Batho ba tsoang sechabeng ba batlang kalafo lits'oants'o tse kang sexaholics Anonymous (SA) le basenyi ba ho kopanela liphate ba amehile ka thobalano, litakatso tsa thobalano le boitšoaro. Maemo a tlhekefetso ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano (CSBD), leha ho le joalo, ho tlalehoa a le tlaase haholo ho batho ba khahlapetsang ka thobalano ho feta ma-SA. Thutong ena, re hlahlobile liphapang lipakeng tsa SA le basenyi ba botona le botšehali ho CSBD le lits'ebetsong tse ka bang mantlha tsa CSBD - merero e mebe mabapi le boits'oaro le batho ba bang, ho hloka botsitso le maikutlo a ho batla.
Boithuto bona bo ne bo e-na le basenyi ba 103 ba thobalano, bahlaseli ba 68 baSA, le basenyi ba mabifi ba 81 ba sebelisitseng e le taolo ea lilemo tse 18-74, ba qetileng mehato ea ho itlaleha mabapi le CSBD, schemas e mpe, ho ts'oaroa le ho batla maikutlo.
Li-SA li ne li phahame haholo ho CSBD, schemas e mpe, ho hloka maikutlo le takatso ea maikutlo ho feta batho ba etsang tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Batho ba etsang tlhekefetso ea thobalano ba ne ba phahame ho CSBD ebile ba ne ba qobelloa ho feta basoala ba mabifi. Har'a lihlopha tsohle, schemas e mpe e ne e hokahane le CSBD e phahameng.
Litefiso tse phahameng tsa CSBD har'a SA li ka ikarabella ka mokhoa o itseng ka liphapang tsa schemas e mpe. Re buisana ka moelelo oa thuto mabapi le kutloisiso ea CSBD, litlolo tsa thobalano, le kalafo ea CSBD le tlhekefetso ea thobalano.
Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO), khatisong ea 11 ea International Classization of Diseases (ICD-11), e kenyellelitse Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali (CSB) e le bokuli (boo hona joale bo bitsoang CSBD; classified nomoro ea 6C72). CSBD ke bokuli bo sa laoleheng bo khetholloang ke ho pheta-pheta ho hoholo ka takatso ea thobalano, likhothaletso le boits'oaro, bo lebisang ho tepelletseng ho hoholo hoa khatello ea maikutlo kapa ho senyeha mosebetsing oa sechaba le mosebetsing le litlamorao tse ling tse mpe (ICD-11; Gola le Potenza, 2018; Kafka, 2010; WHO, 2018). Boloetse bona bo ka boela ba bonoa e le boits'oaro bo sa sebeliseng paraphilic (ke hore, bokhoba ba thobalano boo e seng ba paraphilic; Efrati, Gerber, & Tolmacz, 2019) hoo batho ba lumellang bothata bona ba tšoanang ka mokhoa o makatsang likarolong tse hlano tse kholo tsa botho (neuroticism, letsoalo, ho fetella, ho amoheloa le ho bula monyetla oa ho ba le boiphihlelo) le ho susumetsoa ke ba lemaletseng lintho tse ling tsa kelello tse sa sebetseng (Zilberman, Yadid, Efrati, Neumark, & Rassovsky, 2018). Litlhaloso tsa bokhoba ba thobalano e seng paraphilic (mohlala, Metsoana, 2000; Goodman, 1998) le CSBD (mohlala, Kafka, 2010) hape le tse ngata tse ts'oanang. Haufinyane tjena, patlisiso e mabapi le CSBD e bontšitse hore, ka lehlakoreng le leng, batho ba tsoang sechabeng ba batlang kalafo lits'oants'o tse kang Sexaholics Anonymous (SA) ba na le prevalance e kholo ea CSBD (Efrati & Gola, 2018; Efrati & Mikulincer, 2018) le prevalance e tlase ea litlolo tsa thobalano (C. David, puisano ea botho ho tsoa lits'ebeletso tsa SA, 2017). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, basodoma ba na le preBalance e tlase ea CSBD (Hanson, Harris, Scott, & Helmus, 2007; Kingston le Bradford, 2013). Phapang ena e makatsa hobane batho ba babeli ba amehile ka thobalano, litakatso tsa botona le botšehali le boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano. Thutong ena, re ikemiselitse ho hlahloba ka botebo liphapang tse teng lipakeng tsa batho bana ba babeli (ha re ba bapisa le basenyi ba tlhekefetso) literekeng tsa CSBD le lits'ebetsong tse ka bang sehlohlolong sa CSBD - lits'ebetso tse sa sebetseng ka boits'oaro le boithati. ea batlang. Patlisiso ena e ne e ke ke ea tsamaisa kutloisiso e ntlafalitsoeng ea batho bana ba babeli empa e boetse e fana ka tlhahiso ea mekhoa e mecha ea ho kena lipakeng kalafo.
Batlola-molao ba tsa thobalano ke batho ba qositsoeng ka molao ka botlokotsebe ba motabo (mohlala, pontšo, tlhekefetso ea bana, kapa peto), ba entse ketso e ka phetheloang ka qoso e molaong, kapa ba hlekefetsa motabo hampe (Gerardin & Thibaut, 2004; Miner le al., 2006; Thibaut, 2015).
Ho na le lipatlisiso tse fokolang tse matla tse hlahlobang ho ata ha CSB har'a basodoma. Qalong, Carnes (1989) o khothalelitse hore hoo e ka bang 50% ea batho ba etsang tlhekefetso ea thobalano e ne e tla bonts'a likarolo tsa mohopolo, leha a sa fane ka bopaki bo matla bo tšehetsang palo ena. Boithuto bo latelang, leha ho le joalo, bo tšehelitse liqoso tsa Carnes. Mohlala, Krueger, Kaplan, le Pele (2009) ba fumane hore 33% ea banna ba neng ba ts'oeroe ka litlolo tsa thobalano tse amanang le thobalano ba ne ba na le CSBD (e neng e bitsoa thutong, boits'oaro bo bobebe). Blanchard (1990) a sebelisa mekhoa ea ho itlaleha a fumane hore karolo ea 55% ea batho ba mo sitetsoeng.n = 107) o fihletse litekanyetso tsa bokhoba ba thobalano, leha litekanyetso tsa hae li ne li sa hlaka le ho ts'epahala ha tlhahlobo ea hae ho sa tlalehoa. Marshall le basebetsi-'moho (Marshall, Marshall, Moulden, & Serran, 2008; Marshall, O'Brien, & Kingston, 2009) ba hlahlobe ho ata ha boitšoaro bo matla ba boitšoaro ka ho sebelisa mehato ea ho itlaleha ka mehlala ea basenyi ba kantle ho naha mme ba bapisa litefiso tsena le taolo ea sechaba e tšoanang le moruo. Boitšoaro ba maikutlo bo matlafalitsoe ka ho sebelisa palo e felisitsoeng ea "litekanyetso tsa thobalano" (Teko ea ho Kopanela Liphate ka Thobalano; Metsoana, 1989). Liphetho ka kakaretso li ne li lumellana le lintlha tse tlalehiloeng ke Krueger et al. (2009), Likhokho (1989), le Blanchard (1990), hoo e ka bang 44% ea batho ba entseng tlolo ea molao ka thobalano ba nkuoa e le khatello ea maikutlo, athe 18% ea litekanyetso tsa sechaba sa moruo e kopane le bohanyetsi. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tse sebelisang mekhoa e fapaneng le e morao-rao ea ho lekola CSBD li fumane litheko tse tlase haholo tsa CSBD har'a basenyi ba thobalano.
Kingston le Bradford (2013), mohlala, o fumane har'a basodoma ba baholo ba 586 bao ka kakaretso ba neng ba itlaleha ka botlalo ka thobalano (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948) e ne e le tlase ebile ke batho ba 12% feela ba fihletseng moelelo oa bosodoma (bo hlalosoang e le li-orgasms tse 7 kapa ho feta ka beke). Hanson le al. (2007) e tlaleha hore ke karolo ea 11.3% feela ea batho ba baholo bao e leng tlhekefetso ea thobalano ea banna ba baholo ba hlokometseng boikemisetso ba ho etsa thobalano. Phuputsong e entsoeng ka baemeli ba banna ba baholo ba 244 ba litlolo tsa molao tsa thobalano khahlanong le bahlaseluoa ba bana, Briken (2012) e tlaleha hore ke batho ba ka bang 9% feela ba ileng ba fumana maemo a tlhahlobo ea mafu a amanang le khatello ea maikutlo, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ka har'a litekanyetso tse reriloeng tsa DSM-5. Ka hona, le ha basomi ba tloaetse ho kopanela liphate ba amehile ka thobalano, ke ba fokolang feela ba fihletseng tlhahlobo ea bongaka ea CSBD.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, batho ba tsoang sechabeng ba batlang kalafo lits'oants'o tse kang SA ba na le preBalance e phahameng haholo ea CSBD (Efrati & Gola, 2018; Efrati & Mikulincer, 2018). Ka ho khetheha, Efrati le Mikulincer (2018) e fumane sekhahla sa CSBD sa 87.7% hara li-SA (ha ho bapisoa le tekanyo ea 4.3% sechabeng ka kakaretso), le mohlaleng o fapaneng, Efrati le Gola (2018) e bonts'a sekhahla sa CSBD sa 82.6%. Litefiso tsena li hakanngoa ho sebelisa tekanyetso ea boitšoaro bo khothalletsoang ba thobalano e thehiloeng ho motho ka mong (I-CSB)Efrati & Mikulincer, 2018), e lekolang lihlopha tse 'ne tse tsebahalang tsa CSBD:Reid, Garos, & Fong, 2012) le ho ba haufi le ba bang joalo ka litho tsa lelapa (Reid, 'Metli oa mapolanka, Draper, & Manning, 2010), basebetsi-'moho, le lithaka (Reid, Garos, & Carpenter, 2011); (b) ho hloka taolo ea boits'oaro - ho kenella khafetsa le litoro tsa thobalano ntle le taolo ea mehopolo le ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; (c) maikutlo a mabe - maikutlo a mabe a tsamaeang le letsoalo le lihlong ka lebaka la likhopolo tsa thobalano tse fepisang maikutlo a ho se tšoanelehe; 'me (d) e ama ts'oaetso - ho balehela litoro tsa thobalano le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lebaka la bohloko, khatello ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Ke lintlha life tse ka bakang phapang lipakeng tsa batloli ba thobalano le li-SA ho CSBD? Thutong ena, re fana ka maikutlo a hore merero e fosahetseng mabapi le uena le ba bang, ho se tsotelle, le ho batla maikutlo li ka bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho hlaloseng liphapang tsena.
Batho ba nang le CSBD khafetsa ba tlaleha mekhoa e khopameng ea ho lemoha le ho laola maikutlo (Kalichman et al., 1994; Kalichman le Rompa, 1995; Reid et al., 2011). Mohlala, Paunovic le Hallberg (2014) o khothalelitse hore CSBD e kanna ea amana le tumelo le maikutlo a fosahetseng ka litakatso tsa thobalano, litakatso, le boitšoaro hoo motho ea nang le CSBD a ka qetang ka ho re "Ke sitoa ho laola boitšoaro ba ka ba thobalano" ka hona "Ke motho e mobe. ”Batho ba nang le CSBD ba boetse ba tsejoa ba na le likhopolo tse fosahetseng tsa thobalano mabapi le ho holisa tlhoko ea bona ea thobalano, ba nyenyefatsa katleho ea ho laola boitšoaro ba motho ba thobalano, ha ba ntse ba theola melemo ea thobalano (Kraus, Rosenberg, & Tompsett, 2015; Pachankis, Redina, Ventuneac, Grov, & Parsons, 2014). Ntle le moo, batho ba nang le CSBD ba kanna ba bonts'a mekhahlelo ea bohlola le ho hloka botsitso ka ho se khone ho fetola boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano, ka ho etsa joalo ba tiisa maikutlo a ho hloleha, boikhohomoso le ho se lekane (Reid, 2010; Reid, Temko, Moghaddam, & Fong, 2014).
Haufinyane, Szumskia, Bartels, Beech, le Fisher (2018) bontša ho khopolo ea bona ea Multi-Mechanism of Cognitive distortions hore likhopolo tse khelositsoeng tsa kelello li nkuoa e le ntho ea bohlokoa ho etiology le ho boloka boits'oaro bo khopisang ba thobalano ebile mohlomong le boits'oaro bofe kapa bofe ba thobalano bo feteletseng. Lits'oants'o tse lemohileng ke maikutlo le / kapa mabaka a bohlokoa ao e neng e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea kalafo ea boits'oaro bo bobe bakeng sa litlokotsebe tsa thobalano (Maruna le Mann, 2006; Yates, 2013). Mehopolo e joalo e sothehileng e hlaha ho mabaka a hlakileng a kelello a hore lipatlisiso li fana ka sepheo sa mantlha sa kalafo ea basenyi ba thobalano (Beech, Bartels, & Dixon, 2013; Maruna le Mann, 2006; Yates, 2013). Schema e ka hlalosoa e le sebopeho sa kelello se kenyelletsang litumelo tse tsitsitseng le maikutlo a itseng ka motho, ba bang le lefatše, mme o sebetsa joalo ka molao-motheo oa ho hlophisa o tataisang ts'ebetso ea kelello ea liketsahalo tsa bophelo ba motho (Beck, 1995; Mocha, Klosko, & Weishaar, 2003). Mohlala, kalafo ea boitšoaro bo hlokolosi ke mohlala o amohelehang le o tšehetsoang ka mokhoa o matla oa tlhekefetso ea thobalano mabapi le ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea kelello (mohlala, Hanson et al., 2002; Lösel & Schmucker, 2005), kaha e ikemiselitse ho fetola mekhoa ea boits'oaro, tlhalohanyo le karabelo e amanang le tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Ha ho se ho buuoa, katleho ea kalafo e joalo e its'etleha holima bokhoni ba ho tsamaisa kalafo ho ea mekhoeng e ikhethileng ea batho (mohlala, Yates, 2013).
The Little Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) ke mohato oa Maselaptive Schemas (EMSs) oa nts'etsopele bakeng sa kutloisiso le kalafo ea ho mamella mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Qalong, YSQ e qapiloe ke Banana (1990) bakeng sa Schema Therapy, e leng phetoho ea CBT e nang le leseli le tsoang khopolong ea khokahano, mekhoa ea boiphihlelo, le mehopolo ea litlhoko tsa mantlha tsa maikutlo (E monyenyane, 1990). Moetso o sebetsanang le mokhoa ona o etsa tlhahiso ea hore merero e mpe e ka aroloa ka libaka tse hlano tse akaretsang: (a) sebaka sa ho khaola / ho lahla (batho ba nang le merero sebakeng sena ba sitoa ho theha maqhama a sireletsehileng le a khotsofatsang ho ba bang); (b) boipuso bo fokolang / ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso (merero e tsoang sebakeng sena e khetholla batho ba nang le mathata a amanang le boithati le boipuso); (c) meeli ea meeli e senyehileng (batho ba nang le merero sebakeng sena ba hlahisa mathata a amanang le boits'oaro ba batho le boits'oaro); (d) taolo e 'ngoe e tobileng (merero e tsoang sebakeng sena e khetholla batho ba batlang tumello ea ba bang ka linako tsohle); le (e) holima tlhokomeliso / tšibollo ea sebaka (batho ba nang le merero e tsoang sebakeng sena ba hatella maikutlo le litakatso, ba lula ba falimehile ba bile ba falimehile). Phuputso ea morao-rao le e kholo ea lintlha tsa tlhahlobo e netefalitse libaka tsena ka sampole e kholo e kopaneng (ea bongaka le eo e seng ea bongaka)Bach, Lockwood, & Young, 2018). Ho fihla joale, lipatlisiso li fumane hore schemas e mpe ho tsoa mofuteng ona e fumanoe e amana le tlolo ea thobalano ho ba batona ba koleche ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano (Sigre-Leirós, Carvalho, le Nobre, 2013) le ba entseng tlolo ea molao ba molatoChakhssi, Ruiter, & Bernstein, 2013). Leha li-schemas tsena tse amanang le thobalano li sa so ka li hlahlojoa har'a bao e seng basenyi, re boloka re ka ba le bohlokoa bo boholo boithuto ba CSBD le hore batho ba nang le CSBD e phahameng ba tla bonts'a schemas tse ngata tse amanang le thobalano. Ntle le schemas tse ka 'nang tsa baka liphapang lipakeng tsa basomi ba thobalano le batho ba SA, mofuta o mong o ka' nang oa hlaha ke ho batla le ho batla maikutlo.
Ho susumetsa ho hlalosoa e le ho sitoa ho hanela drive kapa ho susumetsa ntle le ho nahana ka litlamorao tse ka bang mpe (Moeller, Barratt, Dougherty, Schmitz, & Swann, 2001). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho batla maikutlo ke ho batla liphihlelo tse fapaneng, buka, litaba tse rarahaneng, tse tebileng le maikutlo, le boikemisetso ba ho beha likotsi tsa 'mele, tsa sechaba, tsa molao le tsa lichelete molemong oa liphihlelo tse joalo. Patlisiso e senotse li-circuits tse tšoanang tsa neural tse amanang le tloaelo ea ho batla ho susumetsa le ho etsa lintho ntle ho tšitiso (Holmes, Hollinshead, Roffman, Smoller, & Buckner, 2016).
Schiffer le Vonlaufen (2011) e fumane hore basenyi ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali (boloi ba bana) ba hlahile ba ts'oaroa haholo litekong tsa Go / No-go (ho lekola boits'oaro bo botle) eseng feela ha ho bapisoa le taolo e phetseng hantle, empa hape ka ho bapisoa le basenyi ba litlolo tsa molao tse seng tsa thobalano. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, Ryan, Huss le Scalora (2017) o fumane phapang lipakeng tsa basenyi ba banna ba 417 (tlhekefetso ea thobalano e 293) ka methati eohle ea ho hoheleha ka kakaretso le ho batla maikutlo e neng e se ntho ea bohlokoa lipalo. Ho ts'oarana le / kapa ho batla maikutlo ho ne ho lula ho hokahana le CSBD har'a sechaba ka kakaretso. Ka ho khetheha, lithuto tse 'maloa li fumane khokahano lipakeng tsa CSBD le boits'oaro kapa mehato e amanang le mosebetsi ea ho potlaka (Antons & Brand, 2018; Merafo, Raymond, Mueller, Lloyd, & Lim, 2009; Reid et al., 2011; Voon et al., 2014), le lithuto tse ling (Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, & Lykins, 2017, 2018) e fumane hore karolo e le 'ngoe ho tse tharo ea batho ba nang le CSBD e na le lintlha tse potlakileng ka holimo ho phallo e tloaelehileng. Hobane ho batla ho kenella le ho batla maikutlo ho ne ho hokahane haholo le CSBD mme ho le tlase le tlolo ea thobalano (hoo ho sa hlahiseng phello e matla ho Ryan et al., 2017), re lumela hore li-SA li tla ba le menyetla e mengata ea ho susumetsoa le ho ts'oha ha maikutlo ho fapana le basenyi ba thobalano.
Thutong ena, re ikemiselitse ho hlahloba ka botebo phapang lipakeng tsa batlōli ba molao ba thobalano le SAs ho atileng ha CSBD, merero e mpe, ho hloka maikutlo, le ho batla maikutlo, le hore na merero e mpe, ho se tsotelle le ho batla maikutlo li hlile li hokahane le CSBD e phahameng. Ho etsa joalo, re ile ra sampola batloli ba thobalano ba 103 le liSA SA tse 69 mme ra tsamaisa mehato ea ho itlaleha ea CSBD, merero ea pele e amanang le thobalano, ho hloka maikutlo le ho batla maikutlo. Ho bapisa sekhahla sa lihahi tsena eseng feela lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli, empa hape le sehlopheng sa taolo, re sampile sehlopha sa batloli ba molao ba 81. Ho ipapisa le sehlopha sa taolo (mme haholoholo ho baetsi ba pefo) ho bohlokoa ka lebaka la mabaka a 'maloa: pele, ho lekola liphapang tsa CSBD, litloaelo tse amanang le thobalano (ke hore, maano a pele a amanang le thobalano) le meralo e amanang le eona (ho hloka takatso le maikutlo batla), ho bohlokoa ho tseba boemo ba lihahi tsena har'a sehlopha se sa amaneng le thobalano. Taba ea bobeli, boemo ba kakaretso ho lingoliloeng tsa botlokotsebe (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Lussier, Leclerc, Cale, le Proulx, 2007) e re ho na le ho tšoana ho matla pakeng tsa basenyi ba fapaneng (joalo ka basenyi le batho bao e seng basodoma), ho bolelang hore ho ka se be le litšobotsi tse ikhethang bakeng sa litlokotsebe tsa thobalano (ho fapana le likhakanyo tsa rona le lingoloa tse ling tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore thobalano basenyi ke "litsebi" mme ka ho fapaneng ba fapana le basodoma bao eseng ba bong bo fapaneng; Harris, Mazerolle, le Knight, 2009; Simone, 1997). Mohlala, ho ts'ehetsa boemo ba kakaretso, tlhahlobo ea lilemo tse 10 ea lingoliloeng ho tloha ka 1995 ho isa ho 2005 e fumane liphapang tse fokolang lipakeng tsa basenyi ba thobalano le basenyi bao e seng ba bong bo fapaneng ka mefuta e fapaneng e kenyeletsang ho pepesetsoa pefo ea ka malapeng, psychopathology, ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi , kamano le batsoali, le / kapa mathata a likamano tsa lithaka (van Wijk et al., 2006). Ka hona, ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba liphapang lipakeng tsa basodoma le batho bao e seng ba bong bo fapaneng ho etsa bonnete ba hore mabaka a rona a amana ka kotloloho le basenyi ba ho etsa thobalano eseng bohle.
Thutong ena, re hlahlobile likhopolo-taba tse 'ne tse latelang: (a) Tumellanong le lipatlisiso tse fetileng mabapi le ho ata ha CSBD, re bolela esale pele hore ho ata ha CSBD ho tla ba holimo haholo le ka mokhoa o nang le moelelo har'a SA ho feta ho batlōli ba molao ba thobalano le pefo; litefiso tsa CSBD li hakanyetsoa hore li tla ba holimo ho batho ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano ho feta baetsi ba pefo. (b) Morero o sa sebetseng hantle o ne o tla tsebahala haholo ho Ma-SA ho feta ho batloli ba molao ba thobalano le pefo; Merero e amanang le thobalano e boletsoe esale pele hore e tla tsebahala haholo har'a batlōli ba molao ba thobalano ho feta baetsi ba pefo. (c) Ho latela lipatlisiso tsa pejana, ho hloka maikutlo le ho batla maikutlo ho ka ba holimo ho Ma-SA ho feta har'a baetsi ba thobalano le ba mabifi; ha ho na phapang pakeng tsa ho hloka maikutlo le ho batla maikutlo ho lebelletsoeng lipakeng tsa batloli ba thobalano le ba mabifi. (d) Merero e amanang le thobalano, ho se tsotelle, le ho batla maikutlo li ka amahanngoa le maemo a phahameng a CSBD, ho bonts'a bohlokoa ba likontiri tsena kutloisisong ea CSBD, ho sa tsotelehe sehlopha sa batho.
Sehlopheng sa litlokotsebe tsa thobalano, batšoaruoa ba 106 ba ile ba atameloa libokeng tsa sehlopha e le ho nka karolo lipatlisisong tsa hajoale, bao ba 103 ba bona ba arabileng hantle (karolo ea 97% ea karabelo). Sehlopheng sa litlokotsebe tsa tlhekefetso, batšoaruoa ba 119 ba ile ba atameloa, bao ba bona ba 81 ba ileng ba khutlisa liprotheine tse felletseng tsa liteko (68% rate rate). Sehlopha sa SA, barupeluoa bohle ba ile ba tla ho protocol e khutlileng (barupeluoa ba 68; sekhahla sa karabelo sa 100%). Lintlha tsa palo ea batho ba nkang karolo (lilemo, palo ea bana, le lilemo tsa thuto) li hlaha Lethathamong 1.
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Tafole 1. Mekhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng (SDs), lipalo-palo tse sa lumellaneng, le boholo ba phello ea lingoloa bakeng sa ho hlahloba phapang mehatong ea bokapele lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa thuto
| Basomi ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano | SA | Bakoenehi ba pefo | F(2, 250) | η2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
| Age | 43.57a | 16.59 | 32.26b | 14.98 | 35.67b | 9.98 | 11.08 *** | 0.11 |
| Palo ea bana | 2.48a | 2.45 | 2.22 | 2.55 | 1.54b | 1.66 | 3.94 * | 0.03 |
| Lilemo tsa thuto | 11.78b | 2.47 | 13.58a | 4.04 | 10.76b | 3.06 | 8.11 ** | 0.10 |
Hlokomela. Mokhoa o nang le litlhaku tse fapaneng tsa sehlooho o fapana haholo ka p <.05 (mohlala, ho boleloa ka litlhaku tse superscript "a" li fapane ho p <.05 ho tsoa ho ba nang le lengolo la sehlooho "b"). SA: Litho tsa Sexaholic tse sa tsejoeng.
*p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.
Lipampiri tsa lipotso li ne li hatisoa likopi tse thata ebe li laoloa ke bafuputsi. Lipampiri tsa lipotso li ne li lumelletsoe ke likomiti tsa melao ea boits'oaro tsa thuto (likomiti tsa liphuputso tsa Ts'ebeletso ea Ts'oaetso tsa Israele). Ka mor'a moo, lipotso li ile tsa fanoa ka likarolo tse tharo tsa kalafo ea litlolo tsa thobalano libakeng tse fapaneng Isiraeleng. Ha bafuputsi ba fihla litsing tsa kalafo, ho ile ha tšoaroa seboka se pharaletseng moo ho ileng ha hlahisoa lebaka la lipatlisiso le tumello ea likomiti tsa lipatlisiso, hammoho le monyetla oa ho botsa lipotso, le melao-motheo ea ho nka karolo lipatlisisong, e leng ho se tsejoe. le tokelo ea ho emisa ho nka karolo neng kapa neng ntle le ho fana ka lebaka. Phuputso e hlahisitsoe e le thuto mabapi le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, liphatlalatso tsa lipotso li ile tsa boela tsa isoa ho batšoaruoa ba tlhekefetso e mabifi likarolong tse 'ne tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebeletso ea teronko ea Israel, ba latela ts'ebetso e ts'oanang le ea likarolo tsa litlolo tsa thobalano.
CSB e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mofuta oa Sehebere oa I-CSB (Efrati & Mikulincer, 2018). I-CSB e hahiloe ho lekola likarolo tse fapaneng tsa CSB, joalo ka litoro tsa thobalano, menahano e fetelletseng ea thobalano, le ho qeta nako e ngata ke shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. I-CSB ke lenane la lipotso le itlalehang le nang le lintho tse 24 tse lekanyang lintlha tse latelang: litlamorao tse sa batleheng (mohlala, "Ke nahana hore litoro tsa ka tsa thobalano li utloisa ba haufi le nna"), ho hloka taolo (mohlala, "Ke senya nako e ngata le litakatso tsa ka tsa botona le botšehali ”), litlamorao tse mpe (mohlala," Ke utloa bohloko ha ke sa khone ho laola litakatso tsa ka tsa thobalano "), hape e ama melaoana (mohlala," Ke fetohela likhopolong tsa thobalano e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le mathata a ka " ). Ba sebelisa sekala sa Likert sa lintlha tse 7, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho lekanya hore na polelo e ngoe le e ngoe e hlalosa maikutlo a bona ho tloha ho 1 (ho hangho isa ho 7 (haholo)]. Lipotso li ile tsa sebelisoa ka katleho lipatlisisong tse fetileng mabapi le baahi bao e seng ba bongaka le lithutong tsa bakuli ba lenaneo la SA Twelve-StepEfrati & Gola, 2018, 2019; Efrati & Mikulincer, 2018). Li-α tsa Cronbach e ne e le .93 bakeng sa litlamorao tse sa batleheng, .94 bakeng sa ho hloka taolo, .88 bakeng sa ho ama hampe, le .91 bakeng sa taolo e amang. Re boetse re kopantse kakaretso ea CSB ka ho lekanya lintho tse 24 I-CSB (Cronbach's α = .97).
YSQ-S3 ke mohato oa 90 oa tlaleho ea tlhahlobo o lekolang li-EMS tse 18. Phetolelo ea Seheberu e entsoe ka tumello ea Young, Sobel, Faust, Derby, le Rafaeli (2010). Merero ena e arotsoe ka libaka tse hlano tse akaretsang: (a) ho khaola le ho lahloa (ho kenyelletsa ho lahla / ho hloka botsitso, ho se tšepane / tlhekefetso, ho hloka maikutlo, bofokoli / lihlong, le ho itšehla thajana / merero ea ho arohana), (b) boipuso bo sa sebetseng le ts'ebetso (ho kenyelletsa ho itšetleha / ho hloka boiphihlelo, ho ba kotsing ea ho lemala- kapa ho kula, ho itšireletsa / ho se ntlafatse, le merero ea ho hloleha), (c) meeli e holofetseng (e kenyelletsa tokelo / bokhabane le merero e sa lekaneng ea boits'oaro / boits'oaro), (d) boitaolo bo bong (bo kenyelletsa boikokobetso, boitelo, le tumello ea ho batla / ho fumana merero e batloang), le (e) ho shebella le ho thibela (ho kenyelletsa ho se tsotelle / ho hloka tšepo, ho thibela maikutlo, litekanyetso tse sa feleng / ho tšoaea liphoso le merero ea kotlo). Litekanyetso tsa ron tsa Cronbach bakeng sa liphallelo li tloha ho .73 ho isa ho .88.
Zuckerman's1979) Sotso Ho Batla Potso Ho thehiloe ho lekanya tekanyo ea tlhoko ea ho batla maikutlo le boithabiso, tlhoko ea maikutlo a macha le boiphihlelo, ho nyahama, ho ikemisetsa ho ipeha kotsing, le tšekamelo ea boitšoaro bo sa thibeloang. Phetolelong ena ea lintho tse 40, barupeluoa ba kopuoa ho tšoaea tekanyo eo ba lumellanang ka eona le ntho eo ka sekhahla sa lintlha tse 7 [ho tloha ho 1 (se lumellane ho hangho isa ho 7 (lumellana ka botlalo)]. Thutong ena, re sebelisitse lintho tse 19, tse lekanang le sekala se lekanyang ho se ts'oanehe le ho batla ho utloa. Karolelano ea lintho tsohle tse seketeng ka seng ke palo ea motho ea nkang karolo, 'me lipalo tse phahameng li supa litheko tse phahameng tsa ho susumetsoa le ho batla. Thutong ena, Cronbach's α e ne e le .80 bakeng sa sekhahla sa khatello le .82 bakeng sa sekhahla se batlang maikutlo.
Ts'ebetso ea ho ithuta le lisebelisoa (liforomo tsa lipotso le foromo ea tumello e nang le tsebo) li isitsoe ho Beit-Berl's Institution Review Board (IRB) le komiti ea lipatlisiso ea Israel Prison Service (nomoro ea qeto: 47683817), ea lumelletseng thuto e amohetse thuto eo. Batšoaruoa ba ile ba saena litumellano tsa ho nka karolo tsa tšebeletso ea chankana tsa Israel e le karolo ea litlhoko tsa komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro le foromo ea tumello e nang le tsebo. Tabeng ea sehlopha sa SA, lipampiri tsa lipotso li ile tsa tsamaisoa ka bonngoe, 'me mofuputsi le eena o hatelletse ho sa tsejoe ha ts'ebetso le tokoloho ea ho emisa ho nka karolo nako efe kapa efe.
Ho hlahloba phapang ea lilemo, palo ea bana, le lilemo tsa thuto pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa thuto, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe ea phapang pakeng tsa batšoaruoa ba etsang thobalano, litho tsa SA, batšoaruoa ba hlekefetsang) e le phapang e ikemetseng. Mekhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng, lipalo, le boholo ba phello li hlahisoa ka har'a Tafole 1. Bohlokoa ba ho sekaseka ka mor'a ho-hoc bo ile ba fetoloa ka tokiso ea Sidak.
Bohlahlobisisi bo bonts'itse phapang e kholo mehatong eohle. Ka ho khetheha, basenyi ba ne ba tsofetse ho feta SA le basenyi ba pefo, mme ba na le bana ba bangata ho feta basenyi ba pefo (empa eseng ma-SA). Ma-SA a ne a rutehile ho feta basomi ba thobalano le pefo.
Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra hlahloba phapang ea maemo a lelapa pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa thuto ka ho sebelisa χ2 teko ea boikemelo ba mehato ka teko e tobileng ea Fisher ho lekanya bohlokoa. Re fumane hore keketseho ea tlhalo e ne e phahame haholo har'a batho ba etsang tlhekefetso ea thobalano (37.4%) ho feta baSA (4.5%) kapa basenyi ba mabifi (11.1%), χ2(4) = 31.91, p <.001.
Ho hlahloba liphapang ka har'a lihlopha tsa CSB (litlamorao tse amanang le thobalano, litlamorao tse mpe, ho hloka taolo, le tšebeliso ea khatello ea maikutlo), re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo ea bohlophisi (MANOVA) le sehlopha (batšoaruoa ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano, litho tsa SA, batšoaruoa ba mabifi) joalo ka phetoho e ikemetseng, e lateloang ke tlhahlobo ea khethollo (eo hape e tsejoang ka hore ke "canressionical regression)" ho lekola matla a lekanang a phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha. Mekhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng, lipalo-palo tse sa lumellaneng, le boholo ba phello ea ho li-canonical li hlahisitsoe ho Lethathamo 2. Bohlokoa ba ho sekaseka ka mor'a ho-hoc bo ile ba fetoloa ka tokiso ea Sidak.
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Tafole 2. Mekhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng (SDs), lipalo-palo tse sa lumellaneng, le boholo ba phello ea ho khetholla liphapang tsa boitšoaro bo tlamang ba thobalano lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa thuto
| Basomi ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano | SA | Bakoenehi ba pefo | F(2, 250) | β | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
| Liphetho tse sa lebelloang | 2.19a | 1.20 | 5.18b | 1.34 | 1.63c | 0.98 | 195.11 *** | 0.89 |
| Tšusumetso e mpe | 3.06a | 2.00 | 5.88b | 1.27 | 2.41c | 1.60 | 86.67 *** | 0.59 |
| Ho hloka taolo | 2.08a | 0.99 | 4.75b | 1.66 | 1.80a | 0.98 | 135.79 *** | 0.74 |
| Ama khatello ea maikutlo | 2.03a | 1.17 | 4.99b | 1.59 | 1.53c | 0.68 | 185.41 *** | 0.86 |
Hlokomela. Mokhoa o nang le litlhaku tse fapaneng tsa sehlooho o fapana haholo ka p <.05 (mohlala, ho boleloa ka litlhaku tse superscript "a" li fapane ho p <.05 ho tsoa ho ba nang le lengolo la sehlooho "b"). SA: Litho tsa Sexaholic tse sa tsejoeng.
***p <.001.
Tlhahlobo e bonts'itse hore sehlopha sa lipatlisiso se fapana haholo ho sebopeho sa li-multivariate tsa CSB, Pillai's t = 0.68, F(8, 496) = 31.65, p <.0001. Haholo-holo, tlhahlobo e senotse hore litho tsa SA li na le lintlha tse phahameng haholo le tse nang le moelelo tsa CSB ho feta thobalano le / kapa batloli ba molao ba mabifi. Batloli ba thobalano ba ne ba na le litlamorao tse sa batleheng tse amanang le thobalano, litlamorao tse mpe, hape li ama tlhekefetso ho feta litloli tsa molao Ho kopanela liphate le batlōli ba molao ba mabifi ho ne ho sa tšoane le ho hloka taolo ho amanang le thobalano. Ka kakaretso, liphapang tse matla ka ho fetesisa li hlahile liphellong tse sa batleheng tse amanang le thobalano mme li ama dysregulation.
Ho hlahloba botsitso ba sephetho, re ile ra latela tlhahlobo le tlhaiso ea lihlahisoa tsa bongoli (MANCOVA) moo re laotseng hape bakeng sa monehelo oa lilemo, palo ea bana, lilemo tsa thuto le maemo a lelapa. Liphetho tse tšoanang li ile tsa fumanoa.
Ka mor'a moo, re ile ra tsamaisa χ2 e sekaseka boikemelo ba mehato (ka tlhahlobo e tobileng ea Fisher ho lekanya bohlokoa) ho hlahloba phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa boithuto ho atileng ha CSB ea bongaka. Litlhahlobo li bonts'itse hore le ha karolo ea 81.2% ea li-SA e ne e na le CSB ea bongaka, e ne e le 5.8% feela ea basenyi ba tsa thobalano le 2.5% ea basenyi ba pefo ba neng ba na le CSB ea bongaka. χ2(2) = 156.95, pe nepahetseng <.0001.
Ho hlahloba phapang ho li-EMSs (ho khetsoloa le ho khesoa, ho hloka botsitso le ts'ebetso, ho se lekane, meeli, ho tataisoa ka mokhoa o fetelletseng, le thibelo), maikutlo a ho batla, le ho ts'oenyeha, re tsamaisitse MANOVA le sehlopha (batšoaruoa ba thobalano, batšoaruoa ba SA, le pefo. batšoaruoa ba botlamuoeng) e le phapang e ikemetseng, e lateloang ke tlhahlobo ea khethollo ho lekola matla a lekanang a phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha. Methati, ho boleloa ka mekhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng, lipalo-palo tse sa lumellaneng le boholo ba phello ea bosoasoi 3. Bohlokoa ba ho sekaseka ka mor'a ho-hoc bo ile ba fetoloa ka tokiso ea Sidak.
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Tafole 3. Mekhoa, ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng (SDs), lipalo-palo tse sa lumellaneng, le boholo ba phello ea ho khetholla liphapang tsa schemas ea pele e mpe, ho batla maikutlo, le ho hloka botsitso lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa thuto
| Basomi ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano | SA | Bakoenehi ba pefo | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F(2, 250) | β | |
| Ho hloa le ho lahloa | 2.44a | 1.01 | 3.59b | 1.22 | 2.04a | 0.78 | 36.09 *** | 0.57 |
| Boipuso bo bobe le ts'ebetso | 1.97a | 0.87 | 2.98b | 1.18 | 1.81a | 0.69 | 27.35 *** | 0.49 |
| Meeli e sa sebetseng | 2.61a | 0.87 | 4.14b | 1.02 | 2.47a | 0.95 | 56.76 *** | 0.71 |
| Tataiso e 'ngoe | 2.84a | 0.87 | 3.91b | 0.93 | 2.61a | 0.95 | 33.40 *** | 0.55 |
| Ho fetella le ho thibela lintho tse ngata | 2.94a | 0.86 | 3.78b | 1.02 | 2.84a | 1.02 | 16.82 *** | 0.39 |
| Ho batla ho batla | 4.74a | 3.42 | 6.07b | 3.72 | 4.18a | 2.93 | 4.76 * | 0.20 |
| Ho se tsitsisehe | 1.80a | 1.82 | 3.82b | 2.11 | 1.07c | 1.18 | 38.17 *** | 0.58 |
Hlokomela. Mokhoa o nang le litlhaku tse fapaneng tsa sehlooho o fapana haholo ka p <.05 [mohl., Ho bolela ka tlhaku e ngotsoeng ka holimo "a" li fapane ho p <.05 ho tsoa ho ba nang le litlhaku "b" le / kapa "c"]. SA: Litho tsa Sexaholic tse sa tsejoeng.
*p <.05. ***p <.001.
Tlhahlobo e bonts'itse hore litho tsa SA li na le lintlha tse phahameng haholo ho li-EMSs (ho hloa le ho lahloa, ho hloka boikemelo le ts'ebetso, meeli e sa sebetseng, ho tataisoa ka tse ling, ho fetella le ho thibella) ho feta tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso hammoho le maikutlo a phahameng a ho batla le ho qhekella. Batho ba etsang tlhekefetso ea thobalano le bona ba ne ba phahame haholo ka ho susumetsoa ho feta batho ba tlatlapang ka pefo. Liphapang tse ling li ne li se bohlokoa. Ho hlahloba botsitso ba sephetho, re latela tlhahlobo le MANCOVA eo hape re laotseng bakeng sa tlatsetso ea lilemo, palo ea bana, lilemo tsa thuto le boemo ba lelapa. Liphetho tse tšoanang li ile tsa fumanoa.
Ho pheta mohopolo oa hore li-EMS, maikutlo a ho batla, le ho ts'oaroa li amana le CSB, le ho hlahloba hore na likamano lipakeng tsa tsena li fapana pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa boithuto (batšoaruoa ba etsang thobalano, litho tsa SA, le batšoaruoa ba tlhekefetso). sebelisa MPlus (Muthén & Muthén, 1998–2010). Ka lebaka la khokahano e phahameng lipakeng tsa li-EMS (rs> .75) le lipakeng tsa ho batla maikutlo le ho hloka maikutlo (r = .53), re sebelisitse lintlha tse tharo tse patiloeng: e le 'ngoe eo li-CSB tse' ne li laetsoeng ho eona, e 'ngoe eo li-EMS tse hlano li neng li laetsoe ho eona, le e' ngoe eo ho eona ho neng ho batloa maikutlo le ho hloka maikutlo. Ka mor'a moo, re hakantse mefuta e 'meli. Ho ea pele, litsela tse lipakeng tsa li-EMS, ho batla maikutlo, le ho hloka maikutlo le CSB li ne li hakanyetsoa ka bolokolohi bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng, 'me ea bobeli moo litsela tse tšoanang tsa sehlopha ka seng li neng li qobelloa ho lekana. A bohlokoa χ2 Teko ea phapang e lekanang mefuta ena e tla bonts'a mekhoa e fapaneng bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng sa thuto. Mefuta ena e ne e tla re lumella ho netefatsa mokhatlo o kopantsoeng lipakeng tsa schemas tse amanang le thobalano le CSBD, tse neng li sa hlahlojoe ho fihlela kajeno har'a bao e seng basenyi, le ho lekola hore na maikutlo a ho batla le ho se ts'oanelehe a amana le CSBD e kholo kapa che.
Moetso o lekantsoeng ka bolokolohi o ne o na le sutu e lekaneng, ha o bapisoa le index = 0.95, index ea Tucker-Lewis = 0.94 1). Mohlala o senotse hore mabapi le sehlopha se seng le se seng sa thuto, ha se sebetsanang hampe le ho feta ha schemas ea pele, se eketsa CSB (β = 0.43 bakeng sa litlokotsebe tsa thobalano, β = 0.49 bakeng sa ma-SA, le β = 0.45 bakeng sa basenyi ba mabifi. ps <.001). Ha ho phapang e kholo e fumanoeng lipakeng tsa lihlopha, Δχ2(2) = 0.5, p = .78. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lebaka la ho batla maikutlo le ho hloka maikutlo le ne le sa amane le CSB sehlopheng sefe kapa sefe ((= 0.01 bakeng sa batlōli ba molao ba thobalano, β = 0.11 bakeng sa SAs, le β = -0.23 bakeng sa batlōli ba pefo, kaofela ps > .42). Ka kakaretso, mohlala o hlalositse 18.5% ea phapang ea CSB har'a batlōli ba molao ba thobalano, 30.6% har'a maSA, le 20.0% har'a baetsi ba pefo.
Setšoantšo sa 1. Khokahano lipakeng tsa malambe a manyane a schemas (EMSs), takatso ea maikutlo, le ho nkeha maikutlo le boits'oaro bo matla ba thobalano (CSB) har'a basenyi ba thobalano (Panel a), SAs (Panel b), le basenyi ba mabifi (Panel c). Liphetho li bonts'a hore ho sa tsotelehe sehlopha, ha se-schemas sa pele se senya, se eketsa boitšoaro bo matla ba thobalano
Thutong ena, re ikemiselitse ho etsa lipatlisiso ka botebo liphapang tse pakeng tsa basenyi ba thobalano le baSS ka CSBD le mekhoa e ka bang mantlha ea CSBD - sadmas e mpe, ho hloka ts'ebetso le maikutlo a ho batla. Liphetho li bonts'a liphumano tse 'maloa tse nang le litlamorao tse tobileng tsa kliniki bakeng sa tlhahlobo le kalafo ea basenyi ba thobalano. Taba ea mantlha, CSB har'a basenyi, leha e le teng ka ho hlaka, e ka bonahala e ama ba fokolang feela, ba bohlokoa, le ba fokolang ba nkang karolo. Phello e joalo e tšoana le ea lithuto tsa pejana (Briken, 2012; Hanson et al., 2007; Kingston le Bradford, 2013); leha e le sampole ea hajoale, tlhaselo e ka bonahala e le tlase haholo ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanoa pele. Ntle le moo, litheko tsa CSBD har'a basenyi ba ho etsa thobalano li ne li tšoana le tsa basenyi ba tlhekefetso e bonts'ang hore basenyi ba ho etsa thobalano ha ba phahamise maemo a phahameng a CSBD ho feta taolo. Le ha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea tlhahlobo ea I-CSB e thusitse kutloisiso e tebileng ea likarolo tse fapaneng tsa CSB har'a li-SA, basenyi ba tsa thobalano le basenyi ba pefo. Ka ho khetheha, sehlopha sa litlokotsebe tsa thobalano se bonts'itse mathata a ho sebetsana le litlamorao tse sa batleheng tsa boits'oaro ba bona, se ama hampe, mme se ama taolo ho feta basenyi ba tlhekefetso (leha maemo ana kaofela e le a bohlasoa). Ho lokela ho hopotsoe hore sehlopha sa litlokotsebe tsa thobalano se khethiloe litsing tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa kalafo mme ka hona mohlomong molato le lihlong tse mabapi le boits'oaro ba thobalano li ka lebelloa. Leha ho le joalo, e 'ngoe ea litheko tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano (mohlala oa ho itaola oa Ward, Hudson, & Keenan, 1998) e beha hampe hampe, e ama khaello ea taolo, le lihlong tsa tlolo ea molao nakong ea ts'ebetso ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano bakeng sa litsela tse peli ho tse 'ne tse fapaneng, mme liphumano tsa hajoale li ka tšehetsa ts'ebeliso e tsoelang pele ea mohlala o joalo ho hlalosa le ho sebetsa le basenyi ba thobalano. .
Ha ho se ho buuoa, ho ata ha CSBD har'a basodoma ke ho tsebahala ka tsela e tšoanang le ea SA. Lebaka le leng le ka bang la phapang ena ke litheko tse phahameng haholo tsa CSBD - schemas e mpe, ho se tsitse ha maikutlo le takatso ea maikutlo - har'a li-SA ho fapana le basenyi ba thobalano. Ho tšehetsa khang ena ke kamano e hlakileng pakeng tsa EMS le CSB bakeng sa lihlopha tsohle tse tharo. Kamano e joalo e thehiloe bakeng sa lihlopha tseo e seng tsa bongaka (mohlala, Roemmele & Messman-Moore, 2011 o fumane kamano e hlakileng lipakeng tsa EMS har'a basali ba koleche le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano), hammoho le basali ba loanang le bokhoba ba thobalano (McKeague, 2014). Ka hona, hobane schemas e mpe e kopantsoe haholo le CSBD, mme hobane e bitsitsoe haholo ho li-SA, phapang pakeng tsa lihlopha ka litefiso tsa CSBD ha e makatse. Ehlile, ho haella hoa phapang e kholo litekanyetsong tsa CSBD tsa ba bong bo fapaneng le ba tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho ka bakoa ke sesosa se tšoanang - khaello ea liphapang tsa schemas tse amanang le thobalano tse amanang le thobalano le lihlopha tse - tse ts'ehetsang boemo ba kakaretso ba lingoliloeng tsa botlokotsebe (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Lussier et al., 2007) le ho hanyetsa boemo ba "litsebi", bonyane mabapi le maikutlo a sothehileng a tsa thobalano le basenyi bao e seng ba bong bo fapaneng (Harris et al., 2009; Simone, 1997).
Mabapi le kalafo, e kanna ea ba taba ea hore tšebeliso ea kalafo ea schema e ka ba polelo ea bohlokoa ea kalafo ea batho ba nang le CSB le basenyi ba thobalano. Patlisiso e bonts'a hore ho shebisa maemo a tsebahalang a kotsi ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea boits'oaro ho sebetsa haholo ho fokotsa ho hlaphoheloa kelellong har'a basenyi ba thobalano (mohlala, Yates, 2013). Ho khothaletsoa mokhoa o hlakileng o ipapisitse le bokhoni ba ho ba karolo ea kalafo ho fetola kutloisiso, ho ama, le boitšoaro e le hore li ka kenella lipapatsong tsa bona tsa boitšoaro. Leha lingoliloeng li bontšitse bohlokoa ba ho shebella schemas ka kalafo ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano (Beech et al., 2013; Maruna le Mann, 2006; Yates, 2013), lipatlisiso tsa hajoale li eketsa tsebo e teng ka ho fana ka maikutlo a kamano e tobileng lipakeng tsa litumelo tsa pele le likarolo tsa CSB. Likhopolo tsa boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho hlekefetsa ka thobalano hangata li bonts'a tloaelo ea batho ba hlekefetsang ea "ho khetholla" bahlaseluoa ba bona (mohlala, Knight le Prentky's, 1990 taxonomy ea litlolo tsa molao tsa thobalano ea bana) kapa ho ata ha liphoso tsa kamano e haufi pakeng tsa bona (Hanson le Morton-Bourgon, 2005). Patlisiso e teng e tla fana ka maikutlo a hore ho phekola dsfunctional EMS, haholo-holo tse amang bokhoni ba ho thabela likamano tse haufi, e kanna ea ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea kalafo.
Mohlala, mohlala o sebelisitsoeng haholo oa boitšoaro bo nyonyehang ka thobalano o nang le ts'ebeliso e hlakileng ea kalafo, mohlala o motle oa bophelo bo botle.Ward le Gannon, 2006; Willis, Yates, Gannon, & Ward, 2013), e ka tiisa kamano e joalo. Mohlala o fana ka maikutlo a hore tlhekefetso ea thobalano e ka hlalosoa ha ho e-na le tšitiso ea ho batla thepa ea mantlha, thepa eo batho bohle ba e batlang. Thepa ena e kenyelletsa kamano, sechaba sa thabo, bokhabane, setsi le bophelo (ho kenyelletsa ho phela hantle, ts'ebetso ea 'mele le khotsofalo ea thobalano). Lits'oants'o tsa mohlala li ka kenyelletsa mekhoa e sebelisoang ho fihlela thepa e joalo ea mantlha, hammoho le ho tsepamisa mohopolo ho fihlelleng sekhahla sa thepa ea mantlha. Mohlala oa sekhahla se sothehileng sa thepa ea mantlha e tla ba khetho ea ho fumana thabo kapa khotsofalo ea thobalano, ntle le thahasello ea ho fumana thepa ea amanang kapa mokhatlo (e ka hlalosang tšekamelo ea ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano). Mohlala oa Li-Lives tse Khabane ha o hlile ha o hlalose semelo sa litšitiso tse joalo, empa lipatlisiso tsa hona joale li ka eketsa kutloisiso ea rona ea nts'etsopele le ho boloka thepa e joalo e khelohileng. Haholo-holo, maano a ho khesoa le ho khaoloa a ka thibela bokhoni ba ho theha likamano tsa batho ba baholo tse futhumetseng, tse haufi, le tse tšepang, ho eketsang monyetla oa ho theha mohopolo feela oa khotsofalo ea thobalano, ntle le ho khahloa ke likarolo tse pharaletseng tsa kamano. Ho tsepamisa mohopolo sebakeng sena se khethehileng sa schema ho ka fana ka ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea kalafo bakeng sa ho eketsa bongata ba thepa ea mantlha le ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba ho e fihlela ka katleho.
Leha maikemisetso a rona a mantlha a ne a ts'ehelitsoe, thuto e na le meeli e 'maloa e hlokang ho amoheloa. Boithuto bona bo amana, 'me bo thibela bokhoni ba ho etsa liqeto mabapi le liphapang lipakeng tsa SA, thobalano le basenyi ba pefo le likhokahanong lipakeng tsa schemas tse mpe, ho batla ho kenella le ho ts'oara maikutlo. Ntle le moo, palo ea lipatlisiso e ne e le ngata ebile e le semelo se ikhethileng - Israel. Boithuto ba nako e tlang bo lokela ho lekola palo ea batho ba merabe le litso tse fapaneng ho netefatsa hore na lintho tse fumanoeng li na le phetiso e kae hape.
Leha ho na le meeli ea thuto ena, re nka lipatlisiso tsena e le tsa bohlokoa ho utloisisa tlolo ea thobalano le phapang ea eona bathong ba nang le CSB ea bongaka. Boithuto bona bo boetse bo bula libaka tse ncha tsa ho kena lipakeng tsa kalafo bakeng sa maSSA le basenyi ba thobalano.
YE le OS li kentse letsoho mohopolo le moralo. OS e kentse letsoho pokellong ea data. RE o khothalelitse litlatsetso tse thehiloeng holima pampiri. YE e kentse letsoho tlhahlobisong ea lipalopalo, ea fana ka tlhahiso, ea bala le ho lekola sengoloa pele ho nehelano.
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