Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li sebelisa le bophelo bo botle ba kelello

Ka pele. Psychol., 12 Pherekhong 2021 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613244

inahaneloang

Background: Keketseho e sa khaotseng ea litlaleho tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello har'a baithuti ba univesithi ke sesosa sa ngongoreho e tsoelang pele ea lefats'e, mme lipatlisiso li ntse li tsoela pele ho ba ka bang le seabo ho tsoheng ena. Sena se kenyelletsa ho ata ho atileng ha boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano. Ho amanang le ho ata ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Boithuto ba rona bo batlile ho hlahloba kamano e teng lipakeng tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho baithuti ba univesithi.

Mekhoa: Mohlala oa rona o ne o na le baithuti ba univesithi (N = 1031; 34% banna, 66% basali) ba tsoang Univesithing ea Franciscan ea Steubenville, Steubenville, Ohio. Phuputso e sa tsejoeng e ile ea romelloa ho baithuti bohle ba univesithi ba fetang lilemo tse 18. Phuputso e ne e entsoe ka tse latelang: (1) lipotso tsa palo ea batho, (2) lipotso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le pono, (3) mofuta o fetotsoeng oa Compulsive Internet Use Scale (mCIUS) e lekola lintlha tse fapaneng tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng, (4) lipotso tse lekolang maikutlo a maikutlo le a thobalano mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (EmSS), le (5) mofuta oa lipotso tsa 21 oa khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo. (DASS-21).

Results: Liphetho tsa rona li bonts'a hore 56.6% ea ba hlahlobiloeng ba tlaleha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ka palo e phahameng haholo ea banna ho feta basali ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso e joalo. Boholo ba baithuti ba tlaleha hore ba kena litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ka mahlale a amanang le inthanete. Ntle le moo, 17.0, 20.4, le 13.5% ea baithuti ba tlalehile maemo a boima kapa a tebileng haholo a khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, ka ho latellana, ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa haholo likarolo tse tharo tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho banna le basali. Tlhatlhobo ea Ntlha ea ho Hlahloba e supile lintlha tse tharo tse supang ho sebetsana le maikutlo, ho its'etleha le ho ameha haholo ka lintho tsa mCIUS le lintlha tse tharo tse bonts'ang litsobotsi tse kenelletseng, tse se nang matla le tse kantle ho lintho tsa EmSS. Tlhahlobo ea khatello ea molao e bontšitse hore palo ea batho ba fapaneng, lintho tse amanang le taolo e fokotsehileng le ho senyeha ha sechaba, le mefuta e meng e amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e sebelisa litholoana tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Tumelo, boits'oaro le tšusumetso ea botho e ne e le mefuta ea mantlha e tlalehiloeng ho thusa ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

fihlela qeto ena: Litlhahlobo tsa rona li bonts'a kamano e bohlokoa lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho kenyeletsoa boits'oaro bo bonts'ang bokhoba ba boits'oaro, bo totobatsang tlhokahalo ea kutloisiso e ntle le ho nahanisisa ka tlatsetso e ka bang teng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete bophelong bo bobe ba kelello har'a baithuti ba univesithi.

Selelekela

Litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ke mohloli o ntseng o hola oa lefatše lohle, haholo-holo har'a baithuti ba univesithi, joalo ka ha lipatlisiso li bontša mokhoa o ntseng o eketseha oa mathata a bophelo ba kelello ho pholletsa le baahi banaMacaskill, 2013; Beiter et al., 2015; Bruffaerts et al., 2018; Patterson et al., 2019; Torales et al., 2019). Kaha baithuti ba univesithi ba tloaetse ho ba le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, boiteko ba lipatlisiso bo ntse bo tsoela pele ho fuputsa lintlha tse fapaneng tse ka bang le seabo ho mathata a bonoang a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (Beiter et al., 2015; Cashwell et al., 2016; Pal Singh Balhara et al., 2019). Ho sechaba ka kakaretso, har'a tse ka bang teng tse amanang le likamano ke tsa lichelete, mathata a bongoaneng le boits'oaro bo lemalloang (mohlala, lithethefatsi, thobalano le lithethefatsi tsa inthanete) (Weiss, 2004; Moscow, 2008; Opitz et al., 2009; Ljungqvist et al., 2016; Karacic le Oreskovic, 2017; Alhassan et al., 2018; Selous le al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019). Lintlha tsena lia bonoa har'a baithuti ba univesithi (Cranford et al., 2009; Beiter et al., 2015; Cashwell et al., 2016; Richardson et al., 2017; Karatekin, 2018; Pal Singh Balhara et al., 2019; Tangmunkongvorakul et al., 2019), Ntle le likamano tse ling tse ka bang teng, ho kenyeletsoa ts'ebetso ea thuto, khatello ea ho atleha le meralo ea kamora ho fuoa mangolo (Beiter et al., 2015).

Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso li bonts'a keketseho ea bongata ba boits'oaro bo kotsi (mohlala, palo ea balekane ba thobalano, lilemo tsa thobalano ea pele, ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, jj.Tyden et al., 2012; Stenhammar et al., 2015; Ingram et al., 2019; Yang et al., 2019), eo hape ho tlalehiloeng hore e amana le litaba tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello (Meade le Sikkema, 2007; Agardh et al., 2012; Tesfaye et al., 2019). Se amanang le keketseho ea ho ata ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro se sebelisoa har'a baahi (Carroll et al., 2008; Lisa Marco, 2014), e nang le litlaleho tsa litlamorao tse mpe tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea eona, ho kenyeletsoa mekhatlo le mekhoa e meng e kotsing e kholo ea thobalano (Weinberg et al., 2010; Morgan, 2011; Poulsen et al., 2013; Wright, 2013,b; Van Ouytsel et al., 2014; Braithwaite et al., 2015). Keketseho ena e kanna ea amahanngoa le liphetoho tse kholo tsa "hormone", 'meleng, kelellong le maikutlong tse etsahalang lilemong tsa bocha le bonyaneng.Ostovich le Sabini, 2005; Fortenberry, 2013; Kar et al., 2015; Kneeland le Dovidio, 2020).

Qalong e ne e sebelisoa haholo-holo ka limakasine, mekhoa ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e se e le teng kajeno, inthanete ke eona mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (D'Orlando, 2009). Phetoho ena e entse hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fumanehe habonolo ho feta nakong e fetileng ka lebaka la ho se tsejoe, phihlello le theko eo inthanete e fanang ka eona ho moreki (Cooper et al., 2000; Fisher le Barak, 2001; Theko et al., 2016). Ntle le moo, nts'etsopele ea li-smartphones, le ho ata ha tsona haholo har'a bacha ba baholo (Setsi sa Lipatlisiso sa Pew, 2015), e kentse letsoho boiketlong bona ba ho fihlella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Bailin et al., 2014; Vanden Abeele et al., 2014). Litlaleho tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fapane, ka lipalo tse fapaneng ho tloha ho 19.0-78.4% ho basali le 40.0-79.0% ho banna (Carroll et al., 2008; Regnerus et al., 2016; Dwulit le Rzymski, 2019).

Mabapi le phapang lipakeng tsa banna le basali, lipatlisiso li bonts'a phapang lipakeng tsa bong ka boits'oaro le maikutlo (Petersen le Hyde, 2010), ka banna ka kakaretso ba tsamaisang pono haholoanyane mme basali ba batla ba susumetsoa haholo maikutlong mabapi le boits'oaro ba thobalano (Brody, 2003; Hamann et al., 2004; Rupp le Wallen, 2008). Ho tšehetsa sena ke lipatlisiso tse bonts'ang hore ho basali, bokhoba ba thobalano bo ba "bo susumetsoang ke kamano"McKeague, 2014). Tse amanang le liphapang tsa ho ata ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa lipakeng tsa banna le basali. Leha ho na le litlaleho tse ntseng li eketseha tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hara basali (Wright et al., 2013), ho ata ha ts'ebeliso e joalo ho lula ho phahame ho banna (Regnerus et al., 2016). Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso li bonts'a phapang tseleng eo banna le basali ba sebelisanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka eona, hammoho le phapang ea maikutlo le boiphihlelo ba bona le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa maemong a fapaneng (mohlala, likamanong, jj.) (Carroll et al., 2016; Döring et al., 2017). Mohlala, banna ba kotsing ea ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sa le banyenyane, ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba le bang, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ha ba ntse ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le ho bona litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa kamanong e ikemiselitseng e amoheleha ho feta basali (Hald, 2006; Carroll et al., 2008; Morgan, 2011; Olmstead et al., 2013; Carroll et al., 2016). Basali ka kakaretso ba nka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sa amohelehe sechabeng ho feta banna (Carroll et al., 2008; Carroll le Lynch, 2016); leha ho le joalo, ba na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho latela maemo a "sechaba", joalo ka motho eo u ratanang le eena kapa ka batho ba buisanang le batho ba kang likamore tsa puisano tsa thobalano (Green le al., 2012). Patlisiso e bonts'a hore basali le bona ba na le monyetla oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa molemong oa ho khahlisa balekane ba bona ka ho li ja hammoho (Solano et al., 2020). Ntle le moo, ha livideo e ntse e le mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa tšebeliso ea banna le basali, basali ba tlaleha maemo a holimo a ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse ngotsoeng ho feta banna (Solano et al., 2020).

Liphetho tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ntse li tsoela pele ho baka sesosa sa likhohlano ha lingoliloeng li supa litlaleho tsa tse ntle (Carroll et al., 2008; Weinberg et al., 2010; Nakoana et al., 2012; Olmstead et al., 2013; Minarcik et al., 2016) le hampe (Vega le Malamuth, 2007; Padilla-Walker et al., 2010; Nakoana et al., 2012) litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho moreki. Litlaleho tse ling li bonts'a hore, har'a batho ba talimang ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le ntho e amohelehang, ts'ebeliso e joalo e bula monyako oa matlafatso ea thobalano le boipuso (Weinberg et al., 2010; Olmstead et al., 2013). Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana, lingoliloeng li tlaleha litlamorao tse mpe ho kenyeletsoa ho nka karolo ho eketsehileng mekhoeng e kotsi ea thobalano, joalo ka palo e eketsehang ea balekane ba thobalano, ho lumella thobalano, ho etsa thobalano le batho ba bang kantle ho lenyalo le ho lefella thobalano (Maddox le al., 2011; Gwinn et al., 2013; Poulsen et al., 2013; Wright, 2013,b; Maas le Dewey, 2018). Ntle le moo, leha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li bontša liketso tse amanang le tlhaho, lipatlisiso li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho na le phello e mpe ho khotsofalo ea kamano, khotsofalo ea thobalano le kamano e haufi le batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng, ba ratanang le ba lenyalong, haholoholo ha monna e le mosebelisi oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Maddox le al., 2011; Morgan, 2011; Poulsen et al., 2013; Resch le Alderson, 2013; Minarcik et al., 2016; Perry le Hayward, 2017). Ho feta moo, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha e amane feela le boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano, empa hape le boits'oaro ba ho itlopa joala le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Carroll et al., 2008; Padilla-Walker et al., 2010; Harper le Hodgins, 2016).

Haholo-holo har'a batho ba banyenyane, lipatlisiso li bontšitse kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mme bobeli ba boleng ba setsoalle bo fokotsehile le maemo a phahameng a ho lekola 'mele ho basali ba bacha.Padilla-Walker et al., 2010; Maas le Dewey, 2018). Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amahanngoa le boleng bo fokotsehileng ba likamano le batsoali le mehopolo e fosahetseng ea ho amoheloa sechabeng ho bahlankana le baroetsana (Padilla-Walker et al., 2010). Ho feta moo, lingoliloeng tse fetileng li bontšitse kamano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho kenyeletsoa le e lemohiloe ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Grubbs et al., 2015b,c; Dalby et al., 2018).

Leha ho le joalo, leha lipatlisiso tse fetileng li batlile ho etsa lipatlisiso ka kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​bophelo bo botle ba kelello le e lemohiloe ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe kaholimo, lipatlisiso li shebile ka kotloloho karolo ea boits'oaro bo fapaneng bo amanang le ho qobella ho fapana le maikutlo a motho ka kamano pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ea haella. Ntle le moo, ha ho fanoa ka litlaleho tse ntseng li eketseha tsa matšoenyeho a bophelo ba kelello har'a baithuti ba univesithi, hammoho le ho ata ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse tlalehiloeng har'a batho ba baholo le matla a ho susumetsa boiketlo ba kelello, sepheo sa thuto ea rona e ne e le ho lekola ka kotloloho kamano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa boits'oaro ho bonts'a ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bophelo bo botle ba kelello, haholo-holo ho baithuti ba univesithi. Ntle le moo, ha ho fanoa ka liphapang tse sa fetoheng lipakeng tsa banna le basali tse amanang le boits'oaro ba thobalano, ho kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​thuto ea rona e boetse e batlile ho batlisisa hore na phapang e joalo e ntse e le teng kamanong e kenang lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​boitšoaro bo qobelloang le bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho baithuti ba univesithi, haholoholo hobane liphetoho mokhoeng le boiketlong ba ho fihlella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse etsahetseng ho theosa le lilemo le tse ikhethang ho arabela tšusumetso, esita le boemong ba methapo ea kutlo, lipakeng tsa bong.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Tumellanong le Molao oa Federal o bonts'ang hore bafuputsi bohle ba etsang liteko ho bankakarolo ba batho ba tlameha ho phethela koetliso mabapi le ts'ireletso ea lithuto tsa lipatlisiso, batsamaisi bohle ba lipatlisiso ba phethetse Module ea Thupelo ea Barupeluoa ba Ts'ireletso ea Botho e fanoeng ke Ofisi ea NIH ea Patlisiso e Eketsehileng. Setifikeiti se bolokoa faeleng molemong oa litokomane. Pele ho ts'ebetso ea phuputso, tumello ea Franciscan University of Steubenville Institutional Review Board (IRB) e ile ea fumanoa (# 2019-07). Boithuto ba rona bo ne bo na le sampole e bonolo ea baithuti ba univesithi / koleche (basenadikerii le ba tsoang sekolong) ba tsoang Univesithing ea Franciscan ea Steubenville, yunivesithi e nyane e ikemetseng ea K'hatholike e Steubenville, OH, United States. Phuputso e sa tsejoeng e rometsoe ka aterese ea lengolo-tsoibila la moithuti oa univesithi, ho baithuti bohle ba ithutang Univesithing ea Franciscan, ba neng ba le ka holimo ho lilemo tse 18. Nakong ea libeke tse 2 (Mphalane 15th - Mphalane 28th, 2019), phuputso e entsoe ka enjine ea lipatlisiso ea inthaneteng SurveyMonkey®. Pele ba phethela phuputso, barupeluoa ba ile ba lebisoa ho foromo ea tumello, e neng e hlakisa lekunutu le sebopeho sa thuto le sephetho, mme ea hlalosa hore ho nka karolo phuputsong ho fana ka maikutlo a tumello ea ho sekaseka le ho phatlalatsa liphetho ka kakaretso. Barupeluoa ba sa fanang ka tumello ba lebisitsoe ho Leqephe le sa Tšoaneleheng. Nako e lebelletsoeng ea tsamaiso le ho phethela phuputso e ne e le metsotso e ka bang 10. Litaelo li bonts'itse baithuti hore ba lokela ho fana ka karabo e tšepahalang mme ba se ke ba qeta nako e ngata ho botsa potso efe kapa efe. Leqephe la ho qetela la phuputso le boetse le kenyelelitse lisebelisoa tse fapaneng bakeng sa bankakarolo haeba ba lakatsa ho batla thuso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Litekanyetso tsa ho qheleloa ka thoko

Mekhoa ea ho khetholla e kenyelelitse motho ofe kapa ofe: (1) ea neng a le ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 (n = 2), (2) e ne e se moithuti Univesithing ea Franciscan ea Steubenville (n = 4), (3) o arabile ka "Che" (n = 15) kapa ha a a phethela potso mabapi le tumello (n = 73), (4) ba sa phethelang potso ea lipatlisiso mabapi le lilemo tsa bona (n = 23), le (5) ba sa kang ba fana ka karabo la ho qetela ha ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (n = 24). Palo ea ho qetela ea bankakarolo bao likarabo tsa bona li fihlelletseng litekanyetso tsa kenyelletso e ne e le 1031 (ho tsoa ho ba arabileng ba 1172 ba pele, ke hore, 88%).

Sebopeho sa Patlisiso

Lipotso tsa palo ea batho

Lipotso tsa palo ea batho li kenyelelitsoe: lilemo, thobalano, sehlopha, palo ea lisemestara tse phethetsoeng Univesithing ea Franciscan, kholo, matlo nakong ea selemo sa sekolo ka nako ea lipatlisiso, le boemo ba kamano. Barupeluoa le bona ba ile ba botsoa ho bonts'a hore na ke moithuti ea fumanehang marang-rang feela le / kapa moithuti ea fetisang le hore na ba lula kamoreng le motho e mong selemong sa sekolo.

Lipotso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho bonts'a nako ea ho qetela eo ba shebang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete, tšebeliso ea bona khafetsa nakong ea ts'ebeliso ea bona khafetsa, nako ea letsatsi eo hangata ba neng ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le hore na ba ne ba kena le ho sheba litšoantšo life tsa bootsoa hangata. Ho ile ha botsoa lipotso hape mabapi le hore na ba qalile ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joang le mofuta ofe, le lilemo tsa bona tsa ho pepesetsoa pele. Ho feta moo, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho khetha likarolo tsohle tse ba thusitseng ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ke barupeluoa feela ba bonts'ang tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bophelong bohle ba bona ba neng ba lebisitsoe likarolong tsa phuputso tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Ntle le moo, phuputso e ile ea botsa hore na ke liperesente life tsa banna le basali ba Univesithing ea Franciscan eo ba nahanang hore ba na le bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Barupeluoa le bona ba koptjoa ho lekanya, ka sekala sa lintlha tse 'ne (ho tloha Che, ha ho joalo ho Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa haholo), kamoo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba nkileng lisebelisoa tse fapaneng (mohlala, litšoantšo tse hlobotseng, litšoantšo tsa thobalano tsa cinematic, bonono ba batho ba hlobotseng, jj.)

Tekanyetso e Sebelisitsoeng ea Khokahano ea Marang-rang (mCIUS)

Phuputso e boetse e kenyelelitse lipotso tse 13 tsa mCIUS (Downing et al., 2014) e le ho lekola lintlha tse fapaneng tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e tlamang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete. Barupeluoa ba ile ba laeloa hore ba arabe lipotso ho latela nako eo ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa. Potso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mCIUS e ne e lekantsoe sekaleng sa Likert sa lintlha tse hlano (ho tloha Le ka mohla ho Hangata haholo). Ka sekhahla sena, lipalo tse kholo li bonts'a ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng (Downing et al., 2014).

Lethathamo la lipotso tsa maikutlo le tsa thobalano (EmSS)

Lipotso tse amanang le maikutlo le tsa thobalano (Downing et al., 2014Ba ile ba botsoa hape e le ho lekola hore na ke neng batho ba nang le monyetla oa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng (mohlala, le molekane oa thobalano, ea tenang, jj.). Liphetoho tse peli li entsoe lipotsong tsa mantlha, ea pele ke hore a le mong e ile ea aroloa lipotso tse peli tse arohaneng: ke le mong 'me jeoa ke bolutu, ka lebaka la phapang lipakeng tsa linaha tse peli (Algren et al., 2020). Lentswe Horny e ile ea fetoloa hore e be ho ikutloa o tsosoa takatso ea thobalano. Ntle le moo, ha Downing et al. (2014) re sebelisitse sekala sa Likert se nang le lintlha tse 'ne, phuputso ea rona e sebelisitse sekala sa Likert sa lintlha tse hlano (Ha ke lumellane ka matla, Ha a lumellane, Ha e lumellane kapa ha e lumellane, lumellana, 'me Lumellana ka matlae le ho fana ka monyetla oa hore motho a se ke a araba kapa a hana kapa a hana.

Ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea kelello (DASS-21)

Potso ea lipotso tse 21 tsa DASS (Lovibond le Lovibond, 2004) e boetse e kenyelelitsoe phuputsong, e lekanyang matšoao a fapaneng a mantlha a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo (D), matšoenyeho (A), le khatello ea maikutlo (S). Lihlooho li laetsoe ho bonts'a hore na polelo e ngoe le e ngoe e sebelisitsoe ho bona bekeng e fetileng sekaleng sa Likert tse ntlha tse 'ne (ho tloha 0 = Ha e sebetse ho nna ho hang ho 3 = E sebelisoa ho nna haholo, kapa boholo ba nako). DASS-21 ha ea rereloa ho fumana mathata a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo kapa khatello ea maikutlo. Lintlha tse felletseng tsa bankakarolo ka litekanyetso tse tharo (D, A, le S) li ile tsa aroloa ka matla e le "e tloaelehileng", "e bonolo", "e itekanetseng", "e matla" kapa "e matla haholo" joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe pejana (Lovibond le Lovibond, 1995).

Tlhahlobo ea Litekanyetso

Litlhahlobo li ile tsa etsoa ho data eohle (n = 1031). Ho sebelisa R mofuta oa 3.6.2, ho entsoe liteko tse nepahetseng tsa Chi squared kapa Fisher, ka nepo, ho sekaseka liphapang tse boholo ba lintlha tse fapaneng tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​hammoho le maemo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, hohle le lipakeng tsa bong. Ntle le moo, mehato e ikemetseng t-Liteko le mekhoa e ikemetseng ea ho ikemela ea li-ANOVA li ile tsa etsoa, ​​ho sebelisoa SigmaPlot mofuta oa 14.0, ho sekaseka liphapang tsa maemo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a ipapisitse le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tukey post hoc tlhatlhobo e entsoe ha ho hlokahala. Tlhatlhobo ea lintlha tsa tlhahlobo (EFA) e sebelisitsoe thutong ea rona ha re ntse re batla ho lekola likamano lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng, le ho sibolla lintlha tse ka bang teng tse amanang le boits'oaro bo qobelloang (mCIUS), linaha tsa maikutlo le tsa thobalano (EmSS) le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho fapana le ho leka ho netefatsa khopolo-taba e ikhethileng mabapi le lintlha tse fapaneng le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho sebelisa Jamovi 1.1.7, teko ea Bartlett ea bokopane le tekanyo ea Kaiser-Meyer – Olkin ea ho lekola mehlala li sebelisitsoe ho bona hore na data e ka fumaneha joang ho tsoa mCIUS le lintho tsa EmSS. Ho ipapisitsoe le liphetho tsa liteko tse peli tse fetileng, EFA, e sebelisitsoeng hape ho sebelisoa Jamovi 1.1.7, e sebelisitsoe ho sekaseka mekhoa ea karabelo kahare ho lintho tsa mCIUS le tsa EmSS, ka thoko. Ts'ebetso ea morao-rao ea ho felisa mehato e ile ea sebelisoa ho supa kamano lipakeng tsa palo ea batho ba fapaneng, likarolo tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le maemo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (D, A, S). Ho sebelisitsoe mefuta e 'meli e arohaneng: ea mofuta oa 1 e kenyelelitse lintho tsa mCIUS joalo ka tse sa lebelloang, ha ea mohlala ea 2 e ne e bua ka lintho tsa EmSS e le mefuta-futa ea selelekela. Bakeng sa mefuta ena ka bobeli, palo e fapaneng ea palo ea batho e lekantsoe, hammoho le likarolo tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le tsona li kenyelelitsoe e le mefuta e meng e ka lebelloang, 'me khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le likhatello tsa khatello ea maikutlo li nkuoa e le tse fapaneng.

Results

Boemo ba palo ea batho

E tsamaellana le mekhoa ea naha (mohlala, Fry, 2019) Kabo ea bankakarolo phuputsong e ne e le 34% ea banna le 66% ea basali, e neng e tšoana le kabo ea thobalano ea sehlopha sa baithuti Univesithing ea Franciscan. Lintlha tsa lipotso tsa palo ea batho tse mabapi le lilemo, sehlopha, palo ea lisemestara tse phethetsoeng (Semesters li phethetsoe), maemo a bophelo le boemo ba kamano li kenyelelitsoe ho Lethathamo 1 e bonts'itsoeng hohle thobalanong. Baithuti ba ile ba botsoa hape hore ba bonts'a hore na ke moithuti ea fumanehang marang-rang feela (inthaneteng-feela), moithuti ea fetisang (Transfer), le hore na ba arolelana kamore le motho e mong selemong sa sekolo (Share room). Lintlha tsena li kenyelelitsoe ho Lethathamo 1.

TABLE 1

www.frontiersin.orgTafole 1. Kakaretso ea mefuta-futa ea palo ea batho.

Sebelisa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Hona Joale

Kaha palo ea bankakarolo ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e sa fapana haholo le ba tlalehang hore ha ba so ka ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [χ2(1, N = 1031) = 0.0, p > 0.05 le χ2(1, N = 1031) = 0.7, p > 0.05, ka ho latellana] ho baithuti ba inthaneteng-feela ha ba bapisoa le ba bolulo (ke hore, ha se ba marang-rang feela), hammoho le ba fetiselitseng univesithi mabapi le ba sa kang ba etsa joalo, tlhahlobo ea lintlha e hlahisitsoeng ka tlase ha e etse phapang ho latela mefuta e 'meli.

Bakeng sa lipotso tse nang le "Tse ling (ka kopo hlakisa)”Khetho ea likarabo, ka lebaka la palo e fokolang ea bankakarolo ba khethang khetho ena, le mefuta le phapano ea likarabo tse fanoeng, tse ka 'nang tsa ferekanya tlhaloso, likarabo tsena li ile tsa qheleloa ka thoko ho litlhahlobo le liperesente tse bontšitsoeng.

Sebelisa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tse Fetotsoeng

Ho tsoa ho batho ba arabileng ba 1031, liperesente tse phahameng haholo [χ2(1, N = 1031) = 35.9, p <0.001] e bonts'itse tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (56.6%) ha e bapisoa le ba tlalehileng hore ha ba sebelise litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (43.4%).

E tsamaellana le mekhoa ea hajoale (Carroll et al., 2008; Regnerus et al., 2016; Dwulit le Rzymski, 2019), karolo ea banna (87.6%) ba tlaleha hore ba sebelisitse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e phahame haholo [χ2(1, N = 1031) = 202.3, p <0.001] ho feta ea basali (40.9%). Kabo ea ba arabelitsoeng ba tlalehileng ho qetela ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e abuoe ka tsela e latelang: Ha ke so ka ke sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (Le ka mohla(43.4%), Ho feta selemo se fetileng (>1 Year(20.1%), Selemong se fetileng (Selemo se fetileng(12.6%), Khoeling e fetileng (Khoeli e fetileng(9.4%), Bekeng e fetileng (Beke e fetileng, 12.3%), le kajeno (2.2%). Ho fanoe ka tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng Setšoantšo sa 1A2(1, N = 1031) = 202.3 (Le ka mohla, 0.1 (>1 Year), 17.0 (Selemo se fetileng), 34.1 (Khoeli e fetileng), 84.2 (Beke e fetileng), 23.1 (kajeno)].

Tšoantšiso 1

www.frontiersin.orgSetšoantšo sa 1. Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse tlalehiloeng li sebelisoa ka bongata. (A) Papiso ea ho qetela ea ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete tse tlalehiloeng ka bong bo fapaneng (N = 1031; Monna: n = 347; E motšehali: n = 684). Litlhahiso tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse tlalehiloeng tsa ho qetela li sebelisa: Le ka mohla, le ka mohla a e-s'o ka a sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro; >1 Year, nako e fetang selemo e fetileng; Selemo se fetileng, selemong se fetileng; Khoeli e fetileng, khoeling e fetileng; Beke e fetileng, bekeng e fetileng; kajeno, kajeno. (B) Makhetlo a mangata a tlalehiloeng a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a sebelisoa nakong ea tšebeliso e atisang ho sebelisoa ho banna le basali (N = 488; Monna: n = 254; E motšehali: n = 234). Likarolo tsa makhetlo a tlalehiloeng a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa:Monthly, ka tlase ho khoeli; Monthly, khoeli le khoeli; beke le beke, beke le beke; Daily, letsatsi le letsatsi; >Daily, makhetlo a mangata ka letsatsi. Lintlha li hlahisoa e le liperesente tsa bankakarolo ba arabang ka likhetho tse ikhethileng. **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.

matsatsing a Batona, ha ho bapisoa le ba tlalehileng hore ha ba so ka ba sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (12.4%), karolo e phahameng haholo e tlalehile hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa bona tsa morao-rao li sebelisoa joalo ka Ho feta selemo se fetileng (20.7%, p <0.05) le Bekeng e fetileng (25.6%, p <0.001), ha liperesente tse tlase haholo li tlaleha hore ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kajeno (5.5%, p <0.05). Peresente ea ba sebelisang tlaleho selemong se fetileng kapa khoeling e fetileng e ne e sa fapana haholo (p > 0.05) ho tsoa ho ba tlaleha hore ha ba so ka ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [χ2(5, N = 347) = 61.3, p <0.001].

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, karolo e phahameng haholo [χ2(5, N = 684) = 1164.1, p <0.001] ea basali e tlaleha hore ha ba so ka ba sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse amanang le likhetho tse ling tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (kaofela p <0.001).

Khafetsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa

Ho ba arabelitsoeng ba 584 ba netefatsang hore ba kile ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, 488 e phethile potso e mabapi le makhetlo a ts'ebeliso nakong eo e sebelisoang khafetsa. Kakaretso ea tšebeliso e tlalehiloeng e ile ea ajoa ka tsela e latelang: Ka tlase ho khoeli le khoeli (<Monthly(23.4%), Monthly (6.6%), beke le beke (24.8%), Daily (26.8%), le Makhetlo a mangata ka letsatsi (>Daily, 18.4%). Lintlha tse ling tse amanang le makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng li bontšoa ho Setšoantšo sa 1B2(1, N = 488) (Ho feta)Monthly), 2.3 (Monthly), 0.0 (beke le beke), 8.6 (Daily, 17.0 (>Daily)].

Palo ea banna ba tlalehang Ka tlase ho khoeli le khoeli (12.6%) le Monthly Tšebeliso ea (4.7%) e ne e le tlase haholo (kaofela p <0.01) ho feta beke le beke (24.4%), Daily (32.7%), le Makhetlo a mangata ka letsatsi (25.6%). Ntle le moo, palo ea tlaleho Monthly ts'ebeliso e ne e le tlase haholo (p <0.05) ho feta ba tlalehang Ka tlase ho khoeli le khoeli sebelisa [χ2(4, N = 254) = 79.3, p <0.001].

E amana le basali, karolo ea ba tlalehang Ka tlase ho khoeli le khoeli Tšebeliso ea (35.0%) e ne e phahame haholo ho feta Monthly (8.5%, p <0.001), Daily (20.5%, p <0.01), le Makhetlo a mangata ka letsatsi (10.7%, p <0.001), ha karolo ea ba tlalehang beke le beke Ts'ebeliso ea (25.2%) e bonts'itse tloaelo ea bohlokoa (p = 0.08). Monthly tšebeliso e ne e le tlase haholo ho feta ka bobeli beke le beke (p <0.001) le Daily (p <0.01), empa e ne e sa fapana haholo le Makhetlo a mangata ka letsatsi (p > 0.05). Ho phaella moo, beke le beke 'me Daily tšebeliso li ne li phahame haholo ho feta Makhetlo a mangata ka letsatsi (p <0.001 le p <0.05, ka ho latellana). Leha ho le joalo, beke le beke tšebeliso e ne e sa fapana haholo le Daily sebelisa (p > 0.05) [χ2(4, N = 234) = 69.0, p <0.001].

Nako ea Letsatsi la Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khafetsa Sebelisa

Potso e botsang ka nako ea letsatsi eo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li neng li shejoa hangata e ile ea arajoa ke ba arabelitsoeng ka 488. Kaha ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa likarabo tsa banna le basali [χ2(1, N = 488) = 2.3, 0.1, le 1.0 bakeng sa Pele letsatsi le qala, Nakong ea letsatsi la hau 'me Qetellong ea letsatsi la hau, ka ho latellana, kaofela p > 0.05], tlhaiso-leseling e kopaneng ea bong e ile ea hlahlojoa. Palo e kholo ea batho ba arabelitsoeng e tlalehile hangata ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro qetellong ea letsatsi la bona (71.1%), e neng e phahame haholo ho feta ho shebella bobeli ba bona matsatsing a bona (24.2%, p <0.001) le pele letsatsi le qala (4.7%, p <0.001). Peresente ea ba tlalehang ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa nakong ea bona le eona e ne e le holimo haholo ho feta ba tlalehang ho shebella pele letsatsi la bona le qala (p <0.001).

Kamoo Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa li Ileng Tsa Fihleloa

Mabapi le hore na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li fumaneha hangata hakae, ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa likarabo tsa banna le basali (χ2 kapa Teko ea Fisher, kaofela p > 0.05). Kahoo, tlhaiso-leseling e kopaneng ea banna le basali e ile ea hlahlojoa (Setšoantšo sa 2A). Mekhoa ea mantlha ea phihlello ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e tlalehiloe e sebelisoa ke boholo ba batho ba arabelitsoeng e ne e le mahlale a marang-rang a amanang le inthanete (Liselefouno, likhomphutha tsa laptop le li-desktop le matlapa; 98.2%) Ka ho khetheha, fihlella ka Lekolulo (69.4%) e ne e phahame haholo ho feta likhetho tse ling tsohle (tsohle p <0.001). Mokhoa o latelang o phahameng oa phihlello o tlalehiloeng e ne e le Khomphuta ea laptop (15.2%), e neng e phahame haholo ho feta Matlapa (mohlala, Kindle, iPad, jj.) (6.3%), Khomphuta ea Desktop (7.3%), a thelevishene (0.6%), romella limakasine (0.8%), le Libuka tsa 'mele (pampiri) (0.4%), kaofela p <0.001. Ntle le moo, ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso ea matlapa ka bobeli le likhomphutha tsa desktop ba ne ba phahame haholo ho feta a thelevishene, romella limakasine, 'me Libuka tsa 'mele (pampiri) (kaofela p <0.001). Litšoantšiso tse ling kaofela e ne e se tsa bohlokoa (kaofela p > 0.05). Boemong ba potso ena, barupeluoa ba 8 ba arabile Other, e etsang 1.6% ea kakaretso ea ba arabelitsoeng potso ena.

Tšoantšiso 2

www.frontiersin.orgSetšoantšo sa 2. Lintlha tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoa nakong eo li sebelisoang khafetsa. (A) Tsamaiso ea mekhoa ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisoa. Kaha ha ho na phapang e kholo e bonoeng lipakeng tsa bong, lintlha li bonts'oa e le liperesente tsa banna le basali li kopantsoe ho bonts'a mokhoa o itseng oa phihlello. Cell, lekolulo; Books, libuka tsa 'mele (pampiri); romella limakasine, limakasine; a thelevishene, thelevishene; komporong, komporo ea desktop; Laptop, khomphutha ea laptop; Letlapamatlapa (mohlala, Kindle, iPad, jj) (N = 488). (B) Papiso ea mofuta oa mantlha oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa o fihletsoeng nakong ea tšebeliso e atisang ho sebelisoa ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng (N = 488; Monna: n = 254; E motšehali: n = 234). Ads, lipapatso marang-rang; TV, TV / Lifilimi; websites, liwebosaete tsa batho ba baholo (mohlala, libaka tsa bootsoa); Lingoliloeng, Lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo / tse tsosang takatso; romella limakasine, limakasine tsa bootsoa, Ho romella litšoantšo, ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno / fono ea thobalano / li-hotline / Snapchat, Games, lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video. Lintlha li hlahisoa e le liperesente tsa bankakarolo ba arabang khetho e ikhethileng. **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.

Mofuta oa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa O Fumanehile

Mabapi le mofuta oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro o neng o fumaneha haholo ke bong ka bong, phapang e kholo e ne e le teng lipakeng tsa bong {Setšoantšo sa 2B, χ2(1, N = 447) = 0.0 (Lipapatso ho Marang-rang), 10.6 (TV / Lifilimi, 61.6 [Liwebosaete tsa batho ba baholo (mohlala, libaka tsa bootsoa)], 39.1 (Lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo / tse tsosang takatso), 9.5 (Ho romellana melaetsa ea selefouno / mohala oa thobalano / hotline / Snapchat)}.

Mabapi le banna, boholo ba ba arabelitsoeng (83.5%) bo bontšitse hore ba ne ba fihlella hangata Liwebosaete tsa batho ba baholo (mohlala, libaka tsa bootsoa), e neng e phahame haholo ho feta likhetho tse ling tsohle [Lipapatso ho Marang-rang (4.2%), TV / Lifilimi (5.5%), Lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo / tse tsosang takatso (3.0%), Limakasine Tsa Bootsoa (2.1%), Ho romellana melaetsa ea selefouno / mohala oa thobalano / hotline / Snapchat (1.3%), Lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video (0.4%); kaofela p <0.001]. Peresente ea ba tlalehang phihlello ka TV / Lifilimi e ne e phahame haholo ho feta melaetsa e meng ea thobalano, jj. (p <0.05) le lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video (p <0.01). Ntle le moo, fihlella ka Lipapatso ho Marang-rang e ne e phahame haholo ho feta Lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video (p <0.05). Lipapiso tse ling kaofela e ne e se tsa bohlokoa (p > 0.05).

Joalo ka banna, boholo ba basali (48.1%) ba tlaleha hangata ba fihlella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka libaka tsa batho ba baholo. Sena se ne se phahame haholo ho feta likhetho tse ling tsohle [Lipapatso ho Marang-rang (4.8%), TV / Lifilimi (15.2%), Lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo / tse tsosang takatso (22.9%), Limakasine Tsa Bootsoa (1.4%), Ho romellana melaetsa ea selefouno / mohala oa thobalano / hotline / Snapchat (7.6%), Lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video (0.0%); kaofela p <0.001]. Sena se ile sa lateloa ke lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo, tse neng li phahame haholo ho feta lipapatso tsa inthanete, limakasine tsa bootsoa, ​​ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, jj. Le lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video (kaofela p <0.001). Palo ea basali ba tlalehang phihlello ka TV / Lifilimi, mofuta oa boraro o phahameng ho fetisisa o fumanoang hangata, e ne e phahame haholo ho feta lipapatso tse fumanehang marang-rang, limakasine tsa bootsoa le lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video (p <0.001), hammoho le ho romela melaetsa ea selefouno, jj. (p <0.05). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li kena ka Ho romellana melaetsa ea selefouno / mohala oa thobalano / hotline / Snapchat e ne e phahame haholo ho feta limakasine ka bobeli tsa bootsoa (p <0.01) le lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video (p <0.001). Kamora nako, ho fihlella ka lipapatso tsa inthanete ho ne ho phahame haholo ho feta lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video (p <0.01). Litšoantšiso tse ling kaofela e ne e se tsa bohlokoa (kaofela p > 0.05).

Mabapi le potso e botsang mofuta oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse atisang ho fihlella, barupeluoa ba 41 ba arabile Tse ling (ka kopo hlakisa), e etsang 8.4% ya batho kaofela ba arabetseng potso ena.

Ho Kopanela Pele ho Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo, bakeng sa lipotso tse nang le "Tse ling (ka kopo hlakisa)Khetho ea likarabo, likarabo tsena ha lia kenyelletsoa litlhahlobong le liperesente tse bontšitsoeng.

Lilemo tsa Pontšo ea Pele ho Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Tshekatsheko e senotse phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa banna le basali ho latela lilemo tse tlalehiloeng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lekhetlo la pele [Setšoantšo sa 3A, χ2(1, N = 470) = 2.5 (8 kapa e monyane), 27.3 (9-13), 5.3 (14-17), 16.1 (18 kapa ho feta)].

Tšoantšiso 3

www.frontiersin.orgSetšoantšo sa 3. Ho pepesetsoa pele litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng. (A) Lilemo tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng.8, Lilemo tse 8 kapa ka tlaase ho moo; 9-13, Ea lilemo li 9-13; 14-17, Ea lilemo li 14-17; >18, Ea lilemo li 18 kapa ho feta. (B) Kabo ea hore na ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho etsahetse joang ho banna le basali. Family, ka lelapa; Friends, ka metsoalle; bohelehele, tabatabelo ea botho; E se ka boomo, ho pepesetsoa ntle ho morero. (C) Mofuta oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro oo ponahalo ea pele e etsahetseng ho bona ka bong. Ads, tse itlhahisang / lipapatso inthaneteng; TV, thelevishene / lifilimi; websites, liwebosaete tsa batho ba baholo (mohlala, libaka tsa bootsoa); Lingoliloeng, dingolwa tsa batho ba baholo / tse tsosang takatso; romella limakasine, limakasine tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro; Ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno, jj., ho romellana melaetsa e litšila ka selefounu / ho kopanela liphate fonong / hotline / Snapchat Lipapali tsa fitio, lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video. Lintlha li hlahisoa e le liperesente tsa ba arabelitsoeng tse bonts'ang khetho e ikhethileng ea likarabo (N = 470; Monna: n = 248; E motšehali: n = 222). *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.

Bongata ba banna (63.7%) ba tlalehile 9-13 e le lilemo tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lekhetlo la pele, tse neng li le holimo haholo ho feta likhetho tse ling tsohle [8 kapa e monyane (8.9%), 14-17 (25.8%), 18 kapa ho feta (1.6%), kaofela p <0.001]. Lipapiso tse ling tsohle tsa lilemo tsa tlhahiso ea pele ea banna li ne li le bohlokoa (kaofela p <0.001) [χ2(3, N = 248) = 305.0, p <0.001].

Ha e bapisoa le basali, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang le oa banna, mokhoa oa ho pepeseha la pele le ona o ne o le teng 9-13 (39.2%). Le ha hona ho ne ho se holimo haholo ho feta ba tlalehang 14-17 (36.0%, p > 0.05), e ne e phahame haholo ho feta ka bobeli 8 kapa e monyane (14.0%) le 18 kapa ho feta (10.8%), ka bobeli p <0.001. Ntle le moo, palo ea basali ba tlalehang 14-17 e ne e boetse e phahame haholo ho feta ka bobeli 8 kapa e monyane 'me 18 kapa ho feta, bobeli p <0.001. Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo (p > 0.05) lipakeng tsa basali ba tlalehileng 8 kapa e monyane amanang le 18 kapa ho feta joalo ka lilemo tseo ba qalileng ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [pornography2(3, N = 222) = 76.5, p <0.001].

Kamoo Pontšo ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa e Etsahetseng

Mabapi le hore na ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lekhetlo la pele ho etsahetse joang, ho bile le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa bong [Setšoantšo sa 3B, χ2(1, N = 458) = 0.0 (Ka lelapa), 0.2 (Ka Metsoalle), 4.5 (Thahasello ea Botho), 6.8 (Ketsahalo e sa etsoang ka boomo)].

Ho banna le basali, Thahasello ea botho (Monna: 45.1%; Mosali: 34.9%) le Ho pepeseha ka boomo (Monna: 32.9%; Mosali: 45.3%) e ne e le mekhoa ea mantlha eo ho pepeseha hoa pele ho etsahetseng ka eona. Leha ho le joalo, ho banna, tjantjello ea botho e ne e phahame haholo ho feta ho pepeseha ka boomo (p <0.01), ha e ntse e le basali, ho pepeseha ka boomo ho ne ho phahame haholo ho feta bohelehele ba motho (p <0.05). Mekhoa ena ka bobeli e ne e phahame haholo, ka bong, ho feta Ka lelapa (E motona: 5.3%; Basali: 5.2%) le Ka metsoalle (Monna: 16.7%; Mosali: 14.6%) kaofela p <0.001. Ntle le moo, bong ka bobeli, ho pepeseha ka metsoalle ho ne ho phahame haholo ho feta ho pepesetsoa ke ba lelapa (Banna p <0.001; Basali: p <0.01). Mabapi le potso ena, barupeluoa ba 12 (2.6% ea kakaretso ea ba arabelitsoeng potso ena) ba khethile Other [Monna: χ2(3, N = 246) = 121.5, Mosali: χ2(3, N = 212) = 114.2, ka bobeli p <0.001].

Pontšo ea pele: Sebopeho sa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Mabapi le mofuta oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tseo ba arabelitsoeng ba li pepeselitsoeng lekhetlo la pele, tlhahlobo e senotse phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa banna le basali ka mefuta e fapaneng ea pepeso [Setšoantšo sa 3C, χ2(1, N = 437) = 0.9 (Tse itlhahisang / Lipapatso inthaneteng), 1.7 (TV / Lifilimi), 11.3 (Liwebosaete tsa batho ba baholo (mohlala, libaka tsa bootsoa), 22.8 (Lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo / tse tsosang takatso), 6.2 (Limakasine Tsa Bootsoa)].

Mabapi le banna, 44.2% e tlalehile Liwebosaete tsa batho ba baholo (mohlala, libaka tsa bootsoa) e le mofuta oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo ba ileng ba pepesetsoa tsona la pele. Sena se ne se phahame haholo ho feta mefuta eohle: Li-pop-up / lipapatso inthaneteng, 15.2%; Thelevishene / Lifilimi, 17.7%; Lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo / tse tsosang takatso, 3.0%; Limakasine tsa bootsoa, 17.3%; Ho romellana melaetsa ea selefouno / mohala oa thobalano / hotline / Snapchat, 0.9% le Lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video, 1.7%, kaofela p <0.001. Peresente ea banna ba tlalehang Thelevishene / Lifilimi, Limakasine tsa bootsoa 'me Li-pop-up / lipapatso inthaneteng e ne e phahame haholo (all p <0.001) ho feta lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo, ho romela melaetsa ea selefouno, jj., Le lipapali tsa batho ba baholo. Lipapiso tse ling kaofela e ne e se tsa bohlokoa (p > 0.05).

E ts'oanang le tsa banna, libaka tsa marang-rang tsa batho ba baholo e ne e le mofuta oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro o tlalehiloeng ho basali (28.2%), o neng o le holimo haholo ho feta mefuta eohle [Pop-ups, jj. (18.9%) le lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo (17.0%) , ka bobeli p <0.05; Limakasine (8.7%), ho romellana melaetsa e litšila, joalo-joalo (3.4%) le lipapali tsa batho ba baholo tsa video (0.5%), kaofela p <0.001], ntle le TV / lifilimi (23.3%, p > 0.05). Li-pop-up, jj., TV / lifilimi le lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo kaofela li ne li phahame haholo ho feta ho romellana melaetsa ea thobalano, jj le lipapali tsa batho ba baholo, kaofela p <0.001, hammoho le limakasine tsa bootsoa (tse amanang le Pop-ups, jj. p <0.01, TV / lifilimi, p <0.001 le lingoliloeng tsa batho ba baholo, p <0.05). Ntle le moo, karolo ea ba tlalehang limakasine tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e phahame haholo ho feta melaetsa e meng ea thobalano, jj. p <0.05, le papali ea batho ba baholo ea video, p <0.001. Lipapiso tse ling kaofela e ne e se tsa bohlokoa (p > 0.05). Ho ba arabetseng kaofela, ho khethiloe 33 (7.0%) Tse ling (ka kopo hlakisa) mabapi le mofuta oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo ba ileng ba pepesetsoa tsona la pele.

MCIUS Potso

Ka kakaretso, tloaelo ea karolo ea barupeluoa e arabang "Hangata"Kapa"Hangata haholo”Bakeng sa lipotso tse amanang le tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li tšoana le ho banna le basali. Barupeluoa ba bong bo fapaneng ba khethiloe haholo "Hangata"Kapa"Hangata haholo”Bakeng sa lipotso tse bonts'ang hore: (1) ba nahana hore ba lokela ho qeta nako e nyane ho liwebosaete tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (SpendLess, Sexes integrated: 70.5%; Male: 77.6%, Female: 62.8%), (2) ba kena webosaeteng ha ba nyahame ( FeelDown, Bong bo kopaneng: 49.0%; Monna: 55.9%, Mosali: 41.5%), (3) ba ntse ba tsoela pele ho kena webosaeteng leha ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho emisa (AccessStop, Bong bo kopantsoe: 45.3%; Monna: 52.0%, Mosali: 38.0% ), (4) ba fihletse libaka tsa marang-rang ho baleha / ho fumana phomolo ho maikutlo a fosahetseng (EscpSor, Bong bo kopantsoe: 42.0%; Monna: 48.4%, Mosali: 35.0%), (5) ba thatafalloa ho emisa ho kena marang-rang ha ba le marang-rang ( DiffStop, Bong bo kopantsoe: 41.4%; Monna: 48.4%, Mosali: 33.8%), le (6) ba lekile ka katleho ho qeta nako e nyane liwebosaeteng (Ha ba atleha, Bong bo kopantsoe: 40.6%; Monna: 48.0%, Mosali: 32.5% ). Ho ne ho boetse ho e-na le phapang pakeng tsa palo e kholo ea banna ho feta basali ba tlalehang "Hangata"Kapa"Hangata haholo”Bakeng sa lintho tsena tse khethehileng ho mCIUS [χ2(1, N = 488) = 10.2 (DiffStop), 9.0 (AccessStop), 9.6 (FeelDown), 8.4 (EscpSor), p <0.01; 12.0 (Spendless), 11.6 (Ha ea atleha), p <0.001]. Lipapiso tse ling kaofela e ne e se tsa bohlokoa (p > 0.05). Liphapang tsena le litholoana tsa lipotso tse setseng tse sa sebetsanoang kaholimo li hlalositsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 4A 'me Letlapa le tlatsetsang 1.

Tšoantšiso 4

www.frontiersin.orgSetšoantšo sa 4. (A) Liphesente tsa banna le basali ba arabang "Hangata" kapa "Hangata haholo" linthong tsa Scale Compulsive Internet Use Scale e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Bothata, bothata ba ho emisa ho kena liwebosaeteng tse manyala; PhihleloStop, phihlello leha a ikemiselitse ho emisa; TimeOther, sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lebaka la ho qeta nako le batho ba bang; Boroko bo Khutšoane, ho robala hanyane ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; Nahana ka libaka, nahana ka libaka tsa marang-rang ha li se inthaneteng; Shebella, lebella lenaneo le latelang la ts'ebeliso; Sebedisa, nahana hore hoa hlokahala ho qeta nako e nyane; Ha e atlehe, a sa atlehe ho sebeliseng nako e nyane; RushWork, sebetsa ka potlako ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; NglctOb, ho hlokomoloha litlamo ka lebaka la litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; FeelDown, sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha u ikutloa u nyahame; EscpSor, sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho qoba maikutlo a mabe; Ha li phomole, a sa phomole / ferekane / a koata ha a sa khone ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lintlha li hlahisoa e le liperesente tsa ba arabelitsoeng tse bonts'ang "Hangata" kapa "Hangata haholo" (N = 488; Monna: n = 254; E motšehali: n = 234). (B) Tsamaiso ea bankakarolo ba arabang "Lumellanang" kapa "Lumellanang ka ho Fetisisa" ho lintho tse amanang le maikutlo a maikutlo le tsa thobalano mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sebelisoang bathong bohle, ho bontša hore ba na le monyetla oa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete ha ba le bang (Alone), ho jeoa ke bolutu (jeoa ke bolutu), le molekane oa thobalano (Thobalano), ho ikutloa u jeoa ke bolutu (ba jeoa ke bolutukhatello ea lithaka (Lithaka), ho se etse thobalano ka nakoana (Thobalano), ho ikutloa u tsosoa ka thobalano (Tsoha), tahoa kapa tlasa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi (E tahiloeng), 'me ke sitoa ho fumana motho eo nka etsang thobalano le (Motšehare). Lintlha li hlahisoa e le liperesente tsa ba arabelitsoeng tse bonts'ang "Lumellana" kapa "Lumellana ka matla" (N = 476; Monna: n = 250; E motšehali: n = 226). **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.

Ho ipapisitsoe le lingoliloeng tse fetileng tse mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea inthanete (Guertler et al., 2014; Yong et al., 2017; Fuchs et al., 2018) le ho ela hloko taba ea hore mCIUS e na le lipotso tse 13 (Downing et al., 2014), Ho fapana le phuputso ea mantlha ea lintho tse 14 (Meerkerk et al., 2009), Ho aroloa ha matla a matla ho behiloe sebakeng se khaotsoeng sa lintlha tse 26 (ho feta kapa ho lekana le 26; ho ipapisitsoe le karabelo ea bonyane Ka linako tse ling bakeng sa ntho e ngoe le e ngoe ea mCIUS) e khethollang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa, 20-25 joalo ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa, le <20 joalo ka tloaelo. Tlas'a sehlopha sena, 57.0% ea ba arabelitsoeng ho mCIUS ba bonts'itse bothata ba ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (16.6 le 40.4%, ka ho latellana).

Tlhahlobo ea Ntlha ea ho Hlahloba bakeng sa mCIUS

Tlhatlhobo ea lintlha tse hlahlobang (EFA) e sebelisa sesebelisoa sa sehlooho-axis factor (Costello le Osborne, 2005; Baglin, 2014) e sebelisitsoe ho fuputsa sebopeho sa lintlha tsa patlisiso ea mCIUS. Tlhahlobo e tšoanang (Costello le Osborne, 2005; Baglin, 2014E khothalelitse tharollo ea lintlha tse tharo (Lethathamo 2). Ha ho fanoa ka kamano e phahameng ea lintho, phetoho ea 'promax' (oblique) (Costello le Osborne, 2005; Baglin, 2014) e sebeliselitsoe ho hlalosa lintlha tse tharo. Potoloho ena e ne e na le likhakanyo tsa mekotla e mekhutšoane ho tloha 1.81 ho isa 4.16. Li-coefficients tsa khokahano lipakeng tsa lintlha li tloha ho 0.699 - 0.755.

TABLE 2

www.frontiersin.orgTafole 2. Kakaretso ea sephetho sa Patlisiso ea Lintlha tsa ho Hlahloba e amanang le lisebelisoa tsa Compulsive Internet Use Scale e fetotsoeng e sebelisa mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho hula lintho hammoho le phetoho ea promax (n = 488).

Ntlha ea pele, e tsejoang e le "Ho ameha haholo," e kenyelletsa ho khetha ho kena webosaeteng ho fapana le ho qeta nako le ba bang (TimeOthers), ho haelloa ke boroko ka lebaka la ho sheba libaka tsa marang-rang (ShortSleep), ho nahana ka liwebosaete leha o se inthaneteng ( ThinkSites), re lebelletse lenaneo le latelang la inthanete ho kena liwebosaeteng (LookFwd), ho potlakisa mosebetsi ho fihlella libaka tsa marang-rang (RushWork), ba khetha ho fihlella libaka tsa marang-rang ha ba sa natse boikarabello ba letsatsi le letsatsi (NglctOb), le ho ikutloa ba sa phomola, ba ferekane kapa ba halefisitsoe e sa khone ho fihlella liwebosaete (Restless). Ntlha ea bobeli e ile ea tsebahatsoa e le "Dependence," mme e kenyelelitse DiffStop, AccessStop, SpendLess, le Uns katleho. Qetellong, ntlha ea boraro, e tsejoang e le "Ho Kopana Maikutlong," e ne e le FeelDown le EscpSor. Ho khetholloa ha lintlha ho tla rarolloa hape Puisanong.

Potso ea EmSS

Ka kakaretso, tloaelo e akaretsang ea karolo ea bankakarolo e arabang "lumellana"Kapa"Lumellana ka matla”Hobane lipotso tse mabapi le maikutlo le tsa thobalano tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li tšoana lipakeng tsa banna le basali. Barupeluoa ba bong ka bobeli ba tlalehiloe haholo "lumellana"Kapa"Lumellana ka matla”Bakeng sa lipotso tse bontšang hore li ho ka etsahala hore ba shebe litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Inthaneteng ha: (1) ba ne ba le bang (ba le bang, bong bo kopantsoe: 94.3%; banna: 97.2%, basali: 91.2%), (2) ba ne ba ikutloa ba tsosoa takatso ea thobalano (Aroused, 80.9%), (3) ba ne ba jeoa ke bolutu ( Bored, Thobalano e kopantsoe: 73.5%; Monna: 80.0%, Mosali: 66.4%), le (4) ba ikutloa ba jeoa ke bolutu (Bolutu, 71.2%). Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho na le phapang e kholo lipalo pakeng tsa palo ea banna le basali e tlalehang “lumellana"Kapa"Lumellana ka matla”Bakeng sa lintho tse ikhethang ho EmSS. Ka ho khetheha, banna ba bangata ho feta basali ba ne ba ka sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha ba le bang [χ2(1, N = 476) = 7.0] kapa o ikutloa o borehile [χ2(1, N = 476) = 10.6], ka bobeli p <0.01, ha karolo e phahameng haholo ea basali ho feta banna [χ2(1, N = 476) = 6.9, p <0.01] e tlalehile a sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha a na le molekane oa hae oa thobalano (Monna: 6.8%, Mosali: 14.6%). Lipapiso tse ling kaofela e ne e se tsa bohlokoa (p > 0.05). Liphapang tsena le liphetho tsa lintho tse setseng tse sa buuoang kaholimo li hlalositsoe ho Setšoantšo sa 4B 'me Letlapa le tlatsetsang 2.

Tlhahlobo ea Ntlha ea ho Hlahloba bakeng sa EmSS

Hape, EFA e sebelisa sesebelisoa sa sehlooho-axis e sebelisitsoe ho fuputsa sebopeho sa lintho tse amanang le maikutlo a thobalano. Ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e bonts'a boteng ba lintlha tse tharo (Lethathamo 3). Ka lebaka la hore litekanyo tse fapaneng tsa data li ne li se li-orthogonal, ho ile ha sebelisoa potoloho ea oblique ('promax'). Potoloho ena e ne e e-na le lipalo tsa lisekoere tsa lisekoere ho tloha ho 0.923 ho isa ho 1.498. Li-coefficients tsa khokahano lipakeng tsa lintlha li tloha ho 0.240 ho isa ho 0.679.

TABLE 3

www.frontiersin.orgTafole 3. Kakaretso ea sephetho sa tlhahlobo ea lintlha tsa tlhatlhobo tse amanang le lintho tsa boemo ba maikutlo le tsa thobalano ho sebelisoa mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho hula thepa hammoho le phetoho ea promax (n = 476).

Ntho ea pele e ile ea khetholloa e le "Interoceptive," e bonts'a lintho tse amanang le maemo ao haholoholo a amang batho ka bo bona le a tsoang maikutlong a kahare. Tsena li ne li kenyelletsa ba le bang, ba bang, ba jeoa ke bolutu le ba tsosoang. Ntlha ea bobeli, e tsejoang e le "ea se nang matla," e bonts'a menyetla e eketsehileng ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amanang le bosieo ba menyetla ea ho etsa thobalano, haholo-holo, ho se kopanele liphate ka nakoana (Nosex) le ho se fumane motho ea ka kopanelang liphate le (Noonesex). Kamora nako, ntlha ea boraro, "Extrinsic," e hlahile e bonts'a maemo a amang litšusumetso tsa kantle, ho kenyelletsa ho ba le molekane oa thobalano (Sexpart), khatello ea lithaka (Peerpres) le ho tahoa kapa ho utloa litlamorao tsa lithethefatsi / lintho tse seng molaong (Letahoa) .

DASS-21

Ho ipapisitsoe le lintlha tsa DASS-21 (Lovibond le Lovibond, 2004), ho tsoa ho bankakarolo ba phethileng karolo ena ea phuputso (n = 872), 55.4, 56.0, le 63.5% ea bankakarolo bohle ba oetse tlasa sehlopha "se tloaelehileng" sa khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, ka ho latellana. Ho feta moo, karolo e kholo ea bankakarolo e tlalehile matšoao a "matla" kapa "a matla haholo" a khatello ea maikutlo (17.0%), matšoenyeho (20.4%), le khatello ea maikutlo (13.5%) (bona Setšoantšo sa tlatsetso 1).

Tshekatsheko ha ea senola liphapang tse kholo (tsohle p > 0.05) lipakeng tsa ba batona le ba batšehali ho fapana ("ho tloaelehileng", "bonolo" jj.) Ea khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, palo e phahameng haholo ea banna e tlalehile maemo a "tloaelehileng" a matšoenyeho ka bobeli (62.2%) le khatello ea maikutlo (69.1%) ha ho bapisoa le basali (A: 53.0%; S: 60.9%), χ2(1, N = 872) = 6.1 le 5.0, ka ho latellana, ka bobeli p <0.05. Ho feta moo, karolo e phahameng haholo [χ2(1, N = 872) = 4.1, p <0.05] ea basali (22.4%) ho feta banna (16.2%) ba tlalehile "matšoenyeho a" matla "kapa" a matla haholo ". Peresente e phahameng haholo [χ2(1, N = 872) = 4.2, p <0.05] ea basali (15.5%) e bontšitse khatello ea "maemo" e lekanang le ea banna (10.1%). Litšoantšiso tse ling kaofela li ne li sa fapana haholo (all p > 0.05).

Bophelo ba kelello (D, A, S) le Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa

Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa ho qetela tse sebelisitsoeng le bophelo bo botle ba kelello

Ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ho lekola tšusumetso ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa ho qetela ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello, joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke DASS-21. Karolelano ea D, A, S lintlha tsa baithuti ba tlaleha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li phahame haholo [t(870) = -5.55 le -3.81 bakeng sa D le A, ka ho latellana, ka bobeli p <0.001; t(870) = -3.14 bakeng sa S, p <0.01] ho feta ba tlalehang hore ha ho mohla ba bonang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro.

Ntle le moo, liphetho li bontšitse phello e kholo maemong ohle a mararo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (D, A, S) ka bong bohle [D: F(1,866) = 7.80, p <0.01; K: F(1,866) = 18.73, p <0.001; S: F(1,866) = 13.35, p <0.001] le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa ho qetela tse sebelisitsoeng [D: F(2,866) = 22.04; K: F(2,866) = 11.97; S: F(2,866) = 12.15; kaofela p <0.001], empa eseng kamanong ea thobalano le ts'ebeliso ea ho qetela e tlalehiloeng [D: F(2,866) = 1.48; K: F(2,866) = 0.39; S: F(2,866) = 0.88; kaofela p > 0.05]. Ho tepella maikutlong, matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo (se bolelang le SEM), bakeng sa banna le basali, linakong tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bontšoa ho Litšoantšo 5A-C.

Tšoantšiso 5

www.frontiersin.orgSetšoantšo sa 5. Litekanyetso tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho banna le basali ho amana le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. (A-C) ho tepella maikutlo (A), ho tšoenyeha (B), le khatello ea maikutlo (C) lintlha tse ngata linakong tse fapaneng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse tlalehiloeng li sebelisoa ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng (N = 872; Monna: n = 278; E motšehali: n = 594). Ha e sebelisoe, le ka mohla a e-s'o ka a sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro; >1 Year, nako e fetang selemo e fetileng;1 Year, selemong se fetileng (ke hore, Kajeno, Bekeng e fetileng, Khoeling e fetileng, Selemong se fetileng). E amana le Ha e sebelisoe:*p <0.05, ***p <0.001, 0.05 p <0.1. E amana le>1 Year: ##p <0.01, ###p <0.001, 0.05 p <0.1. (D-F) ho tepella maikutlo (D), ho tšoenyeha (E), le khatello ea maikutlo (F) bongata ba bankakarolo ba tlalehang bonyane tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bekeng e fetileng bekeng e fetileng, ha ho bapisoa le bao e seng basebelisi (N = 531; Monna: n = 124; E motšehali: n = 407). Ha e sebelisoe, le ka mohla a e-s'o ka a sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro; sebelisoa, o shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bekeng e fetileng, bonyane beke le beke. Lintlha li hlahisoa e le tse mpe ± SEM. E amana le Ha e sebelisoe: **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.

Mabapi le banna, lintlha tse phahameng haholo li ile tsa bonoa ka khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho (ka bobeli p <0.05) ho ba tlalehang ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro selemong se fetileng (Kajeno, Bekeng e fetileng, Khoeling e fetileng, Selemong se fetileng) ho feta ba tlalehang ba e-so ka ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Papiso e ts'oanang, mabapi le likhatello tsa khatello ea maikutlo, e bonts'itse tloaelo ea bohlokoa (p = 0.06). Lipapiso tse ling kaofela e ne e se tsa bohlokoa (p > 0.05).

Mabapi le basali, lintlha tse phahameng haholo litekanyetsong tsohle tse tharo tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello (kaofela p <0.001) e tlalehiloe ho ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa selemong se fetileng ha ho bapisoa le ba tlalehang ba e-so ka ba e sebelisa. Lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo le tsona li ne li le holimo haholo (p <0.001 le p <0.01, ka ho latellana) ho ba tlalehang ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro selemong se fetileng ha ho bapisoa le ba tlalehang ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Ho feta selemo se fetileng. Le ha mokhoa o ts'oanang o ne o bonoa lipalo tsa matšoenyeho, ka lipalo, phapang ena e ne e le tloaelo ea bohlokoa (p = 0.08). Ntle le moo, matšoenyeho a mangata ho ba tlalehang a kile a sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Ho feta selemo se fetileng e ne e boetse e phahame haholo ho feta ba tlalehileng hore ha ba so ka ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (p <0.05). Lipapiso tse ling kaofela e ne e se tsa bohlokoa (p > 0.05).

Mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea ho qetela ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ha ho bapisoa bong, basali ba tlaleha lintlha tse holimo ho feta tsa banna maemong ohle a bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Post hoc tlhahlobo e bontšitse khatello ea maikutlo e phahameng haholo, matšoenyeho le lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo (kaofela p <0.001) ho basali ho feta banna ba neng ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa selemong se fetileng. Ntle le moo, basali ba tlalehang hore ha ba so ka ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le bona ba ile ba fumana maemo a phahameng a khatello ho feta banna ba sehlopha se le seng (p <0.05), ha lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo li bonts'a tloaelo ea ho nka bohlokoa (p = 0.06). Kamora nako, ho ne ho e-na le tloaelo ea bohlokoa (p = 0.07) phapang lipakeng tsa basali le banna maemong a ho tšoenyeha bakeng sa ba tlalehang ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Ho feta selemo se fetileng.

Bophelo ba kelello le Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsa Haufinyane Sebelisa

Kaha DASS-21 e kopa barupeluoa ho nahana ka ts'ebeliso ea polelo e ikhethileng holim'a bekeng e fetileng, D, A, S lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho tsoa ho barupeluoa ba arabang hore lekhetlo la ho qetela ha ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Bekeng e fetileng or kajeno, le hore ba ne ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bonyane beke le beke (Makhetlo a mangata ka letsatsi, Daily, kapa beke le beke) (Sebelisitsoe) mabapi le ba sa kang ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro.

Tshekatsheko e bonts'itse phello ea bohlokoa ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa maemong ohle a mararo a bophelo bo botle ba kelello [D: F(1,527) = 45.98; K: F(1,527) = 21.08; S: F(1,527) = 21.96; kaofela p <0.001]. Ho ne ho boetse ho na le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa thobalano bakeng sa matšoenyeho [F(1,527) = 5.37, p <0.05] le khatello ea maikutlo [F(1,527) = 7.59, p <0.01], empa eseng khatello ea maikutlo [F(1,527) = 3.40, p > 0.05]. Ntle le moo, ha ho litšebelisano tse amanang le thobalano le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse neng li le bohlokoa [D: F(1,527) = 0.23; K: F(1,527) = 0.38; S: F(1,527) = 0.13; kaofela p > 0.05]. Matšoenyeho, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo (se bolelang le SEM), bakeng sa banna le basali, ba sebelisitseng le ba sa sebeliseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bontšoa ho Litšoantšo 5D-F.

Ho banna le basali ho bile le phapang e kholo ho khatello ea maikutlo (ka bobeli p <0.001), matšoenyeho (Banna: p <0.001; Basali: p <0.01) le khatello ea maikutlo (Banna: p <0.01; Basali: p <0.001) lipalo lipakeng tsa ba li sebelisitseng (Ba sebelisitse) le ba sa li sebeliseng (Ha li sebelisoe).

Ha ho bapisoa banna le basali, tlhahlobo e senotse hore ho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (tse sebelisitsoeng), basali ba tlalehile likhatello tse phahameng haholop <0.05) ho feta banna; leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa bong ba khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho (ka bobeli p > 0.05) kahare ho Sebelisitsoe. Ho barupeluoa ba tlalehileng hore ha ba sebelise litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​basali ba ile ba fumana matšoenyeho a mangata haholo (p <0.05), empa eseng khatello ea maikutlo (p > 0.05). Ho ne ho boetse ho na le tloaelo ea ho ba bohlokoa lipakeng tsa banna le basali maemong a khatello ea maikutlo kahare ho Not Used (p = 0.05).

Ts'ebetso ea Phokotso ea Mekhoa e mengata

Tlhatlhobo ea khatello ea maikutlo e bonts'a likamano tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa palo ea batho ba fapaneng (lilemo, bong, palo ea lisemestara tse phethetsoeng Univesithing ea Franciscan, le hore na morupeluoa o arolelane kamore kapa che) ho hlahlojoe likarolo tse fapaneng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​nako ea letsatsi eo hangata ba neng ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, le lilemo tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lekhetlo la pele), ho kenyeletsoa likarolo tse lekantsoeng ke mCIUS le EmSS, le khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Boholo ba litlamorao tsa effect (boleng ba β) le tsona p-melao e bontšoa ho Lisebelisoa tsa 4, 5.

TABLE 4

www.frontiersin.orgTafole 4. Tšusumetso ea lipalo tse fapaneng tsa batho, ho kenyeletsoa le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le liphetoho tse fetotsoeng tsa Compulsive Internet Use Scale (mCIUS) tse mabapi le khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo tse lekantsoeng ho sebelisoa DASS-21

TABLE 5

www.frontiersin.orgTafole 5. Tšusumetso ea lipalo tse fapaneng tsa batho, ho kenyeletsoa tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le maemo a maikutlo le a thobalano ho khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, e lekantsoeng ho sebelisoa DASS-21.

Mefuta ea bobeli ea 1 (e kenyeletsang lintho tsa mCIUS) le mofuta oa 2 (o kenyeletsang lintho tsa EmSS) li bontšitse hore lilemo tsa motho ea nkang karolo, thobalano, le lekhetlo la ho qetela ha ba ne ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li boletse esale pele lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo (mohlala 1: R2 = 0.163, mohlala 2: R2 = 0.157). Ho kopanela liphate le lilemo tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho boletse esale pele matšoenyeho ka bobeli (mohlala 1: R2 = 0.109, mohlala 2: R2 = 0.091) le khatello ea maikutlo (mohlala 1: R2 = 0.149, mohlala 2: R2 = 0.144) lintlha. Ntle le moo, lekhetlo la ho qetela ha moithuti a ne a shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e boetse e le sesosa sa khatello ea maikutlo.

Mabapi le lintho tse ikhethileng ka har'a mCIUS (mohlala 1), NglctOb le EscpSor ba ile ba bolela esale pele lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo, athe DiffStop, ShortSleep, le Restless ba ile ba bolela esale pele ka matšoenyeho, 'me NglctOb le Restless e ne e le liponelopele tsa bohlokoa tsa khatello ea maikutlo.

Mabapi le lintho tsa EmSS (mohlala 2), Lonely o ile a bolela esale pele likarolo tsohle tse tharo tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello tse lekantsoeng (D, A, S). Ntle le moo, Aroused e ne e le sebui sa bohlokoa sa matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo, empa eseng lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo.

Tlhahisoleseling e 'Ngoe

Se thusitseng ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

Mabapi le potso mabapi le se thusitseng bankakarolo ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​"Tse ling (ka kopo hlakisa)”Khetho ea likarabo (n = 66) e ile ea qheleloa ka thoko ho litlhahlobo le liperesente tse bontšitsoeng, ka lebaka la mefuta le liphapano tsa likarabo tse fanoeng, tse ka bang le pherekano ea botoloki.

Kabo e akaretsang ea likarabo mabapi le likarolo tse thusitseng ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e le tse latelang: Lisebelisoa tsa inthanete (ke hore CovenantEyes.com) (18.2%), Boikarabello Molekane / Sehlopha - khamphaseng (10.9%), Boikarabello Molekane / Sehlopha - theoha khamphaseng (14.7%), Bophelo ba tumelo (80.1%), Melao ea boitšoaro (76.6%), Tšusumetso ea botho (81.2%), Litšebeletso tsa tlhabollo (8.3%), Ha ho letho le thusitseng (3.9%), le Ha ke thahaselle tšebeliso e fokotsehang (5.5%).

Ba batona le ba batšehali ba tlalehiloe Bophelo ba tumelo (Banna: 83.5%; Basali: 76.2%), Melao ea boitšoaro (Banna: 77.4%; Basali: 75.7%), le Tšusumetso ea botho (Banna: 82.3%; Basali: 79.9%) e le lintlha tse thusang haholo ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Likhetho tsena tse tharo li ne li sa fapana haholo (all p > 0.05) e tsoa ho e mong ho e motona ka bobeli [χ2(8, N = 243) = 1017.4, p <0.001] le basali [χ2(8, N = 214) = 1000.9, p <0.001]. Leha ho le joalo, bong ka bobeli, boholo ba bankakarolo ba tlalehang likhetho tsena e le mehloli ea thuso bo ne bo phahame haholo ho feta likhetho tse ling tsohle p <0.001). Ho khahlisang ke hore, 63.9% ea ba arabelitsoeng potso ena ba kenyelelitse kopanyo ea likhetho tsena tse tharo (Bophelo ba Tumelo, Melao ea boitšoaro, 'me Tšusumetso ea botho) joalo ka mehloli e thusitseng ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Ho banna, boholo bo tlalehang lisebelisoa tsa inthanete (23.5%) le balekane ba ikarabellang ho (16.5%) le kantle ho khamphase (20.2%) ba ne ba phahame haholo ho feta ba tlalehang hore ha ho letho le thusitseng (4.9%) le ba bontšang hore ba ba ne ba sa thahaselle ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (4.1%; kaofela p <0.001). Ntle le moo, liperesente tsa banna ba tlalehang hore litšebeletso tsa tlhabollo (9.1%) li thusitse ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea bona li ne li le tlase haholo ho feta mehlodi ka bobeli ea inthanete (p <0.001) le molekane ea ikarabellang kantle ho khamphase (p <0.01). Lipapiso tse ling tsohle tsa banna e ne e se tsa bohlokoa (kaofela p > 0.05). Joalo ka banna, karolo e phahameng haholo ea basali e tlalehile hore lisebelisoa tsa inthanete (12.1%) li thusitse ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta ba tlalehang hore ha ho letho le thusitseng ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (2.8%, p <0.01). Lipapiso tse ling tsohle tsa basali li ne li se bohlokoa [Boikarabello Molekane / Sehlopha - khamphaseng (4.7%), Boikarabello Molekane / Sehlopha - theoha khamphaseng (8.4%), Litšebeletso tsa tlhabollo (7.5%), Ha ke thahaselle tšebeliso e fokotsehang (7.0%); kaofela p > 0.05].

Ho ne ho se na phapang e kholo palong ea banna le basali e tlaleha melao-motheo ea boitšoaro [χ2(1, N = 457) = 0.1, p > 0.05] le tšusumetso ea motho ka mong [χ2(1, N = 457) = 0.3, p > 0.05] e le mehloli ea thuso ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho na le tloaelo ea ho bohlokoa bophelong ba tumelo [χ2(1, N = 457) = 3.4, p = 0.06]. Liphesente tsa banna ba tlaleha lisebelisoa tsa inthanete [χ2(1, N = 457) = 9.0, p <0.01] le molekane ea nang le boikarabello mo khamphaseng le kantle ho khamphase [χ2(1, N = 457) = 15.0 le 11.6, ka ho latellana, ka bobeli p <0.001] li ne li phahame haholo ho feta basali. Lipapiso tse ling kaofela e ne e se tsa bohlokoa [χ2(1, N = 457) = 0.2, 0.9, le 1.3 bakeng sa Litšebeletso tsa tlhabollo, Ha ho letho le thusitseng, 'me Ha ke thahaselle tšebeliso e fokotsehang, ka ho latellana, kaofela p > 0.05].

Pono ea ho Loana le Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Khampaseng

Mabapi le lipotso tse botsang liperesente tsa baithuti ba banna le basali barupeluoa ba ne ba nahana hore ba loantšana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khamphaseng ea rona, khetho e khethiloeng khafetsa ke 50-74% mabapi le liphesente tsa banna (41.4%) le 25-49% mabapi le liperesente tsa basali (41.8%). 11.6, 31.4, le 15.7% ea bankakarolo ba bontšitse hore ba nahana 0-24, 25-49, 'me 75-100% ea banna ba khamphaseng ba neng ba loantšana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho feta moo, mabapi le liperesente tsa basali ba lumeloang ho loana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khamphaseng ea rona, 0-24% e bile khetho ea bobeli e khethiloeng ka ho fetisisa (39.6%), e lateloe ke 50-74% (16.9%) le 75-100% (1.7%). Ponelopele e qaqileng ea maikutlo a banna le a basali a ho loana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khamphaseng, ka bobeli ba bong, e hlalositsoe ho Letlapa le tlatsetsang 3.

Pono ea Boemo ba Litaba Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Mabapi le potso mabapi le hore na batho ba arabetseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba ne ba nka lisebelisoa tse fapaneng joang, Bootsoa bo itekanetseng (Mod) le Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa haholo (Ext) e bile likhetho tse peli tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa Litšoantšo tsa batho ba hlobotseng (mohlala, Playboy) (Mod: 37.3%, Keketso: 50.4%), Lingoliloeng tse tsosang takatso (Mod: 44.0%, Keketso: 31.3%), Livideo tsa thobalano (Mod: 10.6%, Tlatsetso: 86.8%), le Litšoantšo tsa thobalano tsa cinema (Mod: 40.2%, Keketso: 37.4%). Malebana le Botaki ba batho ba hlobotseng (mohlala, Setšoantšo sa David, Sistine Chapel), Che, ha ho joalo (73.4%) le Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (21.4%) e bile likhetho tse khethiloeng ka ho fetisisa. Ntle le moo, 49.4 le 29.3% ea bankakarolo ba tlalehile Lipapatso tse hohelang (mohlala, Lekunutu la Victoria) as Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro 'me Bootsoa bo itekanetseng, ka ho latellana. Lintlha tse felletseng tsa kamoo barupeluoa ba nkileng lisebelisoa tse fapaneng e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fanoe ho Letlapa le tlatsetsang 4.

Puisano

Kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho qobelloa le bophelo bo botle ba kelello li rarahane ebile li ka ba le mefuta e mengata ho latela maemo le likarolo tse fapaneng tse etsang phapang ea motho ka mong. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ho Selelekela, phetoho e le 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ke ts'ebeliso le phihlello ea inthanete bakeng sa liketso tse amanang le thobalano, e seng e le mofuta o moholo oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse jeoang, haholoholo hara batho ba banyane (Döring, 2009; Döring et al., 2017; Solano et al., 2020). Boithuto ba rona bo batlile ho fuputsa mefuta ena sampong ea baithuti ba univesithi, ka tšepo ea ho fana ka kutloisiso e ntlafetseng ea matla a kamano ena. Ka kakaretso, liphetho li bonahala li supa phapang e fapaneng le ea bohlokoa ea thobalano e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le phello ea ts'ebeliso e joalo ho bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo e boetse e bonahala e totobatsa litšoaneleho tse ling tse bonahalang li tšoana haholo le likarolo tsa litloaelo tsa boits'oaro, tse amang le bophelo bo botle ba kelello.

Ho latela litlaleho tse fetileng (Carroll et al., 2008; Lisa Marco, 2014), thuto ea rona e bonahala e bonts'a palo e kholo ea baithuti ba univesithi ba tlalehileng ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka ho hlakileng banna ba bangata ho feta basali ba tlalehile ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, haufinyane le khafetsa, ka lilemo tsa pele ho bocha (9-13) e le eona nako ea mantlha ea ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho banna. Le ha nako ena ea ho pepeseha la pele le eona e ne e le bohlokoa ho basali, ho fapana le banna, e ile ea fihla lilemong tsa bocha (14-17). Phapang e ngoe lipakeng tsa banna le basali ke hore maemong a mabeli, boholo ba bankakarolo ba ile ba pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro pele ba le lilemo li 18, liperesente tsa banna ba sehlopheng sena li ne li phahame haholo ho feta tsa basali. Ha banna le basali ka bobeli ba tlaleha mekhoa e 'meli ea mantlha ea ho pepeseha pele, ba ne ba fapane ka hore basali ba bangata ba pepesitsoe ba sa ikemisetsa, ha banna ba bangata ba pepesetsoa ka bohelehele ba bona. Ntle le moo, banna le basali ba tlalehile selefounu e le ona mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho kena le liwebosaete tsa batho ba baholo e le mofuta oa mantlha oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo ba ileng ba li fumana le ho tsoela pele ho li fumana hangata.

Mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete le tsa maikutlo le tsa thobalano tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e joalo, karolo ea banna e ne e lula e phahame linthong tse bonts'ang liphapang tse kholo tsa thobalano ntle le ntho e amanang le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha o na le molekane oa thobalano, moo palo ea basali e ne e phahame. Liphuputso tsa rona li boetse li bonts'a hore lintho tse buang ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa le maikutlo le thobalano a amehang ts'ebelisong e neng e tlalehiloe haholo ke bong ka bobeli, e amanang le likarolo tse amanang le ts'epahalo, ho sebetsana le maikutlo le ho kenella. Leha ho le joalo, lintho tse amanang le ho tšoenyeha haholo le ho kena lipakeng e ne e le tsona lintho tse neng li bolela esale pele litholoana tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello.

Health ba kelello

E ts'oana le mosebetsi oa rona oa pele (Beiter et al., 2015), palo e kholo ea baithuti thutong ena ba tlalehile matšoao a supang khatello e kholo ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, mme liperesente li eketsehile ho tloha lilemong tse fetileng. Joalokaha ho hlakile libukeng tsa mahlale, boiteko ha bo e-s'o emise ho batlisisa ba ka bang le seabo ho palo e ntseng e eketseha ea litlaleho tsa psychopathologies har'a baithuti ba univesithi, le mekhoa e meng ea ho fokotsa bothata. Morero oa thuto ea rona e ne e le ho kenya letsoho ka ho fetelletseng 'meleng oa lingoliloeng ka ho etsa lipatlisiso ka kamano ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​hammoho le likarolo tse itseng tsa boits'oaro bo amanang le ts'ebeliso ea khatello, le matla a eona a ho susumetsa bophelo ba kelello ba moithuti oa yunivesithi.

Liphetho tsa rona li kenya letsoho lingoliloeng tsa hajoale tse bonts'ang khokahano e teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho fokotsa boiketlo ba kelello ho bacha ba basali (Dalby et al., 2018), hammoho le ts'ebetso e tlase ea kelello le boits'oaro ho baithuti ba univesithi ba tlalehileng maemo a holimo a boits'oaro ba bootsoa ba inthanete (Harper le Hodgins, 2016). Ntle le moo, ha lipatlisiso tsa pejana le tsona li bontšitse kamano lipakeng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le e lemohiloe ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, hammoho le tšusumetso ea litumelo tsa boitšoaro le tsa bolumeli / tsa moea (Grubbs et al., 2015a,b,c, 2018, 2019; Bradley et al., 2016; Wilt et al., 2016), thuto ea rona e batlile ho theha motheo oa lipatlisiso tsa kamano e ka bang teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho lemalla lithethefatsi, ka ho lekanya boitšoaro ba 'nete bo tlalehiloeng bo bonts'a ho qobella, e leng karolo ea bokhoba ba tahi (Meerkerk et al., 2009).

Taolo e senyehileng

Nts'etsopele ea mantlha ea CIUS (Meerkerk et al., 2009) e ne e thehiloe ka kotloloho ho lingoliloeng tse lemalloang le ho tšoana ho teng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso e tlamang ea inthanete le boits'oaro bo lemalloang. Ha e ntse e tšoana maemong a fapaneng (Grant et al., 2006; Potenza, 2009; Kim le Hodgins, 2018), litloaelo tsa boitšoaro li fapana le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ha li ntse li bonahatsa mekhoa ea boits'oaro bo itseng ho fapana le ts'ebeliso ea ntho e itseng ho fihlela sephetho / maikutlo a lakatsehang (Grant et al., 2010; Potenza, 2014; Pinna et al., 2015). Ho tloaela CIUS ea mantlha, ka Downing et al. (2014), E lumelletsoe ts'ebeliso ea sekala bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Le ha ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e tšoauoa tlasa mokhahlelo oa boitšoaro bo hlephileng, empa ha se mokhoa oa ho hlahloba kahare ho Khatiso ea Bohlano ea Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V; Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013), Boitšoaro bo fapaneng bo amanang le ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo hlalosoa ke buka ea Machaba ea Maloetse (ICD-11; Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2018tlhophiso ea Matšoenyeho a Thobalano a Thobalano.

Ho tsepamisa mohopolo

Mathateng a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi, a amanang le ts'ebeliso e qobelloang, ho tsepamisa mohopolo kapa tebello / takatso ea ntho e hlalositsoe tlasa Criterion 4, karolong e amanang le Mathata a Ts'ebeliso ea Lithethefatsi ho DSM-V (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013), hape le lingoliloeng tsa mahlale (Koob le Volkow, 2009). Litlhahlobo tsa rona li bonahala li tiisa boteng ba ntho e bonts'ang karolo ea phathahane, e emeloang ke boits'oaro bo kang ho potlaka mosebetsing ho fihlella libaka tsa marang-rang tsa bootsoa, ​​ho nahana ka liwebosaete ha li se inthaneteng le tebello ea lenaneo le latelang la litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Ho itšetleha

Lintlha tse ling tse bonts'ang ts'oaetso e mpe ke lintho tsa mCIUS tse mabapi le ho thatafalloa ho emisa ho sebelisa marang-rang a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho tsoela pele ho kena webosaeteng leha o ikemiselitse ho emisa, o nahana hore nako e nyane e lokela ho sebelisoa ho liwebosaete tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mme o sa atlehe ho leka ho qeta nako e nyane ho liwebosaete, tse bonahalang li bonts'a boemo ba ho its'etleha kapa ho hokeloa litšoantšong tsa bootsoa. Boitšoaro bona bo boetse bo bonts'a ba hlokometsoeng ke mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013), Haholo-holo, boits'oaro bo kenyelletsang boiteko bo phetoang ba ho fokotsa kapa ho emisa ts'ebeliso le nako e fetelletseng eo u e sebelisang.

Boitšoaro bo Kotsi

Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e boetse e amahanngoa le ho ba le seabo ho eketsehileng boitšoarong bo kotsing e kholo ea thobalano, ho kenyeletsoa setsoalle le palo e eketsehang ea balekane ba thobalano, thobalano ea molomo le thobalano nakong ea thobalano, tumello ea thobalano, likamano tsa botona le botšehali, palo ea balekane ba thobalano, ho etsa thobalano le batho ba bang kantle ho lenyalo, le ho lefella thobalano (Baggaley et al., 2010; Weinberg et al., 2010; Brody le Weiss, 2011; Morgan, 2011; Poulsen et al., 2013; Wright, 2013,b; Braithwaite et al., 2015; Stannah le al., 2020). Le ha ho ne ho le hole le thuto ea rona ho sebetsana ka kotloloho le ho ata ha boits'oaro bo joalo sampoleng ea rona, lintlha tse amanang le E feteletseng ntlha, ho kenyelletsa ho ba le monyetla oa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng ha o le tlasa ts'usumetso ea joala kapa lithethefatsi le ho ba le molekane oa thobalano kapa khatello ea lithaka ho bonahala ho bontša maemo a nang le monyetla oa ho beha motho eo maemong a tlokotsing a amanang le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano (Lane et al., 2004; Camchong et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2019).

Bofokoli ba Sechaba le Ho itšehla thajana

DSM-V (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013) e nka bofokoli ba kahisano bo amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea lithethefatsi e le ho hloleha ho phethahatsa litlamo tse fapaneng tsa bohlokoa tsa bophelo (mohlala, mosebetsi, sekolo, lehae), hammoho le phokotso ea mesebetsi e fapaneng ea bohlokoa ea kahisano, mosebetsi kapa boithabiso. Seo re se fumaneng se bonts'itse boits'oaro bo ts'oanang har'a baithuti ba tlalehang tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bophelong bohle ba bona, ho kenyelletsa le ho khetha ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho feta ho qeta nako le ba bang, ho se tsotelle boikarabello ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la ho khetha ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, le ho potlakela mosebetsing ho fihlella liwebosaete. Boitšoaro bona, bo amanang le ho ameha haholo ka ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​bo supa tšusumetso e mpe ts'ebelisong e joalo ts'ebetsong ea motho ka mong ea letsatsi le letsatsi, ho kenyeletsoa boits'oaro ba sechaba, ho senola ho ts'oana ha ts'ebeliso e tlamang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete le boits'oaro bo amanang le bokhoba.

Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea inthanete ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e boetse e bontšitsoe e amahanngoa le boemo bo eketsehileng ba ho itšehla thajana (Green le al., 2012). Sena se bonahala likarabong tsa lintho tsa EmSS tse botsang hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka bonoa neng, haholo palo ea ba arabelitsoeng ba bonts'itseng hore ba na le monyetla oa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha ba le bang kapa ba jeoa ke bolutu. Kamano pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho lemalla lithethefatsi, leha ho le joalo, e thata. Butler le al. (2018) e tlaleha hore kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bolutu e habeli. Ho ka etsahala hore khatello ea kamano ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e eketsa bolutu, ha bolutu bo khothaletsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea eona e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana ka katleho. Sena se bonahala liphethong tsa Popovic (2011) ho bontša hore ba jang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bontša takatso e phahameng ea likamano tse haufi. Tse amanang le sena ke lintho tsa EmSS tse hlophisitsoeng ka tlasa ntlha e ngotsoeng Matla, e bonts'ang tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa maemong a amanang le menyetla e fokotsehileng ea ho khona ho etsa thobalano.

Ntle le moo, litlhahlobo tsa rona li bonahala li totobatsa karolo ea maikutlo a ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisoa ka lebaka la ho kenyelletsa lintho tsa mCIUS tse amanang le phihlello ea libaka tsa marang-rang tsa bootsoa ha u ikutloa u nyahame kapa u phonyohile / u imoloha maikutlong a mabe. Ho feta moo, ho itšehla thajana, ho bakoang ke ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ha se maemong a ho kena lipakeng feela, empa ho fetela kantle hore ho be le tšusumetso e mpe likamanong. Ka lebaka leo, ha ho makatse hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amahanngoa le bolutu (Yoder et al., 2005; Butler et al., 2018; Tian et al., 2018).

Lintho tsa Bophelo, Sebelisa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa le Bophelo bo Botle ba kelello

Morero oa mantlha oa thuto ena e ne e le ho sebetsana le kamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bophelo bo botle ba kelello, ho batla ho batlisisa hore na ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka kenya letsoho ho fokotseng boiketlo ba kelello bo bonoang likhamphaseng tsa yunivesithi. Joalokaha ho boletsoe pejana, liphetho tsa rona li bonahala li tiisa lingoliloeng tse fetileng tse bonts'ang boteng / tšusumetso ea liphapang tsa thobalano bophelong ba kelello le linthong tse fapaneng tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Lintho tsa bophelo ba bongoaneng li ama polelo le matla a ho sebetsana le khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsa rona li bonahala li bontša phapang lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo, e neng e boletsoe esale pele ke lilemo tsa hajoale tsa bankakarolo, le matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo, tse neng li boletsoe esale pele ke lilemo tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​empa eseng lilemo tsa hona joale tsa bankakarolo. Mabapi le khatello ea maikutlo, ho ka etsahala hore sena se ka bonts'a lipatlisiso tse bonts'ang ho kopana ha lintlha tse fapaneng tse qetellang ka polelo ho ella qetellong ea lilemo tsa bocha, ebe ho latela ho fokotseha ha lilemo tse latelang (Hankin, 2015; Kwong et al., 2019). Ho ka etsahala hore phapang e teng mabapi le matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo, e boletsoeng esale pele ke nako ea ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lekhetlo la pele, e kanna ea amana le kamano e ikhethileng le kamano ea bolelele ba nako le liketsahalo tse itseng tse sithabetsang tse kanna tsa supa ho fetoha hoa matšoenyeho. Ho tlaleha ho tšoenyeha ho tšoenyehile e le mokena-lipakeng oa bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea matšoao a matšoenyeho, empa eseng khatello ea maikutlo (McLaughlin le Hatzenbuehler, 2009). Mochini o ka ts'oanang o kanna oa etsahala mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa lilemo tsa ho pepeseha hoa pele le khatello ea maikutlo (Grasso et al., 2013; Tyborowska et al., 2018).

Tse amanang ka kotloloho le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​thuto ea rona e bonts'itse hore lekhetlo la ho qetela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ne li nkuoa li boletsoe esale pele ka bobeli ba khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, empa eseng matšoenyeho. Ntle le moo, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse hore lintho tsa mantlha ka har'a mCIUS tse boletseng esale pele likarolo tsohle tse tharo tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello (D, A, S) li ne li amana le karolo e 'ngoe ea ho ameha haholo ka ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Haholo-holo, ho se tsotelle boikarabello molemong oa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ne ho bolela esale pele khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo, tse shebahalang li supa boteng ba khatello e kholo ea kelello kapa ts'oaetso e sebetsang, e mabapi le ts'oaetso ea khatello ea maikutlo (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013).

Ntle le moo, e ts'oana le polelo ea bongaka ea matšoenyeho (Mokhatlo oa Mahlale oa Amerika, 2013), Maikutlo a ho hloka botsitso / ho tsieleha / ho teneha ha u sa khone ho kena liwebosaeteng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho boletse esale pele matšoenyeho le khatello ea maikutlo. Ntle le moo, selelekela se eketsehileng sa ho tšoenyeha, se amanang le karolo ea ho tsepamisa mohopolo, e ne e le boroko bo bokhutšoaane ka lebaka la ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho tiisa lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse amanang le boroko bo sa lekaneng le polelo e eketsehileng ea matšoenyeho (Silva et al., 2004; Sagaspe et al., 2006; Ben Simon le Walker, 2019). Ntle le lintho tse amanang le ho tsepamisa mohopolo, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho fokotsa maikutlo a mabe, e ts'oanang le litlaleho tsa ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi ho iphekola ho leka ho fokotsa matšoao a mabe (Bolton et al., 2009; Torres le Papini, 2016), Hape ho boletsoe esale pele lintlha tsa khatello ea maikutlo. Ho feta moo, ho tšoana le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le hona ho bonahala ho le teng mabapi le ho fumana ho le thata ho emisa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha o le marang-rang, ho ka bonts'a boemo ba matšoenyeho a amanang le ts'epoSmith le Buka, 2008).

Lintho ka bobeli tse ka hare ho EmSS tse bolelang esale pele hore lintlha tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello li ne li amana le se kenang. Ka ho khetheha, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha motho a le mong a bolela ho tepella maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo. Phuputso e fetileng e bontšitse hore bolutu bo amahanngoa le ho fokotseha ha 'mele' me ho kenyelletsa ts'oaetso e kenang lipakeng (Arnold et al., 2019), eo le eona e hlahang e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea maemo a fapaneng a bophelo bo botle ba kelello (bakeng sa tlhahlobo bona Khalsa et al., 2018). Ho feta moo, kamano e bonoang lipakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha o jeoa ke bolutu le ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo le tsona li kanna tsa sebetsoa ke boemo bo bong ba ho inyonya (Ypsilanti et al., 2020), e ka tlatsetsang ho bonts'a takatso ea ho khaotsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Karolo ea ho inyonya e kanna ea amana le kamano ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boits'oaro bo bobe (Stewart le Szymanski, 2012; Letsatsi le al., 2014; Tylka, 2015), eo ka boyona e amanang le liphetho tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello (Gillen, 2015; Duchesne et al., 2016).

Le ha tlhokomeliso ea maikutlo e hokahane hantle le ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano (Nobre et al., 2004; Berenguer et al., 2019), Kamano lipakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha u ikutloa u tsosoa ke thobalano le matšoao a mabe a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, joalo ka ho tšoenyeha le khatello ea maikutlo, e bonahala e fana ka maikutlo a hore litšoantšong tsa bootsoa, ​​ts'usumetso e kanna ea amahanngoa le karolo ea ts'oaetso e sa sebetseng.

Lintlha tse thusang ho fokotsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Sebelisa

Ka lebaka la litlamorao tse mpe tse tlalehiloeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, thuto ea rona e boetse e batlile ho batlisisa lisebelisoa tse ka sebelisoang ke ba sebelisang / ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba li sebelisa le ho li lemoha ho ba thusa ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Liphetho tsa rona li bonahala li fana ka maikutlo a ts'usumetso ea tumelo, boits'oaro le boikemisetso ba motho boitekong ba ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputso e fetileng e bontšitse hore lintlha tse joalo ka boikemisetso, kelello, tumelo le bomoea li susumetsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello (Yonker et al., 2012; Vitorino et al., 2018; Fountoulakis le Gonda, 2019; O'Driscoll et al., 2019). Ntle le moo, maemo a phahameng a bolumeli a bontšitsoe a amahanngoa le makhetlo a tlase a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Poulsen et al., 2013; Perry le Hayward, 2017). Leha ho le joalo, mabapi le karolo ea semoea / bolumeli, mosebetsi o fetileng o bontšitse bohlokoa ba ts'ebeliso ea 'nete ea bophelo ba semoea / bolumeli ho qoba "ho feta moeeng" (Wellwood, 1984), e ka bang kotsi ho hlaphoheloe (Cashwell et al., 2007, 2009). Kahoo, ka lebaka la likamano tsena tse hlokometsoeng le litlamorao tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro maemong a bophelo bo botle ba kelello a lekantsoeng thutong ea rona, ho bonahala eka boiteko bo reretsoeng ho thusa batho ba anngoeng ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bo lokela ho nahana ka monyetla oa ho kenyelletsoa ha bophelo ba tumelo ea 'nete le motheo oa boitšoaro. joalo ka boiteko ba ho ntlafatsa litšobotsi tse amanang le tšusumetso e ntle ea motho kalafo efe kapa efe e fanoang.

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Sebelisa le Mafu a Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)

Ha thuto ena e ntse e etsoa pele ho lefu la seoa la COVID-19, ho bohlokoa hape ho nahana ka bohlokoa ba liphetho tsa rona mabapi le keketseho e tlalehiloeng ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e etsahetseng ho tloha ka Hlakubele ho isa bohareng ba Mmesa 2020, ka keketseho ea tlhoro ea lefatše ka bophara ea 24.4% e tlalehiloe ka la 25 Hlakubele (tlhoro ea Amerika: 41.5%; tlhoro ea Europe: 18.0%) (Ebile, 2020), Le boiteko bo entsoeng ho khothaletsa ho nka karolo liketsong tsa thobalano tse fokotsang puisano ea motho (Turban et al., 2020). Keketseho ena, e ka bang e amanang le khatello ea maikutlo (mohlala, ka lebaka la ho itšehla thajana), e bohlokoa haholo molemong oa ho kenya letsoho mekhoeng e mpe ea ho sebetsana le mathata e amanang le mekhoa e matla / e matlafatsang ea ts'ebetsong ka ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a amanang le inthanete (Kiraly et al., 2020; Mestre-Bach et al., 2020). Mabapi le baithuti ba univesithi ka kotloloho, litlamorao tse ka bakoang ke seoa se amanang le seoa sa COVID-19 mehopolong e fuputsoeng le ho tšohloa thutong ea rona li amana ka kotloloho, eseng feela ka pono ea ts'oaetso e ka bang teng ea mafu ka lebaka la khatello ea maikutlo e eketsehileng e amanang le liphetoho tse hlokahalang, empa hape ho latela pono ea nako e eketsehileng e sebelisitsoeng khomphuteng le inthaneteng, e tlisoang ke tlhoko ea ho tsoelapele ka lithuto.

sheba mefokolo ea

Joalo ka lithuto tsohle tsa batho, ka lebaka la ho rarahana ha boits'oaro ba batho le bokhoni bo ikhethang ba sampole ea rona, hape le taba ea hore thuto ea rona e kentse karolo ea bankakarolo ba tsoang sebakeng se le seng, tlhokomeliso ea hlokahala mabapi le ho akaretsa le meeli e fapaneng e hlokang ho nahaneloa. tlhaloso ea liphetho, hammoho le tataiso ea lithuto tsa nako e tlang. Sena, leha ho le joalo, se hloka ho nkuoa moelelong oa botsitso bo teng lipakeng tsa liphetho tsa rona le tse tlalehiloeng lithutong tsa naha le tsa machabeng. Joalo ka lipatlisiso tsohle tse sebelisang ho itlaleha, ho na le monyetla oa ho hopola leeme. Le ha ho entsoe boiteko liphuputsong tse ling ho shebana le lintlha tsa nako ea morao-rao haholo, monyetla oa ho hopola leeme o ke ke oa qheleloa ka thoko hape o lokela ho tsotelloa ha ho hlalosoa sephetho. Kaha ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse fetileng (Fisher le Barak, 2001; Salmone le Diamond, 2012; Bishopo, 2015; Chet et al., 2018; Lung et al., 2018) e bonahala e bonts'a phapang e itseng liphellong tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, pefo khahlano le e seng pefo, paraphiliac le bao e seng paraphiliac, bong bo fapaneng le sehlooho sa bosodoma jj.) ho mosebelisi, har'a meeli ea thuto ena ke taba ea hore ha ho khethollo e entsoeng ho arola mofuta oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sebelisitsoeng. Ha thuto ea rona e ntse e etsa lipatlisiso khafetsa mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ha rea ​​ka ra rarolla kapa ho khetholla lipakeng tsa linako tsa motho ka mong (mohlala, 1 h hang ka khoeli le 5 h hang ka khoeli). Lintlha tse ling tse neng li sa sebetsanoe le tsona li kenyelletsa (1) moroalo o ka bang teng oa lichelete o amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​(2) karolo e ka bang teng boemong ba tumelo ea motho le boitšoaro bo amang maikutlo a motho ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le (3) lintlha tse amanang le ho boitšoaro bo amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mabapi le lisebelisoa tse ka bang teng tse tlalehiloeng hore li thusitse ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​liphetho tsa rona li bonahala li totobatsa tlhoko ea ho senyeha ho qaqileng ha lintlha tse itseng ka har'a lisebelisoa tse thathamisitsoeng thutong ena (mohlala, Bophelo ba tumelo: ho ea litšebeletsong tsa bolumeli, ho bala ho eketsehileng moeeng , jj.). Liphuputso tse ling lia hlokahala ho netefatsa kutloisiso e betere ea karolo ea lisebelisoa tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa tumelo, e ka thusang ho nts'etsapele bophelo bo botle ba kelello, ka bongata ba boleng le boleng (ho kenyeletsoa le ts'ebeliso ea lipuisano tse tebileng). Ntle le moo, liphetho tsa patlisiso ena li bonts'a hore lithuto tsa nako e tlang li kanna tsa nahana ka tlhokeho ea ho fana ka monyetla oa ho sebetsana le boemo ba bongaka, litšoenyeho tse amanang le litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello tse amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

fihlela qeto e

Tlhoko ea ho utloisisa litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e pharalletse ka lebaka la matla a eona a ho susumetsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sechaba, ho kenyeletsoa tšebelisano 'moho, likamano tsa batho le bots'epehi ba bona (mohlala, bots'epehi, khotsofalo ea likamano), boits'oaro ba batho (mohlala, ho itšehla thajana, bolutu) , le boiketlo ba kelello (mohlala, khatello ea molekane) (mohlala, Charny le Parnass, 1995; Bridges et al., 2003; Maddox le al., 2011; Minarcik et al., 2016).

Ho tšoenyang ke bokhoni bo ka bang teng ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho susumetsa lingoloa tsa thobalano ka ho tloaela boits'oaro bo hlokometsoeng (Tsitsika et al., 2009), e kanna ea amana le ho mamellana ho hoholo ho amohela kapa ho amohela boits'oaro bo nyenyefatsang / bo mabifi / bo mabifi ho kenyelletsa, empa ho sa felle ho, peto le tlhekefetso ea thobalanoGerger et al., 2007), hara banna bao ka bobeli (Foubert et al., 2011) le basali (Norris et al., 2004).

Qetellong, thuto ea rona e totobatsa likamano lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litholoana tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello ho baithuti ba univesithi / koleche, e boletsoeng esale pele ka boits'oaro bo bontšang boitšoaro bo hlephileng, e bontšang monyetla oa ho ba le kamano le metheo ea methapo ea kutlo e teng mekhoeng e lemalloang (Kuhn le Gallinat, 2014, 2015). Ntle le moo, liphetho tsa rona li fana ka leseli la lisebelisoa tse ka fanoang bakeng sa ho lekola tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litlamorao tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Ha ho fanoa ka liphapang tse bonoang lipakeng tsa bong, boiteko bo tsoelang pele boa hlokahala ho utloisisa hantle litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho batho ka bong, le ho utloisisa hamolemo mekhoa e fapaneng ea kalafo bakeng sa bong ka bong.

Re lumela hore lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho nahana ka liphuputso tsena, li batla ho ntlafatsa sepheo sa tlhokomelo le ho fana ka tlhakiso e eketsehileng mabapi le tšusumetso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho bophelo ba kelello le ho tšoana ha eona le boits'oaro bo lemalloang.

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Boitšoaro ba Melao

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Menehelo ea Mongoli

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dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Chelete ea thuto ena e fanoe ke Sekolo sa Botho le Saense ea Sechaba le Mafapha a Psychology, Bophelo ba Baithuti le Litaba tsa Boithuto, Univesithi ea Franciscan ea Steubenville.

Khohlano ea Thahasello

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Boitsebiso bo Eketsehileng

The Supplementary Material bakeng sa sehlooho sena se ka fumaneha Inthaneteng ka: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.613244/full#supplementary-material