = 23.4; SD= 7.7) .60% ea barupeluoa ba banna le 39.5% ea barupeluoa ba basali ba khethiloe e le basebelisi ba erotica (ke hore, basebelisi ba erotica nakong e fetileng mme ba thahasella ho shebella erotica nakong e tlang) | Ho etsa liqeto (haholoholo, ho fokotsa litheolelo) | Mesebetsi ea litheolelo ea ho lieha le ho ba le monyetla (e 'ngoe e lekola theolelo bakeng sa chelete, e' ngoe e lekola litheolelo bakeng sa maikutlo). | Phuputso ea Maikutlo a Thobalano (SOS) Tekanyetso ea ho Kopanela Liphate ka ho Kopanela Liphate (SCS) Thibelo ea Thobalano / Teko ea Thobalano ea Thobalano (SIS / SES) The Erotica Consumption Scale (ECS) | (1) Mesebetsing ea litheolelo tsa lichelete le tsa erotica, basebelisi ba erotica ba khethile li-reinforcers tse nyane tse fumanehang hanghang ho feta tse matlafatsang tse fanoeng kamora ho lieha. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, basebelisi ba erotica ba khethile liphetho tse nyane empa tse itseng ho feta liphetho tse kholo empa tse sa tsitsang. (2) Mekhahlelo e 'meli ea mesebetsi ea litheolelo e ne e amana haholo le SCS (r= -. 41). le SOS (r= .38). Liphetho tsena li bonts'a hore ho qobelloa ho kopanela liphate ho ne ho amahanngoa le mekhoa ea khetho e matla haholo. Ho makatsang ke hore li-erotophilia li amana haholo le mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho khetha (ho bolelang hore batho ba erotophilic ba ne ba tloaetse ho khetha liphetho tse liehang ho lieha). |
| Laier et al. (2014) | Duitsland | Banna ba 82 ba bong bo fapaneng lipakeng tsa lilemo tse 18 le 54 (Mlilemo = 25.21; SDBarupeluoa e ne e le basebelisi ba cybersex mme ba qeta lihora tse ka bang 6.23 ka beke inthaneteng molemong oa thobalano (SD= 1.30). | Ho etsa liqeto (haholo-holo ho nka liqeto ka mokhoa o sa hlakang) | Teko ea Ho becha ea Iowa (IGT) (ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tse sa nke lehlakore e le tšusumetso) | Litekanyetso tsa ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano pele le kamora ho pepesetsoa lits'oants'o tsa bootsoa Mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa Teko ea Tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang o lumellanang le thobalano ea inthanete- (s-IATsex).Ea tlas'a maemo lenane la lipotso le lekola likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebeliso ea cybersex | (1) Ts'ebetso ho Teko ea Ho becha ea Iowa e ne e le betere ha litakatso tsa thobalano li ne li amahanngoa le liqeto tse ntle ebile li mpe le ho feta ha li amana le liqeto tse seng ntle (d= .69). Sena se bolela hore tšusumetso ea thobalano e ka tataisa ho amoheloa ha mokhoa o motle khahlanong le mokhoa o seng motle ha o etsa liqeto o sa hlakisa. (2) Phello ena e ne e ipapisitse le tloaelo ea bankakarolo ea ho tsoha ha ba pepesetsoa takatso ea thobalano. Ho batho ka bomong ba tlalehang nyakallo e tlase ea thobalano kamora ho pepesetsoa ts'usumetso ea thobalano, ekaba litšusumetso tsa thobalano li amana le liqeto tse ntle kapa tse mpe ha li a ka tsa etsa ts'ebetso ho Teko ea Papali ea Iowa. Leha ho le joalo, ho batho ka bomong ba tlalehang ho tsoha ho hoholo ka thobalano kamora ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa thobalano, ts'ebetso ho Iowa Gambling Test e ne e le mpe le ho feta ha litšoantšo tsa thobalano li ne li amahanngoa le liqeto tse mpe ebile li le betere ha li hokahane le liqeto tse molemo. |
| Mulhauser et al. (2014) | usa | Barupeluoa ba 62 ba banna: (a) bakuli ba 18 ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 18-68 (Mlilemo = 43.22; Litekanyetso tsa kopano tsa SD = 14.52 bakeng sa lefu la hypersexual le (b) taolo e phetseng hantle ea 44 lipakeng tsa lilemo tse 18-44 (Mlilemo = 21.23; SD= 4.55) Litaba tsohle tsa hypersexual (100%) li tlalehile PPU e le bothata ba bona ba mantlha ba thobalano. | Ho etsa liqeto (haholo-holo ho nka liqeto ka mokhoa o sa hlakang) | Teko ea Ho becha ea Iowa (IGT) | Boitšoaro ba boits'oaro ba Hypersexual (HBI) Barrat Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) | (1) Bakuli ba Hypersexual (PPU e le bothata ba bona ba mantlha ba thobalano) ba ne ba ka khetha mekotla e nang le likotlo tsa tahlehelo khafetsa ho feta taolo e nepahetseng (p= .047), mokhoa oa ho arabela o lebisang tšebetsong e mpe ho Iowa Gambling Test. (2) Tlhaloso e akaretsang: Khetho ea bakuli ba hypersexual bakeng sa mokhoa ona oa karabelo e bonts'a bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto mme boemong bo phahameng. , mesebetsi e sa sebetseng ea phethahatso. |
| Schiebener et al. (2015) | Duitsland | Banna ba 104 ba bong bo fapaneng ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 18-50 (Mlilemo = 24.29) .Sampole e seng ea bongaka. | Ho etsa liqeto (haholo-holo, ho etsa lintho tse ngata tse ikemiselitseng ho ipehela lipheo le ho itšoara ka boits'oaro) | Porn Porn e leka-lekaneng (BSTporn). | Kakaretso ea Lethathamo la Matšoao (BSI) .Phetolelo e khuts'oane ea Teko ea Tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang e lumellanang le thobalano ea inthanete- (s-IATsex). | (1) Khokahano e ntle lipakeng tsa ho se leka-lekane ha BSTporn multitasking (phokotso ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ka lebaka la tsetelo ea nako e ngata haholo [tšebeliso e fetelletseng] kapa nako e nyane haholo [ho se tsotelle] ho sebetsana le lits'oants'o tsa bootsoa) le lintlha tsa s-IATsex (r = .28) (2) Ho se leka-lekane ha mesebetsi e mengata ea BSTporn ho hlalositse 6% ea phapang ea teko ea s-IATsex. (3) Barupeluoa ba fumaneng lintlha tse phahameng ho s-IATsex ba ne ba tloaetse ho sebelisa hampe kapa ho hlokomoloha ho sebetsa ka litakatso tsa bootsoa (ke hore, ho bontša tlase (4) Tlhaloso e akaretsang: Ho hlahisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho batho ba bontšang mekhoa ea ho lemalla lit soant so tsa thobalano e amanang le mathata a taolo ea maemo a holimo maemong a mangata. |
| Snagowski le Brand (2015) | Duitsland | 123 banna ba bong bo fapaneng (Mlilemo = 23.79; SDBarupeluoa bohle e ne e le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. | Ho etsa liqeto (haholo-holo, mekhoa ea ho qoba mekhoa) | Atamela-Mosebetsi oa Qoba (AAT) ho kenyeletsoa lintho tse sa jeleng paate le tsa thobalano. Litaelo tse amanang le mosebetsi (hula kapa sutumelletsa tšusumetso ho latela litaba tsa bona-tsa thobalano le tse sa nke lehlakore). | Litekanyetso tsa ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano mme o hloka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ka pele ho litakatso tsa bootsoa Mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa Teko ea Tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang o ikamahantsoeng le thobalano ea inthanete- (s-IATsex). Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI) Screate Scale Scale (SES) | (1) Nako eohle ea karabelo ha u araba Mosebetsi oa Thibelo ea ho Thibela (ke hore, mohato o sa tobang oa kelo-hloko ea bootsoa) e amanang le HBI (rpalo eohle= .21; rtahlehelo ea taolo= .21; rliphello= .26), SES (r= .26), boemo ba ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ka pela litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso (r= .25) le takatso ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali (r= .39). (2) Kamano lipakeng tsa bohale ba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (ke hore, lintlha tsa s-IATsex) le litloaelo tsa ho qoba mekhoa e ne e le li-curvilinear: ke hore, batho ba nang le lintlha tse phahameng ho s-IATsex ba ne ba tloaetse ho bonts'a katamelo e fetelletseng kapa litloaelo tsa ho qoba ka ho fetelletseng lithahasello tsa bootsoa. (3) Qetellong, kamano lipakeng tsa boemo bo matla ba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le mekhoa ea ho qoba mekhoa e ile ea lekanyetsoa ke HBI le SES: litloaelo tsa ho atamela le tsa ho qoba, ha li tsamaea le maemo a phahameng a nyakallo ea thobalano le bosodoma, ho hlahisitse ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. |
| Negash et al. (2016) | usa | Ithute 1: Baithuti ba undergardate ba 123 ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 18 le 27 (Mlilemo = 20): (a) banna ba 32 le (b) basali ba 91.Thuto ea 2:37 baithuti ba undergardate ba pakeng tsa lilemo tse 18 le 28 (Mlilemo = 19): (a) banna ba 24 le (b) basali ba 13. | Ho etsa liqeto (haholoholo, ho fokotsa litheolelo) | Mesebetsi ea Ts'ebetso ea Ts'ebetso (ho lekola theolelo bakeng sa chelete). | Ea tlas'a maemo potso e lekolang makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa | Thuto 1: (1) Khafetsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka nako ea 1 e bolela esale pele ho lieha ho theola libeke tse 'ne hamorao (β= .21; p<.05; R2= 19%). Ka mantsoe a mang, barupeluoa ba tlalehang ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bontšitse theolelo e phahameng ea meputso ea nako e tlang (ke hore, khetho ea meputso e menyenyane ea kapele ho fapana le meputso e meholo e liehang ho feta) libeke tse 'ne hamorao. maemo a phokotso ea litheko (ke hore, a bonts'a keketseho ea likhetho tsa bona bakeng sa phaello e telele). Phetoho ena e ne e le kholo ho feta e bonoang ke barupeluoa ba qobang lijo tseo ba li ratang, ho bolelang hore litlamorao tse ntle tsa ho itšepa ha u lieha ho theola li ne li le kholo haholo ha boitšoaro bo sa laoleheng e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. |
| Sklenarik et al. (2019) | usa | Banna ba 58 ba undergraduate ba itsebahatsa e le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Mlilemo = 19.5; SDBarupeluoa ba bane ba ile ba khetholloa e le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. | Ho etsa liqeto (haholo-holo, mekhoa ea ho qoba mekhoa) | Atamela-Mosebetsi oa ho Qoba (AAT) ho kenyelletsa lintho tse sa jeleng paate le tsa thobalano. Litaelo tse sa amaneng le letho (hula kapa sutumelletsa tšusumetso ho latela sebopeho sa setšoantšo -horizontal vs. vertical-). | Bothata ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa Scale (PPUS) Screen e Khuts'oane ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa (BPS) | (1) Tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lintlha tse ngata ho BPS le lintlha tsa leeme li ne li le ntle ebile li le bohlokoa (r= .26). Kahoo, bankakarolo ba ipehelang lipalo tse phahameng ho BPS (ke hore, ho ba le mathata a mangata a ho laola tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) ba bonts'itse leeme le matla mabapi le litakatso tsa thobalano. (2) Barupeluoa ba khethiloeng e le basebelisi ba nang le bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bonts'itse leeme le leholo la ts'ebeliso ea thobalano ho feta basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. (p<.05). Haholo-holo, basebelisi ba nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bonts'a leeme le fetang la 200% ha ba bapisoa le batho ba se nang boemo bona. |
| Sklenarik, Potenza, Gola, le Astur (2020) | usa | Basali ba 121 ba pele ba ithutang e le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoaMlilemo = 18.9; SD= 1.1). | Ho etsa liqeto (haholo-holo, mekhoa ea ho qoba mekhoa) | Atamela-Mosebetsi oa ho Qoba (AAT) ho kenyelletsa lintho tse sa jeleng paate le tsa thobalano. Litaelo tse sa amaneng le letho (hula kapa sutumelletsa tšusumetso ho latela sebopeho sa setšoantšo -horizontal vs. vertical-). | Bothata ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa Scale (PPUS) Screen e Khuts'oane ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa (BPS) Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) Revised Social Anhedonia Scale- Foromo e Khuts'oane (R-SAS) | (1) Khokahano lipakeng tsa lintlha tse ngata ho PPUS le lintlha tsa leeme li ne li le ntle ebile li le bohlokoar= .19). Kahoo, bankakarolo ba ipehelang lintlha tse phahameng ho PPUS (ke hore, ho ba le mathata a mangata a ho laola tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) ba bonts'itse leeme le matla mabapi le litakatso tsa thobalano. |
| Kahveci et al. (2020) | Netherlands | Liithuti tse 62 tsa banna ba univesithi (Mlilemo = 24.47; SD= 6.42): (a) basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse 57 le (b) basebelisi ba 5 ba nang le mathata. | Ho etsa liqeto (haholo-holo, mekhoa ea ho qoba mekhoa) | Atamela-Mosebetsi oa Qoba (AAT) ho kenyelletsa le litakatso tsa basali (tse apesitsoeng le tse hlobotseng) .Litaelo tse amanang le mosebetsi (hula kapa sutumelletsa tšusumetso ho latela litaba tsa tsona-tse apereng liaparo tse hlobotseng-). | Mathata a Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa Scale (PPUS).Ea tlas'a maemo sekhahla sa ho lekanya sekhahla le matla a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. | (1) Barupeluoa ba tlalehang ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa ba bontšitse leeme le matla la ho ts'oara thobalano (p= .02). Leha ho le joalo, ho tiea ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (e lekantsoeng ka PPUS) ha hoa amana haholo le khethollo ea mokhoa (p= .81). (2) Basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba nang le mathata le ba se nang mathata ha baa ka ba fapana ka mokhoa oa ho sekamela litabeng tsa thobalano (p= .46). |
Tlhokomeliso: Liphuputso tse hlahlojoang tafoleng ena li hlophisoa ke taolo ea tekolo e hlahlobiloeng (tekanyetso ea pele) le selemo sa phatlalatso ea thuto ka tatellano e nyolohang (tekanyetso ea bobeli)
Mefuta e 'meli e latelang e tlalehiloeng (ke hore, domain domain e hlahlojoe thutong le ho mesebetsi ea liteko kapa paradigms e sebelisitsoeng tekong ea eona) e bile likarolo tsa mantlha tsa tlhahlobo ena. Bakeng sa ho arola lithuto ho latela taolo ea tsebo, re ile ra latela tekolo e hlahisitsoeng ke Ioannidis et al., 2019, Brand et al., 2020. Haholo-holo, re ile ra khetholla lipakeng tsa libaka tse latelang tsa kutloisiso (le li-subprocesses): (a) leeme la tlhokomelo; (b) taolo ea thibelo (taolo ea pele ea matla a makoloi, taolo ea motlakase, le taolo ea tlhokomelo ea tlhokomelo); (c) mohopolo o sebetsang; le (d) ho nka liqeto (ho liehisa theolelo, mekhoa ea ho qoba mekhoa, le ho nka liqeto ka mokhoa o sa hlakang). Joale, re hlalositse paradigm ea liteko e sebelisitsoeng ho lekola libaka tsena tsa kutloisiso (mofuta oa mosebetsi, tšusumetso e sebelisitsoeng, litaelo).
Bakeng sa ho fana ka kakaretso e hlakileng ea lithuto tse hlahlojoang, re boetse re tlalehile ts'ebeliso ea mehato ya tlatsetso ya tekolo (lipuisano, sekala sa ho itlaleha, methapo ea methapo kapa psychophysiological, jj.). Phapang ea hoqetela e kentsoeng ho Lethathamo 1 e na le lintlha tsa mantlha tse fumanoeng thutong ka 'ngoe. Ho ntša lintlha le ho li arola ho etsahetse ka mekhoa e latelang. Qalong, liphetho tsohle tse tsoang thutong ka 'ngoe li ne li tsejoa ho tsoa liphethong le likarolong tsa liqeto ebe li hlahisoa ka sebopeho sa mongolo. Kamora moo, tlhahlobo e tebileng e ile ea etsoa ho supa sephetho se amanang le sepheo sa boithuto. Liphuputso tsena li kenyelelitsoe ho tafole 1, athe tlhaiso-leseling e ka n the'ane ho bophahamo ba tlhahlobo ena ha ea kenyelletsoa.
3. Liphetho
3.1. Litšobotsi tsa ho ithuta
Lethathamo 1 e akaretsa lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong. Mabapi le letsatsi la phatlalatso, karolo e fetang halofo ea lithuto tse hlahlojoang (66.66%; n= 14) li phatlalalitsoe lilemong tse hlano tse fetileng. Boithuto bo ile ba etsoa linaheng tse tšeletseng le lik'honthinenteng tse tharo: Europe (57.14%; n= 12), Amerika Leboea (23.80%; n= 5), le Asia (19.04%; n= 4).
Mabapi le boholo ba sampole le boemeli, lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ena li hlahlobile kakaretso ea bankakarolo ba 1,706. Kabo ea bankakarolo bakeng sa thobalano le lilemo e ne e le hole le ho lekana: ke 26.20% ea bankakarolo e ne e le basali (n= 447), le lithuto tse 15 (71.42%) li hlahlobile feela barupeluoa ba batona. Liphuputso tse ngata li lekotse bankakarolo ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 30 (Mlilemo = 25.15). Mabapi le maikutlo a thobalano, lithuto tsa 12 (57.14%) li lekotse feela bankakarolo ba bong bo fapaneng. Ha e le litšoaneleho tsa mohlala, 52.38% ea lithuto (n= 11) e tlalehile tlhahlobo ea mehlala ea bongaka, ho kenyeletsoa kakaretso ea bakuli ba 226 ba fumanoeng ba na le PPU.
Bakeng sa libaka tsa kutloisiso tseo lithuto li tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho tsona, 42.85% (n= 9) e lekotse ho nka liqeto, 23.80% (n= 5) leeme la tlhokomelo, 19.04% (n= 4) thibelo ea thibelo, le 14.28% (n= 3) mohopolo o sebetsang. Mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea methati ea tlhatlhobo e tlatselletsang, 76.19% ea lithuto (n= 16) e tsamaisitse sekala sa ho itlaleha ho sekaseka boteng ba PPU kapa matšoao a SA, HD, kapa CSBD, 38.09% (n= 8) e kenyelelitse mehato ea litloaelo tse ling tsa thobalano (mohlala, nyakallo / thibelo ea thobalano), 28.57% (n= 6) ho lekanya ho se ts'oanehe, le 19.04% (n= 4) ba sebelisitse litlaleho tsa bona ho hlahloba matšoao a kelello.
3.2. Khethollo
Leeme la tlhokomelo le hlalosoa e le “tloaelo ea hore litšusumetso tse ling li sebetsoe ka khethollo, ka hona tsa hapa tlhokomelo"(Kagerer et al., 2014). Ts'ebetso ena ea ho se tsebe letho e hlalosa lintho tse tlang pele ha ho sebetsoa lintho tse ka qothisanang lehlokoa le tsona: ka ha lisebelisoa tsa rona tsa tlhokomelo li na le moeli, tšusumetso e nang le boiphihlelo bo boholo e sebetsoa ka khetho. Ena ke taba ea lintho tse amanang le ho phela ha mefuta (mohlala, tšusumetso e bonts'a kotsi e ka bang teng). Joalokaha ho hlahisitsoe ke mefuta ea tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhokomelo ea batho (Yorzinski, Penkunas, Platt, & Coss, 2014), khethollo ena e lebisitsoe ho baeloji: ka hona, motho e mong le e mong o arolelana le maemo ana. Leha ho le joalo, liphapano ka bonngoe ba boiphihlelo ba lintho tse ling li boetse li bonoe, ho susumetsa kabelo ea tlhokomelo har'a litšusumetso tse hlolisang. Ena ke ketsahalo e ithutoang haholo ho li-SUDs (Tšimo, Marhe, le Franken, 2014). Tloaelo ea ho khetha ka khethollo lintlha tse amanang le lithethefatsi li tlalehiloe bakeng sa lintho tse ngata (Cox, Fadardi, & Pothos, 2006). Liphuputso tsena li bonts'a hore batho ba nang le li-SUD ba lemoha le ho shebella lintho tse amanang le lithethefatsi habonolo ho feta basebelisi bao e seng ba lithethefatsi, mme lintlha tse amanang le bokhoba li ka hloloa ke lintho tse ling. Haufinyane tjena, khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo linthong tse amanang le bokhoba ba tahi li bontšitsoe ho li-BA tse fapaneng, joalo ka papali ea chelete (Hønsi et al., 2013), Ho bapala, kapa ho sebelisa marang-rang a mathata ho sebelisa (Wegmann le Brand, 2020). Ho 'nile ha sebelisoa khopolo ea khothatso ea khothatso ho hlalosa leeme le lebisang tlhokomelo linthong tse amanang le lithethefatsi.Robinson le Berridge, 2001). Ho ea ka khopolo ena, lits'ebetso tsa maemo a khale li hlalosa hore litloaelo tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi li qetella li hlohlelletsa maikutlo: haholo-holo, ho pheta-pheta mekhoa e meng ea tahi e nang le litlamorao tse tsoang ts'ebelisong ea lithethefatsi ho baka keketseho ea botsitso ba lintho tsena, ka hona 'ho ts'oara 'ho tsotella le ho hohela ka ho khetheha le ho' batloa '.
Paradigm e tsebahalang haholo ea ho lekola khethollo ena e sa hlokeng tlhokomelo ke mosebetsi oa lipatlisiso.van Rooijen, Ploeger, & Kret, 2017). Mosebetsing ona, litšusumetso tse peli (mohlala, mantsoe, litšoantšo, lifahleho) ka nako e le 'ngoe li hlahisoa ka nako e khuts'oane (hangata, <500ms) libakeng tse fapaneng tsa skrini sa khomphutha. E 'ngoe ea lintho tsena tse matlafatsang ke ho se nke lehlakore maikutlong (mohlala, lintho tsa kichineng), athe e' ngoe e na le tšusumetso e lokelang ho tsosa leeme (mohlala, botlolo ea veine mosebetsing o amanang le letheba). Hang hang kamora hore lits'oants'o tsena li nyamele, ho hlahisoa ntho e sa jeleng paate ('letheba') sebakeng se neng se lula ho e 'ngoe ea lintho tsena,' me bankakarolo ba lokela ho tobetsa konopo ea karabelo hang ha ba lemoha ntho ena. Khethollo ea tlhokomelo e lekantsoe ka linako tsa karabelo: ho nahanoa hore barupeluoa ba tla arabela ka potlako ha 'letheba' le hlaha haufi le tšusumetso eo ba neng ba e shebile (ke hore, tšusumetso e hohelang tlhokomelo ka mokhoa o sa tsebeng letho). Thutong ea rona, lithuto tse 'ne li sebelisitse mosebetsi oa ho etsa letheba ho lekola leeme ho PPU. Tse peli tsa lithuto tsena li sebelisitse moralo o tšoanang oa liteko (ho se nke lehlakore khahlanong le litakatso tsa thobalano le 500ms ea tlhahiso ea maikutlo) (Doornwaard et al., 2014, Kagerer et al., 2014), athe ba bang ba babeli ba sebelisitse moralo o rarahaneng ho feta (ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e meraro ea litšitiso [tse hlakileng, tse tsosang takatso, le tse sa jeleng paate] le li-150ms tsa tlhahiso ea maikutlo) (Banca et al., 2016, Mechelmans et al., 2014). Phuputso e 'ngoe e ile ea lekola mohopolo oa leeme mokhoa o fapaneng oa liteko (ke hore, mosebetsi oa lipatlisiso oa pono; Pekal, Laier, Snagowski, Stark, & Brand, 2018), 'Me lithuto tse peli li kenyelelitse mesebetsi e tlatselletsang ho lekola likarolo tse ling tsa kelo-hloko ea tlhokomelo: mosebetsi oa ho batla lentsoe o lekanyang tlhokomelo e khethiloeng (Doornwaard et al., 2014) le mosebetsi oa ho lekanya mohato oa tšebetso oa lihlopha ()Kagerer et al., 2014).
Liphuputso tse fumanoeng lipatlisisong tsohle tse hlahlojoang li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba nang le PPU, ba nang le ts'ebeliso e kholo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, kapa ba nang le litšobotsi tse amanang le PPU ba na le monyetla oa ho fana ka maikutlo a khahlisang litabeng tsa thobalano. Mohlala oa banna ba 46 le basali ba 41 ba bong bo fapaneng, Kagerer et al. (2014) ba fumane hore batho ba batlang maikutlo a thobalano ba tloaetse ho araba ka potlako mosebetsing oa ho etsa letheba ha letheba le hlaha pela setšoantšo sa thobalano, le ho arola kapele litšoantšo tse bontšang thobalano mosebetsing oa ho tataisa line. Doornwaard et al. (2014) ba fumane hore barupeluoa ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa (basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) ba ne ba araba ka potlako mosebetsi oa lipatlisiso, ho sa natswe hore na letheba le hlahile pela setšoantšo sa lehlakore kapa sa thobalano. Phuputsong e bapisang bakuli ba 22 ba nang le CSBD (PPU e le bothata ba bona ba mantlha ba thobalano) le taolo e phetseng hantle ea 44, ba pele ba bonts'a leeme le leholo la ho totobatsa maikutlo a thobalano (Mechelmans et al., 2014). Haholo-holo, leeme lena la tlhokomelo le ile la bonoa feela ha barupeluoa ba ne ba hlahisoa ka tšusumetso e totobetseng ea thobalano; ha ba ne ba hlahisoa ka tšusumetso e mpe (ke hore, boemo bo tlase ba ho itlhalosa) kapa tšusumetso e sa nke lehlakore, barupeluoa ba CSBD le baithaopi ba phetseng hantle ba ile ba arabela ka mokhoa o ts'oanang. Reanalyzing data ho tsoa thutong ena, Banca et al. (2016) o fumane hore lihlooho tse nang le khetho e kholo bakeng sa maemo a amanang le thobalano (haholo-holo, ba nang le CSBD le PPU) le bona ba bonts'itse maikutlo a ntlafalitsoeng bakeng sa litakatso tsa thobalano. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, khetho ea romana le lithahasello tse tloaelehileng e ne e sa amanngoe le khethollo ea maikutlo ea thobalano. Ka hona, ba fihletse qeto ea hore leeme le lebisang tlhokomelo litabeng tsa thobalano le amahanngoa le khetho e kholo ea lintlha tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa thobalano, empa eseng le khetho e ncha. Sephetho sena se lumellana le khopolo ea khothatso ea khothatso (Robinson le Berridge, 2001), Ho sisinya hore leeme le lebisang tlhokomelong ea lithethefatsi ke litholoana tsa maemo a maemo a khale; leha ho le joalo, e khahlanong le se fumanoeng ke boithuto ke Kagerer et al. (2014), e fumaneng kamano lipakeng tsa leeme la tlhokomelo le ho batla maikutlo a thobalano (khetho e sa tloaelehang). Qetellong, Pekal et al. (2018) o fumane hore leeme la ho shebella thobalano le amana haholo le ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, takatso (ke hore, takatso ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ha o hlahisoa ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano. Liphuputso tsena li ne li tsitsitse ho banna le basali, 'me karolo e' ngoe e ne e buellana ka ho lakatsa le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano (ke hore, phello ea leeme la ho lemalla lit soant so tsa bootsoa e ile ea matlafatsoa ke ho ts'oaroa le ho lakatsa).
3.3. Taolo ea thibelo
Taolo ea thibelo e bapala karolo ea mantlha mabapi le ho laola boits'oaro ba batho kaha ho nkuoa e le boikarabello ba ho hatella mehopolo, liketso le maikutlo ho arabela litlhoko tsa tikoloho: ha boitšoaro bo itseng bo se bo sa sebetse kapa bo le kotsi (haholo-holo maemong a ho qetela) , thibelo ea thibelo e lumella ho emisa le ho e nkela sebaka ka mokhoa o mong o fetotsoeng haholoanyane - boitšoaro (Verbruggen & Logan, 2008). Taolo e thibelang lithibelo hangata e fumanoa maemong a mangata a kelello, ho kenyeletsoa le li-SUDs (Bechara, 2005) le li-BA (Brand et al., 2016, 2019). Boithuto ba liteko bo supile maemo a mararo a taolo ea thibelo (Chamberlain le Sahakian, 2007, Howard et al., 2014(a) taolo ea thibelo ea makoloi (ke hore, bokhoni ba ho thibela likarabo tse seng li sa hlahisoe); (b) taolo ea thibelo ea makoloi e matlafatsang (ke hore, bokhoni ba ho hatella likarabo tse seng li bakiloe); le (c) taolo ea tlhokomelo e thibelang tlhokomelo (ke hore, bokhoni ba ho hatella tšebetso e sa amaneng le ts'ebeliso ea kelello le ho suthisetsa tlhokomelo hole le likarolo tse sa tsotelleheng tsa boemo boo).
Taolo ea thibelo ea makoloi hangata e metoa ka paradigm ea go / no-go. Mosebetsing ona, lithuto li hlahisoa ka letoto la lintho tse matlafatsang mme li laeloa ho arabela kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang ha ho hlahisoa 'stimulus', le ho thibela likarabo tsa bona ha ho hlahisoa 'stimulus no-go' (mohlala, "tobetsa konopo ea ho arabela ha mola o rapameng o hlaha skrineng ” 'me “Se ke oa tobetsa konopo ea karabelo ha mola o emeng o hlaha skrineng”). Mosebetsing ona, tšitiso ea karabelo e sa sebetseng e lekantsoe ka palo ea likhaohano (bankakarolo ba hloleha ho arabela 'tekong ea ho ea') le likomisheneng (bankakarolo ba hloleha ho thibela karabelo 'tekong ea ho se ee'). Tlhahlobisong ea rona, ke thuto e le 'ngoe feela e sebelisitseng mosebetsi ona ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa PPU le taolo ea thibelo ea makoloi (Seok & Sohn, 2020). Thutong ena, barupeluoa (banna ba 30 ba fihlelang litekanyetso tsa ho fumana HD le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa beke le beke ba li sebelisa le banna ba 30 ba phetseng hantle ba tlaleha tšebeliso e litšila ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) ba phethile mofuta o fetotsoeng oa mosebetsi ona moo ho neng ho hlahisoa litlhaku tse sa nke lehlakore ho semelo se sa jeleng paate kapa thobalano. Bangoli ba fumane hore bakuli ba nang le HD le ts'ebeliso e ntseng e eketseha ea beke le beke ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba e etsa hampe ho feta ho laola bophelo bo botle, haholoholo litekong tsa 'no-go' (tse hlokang thibelo) le ha mosebetsi o ne o hlahisoa hammoho le litšoantšo tsa thobalano ho bokamorao. Ka hona, ba fihletse qeto ea hore bakuli ba nang le HD ba bonahala ba le kotsing ea ho ba le mathata ka thibelo ea likoloi, haholo-holo ha thibelo e lokela ho etsahala nakong ea ponts'o ea thobalano.
Paradigm e tsebahalang haholo ho lekanya taolo ea pele ea matla ea motlakase ke mosebetsi oa lets'oao la ho emisa. Mosebetsing oa pontšo ea ho emisa, lithuto ka tloaelo li etsa khetho ea karabelo (mohlala, "tobetsa 'R' kamora ho hlahisoa ha selikalikoe se sefubelu le 'B' kamora ho hlahisoa ha selikalikoe se putsoa”). Nakong ea liteko tse itseng (ke hore, 'liteko tsa ho emisa'), lihlooho li hlahisoa ka lets'oao la ho emisa kamora ho hlahisa tlhahiso (mohlala, lets'oao la kutlo) le bonts'ang hore ba lokela ho thibela karabelo e seng e ntse e qaliloe. Mosebetsing ona, thibelo ea motlakase e matla haholo e lekantsoe ka palo ea liphoso tsa khomishene le nako ea ho emisa lets'oao (ke hore, khakanyo ea nako e nkuoeng ho thibela karabelo e neng e tla etsoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng) (Verbruggen & Logan, 2008). Tlhahlobisong ea rona, ke thuto e le 'ngoe feela e ileng ea lekola taolo ea pele ea matla a motlakase ho PPU (Antons & Brand, 2020). Phuputso ena e fumane hore ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete e sebelisoa (e lekantsoe ka S-IATporn - sekala se lekanyang matšoao a ho lemalla lithethefatsi) le ho lakatsa (ke hore, takatso e matla ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) tse tsamaellanang le linako tsa karabelo nakong ea 'liteko tsa ho emisa' maemong ka bobeli a sa nke lehlakore le maemo a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho makatsang ke hore ts'ebeliso e matla ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete le tšebeliso ea takatso li ne li amahanngoa le linako tse potlakileng tsa ho arabela (ke hore, taolo e betere ea pele ea matla a motlakase). Bangoli ba hlalositse liphuputso tsena tse hanyetsanang ka ho fana ka maikutlo a hore lihlooho tse nang le ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete li sebelisa le ho lakatsa li kanna tsa ba le mamello e itseng litšoantšong tsa bootsoa, ho bolelang hore ho hlahisa litaba tsena ho ne ho sa sitise letho.
Taolo ea thibelo ea tlhokomelo e hlokomeloa ka mokhoa oa khale oa Stroop paradigm. Mosebetsing ona, barupeluoa ba laeloa ho reha 'mala oa fonte oa mantsoe a fapaneng a mebala. Barupeluoa ba khothaletsoa ho arabela kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang, ha nako ea karabelo le liphoso li lekanngoa e le mehato ea sephetho. 'Mala oa' mala oa lentsoe le 'mala e ka ba o kopaneng (mohlala, lentsoe' BLUE 'ka fonte e putsoa) kapa e sa lumellaneng (ke hore, lentsoe' BLUE 'ka fonte e khubelu), mme lihlooho hangata li hlahisa linako tsa karabelo tse liehang le liphoso tse eketsehileng boemo. Taolo ea thibelo ea tlhokomelo e nkuoa e le phapang lipakeng tsa ts'ebetso ea lihlooho maemong a kopaneng le a sa amoheleheng. Tlhahlobisong ena, ke thuto e le 'ngoe feela e sebelisitseng paradigm ena ho lekola taolo ea thibelo ea tlhokomelo ho sampole ea bakuli ba nang le litekanyetso tsa kopano ea PPU bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea HD (Seok & Sohn, 2018). Phuputso ena e fumane hore batho ba nang le HD le taolo e phetseng hantle ba bontšitse linako tse ts'oanang tsa karabelo ha ba arabela mosebetsi oa stroop, empa tsa pele li ne li sa nepahala ha ba ne ba araba liteko tse sa sebetseng tsa stroop. Liphuputso tsena li lokela ho nkuoa e le tsa pele, empa li supa hore bakuli ba nang le HD ba ka ba le mathata a itseng ho tlosa tlhokomelo linthong tse sa amaneng le letho. Boithuto ba nako e tlang bo lokela ho sebetsana le hore na mathata ana a eketsehile ha ho sebelisoa litšusumetso tsa thobalano joalo ka litšitiso.
3.4. Ho sebetsa memori
Ho hopola mohopolo ho hlokahala ho boloka lintho kelellong ha o ntse o etsa mesebetsi e rarahaneng, joalo ka ho beha mabaka, kutloisiso, kapa ho ithuta (Badley, 2010). E hlalosoa e le "sistimi ea polokelo ea nakoana le mochini oa ts'ebeliso ea 'inthaneteng' ea tlhaiso-leseling e bolokiloeng e etsahalang nakong ea mesebetsi e fapaneng ea kutloisiso"(Owen et al., 1998, leq. EA-567-TZ) mme e kenyelletsa likarolo tse peli tsa mantlha: karolo ea mohopolo (e lekantsoeng liketsahalong tse etsahalang nakong e khuts'oane - mme ka linako tse ling e lekana le mohopolo oa 'lebenkele la memori ea nako e khuts'oane'--) le karolo e sebetsang (e hlokahalang bakeng sa kutloisiso, ho rarolla mathata, le ho etsa diqeto) (Cowan, 2014). Boemong bo sebetsang, batho ba nang le mohopolo o betere oa ho sebetsa ba sebetsa hantle haholo ha ho tluoa ho kenyelelong ea tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling / litlhoko tsa hajoale tsa tikoloho le boiphihlelo ba nako e fetileng; ho fapana le moo, batho ba nang le likhaello tsa mohopolo tse sebetsang hangata ba hlokomoloha boiphihlelo ba nakong e fetileng ha ba etsa liqeto tsa hajoale, ba inehella takatso ea ho ba le boits'oaro ntle le ho nahana ka litlamorao tse mpe. Ka lebaka leo, ho holofala ha mohopolo ho sebetsa ho eketsa menyetla ea ho etsa lintho tse ngata tse nang le mathata, ho kenyeletsoa le li-SUDs (Khurana, Romer, Betancourt, & Hurt, 2017) le li-BA (Ioannidis et al., 2019).
The nMosebetsi -back ke e 'ngoe ea li-paradigms tse tsebahalang haholo ho lekola mohopolo oa ho sebetsa (Owen, McMillan, Laird, & Bullmore, 2005). Mosebetsing ona, barupeluoa ba laeloa ho lekola letoto la lintho tse susumetsang (mohlala, mantsoe kapa litšoantšo) le ho arabela neng kapa neng ha ho hlahisoa tšusumetso e ncha e ts'oanang le e hlahisitsoeng n liteko pele. Tlhokahalo ea kelello e hlokahalang ho etsa mosebetsi ona e eketseha joalo ka ts'ebetso ea n liteko tse hlokang ho hopoloa: mesebetsi eo ho eona barupeluoa ba hlokang ho arabela ho susumetso e hlahisitsoeng tse peli (2-back) kapa liteko tse tharo pejana (3-back) li nkuoa li le thata. Lihlooho li lokela ho bonts'a hore na ts'usumetso e ngoe le e ngoe e kile ea hlahisoa kapa che, mme memori ea ho sebetsa e hlahlojoa ka linako tsa karabelo le ho nepahala ha karabelo (Meule, 2017). Tlhahlobisong ena, re fumane lithuto tse tharo re sebelisa file ea n-back mosebetsi oa ho lekanya mohopolo o sebetsang ho PPU. Mesebetsi ea liteko e sebelisetsoang ho lekola sebaka sena sa tsebo e fapane haholo lipakeng tsa lithuto: Sinke, Engel, Veit, Hartmann, Hillemacher, Kneer, le Kruger (2020) bapisa ts'ebetso ho 1-back le 2-back task ha barupeluoa ba ne ba hlahisoa ba sa jele paate kapa ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; Au and Tang (2019) o sebelisitse mosebetsi oa 3-back kamora ho kenya maemo a maikutlo a matle, a mabe, a thobalano kapa a sa nke lehlakore; le Laier, Schulte, le Brand (2013) o tsamaisitse mosebetsi oa 4-back ho kenyelletsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le tšusumetso. Ho sa tsotelehe liphapang tsena tse ikhethang, liphetho li ne li tsitsitse haholo: bankakarolo ba nang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sebelisa le / kapa bakuli ba nang le PPU (lihlopha tse peli tse ikemetseng empa li amana) ba tloaetse ho mpefala mesebetsing e lekolang mohopolo oa ts'ebetso, haholoholo ha sebaka sena sa tsebo se hlahlojoa nakong ea tlhahiso ea litakatso tsa thobalano ka nako e le ngoe. Laier et al. (2013) o fumane hore ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano kamora ho bona litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho lakatsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (likarolo tse peli tsa mantlha tsa PPU) tse amanang le lits'oants'o tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso e mpe ea memori ea ts'ebetso. Ntle le moo, tšebelisano lipakeng tsa mefuta ena e 'meli e boletse esale pele 27% ea phapang ts'ebetsong ea mosebetsi oa 4-back. Au and Tang (2019) e netefalitse hore basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba nang le mathata a mangata a tlhekefetso ea thobalano ba entse hampe ho feta mohopolong oa ho sebetsa (ho nepahala ho fokolang le nako e eketsehileng ea ho araba), ntle le moelelo oa maikutlo le mofuta oa litšusumetso tse sebelisitsoeng ho n-ka tlhahlobo. Qetellong, Sinke et al. (2020) e fumane hore bakuli ba CSBD ba sebetsa hampe ho feta taolo e phetseng hantle ha nTeko ea morao-rao e ne e etsoa ka setšoantšo sa thobalano ka morao, empa eseng ha mosebetsi o ne o etsoa ka setšoantšo se sa nke lehlakore ka morao. Ka ho hlakileng, phuputso ena e fumane hore bakuli ba qobelloang ka thobalano ba sebelitse betere ho feta taolo e phetseng hantle mosebetsing o lekanyang ho lemoha nako e telele litakatso tsa thobalano, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore bakuli ba nang le PPU ba ka ba le hlooho e ntle / ho hopola litaba tsa thobalano leha ba na le mathata a nakoana a ho sebetsa mohopolo.
3.5. Ho etsa liqeto
Ho etsa liqeto ke e 'ngoe ea lits'ebetso tse bohareng tsa kutloisiso kaha e susumetsa likarolo tse ngata tsa boits'oaro bo shebaneng le sepheo. Ka bokhutšoanyane, ho nka liqeto ho hlalosoa e le bokhoni ba ho khetha khetho e nepahetseng ho latela tlhaiso-leseling e fumanehang (Ioannidis et al., 2019). Batho ba nang le mathata a ho etsa liqeto ba tloaetse ho bontša khetho ea leruo le lecha la nakoana ho fapana le phaello e kholo ea nako e telele, boiphihlelo ba ho atamela litakatso tsa ho khotsofatsa takatso (mohlala, lithethefatsi) ho sa natsoe litlamorao tse mpe tsa nako e telele kapa tse telele, ba na le monyetla oa ho khetha likhetho tse kotsi , e tloaetse ho nepahala ha e ahlola monyetla le boholo ba liphetho tse ka bang teng, mme e tloaetse ho mamella likarabong tsa bona leha ho bile le litholoana tse mpe. Liphuputso tse ngata li bonts'a hore likarolo tsena li tloaelehile ho batho ba nang le li-SUDs (Bechara, 2005, Ernst le Paulus, 2005) le li-BA (mohlala, bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete; Schiebener & Brand, 2017), e leng motheo oa kutloisiso ea mathata a bona a ho itaola.
Joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke mehlala ea morao-rao ea thuto, ho nka liqeto ho etsahala mohatong o fapaneng o nang le tšebetso e ikhethileng ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello (Ernst le Paulus, 2005). Mohato oa pele oa ho etsa liqeto (ke hore, tekolo le ho theoa ha likhetho har'a likhetho tse ka bang teng) o susumetsoa ke khetho ea meputso e menyenyane ea kapele ho fapana le meputso e meholo e liehang (ke hore, theolelo). Theolelo e hlahlojoa ka mesebetsi ea litheolelo. Mesebetsi ena e lekanya “boemo boo ka bona motho a nyenyefatsang se matlafatsang e le tšebetso ea tieho kapa monyetla oa ho e amohela"(Leqwetha, 2008, leq. 36). Thutong ea khale ea "litheolelo", barupeluoa ba hlahisoa ka boemo boo ba tlamehang ho etsa khetho (mohlala, "o batla 1 € hona joale kapa 10 € hosane?”). Litekong tsa pele, barupeluoa ka tloaelo ba khetha phaello e kholo e liehang. Nakong ea teko, palo e nyane ea kapele e eketseha ka tatellano (1 €, 2 €, 3 €…) 'me, ka nako e' ngoe (mohlala, 8 € hona joale kapa 10 € hosane), batho ka bomong ba tloaetse ho fetohela sephethong se potlakileng ho feta sephetho se liehang. 'Mosebetsing oa ho theola menyetla', menyetla ea ho amohela sephetho se itseng ea fetoha nakong ea teko (mohlala, "na u khetha 1 € ka 'nete kapa 10 € ka monyetla oa 25%?”). Tlhahlobisong ena, lithuto tse peli li sebelisitse mesebetsi ena ho lekola litheolelo ho PPU. Phuputso e 'ngoe e ile ea lekanya ho lieha le ho theoleloa ha monyetla oa chelete le maikutlo ('Muelli oa molao, 2008), athe e 'ngoe feela e ile ea metha litheolelo bakeng sa chelete (Negash, Van, Sheppard, Lambert, & Fincham, 2016). 'Muelli oa molao (2008) ba fumane hore mesebetsing ea ho fokotsa litheolelo tsa lichelete le tsa nako ea nako, basebelisi ba erotica ba khetha li-reinforcers tse nyane tse fumanehang hanghang ho feta tse matlafatsang tse fanoeng kamora ho lieha. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, basebelisi ba erotica ba khethile liphetho tse nyane empa tse itseng ho fapana le liphetho tse kholo empa tse sa tsitsang. Ho feta moo, boemo boo boitšoaro ba thobalano bo neng bo le mathata bo amana le theolelo. Ka kakaretso, basebelisi ba erotica (haholo-holo, ba bonts'ang matšoao a mangata a PPU) ba ne ba tloaetse ho bonts'a mekhoa e metle ea khetho ho feta basebelisi bao e seng ba erotica. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Negash et al. (2016) o fumane hore khafetsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e lekantsoeng ka nako ea 1 e boletse esale pele ho fokotsa litheolelo libeke tse 'ne hamorao: hape, bankakarolo ba tlalehang ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bonts'a litheolelo tse phahameng tsa meputso ea kamoso. Ntle le moo, ba fumane hore kamora ho qoba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka matsatsi a 21, bankakarolo ba tlalehile maemo a fokotsitsoeng a litheolelo tsa ho lieha (ke hore, ba bonts'itse keketseho ea likhetho tsa bona tsa ho lieha ho fumana phaello). Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore mathata a ho etsa liqeto a amanang le PPU a ka baka likhaello tsa nakoana tse tsoang ts'ebelisong e sa khaotseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, mme ho sebelisa boitšoaro ho ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ka ba le phello e ntle ea nako e mahareng ho bokhoni bona ba kutloisiso.
Mohato oa pele oa ho etsa liqeto o boetse o susumetsoa ke ts'ebetso e ngoe ea kutloisiso: atamela leeme ho khahlisetso ea takatso. Leeme la ho atamela le hlalosoa e le "tloaelo e kenngoang ka bo eona ea ho atamela lintlha tse amanang le moputso"(Kahveci, van Bocstaele, Blechert, & Wiers, 2020, leq. 2). Paradigm e tsebahalang haholo ho lekola karolo ena ke mosebetsi oa ho qoba mokhoa (AAT). Ho AAT, bankakarolo ba sebelisa `` joystick '' ho hula litšusumetso tse hlahisitsoeng skrineng sa komporo ho bona (ho atamela leeme) kapa ho sututsa (khethollo). Ts'ebeliso ea joystick (ke hore, motsamao oa 'mele) le ho kenyelletsoa ha tšebetso ea katametso (ke hore, motsamao oa pono) ho ntlafatsa phello ea ho atamela / ho qoba tšusumetso. Tabeng ea PPU, lithuto li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho khethollo ea thobalano: haholo-holo, lithuto tse 'ne li sebelisitse AAT ho lekola khokahano lipakeng tsa leeme la thobalano le PPU. Liphuputso li ne li fapana ka mokhoa oa tšusumetso e sebelisitsoeng le mofuta oa litaelo tse fuoeng bankakarolo. Ha e le ts'usumetso, lithuto tse tharo li ne li kenyelletsa ho se nke lehlakore le thobalano (haholo-holo litšoantšo), athe thuto ea bone e ne e kenyelletsa maikutlo a thobalano feela. Ha e le litaelo tsa mosebetsi, lithuto tse peli li sebelisitse 'litaelo tse sa amaneng le mosebetsi' (hula kapa sutumelletsa tšusumetso ho latela sebopeho sa setšoantšo - se holimo le se otlolohileng-) (Sklenarik et al., 2019, 2020) le tse peli tse sebelisitsoeng 'litaelo tse amanang le mosebetsi' (hula kapa sutumelletsa tšusumetso ho latela litaba tsa bona-thobalano khahlanong le ho se jele paate kapa ho apara liaparo tsa hlobotse-) (Kahveci et al., 2020, Snagowski le Brand, 2015). Liphapang tsena li ka hlalosa tse ling tsa liphetho tse sa lumellaneng tse fumanoang liphuputsong tsena. Phuputsong e kenyeletsang basebelisi ba banna ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse 123, Snagowski le Brand (2015) e fumane kamano pakeng tsa mekhoa ea ho qoba mekhoa e metle le ho tiea ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: haholo-holo, batho ba nang le PPU ba bonts'itse mokhoa o fetelletseng kapa litakatso tse fetelletseng tsa bootsoa. Ho fapana le moo, letoto la lithuto tse entsoeng ke Sklenarik et al. e khothalelitse hore, ho banna (2019) le basali (2020), ho tiea ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bonts'a kamano e sa lekanyetsoang (eseng curvilinear) le mokhoa oa ho sekamela litabeng tsa thobalano. Ho feta moo, ho banna empa eseng ho basali, batho ba nang le PPU ba bontšitse leeme le matla la ho ts'oara thobalano ho feta basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro: haholo-holo, basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba nang le bothata ba bonts'a leeme le fetang la 200% ho feta batho ba se nang PPU. Qetellong, Kahveci et al. (2020) ba fumane hore batho ba tlalehang ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa ba bontšitse mekhoa e matla ea ho sekamela ho tsa thobalano leha ho le joalo, ho tiea ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (e lekantsoeng ka Bothata ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa Scale -PPUS-) ha ea ka ea amana haholo le leeme la ho atamela, mme basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba nang le mathata le ba se nang bothata ba ne ba sa fapane mabapi le khethollo ea maikutlo ho tsa thobalano. Liphuputso tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore khafetsa-empa eseng ho tiea-ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka ba ntlha ea bohlokoa ha u bolela esale pele khethollo ea maikutlo ho tsa thobalano.
Mohato oa bobeli oa ho etsa liqeto o bua ka khetho le phethahatso ea ketso (Ernst le Paulus, 2005). Mohato ona, tekolo ea kotsi, boholo ba moputso, le monyetla oa liphetho tse fapaneng ke karolo ea mantlha ea ho nka liqeto. Lintlha tsena li ka hlahlojoa tlasa maemo a mabeli: kotsi ea sepheo le kotsi e sa hlakang (Schiebener & Brand, 2017). Ka ha ho se liphuputso tse lekotseng ho nka liqeto 'tlasa kotsi e ikemiselitseng' ho PPU, re tla shebana le ho etsa liqeto 'tlasa kotsi e makatsang'. Mesebetsing ena, batho ka bomong ha ba fuoe tlhaiso-leseling e hlakileng mabapi le menyetla ea litlamorao tse ntle / tse mpe tse tsoang likhethong tsa bona pele ba qala mosebetsi; ka hona, ba lokela ho theha liqeto tsa bona tsa pele holima 'maikutlo' 'me, ha mosebetsi o ntse o phethoa, ba ka ithuta melao e hlakileng e tšehetsang qeto ka' ngoe ka karabo ea nako le nako (ke hore, ho ithuta ka phetoho ea maemo a tšohanyetso) (Bechara, Damasio, Tranel, & Damasio, 2005). Mosebetsi o tsebahalang haholo oa ho lekola karolo ena ke Iowa Gambling Test (IGT). Ho IGT, bankakarolo ba fuoa 2000 € ka sesupo sa hore ba lokela ho eketsa melemo ea bona nakong ea mosebetsi. Barupeluoa ba khetha likarete ho tloha mekatong e mene e rapameng sefahleho: mekato ea A le B ha e na thuso (phaello e phahameng empa e bile ke tahlehelo e kholo), athe litepisi tsa C le D li na le molemo (phaello e lekantsoeng le tahlehelo e nyane) (Buelow & Suhr, 2009). Ho khetha likarete ho litepisi A / B ho lebisa ho tahlehelo ka kakaretso, athe likarete tse tsoang literekeng tsa C / D li lebisa ho meputso e akaretsang. Ka hona, batho ba nang le bokhoni bo nepahetseng ba ho etsa liqeto ba tloaetse ho khetha likarete ho tsoa meketeng ea C / D (Steingroever, Wetzels, Horstmann, Neumann, & Wagenmaker, 2013). Tlhahlobisong ena, re fumane lithuto tse peli tse lekanyang ho nka liqeto ka mokhoa o sa hlakang ka IGT. Mulhauser et al. (2014) ba sebelisitse mofuta oa khale oa IGT ho bapisa ho nka liqeto ka sampole ea bakuli ba 18 ba nang le HD (PPU e le bothata bo ka sehloohong ba thobalano) le taolo e phetseng hantle ea 44. Bafuputsi bana ba fumane hore bakuli ba hypersexual ba na le monyetla oa ho khetha mekotla e nang le likotlo tsa tahlehelo khafetsa, mokhoa oa karabelo o lebisang ts'ebetsong e mpe ho IGT. Laier, Pawlikowski, le Brand (2014) ba sebelisitse mofuta o fetotsoeng oa IGT moo mefuta e 'meli ea litlamorao (tse sa nke lehlakore le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) li neng li abeloa tafoleng e ntle kapa e mpe. Ba lekotse sampole ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse se nang bothata, ba fumana hore ts'ebetso ho IGT e ne e le betere ha litakatso tsa thobalano li ne li amahanngoa le liqeto tse ntle ebile li mpe le ho feta ha li amana le liqeto tse mpe (ke hore, maikutlo a thobalano a neng a fana ka liqeto). Phello ena e ne e lekantsoe ke boits'oaro ba batho ka bomong ho litaba tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro: ho batho ba tlalehang tsoho e phahameng ea thobalano kamora ho hlahisa litšoantšo tsa thobalano, tšusumetso ea maikutlo a thobalano ha ho etsoa liqeto e ne e le kholo. Ka kakaretso, lithuto tsena tse peli li fana ka maikutlo a hore batho ba bonts'ang li-reactivity tse phahameng ka pele ho ts'oaetso ea thobalano kapa ba nang le PPU ba bonts'a ho etsa liqeto tse fosahetseng, haholoholo ha ts'ebetso ena e tataisoa ke maikutlo a thobalano. Sena se ka hlalosa hore na hobaneng batho bana ba ba le mathata a ho laola boits'oaro ba bona ho sa natsoe litlamorao tse ngata tse mpe tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.
4. Puisano
Pampiring ea hajoale, re lekola le ho hlophisa bopaki bo fumanoeng liphuputsong tse 21 tse batlisisang lits'ebetso tsa ts'ebeliso ea maikutlo tse thehiloeng ho PPU. Ka bokhutšoanyane, PPU e amana le: (a) khethollo ea maikutlo ho tsa thobalano, (b) taolo e haelloang ea thibelo (haholoholo, ho mathata a thibelo ea makoloi le ho suthisetsa tlhokomelo hole le litšitiso tse sa amaneng), (c) ts'ebetso e mpe le ho feta mesebetsing. ho lekola mohopolo oa ho sebetsa, le (d) mathata a ho etsa liqeto (haholo-holo, likhetho tsa phaello e nyane ea nako e khuts'oane ho fapana le phaello e kholo ea nako e telele, mekhoa ea khetho e potlakileng ho feta basebelisi bao e seng ba erotica, mekhoa ea ho atamela litakatso tsa thobalano, le liphoso ha ho ahlola kgoneho le boholo ba diphetho tse ka bang teng ka tlhakantsuke). Tse ling tsa liphuputso tsena li tsoa lipatlisisong tsa bakuli ba nang le PPU kapa ba fumanoeng ke SA / HD / CSBD le PPU e le bothata ba bona ba mantlha ba thobalano (mohlala, Mulhauser et al., 2014, Sklenarik et al., 2019), Ho fana ka maikutlo a hore lits'ebetso tsena tse sothehileng tsa kutloisiso li kanna tsa etsa lits'oants'o tse bonolo tsa PPU. Liphuputso tse ling li fumane hore litšitiso tsena ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello li ka thusa ho khetholla lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisang basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bao e seng basebelisi (mohlala, 'Muelli oa molao, 2008) kapa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba tlase le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (mohlala, Doornwaard et al., 2014). Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ling li fumane hape hore likhethollo tsena li tsamaisana le lits'oants'o tse sa sebetseng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa (mohlala, khafetsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa) (mohlala, Negash et al., 2016kapa ka lits'oants'o tsa PPU ka mehlala e sa sebetseng (mohlala, Schiebener, Laier, & Brand, 2015), Ho fana ka maikutlo a hore lits'ebetso tsena e kanna ea se be litsupa tse 'tobileng' tsa PPU. Sena se etsa hore ho belaelloe thuso ea bona ea ho khetholla lipakeng tsa ho nka karolo ho hoholo empa ho se na mathata le PPU, e leng bothata bo sa kang ba lekoa ke lithuto tse hlahlojoang mme li fana ka tumello ea hore lipatlisiso tse ling li etsoe.
Boemong ba khopolo-taba, liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena li tšehetsa bohlokoa ba likarolo tsa mantlha tsa kutloisiso ea mofuta oa I-PACE (Brand et al., 2016, 2019). Le ha ho le joalo, lithuto ha li lumellane ha ho tluoa ntlheng ea ho supa 'maemo ao' likhaello tsa kutloisiso li susumetsang PPU. Boithuto bo bong bo fumane hore batho ba nang le PPU ha ba sebetse hantle lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa kutloisiso ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa tšusumetso e sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea eona (mohlala, Au le Tang, 2019, 'Muelli oa molao, 2008), Ho fana ka maikutlo a hore likhaello tsa ts'ebeliso ea kelello ke 'lintho tse sa hlonepheng' 'me ke tsona tse ka hlahisang mathata a ho itaola (ka kakaretso). Liphuputso tse ling li fumane hore ho senyeha ha kutloisiso ho bonahala haholo ha batho ba nang le PPU ba hlahisoa ka maikutlo a thobalano (mohlala, Mechelmans et al., 2014, Seok le Sohn, 2020), Ho fana ka maikutlo a hore likhaello tsa ts'ebeliso ea kelello e kanna ea ba 'tse ikhethileng' 'me ea ba sesosa sa ts'oaetso ea ho hlahisa mathata a thobalano (haholo-holo). Kamora nako, lithuto tse ling li fumane hore bofokoli ba kelello bo hlaha feela kamora ho kenoa ha maemo a phahameng a ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano (mohlala, Macapagal, Janssen, Fridberg, Finn, & Heiman, 2011); ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho tsoha ka pela litaba tsa thobalano ho bonahala ho matlafatsa khokahano lipakeng tsa mathata a kelello le PPU (mohlala, Laier et al., 2014, Pekal et al., 2018). Liphuputso tsena tsa hoqetela li tsamaellana le mohopolo oa 'boitseko ba kutloisiso' bo hlahisitsoeng ke Phallo ea Boitšoaro ba Borena (Walton et al., 2017). Ho latela mohlala ona, ho ba le ts'oaetso ho hlaha maemong a phahameng a ts'oaetso ea thobalano mme ho supa "boemo ba ho se sebetse, ho chechisa, ho emisa, kapa ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea kelello"(Walton et al., 2017). Kahoo, ho kanna ha etsahala hore likhaello tsa kutloisiso tse bontšitsoeng liphuputsong tse ntlafalitsoeng li etsa 'maemo a nakoana a kutloisiso' a tsoang ho PPU, eseng likhakanyo tse tsitsitseng. Ho tšehetsa mohopolo ona, Negash et al. (2016) o fumane hore ho qoba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka matsatsi a 21 ho bakile keketseho ea likhetho tsa phaello e telele ea nako e telele (ke hore, phokotso ea litheolelo tsa ho lieha). Ka hona, boikemisetso ba maemo tlasa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea kelello ho PPU ho bonahala ho tiisa lipatlisiso tse ling.
Boemong ba bongaka, tlhahlobisong ena re fumane likhetho tse itseng tsa kutloisiso tse amanang ka kotloloho kapa ka tsela e sa tobang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sa sebetseng. Mosebetsing oa morao tjena, Brand et al. (2020) Hlalosa phapang lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso le matšoao: ba bolela hore liphetoho tse fetotsoeng tsa ts'ebetso li ka ba motheo oa ho nts'etsapele le ho boloka matšoao a li-BA (haholoholo, boloetse ba papali), empa sena ha se bolele hore lits'ebetso tsena li ka ba molemo bakeng sa ho fumana boemo bona . Ho ea ka tlhahiso ena, matšoao a PPU a ka nkuoa e le boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba kelello ba lefu lena mme a na le thuso bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea boemo bona; ka lehlakoreng le leng, lits'ebetso tse sa sebetseng tsa ts'ebeliso ea kelello li kanna tsa ba le boits'oaro bo lekanyelitsoeng joalo ka matšoao a tlhahlobo empa ea ba lipheo tsa bohlokoa ha ho etsoa mekhoa e mecha ea kalafo ea PPU. Mabapi le sena, mehato ea kalafo e ikemiselitseng ho ntlafatsa mesebetsi e fapaneng ea bolaoli e bontšitse sephetho se ts'episang ho thibela kapa ho fokotsa matšoao a li-SUD tse fapaneng (Lechner, Sidhu, Kittaneh, & Anand, 2019), hape e ka thusa ho fokotsa matšoao le tšusumetso ea PPU.
Liphuputso tse hlahlojoang pampiring ea hajoale li fana ka kakaretso e akaretsang ea boemo ba hajoale ba tsebo mabapi le likhaello tsa kutloisiso tse tlasa PPU. Leha ho le joalo, ho fumanoe meeli e mengata. Taba ea mantlha, boholo ba bankakarolo liphuputsong tse hlahlobiloeng e ne e le banna ba batona ba batona le ba batšehali (57.1% ea lithuto ha ea ka ea lekola barupeluoa ba bong bo tšoanang le ba bong bo fapaneng mme ke 26.20% feela ea lithuto [n= 447] e ne e le basali). Ka lebaka la hore thobalano le thobalano li etsa ponahatso ea PPU (Kohut et al., 2020), Bopaki bo fumanoeng tlhahlobisong ena bo lokela ho hlahlojoa ka botebo ha bo akaretsoa ho basali le basodoma / ba bong bo fapaneng. Taba ea bobeli, mesebetsi ea liteko e lekanyang libaka tse fapaneng tsa kutloisiso e fapane haholo, e leng se etsang hore ho be le ho bapisa liphetho tsa lithuto. Taba ea boraro, ke liphuputso tse fokolang tse lekolitseng likhaello tsa kutloisiso bathong ba bongaka, li sitisa ho khetholla likamano tse hlakileng lipakeng tsa lintlha tsena le PPU. Ntlha ea bone, tse ling tsa lithuto tse hlahlojoang (haholo-holo, tse nang le bakuli ba nang le SA / HD / CSBD) ha li kenyeletse bakuli ba nang le PPU feela, empa le mekhoa e meng e tsoileng taolong ea thobalano. Ena ke tsela eo PPU e hlahisoang ka eona maemong a tlhaho (ke hore, hangata e kopana le mathata a mang a thobalano); le ha re ne re leka ho laola leeme lena le ka bang teng ka ho felisa lithuto tse sa hlahlobe bongata ba bakuli ba nang le PPU e le bothata bo ka sehloohong ba thobalano, lipatlisiso tse ling lia hlokahala molemong oa ho khetholla lits'ebetso tse itseng tsa kutloisiso tse loketseng ho hlalosa PPU ho tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlalosa- ea ho laola boitšoaro ba thobalano ka kakaretso. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lithuto tse ngata tse hlahlojoang li hokahantse ts'ebetso e itseng ea kutloisiso le sesupo sa PPU (mohlala, khafetsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoa) ho fapana le ho ba le sesupo se tobileng sa boemo bona. Joalo ka ha lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li bonts'a hore tse ling tsa litsupa tsena 'tse sa tobang' ha lia lokela ho khetholla PPU (Bőthe et al., 2020), Re ke ke ra netefatsa hore khokahano e phahameng le ts'ebetso e itseng ea ts'ebeliso ea kelello e ka fetoleloa kotsing e eketsehileng ea boemo bona. Ho feta moo, re hlokomelisa khahlanong le tlhaloso ea liphuputso tse fumanoeng liphuputsong tsena e le bopaki ba kamano e ke keng ea latoloa lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsa kutloisiso le PPU. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, lithuto tse entsoeng ka mehlala e seng ea bongaka (karolo ea bohlokoa ea lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ena) e ka fana ka liphetho tse khahlisang bakeng sa sehlooho sa tlhahlobo ena, empa ha ea lokela ho sebelisoa ho fihlela liqeto tse hlakileng mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsa kutloisiso le PPU. Kamora nako, rea lumela hore lithuto tse hlahlojoang li fapane hofeta. Mohatong ona, re ile ra nahana hore mokhoa o felletseng oa ho fana ka kakaretso o akaretsang oa boemo ba tsebo ea hajoale; leha ho le joalo, ho se lumellane hona ho ka boela ha sitisa ho akaretsa ha liqeto tsa rona. Lithibelo tsena ho isa bohōleng bo itseng li pata tlhaloso ea liphetho tse fumanoeng tlhahlobisong ena. Le ha ho le joalo, ba supa le liphephetso tse ncha le tse ts'episang tseo mohlomong li tla eketsa kutloisiso ea rona ea lits'ebetso tse amanang le PPU.
Mehloli ea lichelete
Bafuputsi ha baa ka ba fumana chelete ea ho etsa thuto ena.
Menehelo ea bangoli
JCC le VCC ba kentse letsoho tlhahlobisong ea lingoliloeng, khetho ea boithuto, ho ntša data le ho ngola mongolo o ngotsoeng ka letsoho. RBA le CGG ba fane ka maikutlo mabapi le mokhoa oa ho lekola 'me ba nchafatsa moralo oa pele oa sengoloa. Bangoli bohle ba balile le ho amohela sengoloa sa ho qetela.
Khohlano ea thahasello
Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.
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