(Se ke oa ncheba! Kamoo Phapanyetsano e Nahanoang kapa e sa sebetseng ea 'Muso e Amang Ponahalo le Tlhahlobo ea Litšoantšo tsa Sexting (2019)

LIPOTSO: Banna ba qetile nako e ngata ba sheba litšoantšo tse litšila ha ba nahana hore litšoantšo li tsamaisoa ntle le tumellano. Leqhetsoana:

Liphetho tse tsoang thutong ena li bonts'a hore boits'oaro ba ho shebella le tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo tse romellanoang ka marang-rang li susumetsoa ke tsela eo ho nahanoang hore e tsamaisoa ka eona. Tumellanong le khopolo ea banna ba nahanang hore litšoantšo li fetisitsoe ntle le tumellano ba qeta nako e ngata ba sheba setopo sa motho ea bonts'itsoeng. Ntho ena eo ho thoeng ke 'pono e makatsang' e ile ea hlalosoa hape ho barupeluoa ba nang le tšekamelo e phahameng ea ho amohela lipale tse iqapetsoeng mabapi le boferefere ba thobalano kapa litakatso tse akaretsang tsa ho khetholla ba bang.

——————————————————————————————————————————————— -

J. Clin. Moedi 2019, 8(5), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050706

by Arne Dekker 1, *, †, Frederike Wenzlaff 1, †, Anne Daubmann 2, Hans O. Pinnschmidt 2 'me Lithane Briken 1
1Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Thobalano le Psychology Psychiatry, Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Jeremane
2Institute of Medical Biometry le Epidemiology, Setsi sa Bongaka sa Bongaka Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Jeremane

inahaneloang

Ho arolelana setšoantšo se haufi-ufi ho sa kopaneng ke tlolo e tebileng ea tokelo ea motho ea boinotšing mme ho ka lebisa liphellong tse mpe tsa kelello. Leha ho le joalo, ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse nyane mabapi le mabaka a ho ja litšoantšo tse haufi tse arolelanoang ntle le tumellano. Boithuto bona bo ikemiselitse ho fuputsa hore na ho phatlalatsoa ha litšoantšo tse romellanoang ka tumellano kapa tse sa lumellaneng ho ama maikutlo le tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo tsena. Barupeluoa ba ile ba abeloa ho se seng sa lihlopha tse peli. Litšoantšo tse tšoanang tsa katamelaneng li ile tsa bontšoa barupeluoa bohle. Leha ho le joalo, sehlopha se seng se ile sa nahana hore linepe li arolelanoe ka boithaopo, athe sehlopha se seng se ile sa bolelloa hore linepe li tsamaisoa ntle le tumellano. Ha barupeluoa ba qetile mesebetsi e mengata joalo ka ho lekola botle ba motho ea bonts'itsoeng, ho tsamaisa lifahleho tsa bona ho ntse ho lateloa. Liphetho tse tsoang thutong ena li bonts'a hore boits'oaro ba ho shebella le tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo tse romellanoang ka marang-rang li susumetsoa ke tsela eo ho nahanoang hore e tsamaisoa ka eona. Tumellanong le khopolo ea banna ba nahanang hore litšoantšo li fetisitsoe ntle le tumellano ba qeta nako e ngata ba sheba setopo sa motho ea bonts'itsoeng. Ntho ena eo ho thoeng ke 'pono e makatsang' e ile ea hlalosoa hape ho barupeluoa ba nang le tšekamelo e phahameng ea ho amohela lipale tse iqapetsoeng mabapi le boferefere ba thobalano kapa litakatso tse akaretsang tsa ho khetholla ba bang. Qetellong, sephetho sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore matšolo a thibelo a khothalletsang 'ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila' ka hona a hlahisa boikarabello ba ho fana ka litšoantšo tse joalo ho batho ba bontšitsoeng li sa lekana. Ho fapana le moo, ho hlokahala ho totobatsa tlolo ea molao ea phatlalatso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse sa lumellaneng, haholoholo har'a bareki ba banna ba thepa eo.
Mantsoe a bohlokoa: ho lata mahlo ho arolelana litšoantšo ntle ho tumellano; litšoantšo tse haufi; sepheo; mahlo a makatsang; kamohelo ea tumelo ea peto; Ho romella melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno

1. Selelekela

Ho romellana melaetsa ka selefouno, ho romella lifoto tsa motho tsa haufi kapa tse hlakileng, livideo, kapa lingoloa [1], e se e le tloaelo e tloaelehileng har'a lihlopha tsa lilemo tse fapaneng [2,3,4,5]. Litlhaloso lia fapana, 'me pherekano ea mangolo a tumellano le e seng tumellano e paka hore ke bothata bo boholo ba khopolo. [6,7]. Le ha ho romellana melaetsa ka selefouno ho bolela ho romella litšoantšo tsa hau ka sepheo, ho sebetsa, 'me hangata ho monate, ho arolelana litšoantšo tse romellanang ntle le tumellano ho etsahala ntle le thato kapa ntle le tsebo ea motho ea bonts'itsoeng.8]. Ho arolelana ho seng tumellano ke e 'ngoe ea likotsi tse ho buisanoang khafetsa ka taba ea ho romella melaetsa e litšila ka selefouno [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Haeba litšoantšo tse romellanoang ka tšohanyetso li romelloa khahlanong le thato ea motho ea bontšitsoeng (mohlala, sethaleng sa metsoalle ea bona) kapa e phatlalalitsoeng marang-rang, sena se beha bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Maemo ao ho ona bahlaseluoa ba pepesetsoang ho hlabisoa lihlong sechabeng le bompoli ba inthanete bo ka baka litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello, maemong a mang esita le ho ipolaea [3,7].
Eseng feela lipuisanong tsa batho bohle empa hape le mats'olong a ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso.19], ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila ka selefouno, ka kakaretso, ho nkuoa ho le kotsi [20]. Ho se khetholle pakeng tsa melaetsa e romellanoang le e seng tumellano e ka lebisang ho motho ea ahlotsoeng haeba bahlahisi ba bonts'itsoeng ba litšoantšo ba ikarabella bakeng sa phatlalatso e sa reroang [7]. Mokhoa ona o 'nile oa nyatsoa ka mohopolo oa thuto ea "peto ea setso"21,22,23] hape e hokahane le mohopolo o pharaletseng oa 'thobalano ea batho ba bong bo fapaneng' [24,25,26,27] le 'ho betoa ho amoheloa tšōmong' [26,28,29]. Khopolo-taba ea sepheo e tiisa hore mekhatlong ea bophirima basali ba khethollotsoe ka thobalano, ba nkoa e le lintho mme ba nkuoa feela ba tšoaneloa ke hore mebele ea bona e khahlisa ba bang [29] (bakeng sa litlhahlobo [28,30]). Boitšoaro ba botona le botšehali bo ka bonoa e le ntho e tsoelang pele ho tloha liketsong tse mabifi ho isa liketsong tse poteletseng tse kang ho shebahala ka leihlo le nchocho [30,31]. Litšoantšo tsena, tse nkoang e le likarolo tsa 'mele tse shebiloeng (ka thobalano) li bontšitsoe ka mokhoa o matla li sebelisa theknoloji ea ho shebella ka mahlo [32]. Ntle le moo, batho ba khethang ba bang ka thobalano ba bontšitsoe monyetla oa ho amohela lipale tsa peto [24,25], e sebeletsang ho fokotsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano, mohlala, ka ho beha molato ka mahlatsipa (bakeng sa litlhahlobo [27,33]). Litaba tsena tse poteletseng li nkuoe e le merero ea kelello [34] mme ea bontšoa ho susumetsa metsamao ea mahlo [35,36].
Leha lipatlisiso li bile teng ka ho romella melaetsa e joalo e sa lumellaneng le litaba tse amanang le eona.7,9,20], ho entsoe boiteko bo nyane ho fuputsa mabaka a ho ja litšoantšo tse joalo. Potso e hlaha ea hore na ke hobaneng ha batho ba sebelisa boitsebiso bo romellanang ba ho romellana melaetsa ka selefouno ha ho bapisoa le thepa e lumellanang ho sa senole phapang e teng linthong tsa setšoantšo. Na ho na le ho hoheleha ho ikhethang ho se kopaneng se kopaneng ka boyona, bonyane bakeng sa bareki ba bang? Khahlano le semelo sena, ka tlhahlobo re lekola potso ea hore na tsela eo ho nahanoang ka eona ea phepelo (tumellano le - e sa lumellaneng le eona) e susumetsa maikutlo a litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea litšoantšo tse litšila. Kahoo, thuto e ts'episa ho fumana liphetho tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa liteko tsa nako e tlang tsa thibelo.
Tumellanong le khopolo-taba ea tlhaiso-leseling re lebelletse phapang litekong le ponelopeleng ea litšoantšo tse romellanang ho romellana litšoantšo ho latela mofuta oa tsona oa pele oo ho nkoang e le oa tumellano kapa o sa lumellaneng. Tumellanong le lipatlisiso tse fetileng, re pheha khang ea hore ho ba leeme ho eketsehileng ho amana le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa motho ea nang le sepheo [37] le pono e hlakileng haholoanyane32]. Re boetse re khothatsa hore ho nahanoa hore litšoantšo tseo ho nkoang li sa fetisoe ka tumellano e nkoang li ratana haholo le ho tsamaisoa ha tsona ho fetisa ho sa thabiseng. Litekanyetso tse akaretsang bakeng sa boikemisetso bo bong le kamohelo e phahameng ea peto le tsona li lebelletsoe ho eketsa sepheo.
Karolo e kholo ea lingoliloeng tsa bo-ramahlale mabapi le ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila marang-rang e bua ka boitšoaro ba bacha. Sena se ka bonts'a tšabo e atileng sechabeng, empa, bonneteng, liphihlelo tsa melaetsa ea ho romellana melaetsa ka litšoantšo tse litšila li hole haholo ho batho ba baholo ho feta har'a bacha. Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea hona joale [3] tekanyo e atileng ea lithuto tsa bacha ba romellang melaetsa e nang le litokomane kapa litšoantšiso tse tsosang takatso ea botona kapa botšehali e fumanoe e le 10.2% (95% CI (1.77-18.63), athe khakanyo e atileng ea lithuto tsa batho ba baholo e ne e le 53.31% (95% CI ( 49.57-57.07). Khahlano le nalane ena, hape hape hobane thuto ea hona joale ea liteko e sa shebane le setšoantšo sa baemeli ba basebelisi, re nkile qeto ea ho hlahloba mehlala ea batho ba baholo. Re nahana hore mekhoa e bontšitsoeng e tšoana le ea bacha, empa sena se tlameha ho bontšoa ke lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.

2. Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

2.1. Barupeluoa

Kakaretso ea barupeluoa ba 76 (57% basali, Mdilemo = 31.99, SDdilemo = 10.28) li ile tsa hiroa ka mangolo a litaba a yunivesithi. Ba ile ba tsebisoa ka mesebetsi le ka litaba tsa tšusumetso empa ba bolokiloe ba sa tsebe sepheo se felletseng sa teko eo. Barupeluoa ba fane ka tumello e ngotsoeng ho ithuta ho nka karolo. Ha ho na puseletso e fanoeng. Komiti ea melao ea boitšoaro ea kamore ea mmuso ea litsebi tsa kelello tsa Hamburg (Psychotherapeutenkammer Hamburg) e amohetse protocol ea thuto ea hona joale (03 / 2015-PTK-HH).

2.2. Stimuli le Lisebelisoa

Baithaopi ba tsebahala ka mongoli empa ba sa tsejoe ke karolo ea thuto ba fane ka litšoantšo tsa 14 tsa semi-nude sexting [38]. Setšoantšo se seng se eketsehileng ka bong se fumanoe mehloling ea marang-rang e fumanehang ka bolokolohi ka sepheo sa ho hlahisa litaba tsa sechaba, ho felletseng ka letoto la litšoantšo tsa 16 (50% basali).
Tlhahiso ea Stimulus le pokello ea data li entsoe ho 22-inch widescreen monitor (1680 × 1050 pixels) sebelisa SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI GmbH, Teltow, Jeremane) softwareimentionCenterTM. Sesebelisoa sa leihlo se hole (SMI, RED system) se ile sa tlaleha ho tsamaea ha mahlo ho 120 Hz ho tloha 50 cm ho shebella sebaka ho sebelisa phomolo ea hlooho-chin.

2.3. Lipotso

Boikemisetso ba batho ka bomong bo ile ba hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa phetolelo ea Sejeremane ea phetolelo e ntlafalitsoeng ea Potso ea Boitšoaro e Ikemetseng [39bakeng sa sepheo se seng (Sekala se Lekanang le Mabaka, OOS [40]). Sekala se na le litšobotsi tsa 'mele oa 10, boiphihlelo bo hlano (ke hore, matla) le tse hlano ke ponahalo (ke hore, ho hohela' meleng). Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore ba lekanye hore na ba bona semelo se seng le se seng hakae (10 = "bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa"; 1 = "se sa bohlokoahaleng") ka thoko ho banna le basali. Ho ka ba le lintlha tse tsoang −25 ho 25 tse nang le lintlha tse phahameng tse bonts'a maemo a phahameng a ho nepahala.
Barupeluoa ba ile ba boela ba tlatsa mofuta o mokhuts'oane oa 11-Jeremane oa Kamohelo ea Lits'oants'o tsa Jeremane Mabapi le Tekano ea Thobalano ka Thobalano (AMMSA) [41] e neng e sebelisitsoe ka katleho lithutong tse ling tsa ho latela mahlo35,36]. Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e lekantsoe ka tekanyo ea lintlha tsa 7 (1 = "ho hang lumellana"; 7 = "lumellana ka botlalo").

2.4. Tsamaiso

Barupeluoa ba ile ba bala sengoloa sa maiketsetso se bolelang hore thuto e ikemiselitse ho utloisisa haholoanyane ka tlhahlobo ea litšoantšo tse romeloang litšoantšo. Ho latela maemo, ho ajoa ha litšoantšo ho hlalosoa e le boithatelo (tumellano) kapa joalo ka ha ho sa batlehe, khahlano le thato ea motho ea bontšitsoeng (maemo a sa lumellaneng). Ho qhekella hona ho matlafalitsoe ke ho kopa barupeluoa ho bolela maikutlo a mararo ao kabo ea litšoantšo e ka beng e khothalelitse batho ba bonts'itsoeng. Kamora mona, barupeluoa ba ile ba bona litšoantšo ka makhetlo a mararo ka mesebetsi e fapaneng. Litšoantšo li ne li etsoa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng ka har'a li-block, ho qala ka litšoantšo tsa banna. Litšoantšo li ile tsa hlahisoa ka bonngoe skrineng se felletseng bakeng sa metsotsoana ea 5, e etelletsoeng pele ke sefapano sa 'mala o moputsoa ka lehlakoreng le letšehali le bonts'itsoeng 1 ea bobeli. Mosebetsi oa pele e ne e le ho sheba litšoantšo ka bolokolohi. Taba ea bobeli, barupeluoa ba ile ba lekanya botle ba motho ea pepesitsoeng. Bakeng sa mosebetsi oa boraro, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa ho lekola hore na ba nka litšoantšo tsa setšo li tebile hakae le hore na ho ne ho tla ba kotsi hakae ho tsamaisoa ha litšoantšo ho motho ea bontšitsoeng (ho tloha ho 1 = "ho hang ha ho joalo ..."; 7 = "sana ..."). Kamora ho qeta tlhaiso-leseling la litaba tsa sechaba le litaba tsa lipotso, barupeluoa ba ile ba leboha ba ba ba kholoa.

2.5. Phokotso ea data le tlhahlobo ea data

Ho ikarabella bakeng sa mehato e phetoang e entsoeng ka taba e le 'ngoe, ho sebelisitsoe mokhoa o tsoakaneng oa mohlala. Re ile ra hlahloba litlamorao tsa maemo a ikemetseng a maemo a fapaneng (tumellano le phapang e sa lumellanoeng), bong (basali le banna), setšoantšo sa bong (litšoantšo tsa basali le tsa banna), tsa litšebelisano tsa bona tse tharo le tse peli le tsa OOS lintlha le lintlha tsa AMMSA ho litekanyetso tsa (1) ho hohela thobalano, (2) kamano e haufi ea litšoantšo, le (3) li bone ho sa thabise ho tsamaisoa ha litšoantšo. Litloaelo tse sa reng letho li ile tsa nkuoa bakeng sa barupeluoa. Re tlaleha mekhoa ea marginal le linako tsa bona tsa 95% -confidence. Re tlaleha sephetho sa mefuta ea ho qetela kamora ho khutlisoa ka morao ho litlamorao tse seng tsa bohlokoa ho ea ka Kleinbaum et al. [42]. Liteko tsohle tsa lipalo-palo li ne li le marang-rang a mabeli (α = 0.05).
Lintlha tsa ho latela mahlo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mofuta o tšoanang le o hlalositsoeng ka holimo ka pono e hlakileng e le phapanyetsano e itšetlehileng ka eona. Mahlo a makatsang a ile a sebelisoa ha nako e lekantsoeng e shebile 'mele ha e bapisoa le nako e sebelisitsoeng ho sheba lifahleho [32]. Re thehile libaka tse peli tse khahlisang (AOI) setšoantšong se seng le se seng, se nang le hlooho 'me se seng se na le' mele kaofela. Nako eohle ea ho lula li-AOIs ka bobeli, ke hore, nako eohle ea ho shebella motho ea bonts'itsoeng, e ne e behiloe ho 100%. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e latelang, re tsepamisa maikutlo liperesente tsa nako eo e lebisitsoeng 'meleng. Ka hona, keketseho ea nako ea ho shebella 'meleng e lula e fokotseha ha nako ea ho lula sefahlehong, hobane boleng ka bobeli bo lula bo eketsa 100%. Kahoo pono e matla haholoanyane e bua ka nako e telele haholo ea ho shebella 'mele le nako e khuts'oane ea ho sheba sefahleho.
Likhakanyo li entsoe ka mokhoa oa tloaelo ea mofuta oa mofuta oa mofuta oa BOPHELO ba GIUMXED (Generalized linear mchanganyiko) oa SPSS 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) le tlhaiso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea mahlo e ile ea fumaneha ho sebelisoa maemo a tloaelehileng a BeGazeTM (SMI, Teltow, Jeremane), e fana ka tlhaiso-leseling ea ponts'o joalo ka nako (lula nako).

3. Liphetho

3.1. Barupeluoa

Pele ho tlhaiso-leseling ea data barupeluoa ba ne ba qheletsoe ka thoko ka lebaka la ho rekota hampe (n = 5), boitsoaro bo senang bongn = 3), kapa ka lebaka la likarabo tse sa lekanang ho cheke manolo (n = 10) joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke litekanyetso tse 'ne tse ikemetseng. Kakaretso ea barupeluoa ba 58 (57% basali, Mdilemo = 31.45, SDdilemo = 10.18) e saletse tlhahlobo ea data (bona Lethathamo 1). Lethathamo 1 e boetse e bonts'a mekhoa ea ba nkang karolo ea AMMSA le lintlha tsa OOS. Maemong ana, ho bohlokoa haholo hore boleng ba lihlopha tse ithutiloeng ha bo fapana.
Tafole 1. Litšobotsi tse nkang karolo le tlhaiso ea lipotso.
Lethathamo

3.2. Litekanyetso

Mehlala e arohaneng e ile ea etsoa ho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea litekanyetso tse hlakileng tse tharo, e leng ho hoheleha ka thobalano ea motho ea bonts'itsoeng, ho lemoha kamano ea setšoantšo le ho se thabise ho fetisoa hape. Ke litlamorao tsa bohlokoa tsa mefuta ea ho qetela tse tlalehiloeng mona.
Bakeng sa litekanyetso tse hohelang, ha rea ​​fumana boemo boo (tumellano le khokahano e sa lumellaneng le bona; bona Lethathamo 2) e bile le phello efe kapa efe. Leha ho le joalo re ile ra fumana hore bong bo bile le phello le tšebelisano lipakeng tsa bong ba motho ea nkang karolo le ba bong ba litšoantšo. Ka kakaretso, banna ba ile ba lekanya litšoantšo tsa banna joalo ka ha li hohela (M = 4.17, SE = 0.32) ho feta kamoo basali ba entseng (M = 3.02, SE = 0.31; t(924) = 3.25, p <0.001). Basali le bona ba lekantse litšoantšo tsa banna li sa khahlehe ho feta litšoantšo tsa basali (M = 4.46, SE = 0.32, t(924) = 9.36, p <0.001). Ha ho litlamorao tse ling tse fihlelletseng bohlokoa.
Tafole 2. Mehlala ea ho qetela ea litšusumetso litekatsong tsa botona le botšehali, kamano e haufi, le ho nkoang e le ho sa thabise ho fetisoa.
Lethathamo
Mabapi le litekanyetso tsa kamano, re fumane phello ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa maemo le bong (p = 0.008, bona Lethathamo 2). Phapang pakeng tsa Pairwise e senoletse hore basali ba nahanang hore kabo e seng e lumellanoang ba ne ba nka litšoantšo tse atamelaneng haholo (M = 4.86, SE = 0.25) ho feta basali ba neng ba nahana hore phepelo ea tumellano (M = 4.56, SE = 0.26; t(924) = 2.58, p = 0.01).
Ha re lekola tšusumetso ea hore na kabo e tsoetseng pele e ne e sa natefeloe joang ho motho ea bonts'itsoeng, re fumane boemo boo (tumellano le khokahano e sa lumellaneng; p <0.001) e bile le phello e kholo haholo (bona Lethathamo 2). Phapano ea Pairwise e senotse hore barupeluoa ba nkang karolo e sa lumellaneng e nka ho arolelanoa ho eketsehileng e le ho sa thabiseng haholo (M = 4.63, SE = 0.28) ho feta barupeluoa ba nkileng tumellano ea ho arolelana tumellano (M = 4.26, SE = 0.28; t(924) = 3.74, p <.001). Hape re fumane tšebelisano lipakeng tsa bong le setšoantšo sa bong. Basali ba lekantse ho se thabise ha kabo e tsoelang pele bakeng sa litšoantšo tsa banna (M = 4.08, SE = 0.40) ho feta kamoo banna ba nkileng karolo (M = 4.41, SE = 0.40; t(924) = 2.50, p = 0.013). Ntle le moo, lintlha tsa AMMSA li fihletse bohlokoa (coeffnty = −0.13, p = 0.002), ho bonts'a hore barupeluoa ba phahameng ba hanne sethaleng sa AMMSA, ba sa natefeloe haholo ke ha ba nka ho ajoa ha setšoantšo ho motho ea bontšitsoeng setšoantšo.

3.3. Tlhahlobo ea ho Batla Mahlo

Mabapi le ho sisinyeha ha mahlo, re ne re thahasella pono e makatsang, e sebelisoang joaloka nako ea ho shebella 'mele. Re fumane tšebelisano e kholo ea maemo le bong (F(1,834) = 8.36, p <0.001). Banna ba maemong a sa lumellaneng ba bonts'itse leihlo le matla ho feta ha ba ntse ba shebahala haholo ho 'mele (M = 54.37, SE = 8.99) ho feta banna ba maemong a tumellano (M = 46.52, SE = 9.01; t(834) = 4.25, p <0.001) (bona Setšoantšo sa 1). Kahare ho maemo a sa lumellaneng, banna ba boetse ba bonts'a pono e makatsang ho feta basali, ba qetile nako e ngata ba shebile mebele ho feta basali (M = 49.53, SE = 8.97; t(834) = 3.07, p = 0.002). Haholo, ho ne ho se na phapang e joalo ea bong ka hara maemo a lumellanang (p > 0.05).
Jcm 08 00706 g001 550
Setšoantšo sa 1. Khakanyo ea karolo e hlalositsoeng (le phoso e tloaelehileng) ea nako e sebelisoang 'meleng ka maemo le bong. *** p <0.001; ** p <0.01.
Litlamorao tsa sepheo sa OOS le lintlha tsa AMMSA li ne li le bohlokoa (p <0.001), e bontšang hore nako ea ho lula 'meleng e eketseha bakeng sa lintlha tse phahameng. Ka mantsoe a mang, sena se senola pono e hlakileng ea sepheo bakeng sa litloaelo tse phahameng tsa ho supa le ho amohela likhopolo-taba ka tlhekefetso ea thobalano (bona Lethathamo 3).
Tafole 3. Litšusumetso ho karolo ea nako eo motho a e qetang a shebile 'mele.
Lethathamo

4. Puisano

Re bontša hore ha se litekanyetso tse hlakileng feela empa le boits'oaro bo totobetseng ba pono bo susumetsoa ke ho ajoa ho lumellanoang kapa ho se lumellane hoa tumellano ea litšoantšo tse romellanoang ka marang-rang.

4.1. Liteko tsa Litšoantšo

Barupeluoa ba neng ba nka hore phatlalatso ea litšoantšo tse litšila e sa lumellane, e leng ho arolelana khahlanong le thato ea motho ea bonts'itsoeng, ba hakantse phetisetso ea litšoantšo ka mokhoa o sa thabiseng. Phumano ena e bonts'a hore ha se litšoantšo feela ka botsona kapa maikutlo a motho ka ho romellana melaetsa le litšoantšo tse ling tse potolohileng motho ha ho nahanoa ka tsona ha ho lekantsoe monate oa ho tsamaisoa ha litšoantšo. Ho khahlisang, basali ba ile ba lekanya ho se monate ha ho ajoa ha litšoantšo bakeng sa litšoantšo tsa banna ho feta ho nka karolo ha banna. Ho bona litšoantšo tsa banna ba bang, monyetla oa ho ba lehlatsipa le ho etsa litšoantšo tsa hae o sa kopane o ka be o eketsehile bakeng sa banna, o lebisang litekong tse phahameng tsa ho se thabise. Ka lebaka la lipale tse tloaelehileng tsa ho romella melaetsa e litšila e seng tumellano e amang basali, barupeluoa ba basali ba kanna ba hlokomela likotsi tsa motho ka nako efe kapa efe ntle le maemo. E le litlamorao tse ka hlahang tsa ho fetisetsa pele li boima ho basali [43,44], Basali ba nkang karolo ba ka nka ho fetela pele e le ho sa thabiseng ka lebaka la litlamorao tse mpe tse batang ho banna. Le ha ho le joalo, ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore litšoantšo tsa banna le basali ha lia lokela ho bapisoa ka ho otloloha thutong ena kaha lipina tsa litšoantšo li fapane. Hangata banna ba ne ba batla ba sa kopanele thobalano ho feta basali, e leng ka lebaka la popo ea tlhaho ea litšoantšo, empa ho ka etsahala hore e susumetse litekanyetso tsa ho se thabise.
Ka kakaretso, kamohelo e akaretsang ea peto e atileng e bakile litekanyetso tse tlase tsa ho nkuoa ho sa thabiseng tsa phetisetso e tsoelang pele maemong ao ka bobeli. Ho tšehetsa lipale tsa peto ka mokhoa o phahameng ke sesupo sa monyetla oa ho beha molato oa motho ea hlasetsoeng, e tsamaellanang le lipuo tse tloaelehileng tsa ho romella melaetsa e litšila ka tšohanyetso [7,12,22,45]. Ka hona, ho nahana ka ho arolelana tumellano le litšebeliso tse seng kotsi ka ho romellana ka marang-rang ho lumella ho fokotsa boemo bo lebelletsoeng ba ho se thabise phetiso e ngoe. Motho ea bonts'itsoeng o nkuoa a le molato oa ho nka setšoantšo ho qala ka hona e leng leoatla kapa ha a na kelello. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho se be monate ho hakanyetsoang hoa fokotseha ha ho beha motho ea molato molato ho eketseha. Sena ke sa bohlokoa hobane mokhoa ona ha se tloaelo feela bakeng sa linyeoe tsa boiphetetso ba bootsoa [46] empa hape le mefuta e meng ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano [26,47] ebile e se e fihlile letšolo la 'ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso' [20]. Mabapi le ho tsebahala ha litšoantšo tse anngoeng, basali ba nahanang hore kabo e seng e lumellanang ba ile ba hakanya litšoantšo tseo e le tsa kamano e haufi haholo ho ba batona ho feta basali ba lumelang ho arolelana tumellano. Banna, ha ho joalo, ba ne ba sa fapana lipakeng tsa phano e lumellanoeng kapa e sa lumellaneng ea litšoantšo tsa banna kapa basali. Sena se ka hlahisoa ke taba ea hore basali ba na le monyetla oa ho ba liphofu tsa ho romella melaetsa e litšila e sa lumellaneng [3] le ho hlekefetsoa ka kakaretso mefuta e mengata ea tlhekefetso e lebisoang ho batona -19,48]. Ho hlokomela kotsi e ka ba teng ea botho ho ka etsa hore basali ba amehe haholo ka sepheo sa motho ea bonts'itsoeng le tlolo ea lekunutu.
Ho fapana le se neng se lebelletsoe, mokhoa o nahanoang oa ho aba ha oa ama tsela eo barupeluoa ba lekantseng takatso ea thobalano. Patlisiso e fetileng e hokahanyang litekanyetso le litheko tse hohelang li ne li hlahisa basali ba apereng liaparo tse tloaelehileng le basali ba tšoanang ho bikinis [46]. Ho qhekella ho matla joalo ho lumella phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa maemo. Ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse ts'oanang tsa nyane maemong ohle ka bobeli joalo ka ha re entsoe thutong ea rona e kanna ea se be thetso e matla ho ama litekanyetso tse hlakileng. Tšebelisano e bonts'itsoeng lipakeng tsa bong le botona ba litšoantšo, litekanyetso tse phahameng haholo tsa litšoantšo tsa banna ke banna, e kanna ea hlahisoa ke mabaka a tlhaho litšoantšong eseng moelelong. Ka hona, ha re ba nke e le bohlokoa bakeng sa thuto ena.

4.2. Mokhabiso o Monate

Mahlo a makatsang, a hlalosoang e le nako e lekanang ea ho sheba 'mele, a ne a susumetsoa ke maemo le bong ba motho ea nkang karolo. Banna ba nkang kabo e sa lumellaneng le bona ba bonts'a mahlo a makatsang ho feta banna ba nkang kabo ea boithaopo le ho feta basali ba nkang mokhoa o mong oa ho tsamaisa. Kahoo, re khonne ho bonts'a lekhetlo la pele hore mokhoa o nahanoang oa phepelo o ama tsela eo barupeluoa ba talimang litšoantšo le hore na ba bonts'a mahlo a bona a hlakileng joang. Patlisiso e fetileng e bonts'a hore haholo basali ba natefeloa ke thobalano mecheng ea litaba [26,49,50] le nakong ea litšebelisano tse kopaneng [51,52]. Ho shebella ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho hokahane le maikutlo a mabe a sechaba, ho fetoha motho le ho itšepa ho itseng [53,54,55]. Le ha maikutlo a shebahalang ka ho basali a hokahane le maikutlo a mabe a sechaba [54,55] le mathata a tebileng a bophelo bo botle ba kelello [55], ha ho lipatlisiso tse ka bapisoang ka banna tse teng.
Leha ho buuoa haholo ka banna, basali ho nahanoa hore ba kentse mahlo a bona ka mokhoa o hlakileng hoo ba o bonts'ang basali ba bang hape [56]. Leha ho le joalo, thutong ea rona, ke banna feela ba nkang karohano e seng tumellano e fapaneng le ea litho tse ling tse nkang karolo, empa ba sa ananele bong ba motho ea bonts'itsoeng. Ho fapana le lithuto tse ling [57,58,59,60], ha rea ​​fumana litšusumetso tse hlophisehileng tsa bong ba litšoantšo mabapi le boits'oaro. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore mohlomong thetso ea rona e kanna ea tsosa litabatabelo tsa mesebetsi e meng e hlahisitseng mekhoa ea ho shebella e fapaneng le maemo a mahala a ho shebella, mohlomong e koahelang litšusumetso tsa bong ba litšoantšo [61]. Tumellanong le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng, tšekamelo e phahameng ea ho khetholla ba bang, le ho amohela lipale tse ngata tsa peto, li ne li amana le pono e hlakileng ea pono [35]. Mesebetsi e mengata e tobileng ea bong bo amanang le bong le litlamorao e tlalehiloe bakeng sa kamohelo ea lipale tsa boloi (bakeng sa tlhahlobo bona [62]). Le ha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa moetlo, litumela-khoela tsa tumelo ea thobalano le litumelo tsa botona le botšehali li se li potelletse ha ho nahanoa le ho nahanoa ke tumello ea tumello ea mehleng ea kajeno mabapi le sekhahla sa khatello ea thobalano se sebelisitsoeng mona [63]. Boithuto bona ke ba pele ba ho nahana ka tšusumetso ea khethollo ea mahlakore ka bobeli le ho bontša hore maikutlo a poteletseng a hlile a ama boitšoaro ba ho boha. Litšusumetso tsena le litlamorao tsa tsona li lokela ho hlahlojoa ho eketsehileng molemong oa pefo ea thobalano.

4.3. Meeli le Patlisiso ea Kamoso

Boithuto ba rona bo ile ba etsoa ka laboratoring le barupeluoa ba rutehileng, ba bong bo fapaneng ba shebang litšoantšo tsa batho ba baholo, ba batle ba neng ba sa nyane, ho fapana le maemong a mabe a ho arolelana litšoantšo ho sa lumellaneng [64]. Ka hona, kakaretso ea liphetho tsa rona e hloka tlhahlobo e ngoe hape. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e tlameha ho nka tšusumetso ea likarohano (mohlala, 'mala oa letlalo kapa lilemo), ka ha lintlha tsena li le bohlokoa moelelong oa sepheo [50]. Mabapi le barupeluoa, ho arohana ho bohlokoa hape, joalo ka tšusumetso ea setso malebana le ho sisinyeha ha mahlo [65], khethollo ea thobalano [66], le tlhekefetso ea thobalano [67,68] li fumanoe. Mabaka a mang a ho beha haholoanyane 'meleng (mohlala, papiso ea sechaba) kapa ho qoba lifahleho (mohlala, lihlong) le ona o lokela ho hlahlojoa.
Joalokaha ho boletsoe kaholimo thutong ena re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho batho ba baholo ba nkang karolo ka mabaka a mabeli a mantlha: Taba ea hore batho ba bangata ba romellana melaetsa ka ho romellana melaetsa le batho ba baholo e hlile e phahame ho feta lilemong tsa bocha. Taba ea bobeli, re ne re sa thahaselle setšoantšo sa moemeli sa basebelisi, empa ho papiso ea liteko ea lihlopha tse peli tse lekanang. Leha ho le joalo, ho a khonahala hore likhokahano tse bonts'itsoeng ha li teng har'a basebelisi ba lilemong tsa bocha. Ka lebaka lena, ho ka etsoa hore tšupiso ea boithuto ba morao-rao le barupeluoa ba lilemong tsa bocha e be e loketseng.
Leha re bonts'itse hore mokhoa oo ho nahanoang hore o tsamaisoa o ama pono ea litšoantšo tse romellanoang ka ho romellana litšoantšo ka marang-rang, lipatlisiso tse nang le bokhoni ba ho botsa basebelisi ba romelloang litšoantšo tse litšila ka sepheo sa bona ho bonahala e le mohato oa bohlokoa ho hlakisa litumelo tse ka mora boits'oaro bo joalo (mohlala, ho natefeloa ke matla) [69]. Karolo e 'ngoe ke mokhatlo o bonts'itsoeng oa motho ea bonts'itsoeng ea ka fokotsoang ke ho fetisetsa pele ntle le tumellano, ka lehlakoreng le leng ho ka tsamaisang boikemisetso. Mohopolo ona o hloka lipatlisiso tse ling.
Kaha tloaelo ea ho etsa thobalano ka mehla e tloaelehile [70], ho bohlokoa ho hlahloba le ho ntshetsa pele likhopolo mabapi le sephetho se ka hlahang le ho hlahloba ho tšoana ho teng pakeng tsa tlhaselo ea thobalano le litšoantšo tse litšila tse sa lumellaneng, kapa pefo e nolofalitsoeng ka kakaretso.
Ha liphetoho tse potlakileng tsa sebopeho sa theknoloji li kopanya khafetsa mefuta e mecha ea boitsoaro bo itseng (mohlala, ho romellana melaetsa e litšila) le khopolo e teng (mohlala, mabapi le boitlamo ba thobalano) ba ka tsebisa pōpo ea mananeo a thibelo [46,71]. Khopolo e batlisisitsoeng hantle ea 'litekanyetso tse peli tsa thobalano' e fana ka maikutlo a hore likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa basali hangata li nkoa e le tse hloekileng le tse senyehang ka takatso e matla, e ts'oereng basali ba ikarabellang ho itšireletsa molemong oa thobalano e tona ea banna [72,73]. Sena se lebisa maemong a makatsang a hore basali ba nang le khatello ea maemo a bophelo le setso ba be le maikutlo a ts'oanang ka nako e ts'oanang ba behang likotsi tse mpe sechabeng ha ba itlhahisa ka tsela e joalo inthaneteng [74,75]. Ho nahana ka tekanyetso ea thobalano ho re lumella ho utloisisa melaetsa e litšila e sa amaneng le maikutlo e netefatsang basali ba tlasa taolo ea banna [53,55]. Ha banana ba khona ho itlhahisa ka thobalano litsing tsa marang-rang mme ho lebisoa tlhokomelo ea bona ea mmele ho feta ea bashanyana.76], lintlha tsa bong bo lokela ho nahanoa [17,77]. Ha ho ntse ho etsoa mabaka a ho nka melaetsa e romellanoang ka ho romellana melaetsa e le tlhahiso ea litaba e matlafatsang (sechaba) [78,79] le ho hlaka sebopeho sa setšo sa semmuso e le ketso ea basali ho loantšana le litlamorao tse mpe tsa khethollo [80], ntlafatso ena e ntle e na le tšusumetso e mpe e ka hlahisang tlhoko ea thobalano e sa batleheng, e ka fetang melemo ea ho itšireletsa [71].

5. Liphello

Ka ho phethela, re bonts'itse hore boits'oaro ba ho shebella le ho sekaseka litšoantšo tse romellanoang ka tšohanyetso li susumetsoa ke ho tsamaisoa ha tsona ho lumellanang kapa ho sa lumellane. Tumellanong le mohopolo oa 'nete,' mahlo a makatsang 'a ne a tsebahala ho banna ba nahanang hore ba sa tsamaise litšoantšo tse sa lumellaneng, ho bolelang hore ba qetile nako e telele ba sheba' mele oa motho ea bonts'itsoeng. 'Talima ena e khahlisang' e ile ea phatlalatsoa hape bakeng sa barupeluoa ba nang le tšekamelo e phahameng ea ho amohela litšōmo ka boferefere ba thobalano kapa litakatso tse akaretsang tsa ho khetholla ba bang. Liphetho li fana ka maikutlo a hore matšolo a thibelo a shebaneng le molaetsa o akaretsang oa ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila ka thobalano, ka hona a re boikarabello ba ho ajoa hoa litšoantšo tse joalo ho batho ba bontšitsoeng ha boa lekana. Ho fapana le moo, ho hlokahala ho totobatsa tlolo ea molao ea phatlalatso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse sa lumellaneng, haholoholo har'a bareki ba banna ba thepa eo. Sena se ka etsoa, ​​ka mohlala, maemong a thuto ea sekolo, empa ho na le bonyane mohlala o le mong oa phutuho e loketseng ea thibelo ea sechaba: http://notyourstoshare.scot/. Ke feela ka mehato ena kapa e ka bapisoang le eona moo litlamorao tse mpe tsa kelello tsa tlotlollo ea sechaba le bompoli ba inthanete li ka thibeloang ka nako e telele.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Conceptualization, AD (Arne Dekker), FW, le PB; mokhoa oa mekhoa, AD (Arne Dekker), FW; software, ha e sebetse; tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng, FW, AD (Anne Daubmann), HOP; lipatlisiso, FW; lisebelisoa, AD (Arne Dekker), PB; curation ya data, FW; ho ngola — ho hlophisa meralo ea mantlha, AD (Arne Dekker), FW; ho ngola-ho hlahloba le ho hlophisa, AD (Arne Dekker), FW, PB; pono, FW; tlhokomelo, PB; tsamaiso ea morero, AD (Arne Dekker); tokiso ea lichelete, PB

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Patlisiso ena e ne e tšehelitsoe ke Lefapha la thuto le lipatlisiso tsa Jeremane (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, 01SR1602).

lumela hore baa fokola

Re rata ho leboha baithaopi bohle ka ho fana ka litšoantšo tsa bona.

Likhohlano tsa Thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

References

  1. Chalfen, R. "Ke setšoantšo feela": Ho romellana melaetsa ea litšoantšo tse litšila, "smutty" le liqoso tsa liqoso. Vis. Ithute. 2009, 24, 258-268. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  2. Albury, K .; Crawford, K. Sexting, tumello le melao ea boitšoaro ea bacha: Beyond Megan. Continuum 2012, 26, 463-473. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  3. Klettke, B .; Hallford, DJ; Mellor, DJ Sexting ho ata le ho ikamahanya: Tlhahlobo ea lingoliloeng e hlophisitsoeng. Clin. Psychol. Tšen. 2014, 34, 44-53. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  4. Strassberg, DS; McKinnon, RK; Sustaíta, MA; Rullo, J. Sexting ke Baithuti ba Sekolo se Phahameng: Phuputso e Hlalosang le e Hlalosang. Khoto. Thobalano. Behav. 2013, 42, 15-21. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  5. Van Ouytsel, J .; Walrave, M .; Ponnet, K .; Heirman, W. Mokhatlo o lipakeng tsa ho romella litšoantšo tsa batho ba lilemong tsa bocha, Borena ba kelello le mathata a ho beha kotsing: Tlhahlobo e kopaneng. J. Sch. Mooki. 2015, 31, 54-69. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  6. Agustina, JR; Gómez-Durán, EL Sexting: Litekanyetso tsa Patlisiso tsa Pono ea Sechaba ea Globalized. Khoto. Thobalano. Behav. 2012, 41, 1325-1328. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  7. Krieger, MA Ho sa romelloe "ho romella melaetsa e litšila ka marang-rang": Tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea ho ngola litšoantšo tse litšila tse sa sebetseng litabeng tsa molao, tsa thuto le tsa kelello. Tlhekefetso ea Pefo 2017, 18, 593-601. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  8. Stoke, JK Inthanete e sa Qoqeng: Ho Hanela Tšebeliso ea Inthanete e sa Ratehang Ho Loantša Boiphetetso ba Porn. Berkeley Technol. Molao J. 2014, 29, 929-952. [Google Setsebi]
  9. Walker, K .; Sleath, E. Tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng ea tlhaiso-leseling ea hona joale mabapi le boiphetetso ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho arolelana litaba ntle le tumellano ka thobalano. Phehisano. Pehla Behav. 2017, 36, 9-24. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  10. Baumgartner, SE; Valkenburg, PM; Peter, J. Ha a batlehe ho kopa thobalano marang-rang le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba ho etsa thobalano marang-rang. J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 2010, 31, 439-447. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  11. Citron, DK; Franks, MA Ho etsa liqeto tsa boiphetetso ka boits'oaro. Wake Forest Law Rev. 2014, 49, 345-391. [Google Setsebi]
  12. Döring, N. Ho romela melaetsa ka selefouno ho batho ba lilemong tsa bocha: Ho thibela likotsi ka thuto e thibelang kapa ho romellana litšoantšo tse litšila ka tšohanyetso? Cyberpsychology 2014, 8, 9. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  13. Renfrow, DG; Rollo, EA Ho romellana melaetsa ka melaetsa ka seteisheneng: Ho fokotsa likotsi tse lemohuoang le boits'oaro bo khelohileng. Deviant Behav. 2014, 35, 903-920. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  14. Salter, M .; Boitšoaro, T. Ho arabela ho iphetetsa ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: Liphephetso tsa ho se sebetse ka molao hoa marang-rang. Ho Maikutlo a macha ka Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa: Thobalano, Lipolotiki le Molao; Comella, L., Tarrant, S., Eds .; Bahatisi ba Praeger: Santa Barbara, CA, USA, 2015; maq. 233-256. [Google Setsebi]
  15. Stroud, SR Karolo e Lefifi ea Boithati ba Inthaneteng: Tlhatlhobo ea Pragmatist ea Pherekano e Hōlang ea Boiphetetso ba Porn. J. Melao ea Boitšoaro ea Media 2014, 29, 168-183. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  16. Temple, JR; Le, VD; van den Berg, P .; Ling, Y .; Paul, JA; Temple, BW Tlaleho e kgutshwane: Bacha ba romellanang melaetsa ya marang-rang le bophelo ba kelello. J. Adolesc. 2014, 37, 33-36. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  17. Dir, AL; Coskunpinar, A .; Steiner, JL; Cyders, MA Kutloisiso e Utloisisang ho Litšitšitiso tsa Litšebeletso tsa Phokotso ea Bong ka Thupelo Ho Rona ka Bong bo Tšehali, Boemo ba Kamano, le boitsebiso ba thobalano, le Karolo ea litebello tsa ho romella melaetsa e litšila. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 2013, 16, 568-574. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  18. Champion, AR; Pedersen, CL Ho etsa lipatlisiso lipakeng tsa lingoloa tsa bong bo rarahaneng le batho ba sa ngolang litšoantšo tse mabapi le boitšoaro, litloaelo tse mabapi le boitšoaro bo botle le boitšoaro bo kotsi ba ho kopanela likobo. E ka khona. J. Hum. Thobalano. 2015, 24, 205-214. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  19. Rentschler, C. #Safetytipsforladies: Feminist Twitter Takedown of Victim Blaming. Mosali. Media Stud. 2015, 15, 353-356. [Google Setsebi]
  20. Henry, N .; Powell, A. Ntle le "sext": Theknoloji e sebelisang tlhekefetso ea thobalano le tlhekefetso khahlanong le basali ba baholo. Aust NZJ Criminol. 2015, 48, 104-118. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  21. Hall, R. "Ho ka u etsahalla": Thibelo ea rape nakong ea taolo ea kotsi. Hypatia 2004, 19, 1-18. [Google Setsebi]
  22. Rentschler, CA Rape setso le lipolotiki tsa basali ka litaba tsa sechaba. Banana ba Boithuto. 2014, 7, 65-82. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  23. Fraser, C. Ho tloha ho "Basali Pele" ho ea ho "O Kopa": Thobalano e Nepahetseng ea Thobalano ho Paballo ea Tloaelo ea Rape. Calif. Molao Tšen. 2015, 103, 141-204. [Google Setsebi]
  24. Brownmiller, S. Khahlano le thato ea rona: Basali le peto; Simon le Schuster: New York, NY, USA, 1975. [Google Setsebi]
  25. Burt, MR Litlhahiso tsa setso le lithuso tsa peto. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1980, 38, 217-230. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  26. Vance, K; Sutter, M .; Perrin, PB; Heesacker, M. Bongoli ba litaba tsa thobalano tsa Basali, Thibelo ea Rape, le Tlhekefetso ea Bong. J. Aggress. Ho tsoa kotsi. Bohloko 2015, 24, 569-587. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  27. Lonsway, KA; Fitzgerald, LF Litlhopho tsa LF: Tlhahlobo. Psychol. Basali Q. 1994, 18, 133-164. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  28. Szymanski, DM; Moffitt, LB; Carr, Thibelo ea Basali ba Thobalano ka Thobalano: Tsoelo-pele ho Khopolo le Patlisiso. Malebela. Psychol. 2011, 39, 6-38. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  29. Fredrickson, BL; Roberts, T.-A. Khopolo ea mabaka. Psychol. Basali Q. 1997, 21, 173-206. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  30. Moradi, B .; Huang, Y.P. Khopolo-taba ea sepheo le kelello ea basali: Lilemo tse leshome tsa tsoelo-pele le tataiso ea nako e tlang. Psychol. Basali Q. 2008, 32, 377-398. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  31. Bartky, SL Bokhachane le Tsamaiso: Lithuto ho Phenomenology ea khatello; Psychology Press: New York, NY, USA, 1990. [Google Setsebi]
  32. Gervais, SJ; Holland, AM; Dodd, MD Mahlo a ka a Hona Mona: Sebopeho sa Bo-'mampuli se Tlang ho Basali. Mesebetsi ea thobalano 2013, 69, 557-570. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  33. Bohner, G. Vergewaltigungsmythen [Litšōmo tsa Rape]; Verlag Empirische Pädagogik: Landau, Jeremane, 1998. [Google Setsebi]
  34. Eyssel, F .; Bohner, G. Schema Liphello tsa Kamohelo ea Rape Myth mabapi le Likahlolo tsa Tlolo ea Molao le Bo molato Litekong tsa Rape: Karolo ea Tokelo e Fumanoang ho Moahloli. J. Interpers. Pefo 2011, 26, 1579-1605. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  35. Süssenbach, P .; Bohner, G .; Eyssel, F. Schematic tšusumetso ea tšibollo ea pale ea peto ka ts'ebetso ea tlhahisoleseling ea pono: Mokhoa oa ho latela mahlo. J. Ntlo. Motsoalle Psychol. 2012, 48, 660-668. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  36. Süssenbach, P .; Eyssel, F .; Rees, J .; Bohner, G. o Batla Kamohelo e Fosahetseng ea Rape Myth le Tlhokomelo ea Mohlaseluoa le Mofosi. J. Interpers. Pefo 2017, 32, 2323-2344. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  37. Rollero, C .; Tartaglia, S. Litlamorao tsa ho khetholla ho pono e litšila le ho hohela basali le banna. Psihologija 2016, 49, 231-243. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  38. Perkins, AB; Becker, JV; Tehee, M .; Mackelprang, E. Ho Romella Lintho Tse Ngata Ho Batho Ba Ba Rutang Sekolong: Sesosa sa Kameho? Int. J. Sex. Bophelo bo botle 2014, 26, 79-92. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  39. Noll, SM; Fredrickson, BL Mohlala oa khokahano o hokahanyang boithati, lihlong tsa 'mele le ho ja ka tsela e fapaneng. Psychol. Basali Q. 1998, 22, 623-636. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  40. Strelan, P .; Li-Hargreave, D. Basali ba Khethollang Basali ba Bang: Mokokotlo o Khohlano oa Ho Khethisoa? Mesebetsi ea thobalano 2005, 52, 707-712. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  41. Gerger, H .; Kley, H .; Bohner, G .; Siebler, F. Ho amoheloa ha lipale tsa sejoale-joale mabapi le sekhahla sa khatello ea thobalano: Nts'etsopele le netefatso ea Sejeremane le Senyesemane. Mohope. Behav. 2007, 33, 422-440. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  42. Kleinbaum, DG; Klein, M. Khopotso ea maikutlo; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2010. [Google Setsebi]
  43. Mohope, NRA Na Mocha oa Hau o Kotsi? Lipuo tsa ho romella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea bongoaneng litlalehong tsa thelevishene tsa United States. J. Ngwana. Litaba 2012, 6, 221-236. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  44. Ringrose, J .; Harvey, L .; Gill, R .; Livingstone, S. Bacha ba lilemong tsa bocha, litekanyetso tse peli tsa thobalano le "ho romella melaetsa e litšila ': Mosali. Taba-kholo 2013, 14, 305-323. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  45. Henry, N .; Powell, A. Theknoloji e Sebelisang Pefo ea Thobalano: Tlhahlobo ea Lingoloa tsa Patlisiso e Ntle. Tlhekefetso ea Pefo 2018, 19, 195-208. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  46. Mabille, S. Boiphetetso ba Porn le Bophelo ba Kelello. Tlhahlobo e nang le tšebeliso ea litla-morao tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello tse mabapi le boiphetetso ba porno ea basali. Mosali. Criminol. 2017, 12, 22-42. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  47. Gill, R. Media, Matlafatso le Lipuisano tsa "Thobalano ea Setso". Mesebetsi ea thobalano 2012, 66, 736-745. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  48. Englander, E. Coerced Sexting le Boiphetetso ba Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa Har'a Bacha. Boloi ba Bacha ba Tlhorisang. Motsoalle Litaba 2015, 1, 19-21. [Google Setsebi]
  49. Rohlinger, DA e khatholla banna: Litšusumetso tsa setso molemong oa papatso le boits'oaro ba banna. Mesebetsi ea thobalano 2002, 46, 61-74. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  50. Ward, LM Media le Thobalano: State of Empirical Research, 1995-2015. J. Sex Res. 2016, 53, 560-577. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  51. Davidson, MM; Gervais, SJ; Canivez, GL; Cole, BP Tlhahlobo ea kelello bakeng sa banna ba kolecheng. J. Likeletso. Psychol. 2013, 60, 239-250. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  52. Engeln-Maddox, R .; Miller, SA; Liteko tsa Doyle, DM Liteko tsa ho hlakoloa ho Gay, Lesbian, le Heterosexual Community Samples: Bopaki bo Kopaneng bakeng sa Litsela tse Ntle. Mesebetsi ea thobalano 2011, 65, 518-532. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  53. Bernard, P .; Loughnan, S .; Hlakubele, C .; Godart, A .; Klein, O. Phello e makatsang ea boitlamo ba thobalano: Boitlamo ba thobalano bo theola morekolli ka mokhoa oa Stranger Rape. Mesebetsi ea thobalano 2015, 72, 499-508. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  54. Gervais, SJ; Bernard, P .; Klein, O .; Allen, J. Toward the The Unified The Obisecission and Dehumanization. Ho Sepheo le (De) botho: 60th Nebraska Symposium on Motivation; Gervais, SJ, Ed .; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2013; maq. 1-23. [Google Setsebi]
  55. Heflick, NA; Goldenberg, JL; Cooper, DP; Puvia, E. Ho tloha ho basali ho ea linthong: Ponahalo ea ponahalo, bong ba sepheo, le maikutlo a mofuthu, boitšoaro le boiphihlelo. J. Ntlo. Motsoalle Psychol. 2011, 47, 572-581. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  56. Puvia, E .; Vaes, J. Ho ba 'Mele: Ponahalo ea Basali e amanang le Boitšoaro ba bona le Boiphetetso ba Malebela a Basali a Kopaneng. Mesebetsi ea thobalano 2013, 68, 484-495. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  57. Hall, C ;; Hogue, T .; Guo, K. Phapang Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro bo Tebileng bo lebisang Tebong e Ratoang ea Batho ba Likamano tsa Thobalano le Batho ba sa Tšoanelehang. J. Sex Res. 2011, 48, 461-469. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  58. Hewig, J .; Trippe, RH; Hecht, H .; Straube, T .; Miltner, WHR Gender Phapang bakeng sa Mefuta e Totobetseng ea 'Mele Ha o sheba banna le basali. J. Nonverbal Behav. 2008, 32, 67-78. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  59. Lykins, AD; Meana, M .; Strauss, GP Thobalano ya Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali ho Tebeliso e Ntle ho Erotic le e seng Erotic Stimuli. Khoto. Thobalano. Behav. 2008, 37, 219-228. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  60. Nummenmaa, L .; Hietanen, JK; Santtila, P .; Hyona, J. Gender le Ponahalo ea Litaba tsa Thobalano E Sitisang Maqhubu a Leihlo Ha a ntse a shebile Mefuta le Borena. Khoto. Thobalano. Behav. 2012, 41, 1439-1451. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  61. Bolmont, M .; Cacioppo, JT; Cacioppo, S. Lerato le ka Sehloohong: Thutong ea leihlo ea Lerato le Takatso ea Thobalano. Psychol. Saense 2014, 25, 1748-1756. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  62. Bohner, G .; Eyssel, F .; Pina, A .; Siebler, F .; Viki, GT Rape Ho amoheloa hoa tšōmo: Temoho, likamano tse ntle le boits'oaro ba litumelo tse behang moetsalibe le ho qekisa moetselletsi. Ho Toro: Ho nahana ka mokhoa o phephetsang; Horvath, M., brown, JM, Eds .; Willan Publishing: Cullompton, UK, 2009; maq. 17-45. [Google Setsebi]
  63. Swim, JK; Aikin, KJ; Hall, WS; Hunter, BA Bohlola le khethollo ea morabe: Leeme la khale le mehleng ea kajeno. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1995, 68, 199-214. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  64. Salter, M. Justice le phetetso lipapatsong tse hanyetsanang ka marang-rang: Likarabo tse potlakileng tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano mehleng ea mecha ea litaba ea sechaba. Borapeli ba Litaba tsa Tlokotsi 2013, 9, 225-242. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  65. Blais, C .; Jack, RE; Scheepers, C .; Fiset, D .; Caldara, R. Setso sa Sebopeho Re Tloha Joang ho Libaka. PLoS ONE 2008, 3, e3022. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  66. Loughnan, S .; Fernandez-Campos, S .; Vaes, J .; Anjum, G .; Aziz, M .; Harada, C .; Holland, E .; Singh, I .; Purvia, E .; Tsuchiya, K. Ho hlahloba karolo ea setso molemong oa thobalano: Phuputso ea linaha tse supileng. Ntlafatsa Internationale de Psychologie Sociale 2015, 28, 125-152. [Google Setsebi]
  67. Buchanan, NT; Ormerod, AJ E tsoetse moferefere tlhekefetsong ea thobalano maphelong a basali ba Maamerika a Amerika. Basali Ther. 2002, 25, 107-124. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  68. Ho, IK; Dinh, KT; Bellefontaine, SA; Ho hlorisoa, ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano le AL matšoao a khatello ea maikutlo a moraorao ho basali ba Maasia le ba basoeu. J. Aggress. Ho tsoa kotsi. Bohloko 2012, 21, 95-113. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  69. Lee, M .; Crofts, T. Bong, khatello, ho qobella le thabo: Litšusumetso tse matla tsa ho romellana melaetsa ka marang-rang pakeng tsa bacha. Br. J. Criminol. 2015, 55, 454-473. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  70. Capodilupo, CM; Nadal, KL; Corman, L .; Hamit, S .; Lyons, OB; Weinberg, A. Ponahatso ea li-microaggressions tsa bong. Ho Microaggressions le Marginality: Ponahatso, Matla le Phello; Lepheo Sue, D., Ed .; John Wiley le Bara: Somerset, NJ, USA, 2010; maq. 193–216. [Google Setsebi]
  71. Papp, LJ; Erchull, MJ Objecifying le Sisteme ya Tsamaiso ea Tsamaiso ea Rape. Mesebetsi ea thobalano 2017, 76, 110-120. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  72. Tolman, DL Bacha ba Bacha, Matlafatso ea Thobalano le Takatso: Tlaleho e sa Fumaneheng ea Tekano ea Bong. Mesebetsi ea thobalano 2012, 66, 746-757. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  73. Egan, RD Ho ba thobalano: Tlhahlobo e matla ea thobalano ea banana; Polity Press: Cambridge, UK, 2013. [Google Setsebi]
  74. Daniels, EA; Zurbriggen, EL Theko ea monate: Maikutlo a bashebelli ba setšoantšo sa Facebook se ts'oanang le thobalano. Psychol. Pop. Borapeli ba Media. 2016, 5, 2-14. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  75. Manago, AM; Graham, MB; Greenfield, PM; Salimkhan, G. Ho itlhahisa le bong ka MySpace. J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 2008, 29, 446-458. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  76. Seidman, G .; Miller, OS Litlamorao tsa Teka-tekano ea Bong le Thahasello ea 'Mele mabapi le Tlhahlobo ea Ponahalo ea Lifaele tsa Facebook. Bo-cyberpsychol. Behav. Motsoalle Netw 2013, 16, 20-24. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  77. Hall, CL; Hogue, T .; Guo, K. Tataiso ea Boitšoaro ba Thobalano e Sheba Lits'oants'o tsa Meetso ea Batho. J. Sex Res. 2014, 51, 184-196. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]
  78. Chalfen, R. Litlhaloso tsa ho romellana melaetsa e le puisano ea lilemong tsa bocha. J. Ngwana. Litaba 2010, 4, 350-354. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  79. Hasinoff, AA Sexting e le tlhahiso ea mecha ea litaba: Ho nahanisisa ka litaba tsa sechaba le tsa thobalano. Ncha. Media Soc. 2013, 15, 449-465. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef]
  80. Lerum, K .; Dworkin, SL "Banana ba Tsamaiso e Mpe ea Basali": Tlhaloso ea Basali ba Maemo a Fapakaneng ka Tlaleho ea Mosebetsi oa Mosebetsi oa Likamano tsa Botona le Botšehali oa Basali. J. Sex Res. 2009, 46, 250-263. [Google Setsebi] [CrossRef] [E fetotsoe]