Boits'oaro ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le "Tlhaloso e khethollang": E tlohelle, e tlohelle II (2021) ea Paul J. Wright

Wright, PJ  Khokahano ea ho kopanela liphate Behav 50, EA-393-399 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01922-z

“E tlohele, e tlohele

Ha e sa khona ho e thibela

E tlohele, e tlohele

Furalla o roba lemati ”(Elsa - Disney's hoammeng)

Lengolong le leng makasineng ena, ke ngotse hakhutšoaane ka likotsi tse ngata tsa mokhoa oa hajoale oa ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a boraro lipatlisisong tsa litlamorao tsa bootsoa (Wright, 2021). Ke ts'epa hore babali ba Lengolo lena ba tla bala selelekela sa eona, empa sengoloa sa eona ke hore bafuputsi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba lokela ho nka lintho tsa boraro e le tse boletsoeng esale pele (ke hore, lintho tse khethollang maqhubu le mofuta oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse jeoang), babuelli (ke hore, mekhoa e nang le litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ), Kapa batsamaisi (likarolo tsa batho le maemo a ka thibelang kapa a bebofatsa litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa),

Hoo e ka bang lilemo tse leshome morao ho hoammeng moketjaneng, kaha ke bile le morali oa ka haufinyane tjena a le lilemo li qothisanang lehlokoa le Abraham, ke ile ka qotsa Elsa ha a kopa basebetsi-'moho le nna ho "Tlohela" ea "ho ka ferekanya" paradigm mme ba fetele ho "likhakanyo, lits'ebetso le maemo a tšohanyetso". Joalokaha ke hlokometse, khothatso ena e ne e le lilemo tse 'maloa ha e etsoa mme ke ile ka ikutloa ke imolohile hore ebe qetellong ke e hlalositse.

Matsatsing a latelang, leha ho le joalo, mohopolo oa "khoebo e sa phethoang" o ile oa totobala le ho feta. Ke ne ke tseba hore ho na le molaetsa o mong o salang o hlokang ho hlahisoa. Ho retelehela ho Frozen II hajoale bakeng sa ts'usumetso (joalo ka ha morali oa ka a fetetse ho Elsa le boiphihlelo bo latelang ba Anna), ke qotsa Anna mme ke khothaletsa basebetsi-'moho le 'na hore ba bone booatla ba mantsoe a hae joalo ka ha a sebelisoa kopanong ea "khethollo ea ho itlhahisa e le tlhaloso e' ngoe" sefapanong - litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li hlahisa lipatlisiso.

Mokhoa o thata oa hajoale

“Lintho tse ling ke 'nete kamehla; Lintho tse ling ha li fetohe ”

(Anna - Frozen II ea Disney)

Joalokaha 'mali e mong le e mong a tloaelane le likarolo tsa lipuisano tsa litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ke tiiso ea hore bangoli ba tla hlokomelisa hore mokhatlo o fe kapa o fe oo ba o fumaneng lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa o sebelisa (X) le tumelo, maikutlo, kapa boitšoaro tlasa thuto (Y) e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la "khethollo" (ke hore, batho ba seng ba ntse ba na le tumelo, maikutlo, kapa boits'oaro bo hohelang litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano tse li bonts'ang) eseng botsoalle ba batho ba etsang thobalano (ke hore, batho ba susumetsoang ke litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano ho tataiso ea tumelo, maikutlo, kapa boitšoaro). Ka mantsoe a mang, bangoli ba tla amohela boemo ba hore leha maqephe a likhang tsa mohopolo le a thuto a nehetse ho lokafatsa X → Y e matla karolong ea bona ea ho lekola lingoliloeng, ho ka etsahala joalo Y → X. Joale mongoli o tla kopa "lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele" ho "rarolla" tataiso ea kamano. Tlhatlhobo ea likarolo tsa lipuisano ho tloha lilemong le lilemong tse fetileng ho fihlela kajeno ho senola hore ke "'nete kamehla" hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro - mekhatlo ea sephetho e ka ba teng ka lebaka la khethollo e khethollang joalo ka botsoalle ba thobalano; sena "ha se fetohe," ho qotsa Anna.

Sena ke 'nete, ha se lumellane le mahlale. Ha ho letho le "lulang e le 'nete" mahlale, hobane tsebo ea mahlale "ea fetoha" joalo ka ha tsebo e ncha e hlahisoa. Ho ea ka Arendt le Matthes (2017), "Saense e bokellana ka kutloisiso ea hore thuto ka 'ngoe e haha ​​holim'a mosebetsi o fetileng" (leq. 2). Ho ea ka Hocking le Miller (1974), "Bo-rasaense ha baa lokela ho qala lipatlisiso ho tloha qalong. Ba ka aha hodima mmele wa tsebo e fetileng ”(leq. 1). Ho ea ka Sparks (2013), saense e "bulehile hore e fetoloe - ha nako e ntse e feta, ho ka lebelloa bopaki bo bocha ho ntlafatsa mekhoa e teng ea ho nahana ka ketsahalo" (leq. 14).

Joalokaha 'mali e mong le e mong a tloaelane le likarolo tsa lipuisano tsa litlamorao tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ke tiiso ea hore bangoli ba tla hlokomelisa hore mokhatlo o fe kapa o fe oo ba o fumaneng lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa o sebelisa (X) le tumelo, maikutlo, kapa boitšoaro tlasa thuto (Y) e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la "khethollo" (ke hore, batho ba seng ba ntse ba na le tumelo, maikutlo, kapa boits'oaro bo hohelang litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano tse li bonts'ang) eseng botsoalle ba batho ba etsang thobalano (ke hore, batho ba susumetsoang ke litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano ho tataiso ea tumelo, maikutlo, kapa boitšoaro). Ka mantsoe a mang, bangoli ba tla amohela boemo ba hore leha maqephe a likhang tsa mohopolo le a thuto a nehetse ho lokafatsa X → Y e matla karolong ea bona ea ho lekola lingoliloeng, ho ka etsahala joalo Y → X. Joale mongoli o tla kopa "lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele" ho "rarolla" tataiso ea kamano. Tlhatlhobo ea likarolo tsa lipuisano ho tloha lilemong le lilemong tse fetileng ho fihlela kajeno ho senola hore ke "'nete kamehla" hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro - mekhatlo ea sephetho e ka ba teng ka lebaka la khethollo e khethollang joalo ka botsoalle ba thobalano; sena "ha se fetohe," ho qotsa Anna.

Sena ke 'nete, ha se lumellane le mahlale. Ha ho letho le "lulang e le 'nete" mahlale, hobane tsebo ea mahlale "ea fetoha" joalo ka ha tsebo e ncha e hlahisoa. Ho ea ka Arendt le Matthes (2017), "Saense e bokellana ka kutloisiso ea hore thuto ka 'ngoe e haha ​​holim'a mosebetsi o fetileng" (leq. 2). Ho ea ka Hocking le Miller (1974), "Bo-rasaense ha baa lokela ho qala lipatlisiso ho tloha qalong. Ba ka aha hodima mmele wa tsebo e fetileng ”(leq. 1). Ho ea ka Sparks (2013), saense e "bulehile hore e fetoloe - ha nako e ntse e feta, ho ka lebelloa bopaki bo bocha ho ntlafatsa mekhoa e teng ea ho nahana ka ketsahalo" (leq. 14).

Haeba ho ne ho se na lithuto tsa nako e telele tse bapisang botsoalle le thobalano le litlhaloso tse khethollang, ho ka utloahala hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li hlahise tse latelang e le tlhaloso e utloahalang bakeng sa mekhatlo e meholo eo ba e fumaneng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le sephetho. (s) ba ithutile. Ha ke se ke phatlalalitse lipampiri tsa bolelele bo bolelele bo nang le mapheo a mangata tse fumanang bopaki ba botsoalle ba botona le botšehali empa li sa khethollehe, kea tseba hore ho na le lithuto tse joalo. Boithuto bo bolelele bo bolelele bo sebelisang lintlha tsa phanele ho li bapisa ka kotloloho X → Y 'me Y → X litlhaloso tsa tataiso ea tataiso ea XY kamano. Hobane maemo a pejana a moelelo a kenyellelitsoe e le covariate, mokhatlo oa bohlokoa o lebelletsoeng o supa hore sebui se amahanngoa le phetoho ea motho ka mong molemong oa nako.

Ho bona hore na ho na le lithuto tse ling ntle le tsa ka, ke ile ka etsa lipatlisiso ho Google Scholar ke sebelisa lipoleloana tse latelang: (1) "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" "pepeso e khethang" "cross-lagged" le (2) "pornography" "etsolla" “O holofetse.” Hobane matla ka bobeli a ka bapala (Slater, 2015), Ke ile ka boela ka batlisisa "litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro" "tse ts'oanang" "tse lahliloeng".

Liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsena li hokahantsoe Lethathamong 1. Har'a lithuto tse 25, bongata (14) bo fumane bopaki ba botsoalle bo amanang le thobalano feela; litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro pejana li ne li bolela esale pele sephetho se le seng kapa tse ling tse ithutoang, empa puisano e ne e se joalo (ke hore, maemo a pele a sephetho kapa sephetho ha a ka a bolela esale pele ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hamorao). Liphuputso tse leshome li fumane bopaki ba ho fetoha ka mokhoa o ikhethileng (ke hore, litabatabelo tsa pejana li etsa hore batho ba bang ba be le monyetla oa ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho feta ba bang mme batho bana ba ile ba angoa hamorao ke ho pepeseha ha bona). Phuputso e le 'ngoe feela e fumane bopaki ba ho khetha-pepesa feela. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe, mokhoa oa likamano ka kakaretso o fane ka maikutlo a hore ho na le tšusumetso e tšoanang kapa ha ho na tšusumetso ka lehlakoreng le leng.

Hape ho hlokomeloang ke lithuto tsa phanele ea longitudinal tse fumaneng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa → mekhatlo ea sephetho, kamora ho ikarabella bakeng sa maemo a pejana a sephetho. Mehlala ea lithuto tse joalo e thathamisitsoe ho Tafole 2. Joaloka Collins et al. (2004) e boletse ho e 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa pele tsa bolelele ba bolelele ba litlamorao tsa thobalano mecheng ea litaba, "litlhahlobo tsa rona tse laoloang bakeng sa boemo ba thobalano ba bacha lilemong tsa mantlha, li fana ka tlhaloso ea sesosa sa phetoho ea seo re se fumaneng se sa utloahale" (leq. 287).

Ka kakaretso, khopolo ea hore likamano tse kholo lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo, maikutlo le boits'oaro lithutong tse arohaneng li ka bakoa ka botlalo ke khethollo e khahlanong le bopaki bo bokelletsoeng mme e ka tšehetsoa feela ke filosofi (ho loants'a qotsulo Arendt & Matthes, 2017; Hocking & Miller, 1974; Sparks, 2013) ho tiisa hore mahlale ha a bokelle 'me thuto ka' ngoe ke sekhechana se ikemetseng se ikemetseng ka bo sona; hore bo-rasaense ba tlameha ho qala qalong ka thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe - ba ke ke ba haha ​​holim'a 'mele oa tsebo e fetileng; le hore mahlale ha a na monyetla oa ho fetoloa - ho sa tsotelehe ho feta ha nako le bopaki bo bocha, mekhoa ea ho nahana ka ketsahalo ha ea lokela ho nchafatsoa.

Litlhahiso ho Bangoli, Bahlophisi le Bahlahlobisisi

Ho fanoe ka tse kaholimo, ke khothaletsa tse latelang ho bangoli, bahlophisi, le bahlahlobi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li etsa lipatlisiso tsa ho fumana hore ho na le litloaelano tse boletsoeng esale pele pakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litumelo, maikutlo le boits'oaro.

bangodi: Se ke oa bolela hore ho itlhahisa ka mokhoa o khethollang ke tlhaloso e 'ngoe e utloahalang e tšoanang bakeng sa seo u se fumaneng. Haeba bahlahlobi le bahlophisi ba u batla, ba fe lengolo lena. Haeba ba ntse ba e batla, ngola polelo e tlamang e lokelang ho phatlalatsoa ea "pehelo" ka tsela e tla u lokolla mohopolong ona o senang tsebo mme u supe Lengolo lena.

Bahlahlobi: Se ke oa kopa bangoli hore ba bolele hore tlhahiso e khethiloeng ke e 'ngoe e ka utloisisoang bakeng sa liphetho tsa bona ntle le haeba o ka hlalosa ka kotloloho hore na hobaneng tlhaiso-leseling ea bona le lintlha tse fumanoeng e le nyeoe e ikhethileng le e ncha hoo bopaki bo bokellaneng ho fapana le hoo bo sa sebetseng. Ka lebaka la boemo ba lingoliloeng, boikarabello bo ho uena ho hlalosa hore na hobaneng botsoalle ba bootsoa boo bangoli ba bo hlalosang bo hlile bo khetha feela. Haeba bangoli ba etsa polelo ka bobona, ba bonts'a hore ba e tlose ebe ba ba lebisa lengolong lena.

Bahlophisi: Ho hatella bahlahlobi ba sa tsebeng letho ba batlang hore bangoli ba etse tlhokomeliso e khethollang. Tsebisa bangoli ba Lengolo lena 'me u fane ka maikutlo a hore le ha ho ka etsoa nyeoe ea matla a lekanang, nyeoe ea ho pepeseha ka boikhethelo e ke ke ea khonahala ha ho fanoa ka boemo ba lingoliloeng hajoale.

Tafole 1 - Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse telele tse nang le sefapano li hlahisa lithuto ha li bapisoa le botsoalle le thobalano le litlhaloso tse khethollang

Tafole ea 2 - Lithuto tse amanang le thobalano le batho ba bangata ka nako e telele

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  1. van Oosten, JM (2016). Litaba tsa inthanete tse hlalosang thobalano le ho se ts'oanehe ka thobalano ha bacha: Karolo ea boits'oaro-boits'oaro bo kopaneng. Litlaleho tsa Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 45, 1011-1022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0594-1.

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  1. van Oosten, JM, Peter, J., & Vandenbosch, L. (2017). Ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano ea bacha le boikemisetso ba ho etsa thobalano e sa reroang: Likamano tse fapaneng le lits'ebetso tsa motheo. Patlisiso ea Puisano ea Batho, 43, 127-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12098.

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  1. van Oosten, JM, & Vandenbosch, L. (2020). Ho bolela esale pele boikemisetso ba ho etsa thobalano e sa lumellaneng: Karolo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le mehopolo ea thobalano. Litlaleho tsa Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 49, 1121-1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01580-2.

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  1. Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2013). Liwebosaete tse hlalosang thobalano le qalo ea thobalano: Likamano tse ikarabellang le karolo e itekanetseng ea boemo ba bohlankana. Journal ea Patlisiso ka Bocha, 23, 621-634. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12008.

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  1. Vandenbosch, L., & van Oosten, JM (2017). Kamano lipakeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng le khanyetso ea basali ea thobalano: Karolo e fokotsang ea thuto ea ho bala le ho ngola ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tlaleho ea Khokahano, 67, 1015-1036. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12341.

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  1. Vandenbosch, L., & van Oosten, JM (2018). Ho hlalosa kamano lipakeng tsa thepa ea inthanete e totobetseng ka tsa thobalano le thobalano e sa reroang: Moetso oa mehato e 'meli oa ho kena lipakeng. Litlaleho tsa Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 47, 1465-1480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1145-8.

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  1. Vandenbosch, L., van Oosten, JM, & Peter, J. (2018). Litaba tsa inthanete tse totobetseng ka thobalano le boits'oaro ba bacha ba ho kopanela liphate: Likarolo tsa boiketlo ba thabo le ts'ebeliso e lemohuoang. Psychology ea Media, 21, 50-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1361842.

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  1. Ward, LM, Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2015). Kameho ea limakasine tsa banna holima khanyetso ea bashanyana le tumelo ea lefereho. Tlaleho ea Bacha, 39, 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.12.004.

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  1. Wright, PJ (2012). Tlhatlhobo ea nako e telele ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo ba US: Ho tloaelana le batho ba amanang le thobalano, ho itlhahisa ka boikhethelo, le karolo ea boipheliso ea ho se thabe. Tlaleho ea Media Psychology, 24, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000063.

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  1. Wright, PJ (2013). Tlhatlhobo ea bolelele ba maqhubu a mararo ea litumelo tse neng li le teng, ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho fetoha ha maikutlo. Litlaleho tsa Khokahano, 26, 13-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2013.773053.

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  1. Wright, PJ (2015). Maikutlo a MaAmerika mabapi le thobalano pele ho lenyalo le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: Tlhatlhobo ea sehlopha sa naha. Litlaleho tsa Boitšoaro ba Botona le Botšehali, 44, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0353-8.

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  1. Wright, PJ (2021). Ho laola ka mokhoa o fetelletseng lipatlisisong tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro: E tlohelle e tlohele… [Lengolo le Eang ho Mohlophisi]. Litlaleho tsa Boits'oaro ba Botona le Botšehali. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01902-9.

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  1. Wright, PJ, & Bae, S. (2013). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo mabapi le bosodoma: Thuto ea naha e telele. Patlisiso ea Puisano ea Batho, 39, 492-513. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12009.

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  1. Wright, PJ, & Bae, S. (2015a). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa batho ba baholo ba US le maikutlo a bona mabapi le phihlello ea bacha ea taolo ea bokhachane: Phuputso ea sehlopha sa naha. International Journal ea Bophelo bo Botle ba Botona le Botšehali, 27, 69-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2014.944294.

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  1. Wright, PJ, & Bae, S. (2015b). Phuputso ea naha ea bochaba ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a bong mabapi le basali. Thobalano le Setso, 1, 444-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-014-9264-z.

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  1. Wright, PJ, & Funk, M. (2014). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le khanyetso ea bohato ba ho tiisa basali: Motho ea ka ithutang teng. Psychology ea Basali nako le nako, 38, 208-221. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684313498853.

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  1. Wright, PJ, & Randall, AK (2014). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​thuto le ts'ehetso ea lenyalo la bong bo tšoanang hara banna ba baholo ba Amerika. Patlisiso ea Puisano, 41, 665-689. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650212471558.

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  1. Wright, PJ, & Tokunaga, RS (2018a). Ho hokahanya tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ts'ehetsa phihlello ea bacha ea thibelo ea bokhachane: Liphetho tse akaretsang ho tsoa lipatlisisong tse ngata tsa naha tse arohaneng le tse telele. International Journal ea Bophelo bo Botle ba Botona le Botšehali, 30, 111-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2018.1451422.

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  1. Wright, PJ, & Tokunaga, RS (2018b). Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​tokoloho ea thobalano, le ts'ehetso ea ho ntša mpa United States: Liphetho tse akaretsang li tsoa lipatlisisong tse peli tsa naha. Psychology ea Media, 21, 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1267646.

Sehlooho se  Google Setsebi

  1. Wright, PJ, Tokunaga, RS, & Bae, S. (2014). Ho feta kopano? Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maikutlo a thobalano kantle ho lenyalo hara batho ba baholo ba nyetseng ba US. Psychology ea Mecha ea Mecha ea Boitsebiso, 3, 97-109. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000024.

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