Ho Lekola Mathata a Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa ka Lebitso la Moral Incongruence Model (2019)

Boitšoaro ba ho lemalla bokhoba bo bolela ho kholisoa ha motho hore ke setho sa sehlopha sa bokhoba - maikutlo ana a tataisoa ke litlhaloso tse ikhethileng tsa setso sa batho ba lemaletseng hore na temallo ke eng le hore na motho ea lemaletseng ke eng, 'me ka hona o lekantsoe hangata. ka mantsoe a bonolo, a nepahetseng a a reng, "Ke lemaletse bootsoa ba inthanete"²⁵ kapa "Ke ne ke ipitsetsa motho ea lemaletseng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang."²⁶ Ho lumellana le lipolelo tse kang ena ho bontša ketso ea ho iketsetsa lebitso 'me hangata ha e amane le likhopolo tse tloaelehileng tsa kelello le kelello tsa ho lemalla. Le ha ho le joalo, mabitso a joalo a bohlokoa a bohlokoa hobane a ka lebisa ho ho itlhompha,³² mahlomola, kapa ho batla kalafo.^3,25 Ha tsela eo "ho itšepa ho itlhahisang" e sebetsang e hlahisitseng likhang (bakeng sa puisano, sheba phuputso ea Brand et al,¹⁶ Grubbs le al,^26,31 le Fernandez et al³³), re fana ka tlhahiso ea hore e sebelisoe ka mokhoa o hlakileng haholo joalo ka ha re hlalositse pejana. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho lemalla bokhoba ho hlalosoa hamolemo e le ketso ea kelello ea ho ikenya har'a sehlopha sa batho ba lemaletseng litekanyetso, seo tekanyo ea sona e sa tlameheng ho itlhalosa ka boholo ba litlhaloso tsa boits'oaro (joalo ka khafetsa ea tšebeliso, bothata ba ho ithiba, khatello ea maikutlo, ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joalo ka mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le mathata, kapa ho lakatsa). Matšoao a joalo a ka bonts'a litlhaloso tsa bongaka tse ikhethileng, empa ha ea tlameha ho bonts'a tlhatlhobo e ikhethileng ea motho ea lemaletseng, eo ha e le hantle a ka nkang karolo ea boits'oaro bo kang ho batla kalafo.³

Tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng e hokahane le matšoao a rarahaneng a sa bonahatseng liphatlalatso tse bonolo tsa ho ba motho ea lemalloang. Letšoao lena hangata le bitsoa "ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" mme e ka kenyelletsa: (i) tšebeliso e feteletseng; (ii) liteko tse ngata, tse sa atlehang tsa ho thibela ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso; (iii) Litakatso tsa bootsoa; (iv) ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joalo ka leano la ho sebetsana le maikutlo a mabe; le (v) ho nka karolo khafetsa tšebelisong ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso leha e ka baka mahlomola kapa litlamorao tse ling tse mpe.³⁴ E hlalositsoe ka tsela ena, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e bonahatsa likhopolo tsa kelello le kelello tsa boitšoaro bo sa sebetseng (le boitšoaro bo tlatsetsang kapa bo khothalletsang) haufi haholo ho feta boits'oaro bo bobebe ba boithati ba ho lemalla. Matšoao ana a akaretsang haholoanyane ke motheo oa mekhoa eohle e nyenyefatsang ea ho hlahloba mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.³⁵ Tlhaloso e lekanyelitsoeng ea lintlha tsa boits'oaro, tse amanang le maemo le boloi tseo mehato ena e thehiloeng ho tsona e batla bonyane tekanyo ea boitlhopho ka lehlakoreng la motho ea arabang le matšoao a hlalositsoeng e kanna ea ba karolo ea litlhaloso tsa hae tsa boiketsetso. Ka lebaka lena, mokhoa o joalo oa ho lekanya o bua ka ntho e fapaneng le ena ho feta polelo ea "Ke lemaletse ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa." Ka bobeli memo ena ho hlakile hore e lokela ho etsoa lipatlisiso. Leha ho le joalo, khafetsa li khahla ka mabaka a mang (tlhaloso e ikhethileng e lebisang ho ho ikhetholla ho latela litlhaloso tse hlakileng le tse ts'epahetseng tsa matšoao a bonts'ang likhopolo tsa kelello ka nepo) mme e lokela ho aroloa ka mokhoa o hlakileng lipakeng tsa lipatlisiso ka mohlala oa PPMI le lipotso tse amanang le eona joaloka lekala lena. ea lipatlisiso e tsoela pele ho tloha sethaleng sa eona sa pele sa pele. Sena se lokela ho tlisa kutloisiso e hlokahalang haholo tšimong. Boithuto ba hona joale bo latela karohano e reriloeng.

Ho phaella moo, Grubbs et al³ lenaneong la bona la mohlala oa PPMI e hlile e bonts'a hore mohlala o lokela ho hlalosa "mathata a litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso" eseng feela maikutlo a ho lemalla. Ha re nka mabaka ana kaofela, ho bonahala ho le bohlokoa ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na mohlala oa PPMI o loketse ho hlalosa boemo bo ikhethileng ba ho lemalla le tšebeliso e pharalletseng ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Ho netefatsa katleho ea mohlala maemong ana ka bobeli ho ka tiisa le ho fana ka tšehetso e matla ea moralo oa PPMI.

Ho na le litaba tse peli mabapi le taba ena tseo, ho ea ka rona, li hlokang tlhokomelo e eketsehileng. Taba ea mantlha, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana, tumellanong le mofuta oa PPMI, boits'oaro bo hlephileng bo ka susumetsoa haholo ke litumelo tsa bolumeli. Re lumellana le ngangisano ena mme re nahana hore mohala oa lipatlisiso o ka tsoang ho eona o lokela ho phehelloa ka matla. Leha ho le joalo, re boetse re hlokomela hore kamano ea borapeli le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro bo ka beng bo ile ba susumetsoa ke lipatlisiso tsa pejana ka tsela eo boits'oaro bo bobe bo neng bo sebelisoa khafetsa ka eona. Mesebetsing ea pele ka taba ena, Grubbs et al³⁶ ba sebelisitse mochine ona ka polelo e latelang e 4: "Ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro marang-rang ho tšoenya letsoalo la ka," "Ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso inthaneteng ho senya tumelo ea ka." . ”Ke mantsoe a ho qetela ho a mane feela a sa sebetseng litumelo tsa bolumeli ka kotloloho kapa a sebelisa mantsoe a boima joalo ka letsoalo. Ho rona, polelo ea pele ho tse 'ne, e hlalositsoe ka nepo hore e bua ka phoso ea bolumeli ho feta ho hloka boitšoaro. Ha ho buuoa ka "letsoalo," ka mokhoa o tšoanang ho ka hohela tumelo. Ka tlhaho, matla a litumelo tsa bolumeli ke mohloli oa tlhaho bakeng sa mofuta ona oa ho hloka toka, empa boitšoaro, joalo ka ha bo bonts'itsoe mohlaleng oa PPMI, le bona bo lokela ho ithutoa ka ntle ho moelelo oa bolumeli, kaha bo ka ba le babapatsi ba bangata ba sa amaneng ka kotloloho le tumelo (mohlala, lipono le lipolotiki).¹⁹ Ho se amoheloe ka boitšoaro bo botle kapa ho hloka boitšoaro ho lokela ho sebetsoa ka tsela e bonts'a 'nete ena le ka tsela e ts'oanang le boikemisetso ba multisource tsa boitšoaro.

Taba ea bobeli, lipatlisisong tse ling, haholo-holo lithuto tse sebelisang liprotheine tse khutšoane, ho hloka boitšoaro ho sebelisoa ke polelo e le 'ngoe ho tse 4 tse hlalositsoeng pele "Ke lumela hore ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng ho fosahetse."²⁵ Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, polelo ena ha e khothalletse ka kotloloho moelelo oa bolumeli, ka hona, matsoenyeho a hlalosoang nakong e fetileng ha a sebetse ho ona. Leha ho le joalo, ho boetse ho na le taba e 'ngoe hape mona: mefuta ena ea litlaleho ha e ananele ho se loke ha boitšoaro, empa ho e-na le hoo e fosahetse.³⁷ Polelo ena e tsamaellana le tse ling tsa mesebetsi ea pejana e etelletsoeng pele ke Grubbs et al,^36,38 eo ho eona ho sebelisitsoeng lebitso “ho se amohele boitšoaro.” Lebaka ke makhetlo a mabeli: (i) phapano ha e na karolo ea tlhokomeliso kapa kutloisiso ea boits'oaro ba motho ho tlola melao e lumeloang (sheba thuto ea Wright²²) le (ii) lithuto tse ngata mabapi le kamano lipakeng tsa boits'oaro bo hlephileng le ho lemalla ho itšepa li ipapisitse le lithuto tse phatlalatsang hore motho o pepesehetse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro. Thibelo e joalo e ntse e lumella phapang e ngata ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho ka etsahala hore batho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata (mohlala, hanngoe kapa habeli ka selemo, kapa khafetsa) 'me ba bona litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa ka mokhoa o fosahetseng boitšoarong li ntse li se na maikutlo a ho se itšepe hobane litlolo tsa nako le nako li ka hlokomolohuoa habonolo. Mosebetsing oa morao-rao, Grubbs et al³⁷ e sebelisa boits'oaro ba boits'oaro joalo ka ha tšebelisano lipakeng tsa kamohelo ea boits'oaro le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​e leng ntlafatso e kholo. Leha ho le joalo, e bua ka ntlha ea bobeli e hlalositsoeng pejana, empa eseng ea pele, kaha mokhoa ona oa ho lekanya o ntse o sa bontše karolo ea tlhokomeliso kapa kutloisiso ea ho se hlophisehe hantle lipakeng tsa boits'oaro le melao ea hae. E le tharollo ea boemo bona, ka har'a thuto ea rona, ntle le boits'oaro bo bobe ba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​re boetse re lekantse khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le boits'oaro (bona Lisebelisoa le mekhoa karolo), e leng mohato o tobileng haholoanyane oa ho fumana ho se lumellane lipakeng tsa litloaelo le boits'oaro ba motho mme ka hona e le mohato o nepahetseng haholoanyane oa boits'oaro bo sa lokang. Re nahana hore kenyelletso ena ke katoloso e hlokahalang ea moralo oa PPMI.

Thuto ea ba arabelitsoeng e ne e le ka tsela e latelang: ea mantlha le ea mosebetsi oa matsoho (27.7%, n = 244), ea bobeli (39.8%, n = 350), le ho feta (32.5%, n = 286).

Boithati bo itšebelisang, ka mor'a lithuto tse ling sebakeng seo,^25,26 e lekantsoe ho sebelisoa ntho e le 'ngoe e tsoang ho Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory-9:⁴⁷ Ke lemaletse ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. ​​"Likarabo tsa likhetho li tloha ho 1 (ho hang ha li lumellane) ho isa ho tse 7 (ke lumellana ka botlalo).

Tšebeliso ea mathata a litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ile ea hlahlojoa ka Brief Screenography Screener (BPS³⁴), sekala sa lintho tsa 5 se etselitsoeng ho lekola matšoao a ts'ebeliso e thata ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Barupeluoa ba arabile ka sekala: 1 — Le ka mohla, 2 — Ka linako tse ling, le 3 — Hangata. Bakeng sa tlhahlobo, kakaretso ea lintlha tse fumanoeng linthong tsa BPS e ile ea tsotelloa (α = .88).

Boitšoaro ba Hypersexual bo ne bo sebetsoa ka lintlha tse akaretsang ho Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory,⁴⁸ lethathamo la lipotso tse 19 tse lekanyang matšoao a boits'oaro ba bosodoma. Likhetho tsa likarabo li ne li tloha ho 1 (Le ka mohla) ho isa ho 5 (Hangata haholo). Kakaretso ea lintlha tse fumanoeng linthong tsohle e bile lintlha tse akaretsang (α = .96).

Ts'isinyeho e bonts'itsoe ke ho qoba ho qoba, e ileng ea hlahlojoa ka lipotso tsa Brunch COPE.⁴⁹ BOPA ka bokhutšoanyane COPE e na le lintho tse 28 mme e na le lihlapiso tse 14 tse bontšang maano a fapaneng a ho sebetsana le boemo. Barupeluoa ba bile le likhetho tsa likarabo ho tloha 1 (ha ke so etse sena ho hang) ho isa ho 4 (esale ke etsa sena haholo). Kamora lithuto tse fetileng (mohlala, Schnider et al⁵⁰), re khetholle ho sebetsana ka katleho le ho qoba ho ba sehlopha sa maano a 5: ho itšitisa, ho hana, boitšoaro bo hlephileng, ho ipeha molato le ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (α = .71).

Mekhoa ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e bonts'itsoe ke khafetsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ha ba botsoa ka khafetsa ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​barupeluoa ba bile le monyetla oa ho supa hore ha ho mohla ba kileng ba kopana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bophelong ba bona (ba hlalosoa e le 0) kapa ba tšoaea e 'ngoe ea likhetho mabapi le khafetsa ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa selemong se fetileng, ho tloha ho 1 ( Ha ho mohla selemong sa ho qetela) ho isa ho 8 (Hang ka letsatsi kapa ho feta).

Bolumeli bo ile ba hlahlojoa ka lintho tsa 3 tse sebelisoang ke Grubbs et al²⁵ (“Ke inka ke le molumeli,” “Ho ba motho oa bolumeli ho bohlokoa ho nna,” le “Ke ea litšebeletsong tsa bolumeli khafetsa”). Sekala sa karabelo se fapane ho tloha 1 (ke hana haholo) ho isa ho 7 (ke lumela haholo). Kakaretso ea lintlha tse fumanoeng bakeng sa lintho tsena tsa 3 e ile ea tsotelloa molemong oa litlhahlobo (α = .94).

Ha ba botsoa mabapi le kamano ea bona ea bolumeli, barupeluoa ba bangata ba tlalehile hore ke bakatoliki (77.3%), 3.5% ba boletse hore ke litho tse ling tsa bolumeli (mohlala, Buddha, Orthodox), 10.6% ba boletse hore ha ba lumele hore Molimo o teng kapa hore ha a lumele ho Molimo, mme karolo ea 8.6% ea barupeluoa ba khethile "ha ho le e 'ngoe ea tse ka holimo ”Karabo.

Ho hanana le boits'oaro ba ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ile ha lekanyetsoa ka ntho e le 'ngoe ("Ke lumela hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e fosahetse"), kamora lipatlisiso tse ling tsa boits'oaro bo bobe e le selelekela sa bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, Grubbs et al²⁵). Sekhahla sa karabelo se ne se tsoa ho 1 (ho hana haholo) ho isa ho 7 (lumellana ka matla).

Matšoenyeho a amanang le ho hloka toka a amanang le boitšoaro a ile a hlahlojoa ka ntho e le 'ngoe: "Hangata ke ne ke ikutloa ke sa khotsofala haholo ke hobane menahano ea ka ea thobalano, menahano le boitšoaro bo ne bo sa lumellane le litumelo tsa ka tsa boitšoaro le / kapa tsa bolumeli." Barupeluoa ba ile ba araba ka bongata: 2-- "Polelo ena e bile 'nete bophelong ba ka bonyane bonyane 6 ho likhoeli tse 12 tse fetileng," 1 - "Polelo ena e ne e le' nete bophelong ba ka, empa eseng likhoeling tse 12 tse fetileng", le 0 - "Polelo ena e ne e se 'nete ho nna . ”

Ho lekola mohlala oa PPMI le ho lekola se boletsoeng esale pele, re ile ra etsa tlhahlobo ea tsela, ka tšebeliso ea IBM SPSS Amos⁵¹ sebelisa tekanyo e kholo ea menyetla. Kamora litekanyetso tse amohetsoeng ka har'a lingoliloeng, molemo oa ho lekana o ile oa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa e latelang: boleng bo lekanang ba index (CFI) bo boholo ho feta 0.95, phoso ea boholo ba moelelo oa boholo (RMSEA) e tlase ho 0.06, 'me mohato o lekanang oa bolele masala (SRMR) tlase ho 0.08.⁵²

Mehlala, mehlala e sebelisitsoeng, lipotso tsa lipatlisiso, le sebopeho sa mantlha, sa mekhoa e meraro li ile tsa ngolisoa ka mokhoa oa Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/qcwxa). Leha ho le joalo, sehloa sa tlaleho ea ho ingolisa se inehetse lipatlisisong tse ling, tse neng li ngolisitsoe ka lintlha tse phahameng. Litlhahlobo tsena, li ipapisitse le data e ts'oanang empa li araba tse fapaneng, leha ho le joalo li amana, lipotso tsa lipatlisiso, li tlalehiloe kae kapa kae.²⁷

Tafole 1 e na le lipalo-palo tse hlalosang le likamano lipakeng tsa mefuta eohle e hlahlobiloeng. Ka kakaretso, 20.5% ea bankakarolo ba sebelisitseng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bophelong ba bona (n = 880) ho isa tekanyong e itseng ba lumetse hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li fosahetse (likarabo tsa likarabo li fapana ho ea ka mokhoa o itseng li lumela ho lumela ka matla), leha e le 5.8% feela ba lumellaneng le polelo ena ka matla (ka matla lumela karabo). Mathata a ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro a sebelisa matšoao a ne a fapane hōle le ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro; khokahano lipakeng tsa lihahi tsena tse peli e ne e le r = .2 (Tafole 1).

Moetso o lekantsoeng o bontšoa ho Setšoantšo sa 1. Boitšoaro ba boithati ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ("Ke lemaletse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro") bo beoa maemong a ho fetoha ho hoholo ho batho ba itšetlehileng ka mohlala. Ho qoba ho sebetsana ka katleho le maikutlo a nepahetseng a bokhoba ba boithati (β = 0.13, P <.001), le ho ba hantle, leha e le bofokoli, ho amana le makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (β = 0.10, P = .001). Hangata litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa mokhoa o matla ka ho fetisisa oa ho itlhalosa (addiction = 0.52, P <.001) le selelekela se nepahetseng sa khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le boits'oaro (β = 0.17, P <.001). Tseleng ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng, tumelo e ne e le sesupo sa boits'oaro bo sa amoheleheng ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (β = 0.44, P <.001) mme e bile le tšusumetso e ntle mahlomoleng a amanang le boits'oaro ba boitšoaro (β = 0.16, P <.001). Bolumeli e ne e le sesupo se fokolang sa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (β = -0.09, P = .013), empa tšusumetso ea eona ho lemaleng eo motho a iponang e se ea bohlokoa (β = 0.03, P = .368). Tumellanong le se boletsoeng esale pele, boitšoaro bo nyatsang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e bile tlatsetso e mpe ho ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa (β = -0.29, P <.001) empa o ile a bolela esale pele hantle khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le boits'oaro (β = 0.19, P <.001). Ntle le moo, khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le boits'oaro e ne e le selelekela se matla, se itekanetseng sa boits'oaro ba boithati (β = 0.15, P <.001) (Setšoantšo sa 1). Ntle le moo, ho ba le khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le boits'oaro ba boits'oaro ho ne ho amana hantle le maano a ho qoba ho sebetsana ka katleho (r = 0.21, P <.001), e neng e boletsoe esale pele, leha e sa hlahisoe, ka har'a setšoantšo molemong oa ho hlaka. Moetso o hlalositse 33.9% ea phapang ea boitlhahlobo ba bokhoba ba tahi. Litekanyetso tse loketseng tsa mohlala li bonts'a ho lekana hantle haholo: χ²(3) = 9.04, (Sekhahla) P = .029, CFI = 0.992, RMSEA = 0.048, le SRMR = 0.0274.

Batho ba nang le khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le ho se sebetse hantle e amanang le boits'oaro bo botle ba tlalehetse litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ho lemalla le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Sena se tiisa boitlamo ba bangoli ba mofuta oa PPMI^3,31 mabapi le karolo eo boitšoaro bo sa lokang bo e phethang mabapi le ho etsa hore motho a ikholise²⁴ mme e e fetisetsa ho matšoao a hlakileng a sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka tšohanyetso. Leha ho le joalo, ponelopele ea mohlala ke hore ho hloka boitšoaro ho lokela ho ba ponelopele e matla ea ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta khafetsa ea tšebeliso le taolo.^3,31 e sa netefatsoang ke seo re se fumaneng. Liphetho tsa rona li tsamaisana hantle le mosebetsi oa morao-rao o bonts'ang hore khafetsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ke ponelo-pele e matla ea ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta ho hloka boitšoaro²⁶ (hape sheba thuto ea Lewczuk et al²⁷ bakeng sa tlhahlobo e entsoeng sampole e ts'oanang le thuto e teng hona joale. Hape hoa etsahala hore tšusumetso e tlase ea khatello ea maikutlo e bakoang ke ho lemalla ho lemalla bonyane tlhekefetso e bakoa ke boemo bo tlase ba boitšoaro bo nyarosang ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mohlaleng oa hona joale oa Poland, ha o bapisoa le, mohlala, mohlala tsa batho ba baholo ba US.²⁵ Thutong ea rona, 20.5% ea bankakarolo ba sebelisitseng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bophelong ba bona ba lumetse hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li fosahetse boitšoarong (likarabo tsa likarabo li fapana ho tloha "ho lumela" ho "lumela ka matla"), ha karabo e tšoanang e fanoe ke Maamerika a 24%. Ho feta moo, ho ipapisitsoe le mokhoa o ts'oanang, bankakarolo ba US ba phatlalalitse hore ke balumeli hanyane ka karolelano (M = 4.10, SD = 1.95²⁵) Ho feta barupeluoa ba Poland sampoleng ea hajoale (M = 3.81, SD = 1.84), e ka hlalosang le phello e fokolang ea tsela ea boits'oaro ea boits'oaro molemong oa boits'oaro ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho feta mofuta oa PPMI o ipapisitseng haholo le patlisiso e entsoeng ho tse boletsoeng esale pele ke US.

Ntle le moo, matšoenyeho a amanang le boitšoaro bo bobe bo neng bo amana le ho se sebetse hantle a ne a hokahane haholo le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho e-na le ho inahana ka ho lemalla. Tlhaloso e ka bang teng bakeng sa mokhoa ona ke hore, ha ho bapisoa le ho lemalla, ts'ebeliso e litšila ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e akaretsa sehlopha se pharaletseng sa litlamorao le litlamorao tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. E 'ngoe ea tsona ke maemo a molato a molato mabapi le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, e ka bang litholoana tsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang.²⁰ E 'ngoe ea lipolelo tse 5 ho BPS,³⁴ e neng e le sesupo sa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa thutong ea rona, e baleha "U ntse u tsoela pele ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa leha o ikutloa o le molato ka tsona." Kamano e teng lipakeng tsa ho its'oara joalo ka lekhoba la tlhekefetso le boits'oaro bo amanang le boits'oaro ha e haufi haholo joaloka mehleng. lithuto tse ling, tse hlahisoang ke seo re se fumaneng.

Ka mor'a moo, liphetho tsa rona ka kakaretso li netefalitse lintlha tsa ketane ea tšusumetso lipakeng tsa lintho tse amanang le boits'oaro, le ha e se ka morero. Batho ba bangata ba bolumeli ba ne ba tloaetse ho bona ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e le boitšoaro bo bobe mme ba bile le tšekamelo ea ho ba le maikutlo a ho hloka toka lipakeng tsa boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano le tumelo, maikutlo le litloaelo. Tšusumetso ea bolumeli e ne e se matla litabeng tsena, hobane mokhoa oa rona oa ho e lekanya ha o rere taba ea bolumeli ka kotloloho Selelekela karolo bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ka taba ena). Joalokaha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, mahlomola a amanang le boits'oaro-maikutlo a fosahetseng a ile a khethoa ke lintlha tse ling tsa 2: khafetsa ea boits'oaro (makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) le thibelo ea maikutlo (boits'oaro bo sa amoheleheng ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; sheba thuto ea Grubbs et al.³). Leha ho le joalo, leha tumelo le ho hloka toka li ne li bolela esale pele mahlomola a amanang le ho hloka toka, ts'ehetso ea bona e ne e lekanyelitsoe. Bolepi bo bong bo ka etsahalang bo lokela ho hlahlojoa, ka bobeli bo hokahane le mehloli e meng ea litloaelo tse ka khethollang ho se lumellane ha litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, mohlala, maikutlo a sechaba, tumelo ea mantlha^53,54 kapa makala a itseng a botšehali,⁵⁵ hammoho le lintho tse fapaneng tse amanang le temohisiso le kutloelo-bohloko ea boits'oaro bo sa sebetsaneng le litumelo, menahano, le litloaelo tse kahare (mohlala, boits'oaro, tlhokomeliso, ho ameha ka liphoso, boits'oaro, bohare ba litloaelo tse hlohlelletsang maikutlo ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tsa thobalano) . Mona, re lumellana le litlhahiso tse boletsoeng ke bangoli ba bang litlhalosong tsa bona tsa mohlala.^19,22

Ntle le moo, liphetho tsa rona li bonts'itse hore, ho laola mefuta e meng, batho ba bolumeli ba eketsehileng ba phatlalalitse maemo a phahameng a tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Tšusumetso ea bolumeli ba ts'ebeliso e mpe ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e fokola, empa e teng — e lumellanang bonyane karolo ea bohlokoa ea lithuto tsa pejana tse bonts'ang kamano e fokolang, e ntle lipakeng tsa bolumeli le matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.^25,26 (hape sheba thuto ea Lewczuk et al²⁷). Kamano e tsamaellanang ha ea ka ea fumanoa bakeng sa ho inahana ka bokhoba ba ho lemalla.

Khafetsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e le sesupo se matla sa boits'oaro ba motho ka boeena ho 1 le mathata a litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro a sebelisa mohlala oa 2. Sena se bontša hore ho itlhahloba ha mathata a amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha hoa itšetleha feela ka ho bona boitšoaro bona e le ho tlola melao ea motho. , ke hore, ha se mosebetsi oa litumelo feela (sheba puisano e ithutoang ke Humphreys⁵⁶). Karolo e kholo ea phapang e hlalosoa hamolemo ke khafetsa ea ts'ebeliso, e netefatsang mofuta oa bothata ba ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mme e ts'oana le matšoao a bonyane a linyeoe tsa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi le litloaelo tse ling tsa boits'oaro, tse sebelisoang haholo nakong ea bonyane karolo e 'ngoe ea bothata bona ke moelelo o hlakileng (sheba thuto ea Kraus et al¹ le Potenza le al⁵⁷). Khafetsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e boetse e le sesupo sa ts'ebeliso e thata ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, leha tšusumetso ea eona e ne e fokola hanyane ho feta ea ho itseba bokhoba (addiction = 0.43 vs β = 0.52). Sena sea utloahala, hobane ts'ebeliso e thata e na le pharalletseng ho feta ho itlhahloba ka bokhoba ba tahi, ho kenyelletsa eseng feela tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa empa le tahlehelo ea taolo, ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le molato le molato o amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.³⁴

Seo re se fumaneng se bonts'a hore mofuta oa PPMI o ka sebetsa e le mohlala o akaretsang oa lintho tse tlatsetsang ho italimeleng bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Leha ho le joalo, tsela ea tahlehelo e ntse e ntlafatsoa molemong oa mofuta oa hona joale oa mohlala. Sena se boetse se bontšitsoe ke bafuputsi ba bang.¹⁶ Tsela ena e lokela ho hlalosoa ka lintlha tse ling hape e atolosoe. Tlhahiso ea bona ea pele ea mohlala, Grubbs et al³ tsepamisitse maikutlo hodima mabaka a amanang le boitshwaro bo se nang phoso a hlalosang tsela ya dysregulation ntle le leseli. Mokhoa ona oa utloahala kaha ho hloka toka ke mohopolo o ka sehloohong oa mohlala. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka leo, conceptualization ea hona joale ea mohlala oa PPMI e beha lintlha tsohle tse amanang le khatello ea maikutlo (joalo ka maikutlo a ho hloka maikutlo, ho ts'oaroa, ho qobella, ho qobella) ho karolo e le 'ngoe e akaretsang le e sa hlalosoang mme e hana ho bonts'a mekhoa ea ts'usumetso lipakeng tsa lintho tsena, e ba ngolla tekanyo ea bohlokoa kapa e bonts'ang likamano lipakeng tsa lintho tse amanang le dysregulation tse amanang le boitšoaro le lintho tse amanang le ho se loke. Likamano tse joalo li buelloa ke ba bang^16,22 hape e ea bonahala tlhahlobisong ea rona, ka ha ho qoba ho sebetsana ho ne ho hokahane le khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le boits'oaro (r = 0.21, P <.001) mohlomong e bonts'a hore maano a ho qoba ho sebetsana le bothata e ka ba mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le boits'oaro bo sa lokang.

Ha mohlala oa PPMI o ne o netefalitsoe thutong ea hona joale, re fana ka maikutlo a hore e lokela ho atolosoa mme mohlomong e ntlafatsoe hape hore e be mohlala o fetelletseng, o akaretsang oo ka oona litabatabelo tse amanang le dysregation li tla tšoaroa ka tekanyo e ts'oanang ea ho ba hlokolosi joalo ka tse amanang le boits'oaro. . Ho fihlella sena, mefuta e ikhethang-joalo ka mofuta oa hona joale oa PPMI - e lokela ho kopanngwa le mehlala e pharaletseng (mohlala, mohlala oa I-PACE^12,58) tse qaqileng haholoanyane malebana le boitšoaro bo amanang le boits'oaro, empa, hajoale, ha re tsotelle karolo ea lintho tse amanang le boitšoaro. Ho bonahala eka mokhoa ona feela o ka lumellang setšoantšo se felletseng sa mabaka a susumetsang ka bobeli ho ipehela maikutlo a ho lemalla le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tse lokelang ho tlalehoa. Makala ana a mabeli a lipatlisiso ha a lokela ho ba joalo ebile ha a khone ho hola ka thoko ka lebaka la ts'usumetso ea ona e ka bang teng.^16,22 Ka lebaka la ts'ebelisano e joalo, sebopeho sa tsela ea ho se sebetse hantle se ke ke sa tiisoa hantle ha lehlakore le amanang le dysregulation le ntse le tsoela pele.

Lithutong tse tlang, matšoao a mang a taolo e akaretsang (mohlala, ho qhekella, taolo ea maikutlo a fosahetseng, ho ikemela) o lokela ho lekoa ka har'a mohlala oa PPMI ho atolosa le ho fana ka ts'ehetso e eketsehileng bakeng sa moralo o tšohliloeng. Katoloso e joalo e bonahala e boletsoe esale pele ebile e amoheloa ke bangoli ba mohlala,³¹ eo re lumellanang ka botlalo le eona.

Taba e ngoe eo re lokelang ho e supa ke hore tlhahlobo ea rona e thehiloe sampole ea batho ba bangata. E 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa nako e tlang bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse ling hape ke ho netefatsa mohlala o thehiloeng ho sampole ea tleliniki, o bona boemo ba bongaka ba matšoao a litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Sena se bohlokoa haholo hobane bohlokoa ba lintlha tse boletseng tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li ka fetola boemo ba bongaka, ha bo bapisoa le lipatlisiso tsa batho ba bangata. Lithuto tsa nako e tlang li boetse li tlameha ho sebelisa mohlala oa PPMI ho CSBD e amoheloang ho ICD-11^13,14 ha mehato ea ho hlahlobisisa bothata bona e fumaneha hore e ka sebelisoa. Re lumellana le bafuputsi ba bang ba khothalelitseng ho ithuta ho tloaela boitšoaro bo bobe ka thobalano ntle le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea bothata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa,²⁰ e ka lebisang katolosong ea mohlala ho hlalosa matšoao a akaretsang a boitšoaro ba thobalano.

Matšoenyeho a mang mabapi le ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso ea ho hloka boitšoaro bo botle khahlanong le boitšoaro bo nyatsang ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (bona Litaba le Mekhoa karolo) le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ho lemalla ho ts'oaroa ke ts'ebeliso e litšila ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho latela litlhaloso tse hlakileng tsa kalafo (joalo ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​bona leqephe. Selelekela karolo) e ile ea bonoa likarolong tse qalang tsa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

Patlisiso ea hajoale e eketsa patlisiso mabapi le mohlala oa PPMI ho moelelo o mong oa setso, e leng, Barupeluoa ba Poland. Leha ho le joalo, Poland e arolelana setso le United States joalo ka ha e le naha eo e leng ea Bokreste haholo (77.3% ea ba neng ba nkile karolo tlhatlhobisong ea hajoale ba phatlalalitse hore ke Mak'hatholike). Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho tiisa mohlala, ho latela mefuta e fapaneng ea bolumeli le setso.

Tse ling tsa meeli ea boithuto ba hona joale li ne li se li hlokometsoe (ntlha e le 'ngoe e amanang le dysregulation). Re boetse rea hlokomela hore mosebetsi o teng hona joale o ipapisitse le moralo oa lipatlisiso tse amanang le likarolo tse ling, o emelang tlhahlobo ea tataiso kapa khakanyo. Ka mantsoe a mang, leha mosebetsi o teng hona joale o tsamaisana le PPMI, ntle le ho shebella ka hloko ho hlahlojoang litšitiso tsa lintho tsena nako e telele, ho ka se khonehe ho lekola hantle mofuta oa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso. Kamora nako, ha re kenyelletsa tlhaloso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bakeng sa barupeluoa tlhahlobong ea inthanete.