Litšila Tsa Bootsoa: Maikutlo a Neuroscience (2011)

COMMENTS: (Sheba lihlahisoa tsa likhang ka lihlopha tsa leqephe.) Khang ea mantlha mona e ts'oana le sebaka sa rona sa marang-rang: Ebang ke boits'oaro kapa lik'hemik'hale, litlolo tsohle li kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tse ts'oanang le neurocircuitry. Khatiso ena ea ngaka e sebetsanang le methapo ea kutlo le mosebetsi 'moho le eona e shebane haholo le boikaketsi, e leng thibelo le ho fokotsa boholo / ts'ebetso ea lobes e ka pele. E amahanngoa le ho felloa ke matla a ho laola litšusumetso tse tsoang tsamaisong ea boko. Boemo bona (boikaketsi) bo fumanoa lithethefatsi, lijo le lithethefatsi tsa thobalano. Hape ho buuoang ka DeltaFosB, k'hemik'hale e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho lemalla boitšoaro le lik'hemik'hale. Liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bonts'a DeltaFosB e phahama ka boiphihlelo ba thobalano, mme maemo a holimo a amahanngoa le bosodoma.


Litšila Tsa Bootsoa: Tlhahlobo ea Neuroscience

Donald L. Hilton, Clark Watts 

  1. Lefapha la Neurosurgery, Setsi sa Univesithi ea Texas Health Science e San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
  2. Lefapha la Neurosurgery, Univesithi ea Texas School of Law, Austin, TX, USA

Aterese ea ho ngollana:
Clark Watts
Lefapha la Neurosurgery, Univesithi ea Texas School of Law, Austin, TX, USA

DOI:10.4103 / 2152-7806.76977

© 2011 Hilton DL Ena ke sehlooho se bulehileng sa ho finyelloa tlas'a melao ea License ea Creative Commons Attribution, e lumellang ho sebelisoa, ho abeloa, le ho thibela mekhoa e sa thibelang, ho sa tsotellehe hore na mongoli oa pele le mohloli ke mang.

Tsela ea ho qotsa sehlooho sena: Hilton DL, Watts C. Ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: Pono ea kelello. Surg Neurol Int 21-Feb-2011; 2: 19

Tsela ea ho qotsa URL: Hilton DL, Watts C. Ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa: Pono ea kelello. Surg Neurol Int 21-Feb-2011; 2: 19. E fumaneha ho tloha: http://surgicalneurologyint.com/surgicalint_articles/pornography-addiction-a-neuroscience-perspective/

Tlhahiso e kholo ea tlhaloso ena ke hore lithethefatsi tsohle li bōpa, ho phaella ho liphetoho tsa lik'hemik'hale bokoeng, liphetoho tsa anatomical le pathological tse tlisoang ke ponahalo e fapaneng ea ho se sebetse ha masapo ka hohle e ngotsoeng li-syndromes tsa boikaketsi. Li-syndromes tsena, bokooa bo ka sehloohong, bo fokotsoang tlhaloso ea eona e bonolo ka ho fetisisa, ke tšenyo ea "tsamaiso ea braking" ea boko. Li tsejoa haholo ke bo-rasaense ba litsebi tsa methapo ea mafu, haholo-holo litsebi tsa methapo ea mafu le li-neurosurgeon, kaha li boetse li bonoa ka lihlahala, likoti le mahlomola. Ha e le hantle, ka tsela ea tlhaho, ho lahleheloa ke mekhoa ena ea ho laola ka ho toba ho bonahala eka ho latela ts'oaetso, e bontšoang ke ho hlajoa ha lirafshoa tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho bona meriana ea MRI ka nako e telele.

Le hoja likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa syndromes ea boikaketsi-ho se tsotelle, ho qobella, ho ba le maikutlo a maikutlo, ho ahloloa ke mathata-ho hlalosoa hantle, boholo ba mokhoa ona ha bo tsejoe. Tšobotsi e 'ngoe e hlahelang ea linaha tsena tsa boikaketsi ke ho tšoana ha bona le ho fumanoa ho bakuli ba lemalang. Ha a bua ka boikaketsi, Fowler et al a. "Liphuputso tsa batho ba lemalloang li bontša ho fokotseha mosebetsi oa cellular ho orbitofrontal cortex, sebaka sa boko ... [ho itšetlehile ka] ... ho etsa liqeto, ho e-na le ho ba le maikutlo a sa tsitsang. Bakuli ba nang le likotsi tse tebileng sebakeng sena sa boko ba bontša mathata-ho ba bohale, ho ba le kahlolo e fosahetseng ea liphello tsa nakong e tlang, ho se khone ho thibela likarabo tse sa tšoaneng tse tšoanang le tse hlokometsoeng ba sebelisang lithethefatsi hampe."[ 8 ] (a hatisoa ka holimo).

Ka 2002, phuputso ea ho lemala ha k'hok'heine e ile ea bontša ho lahleheloa ha molumo o lekanyelitsoeng libakeng tse 'maloa tsa boko, ho akarelletsa le lobes e ka pele. [ 9 ] Mekhoa ea ho ithuta e ne e le protocol e thehiloeng ho MRI, morphometry e thehiloeng ho voxel (VBM), moo lik'hilograma tsa 1 tsa boko li lekantsoeng le ho bapisoa. Thuto e 'ngoe ea VBM e phatlalalitsoe ka 2004 ka methamphetamine, e nang le se fumanoang haholo. [ 27 ] Ha li ntse li thahasellisa, liphuputso tsena li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa hlolla ho rasaense kapa moemeli, kaha tsena ke "lithethefatsi tsa sebele" tse sebelisitsoeng hampe. Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho hlokomelehile hore ho lemalla joala ho ka hlahisa phetoho e ts'oanelang, ea tlhaho ho bokong.

Lintho tse ling tse rutang ke tse ling tse fumanoang ka ho hlekefetsoa ka boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng ba likokoana-hloko, ho ja, ho lebisa ho lemalla le botenya. Ka 2006, thuto ea VBM e hatisitsoe ka ho toba ka botenya, 'me liphello li ne li tšoana le lithuto tsa cocaine le methamphetamine. [ 20 ] Thuto ea botenya e ile ea bontša likarolo tse ngata tsa tahlehelo ea lentsoe, haholo-holo li-lobes tse ka pele, libaka tse amanang le kahlolo le taolo. Thuto ena ke ea bohlokoa ha ho bontšoa tšenyo e bonahalang ka ho lemala ha tlhaho, ho fapana le ho lemalla lithethefatsi tse sa tloaelehang. Ho feta moo, ho bonolo ho amohela intuitively hobane liphello tsa ho ja haholo li ka bonoa ho motho ea mahlomoleng.

Ho ja, ha e le hantle, ke habohlokoa hore motho a phele, e le hore a phele ka mefuta eo. Mosebetsi o mong o hlokahalang bakeng sa ho pholoha ha mofuta ona ke thobalano, tlhaloso e lebisang letotong la lipotso tse utloahalang tse nkiloeng mosebetsing oa botenya. Na lintho tse fumanoeng tabeng ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi li tla bonahala ka boitšoaro bo feteletseng ba ho kopanela liphate? Na ho kopanela liphate ho ka lemalla ka tsela ea kelello? Haeba ho joalo, na ho na le moo ho amanang le liphetoho tsa mokhoa oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi bokong bo bonoang ka lithethefatsi tse ling? Phuputso ea morao-rao e tšehetsa bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba hore boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho kopanela liphate bo ka lemalla. Ho 2007, thuto ea VBM e tsoang Jeremane e ne e sheba ka ho khetheha ho pedophilia, 'me e bontšitse hoo e batlang e le ho fumanoa ka cocaine, methamphetamine le lithuto tsa botenya haholo. 25 ] E qetella ka lekhetlo la pele hore ho qobelloa ho kopanela liphate ho ka baka phetoho ea 'mele, ea anatomic bokong, e leng pontšo ea ho lemalla boko. Phuputso ea pele e bontšitse ho se sebetse ka ho toba ho bakuli ba sitoang ho laola boitšoaro ba bona ba thobalano. [ 16 ] Phuputso ena e sebelisitse MRI e fapaneng ho hlahloba mosebetsi oa phetisetso ea methapo ea mali ka taba e tšoeu. E ile ea bontša ho sa tloaeleha sebakeng se phahameng ka ho fetisisa, sebaka se amanang le ho qobelloa.

Lilemo tse leshome tse fetileng Dr. Howard Shaffer oa Harvard o ngotse, "Ke ne ke e-na le bothata bo boholo le basebetsi-'moho le 'na ha ke ne ke etsa tlhahiso ea hore ho lemala haholo ke phello ea phihlelo ... ho pheta-pheta, maikutlo a phahameng, phihlelo ea maqhubu a phahameng. Empa ho hlakile hore ho ba le mekhoa e metle-ke hore, liphetoho tse tsamaeang ka mahlakore a macha a marang-rang a thusang ho ntlafatsa boitšoaro-li etsahala le ha ho se na lithethefatsi. "[ 13 ] Haufinyane tjena o ngotse, "Le hoja ho ka khoneha ho pheha khang ka hore na re lokela ho kenyelletsa lithethefatsi kapa mekhoa ea ho lemalla 'musong oa tahi, ka kakaretso ha ho na khethollo. Feela joalokaha tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse tloaelehileng e fokotsa limolek'hule tse iketselletsang ho fumana libaka tse fumanoang ka har'a boko, mesebetsi ea batho e etsa hore methapo ea li-neurotransmitter e hlahe ka tlhaho. Mesebetsi ea lintho tsena tse tloaelehileng tse hlahang kelellong e ka 'na ea etsoa e le ba bohlokoa ba lipakeng tsa ba bangata ba sebetsanang le lithethefatsi. "[ 24 ]

Ka 2005, Dr. Eric Nestler o ile a ngola pampiri e ikhethileng e buang ka ho lemalla ho lemalla ho lemalla ho lemalla ho lemalla lits'ebeletso tsa bokooa. Tlhekefetso e etsahala ha litsela tsa boithabiso / moputso li koaletsoe ke lithethefatsi tse sa tloaelehang tse kang cocaine kapa opioids, kapa ka mekhoa ea tlhaho e hlokahalang ebile e na le tšobotsi ea ho phela joaloka lijo le thobalano. Ts'ebetso e tšoanang ea dopaminergic e kenyeletsa sebaka sa ventral tegmental le lisebelisoa tsa eona ho nucleus accumbens le litsi tse ling tse hlaselang. O ile a ngola a re, "Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo bontša hore litsela tsa VTA-NAc le libaka tse ling tsa limbicu tse boletsoeng ka holimo li na le liphello tse ntle tsa maikutlo tsa litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho, tse kang lijo, thobalano le likamano tsa sechaba. Libaka tsena li boetse li kenyelelitsoe ho seo ho thoeng ke 'lithethefatsi tsa tlhaho' (ke hore, ho qobelloa ho sebelisoa ha litlhapi tsa tlhaho) tse kang ho kula haholo, papali ea papali ea chelete le lithethefatsi tsa thobalano. Liphuputso tsa pele li fana ka maikutlo a hore litsela tse arolelanoang li ka ameha: (mohlala ke ts'ebetso e kholo) e hlahang pakeng tsa meputso ea tlhaho le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. "[ 18 ]

Tlhokomelo ena ea ho sebetsana (kapa tlhaho) ea ho lemalla e hloka ho lebisoa tlhokomelo ea ho se sebetse ka mokhoa o ts'oanang oa matla mokhoeng oa mahlo. Feela joalokaha lithethefatsi tse sebelisoang ka mokhoa o ts'oarellang li baka ho fokotsa li-receptor tsa dopamine ka nucleus accumbens e lemalla, bopaki bo tšehetsa li-neurotransmitters tse sebetsang ka nako e telele tse bakang mafu a tšoanang.

Royal Society ea London, e thehiloeng ho 1660s, e phatlalatsa khatiso ea khale ka ho fetisisa ea saense lefatšeng. Khatisong e sa tsoa feta ea Litšebelisano tsa Bofilosofi tsa Royal Society, boemo ba hona joale ba kutloisiso ea ho lemala bo ile ba tlalehoa joalokaha bo ne bo tšohliloe ke tse ling tsa lithethefatsi tse lebisang lefats'eng bo-rasaense sebokeng sa Mokhatlo. Sehlooho sa koranta ea tlaleho ea seboka e ne e le "Leurobiology ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi-li-vistas tse ncha." Ho thahasellisang ke hore lihlooho tsa 17, tse peli li ne li amehile haholo ka bopaki ba ho lemalla tlhaho: papali ea papali ea chelete [ 23 ] le ho ja haholo. [ 28 ] Pampiri ea boraro, e buang ka mefuta ea liphoofolo ea ho lemalla lithethefatsi le tsa tlhaho, e amanang le DeltaFosB. [ 19 ] DeltaFosB ke protheine e ithutoang ke Nestler e bonahalang eka e fetisitsoe ka holimo ho li-neurons tsa lihlooho tse tsitsitseng. E ne e fumanoa ka lekhetlo la pele liphileng tsa liphoofolo tse ithutoang ho lemalla lithethefatsi [ 17 ] empa joale e fumanoe nucleus accumbens e amanang le ho feta-ho sebelisoa ha moputso oa tlhaho. [ 18 ] Koranta ea morao-rao ea lipatlisiso tsa DeltaFosB le karolo ea eona ea ho sebelisoa ho feta melemo e 'meli ea tlhaho, ho ja le ho kopanela liphate e phetha ka ho re: ... mosebetsi o hlahisitsoeng mona o fana ka bopaki ba hore, ntle le lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso, litlhohonolofatso tsa tlhaho li etsa hore maqhubu a FosB a Nac ... litholoana tsa rona li phahamisa monyetla oa hore ho kenoa ha ΔFosB ho NAc ho ka sebelisana feela le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa ho lemalla lithethefatsi, empa hape le likarolo tsa seo ho thoeng ke lithethefatsi tsa tlhaho tse amanang le ho qobelloa ho sebelisoa ha melemo ea tlhaho. 29 ]

 

Tse ling tsa bohlokoa haholo ke lipampiri tsa morao-rao tse hatisitsoeng ka 2010 tse hlalosang phello ea ho kopanela liphate ka ho sebelisa tsitsipano. Phuputsong e le 'ngoe, phihlelo ea thobalano e bontšitsoe ho etsa liphetoho li-spin neurons tse bohareng ba nucleus accumbens tse tšoanang le tse bonoang ka lithethefatsi tsa tlhekefetso. 21 ] Phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore ho kopanela liphate ho eketsa haholo DeltaFosB nucleus accumbens,' me e phetha karolo ea ho ba mokena-lipakeng oa mohopolo oa moputso oa tlhaho. Phuputso ena e boetse e fumane hore tlhaloso e feteletseng ea DeltaFosB e bakile lefu la hypersexual. [ 22 ] Joalokaha Dr. Nestler a boletse, DeltaFosB e ka ba "setsi sa bohlokoa sa ho hlahloba boemo ba ho potoloha ha moputso oa motho, hammoho le tekanyo eo motho a lemaletseng ho eona, ka bobeli nakong ea tsoelo-pele ea ho lemala le ho fokotsa butle-butle ho fokola nakong ea ho tlosoa ho itseng kapa kalafo. "[ 22 ]

Dr. Nora Volkow, Mookameli oa Setsi sa Sechaba sa Tlhekefetso ea Lithethefatsi (NIDA), 'me e mong oa bo-rasaense ba hatisitsoeng le ba hlomphehang ka ho fetisisa tšimong ea tahi ke ho hlokomela phetoho ea kutloisiso ea tlhaho, ho buella ho fetola lebitso la e leng NIDA ho Mokhatlo oa Sechaba oa Mafu a Ho lemalla, joalokaha ho qotsitsoe koranteng Science: "Mookameli oa NIDA Nora Volkow le eena o na le maikutlo a hore lebitso la setsi sa hae se lokela ho kenyeletsa lithethefatsi tse kang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, papali ea chelete, le lijo, "moeletsi oa NIDA, Glen Hanson, o re. 'O rata ho romela molaetsa oo [re lokelang] ho sheba tšimo eohle.' "[ 7 ] (a hatisoa ka holimo).

Ka bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba hore ho ja haholo ho ka ba ts'oaetso ea sebele joaloka ho hlalosoa ke liphetoho tse lekaneng, tse netefatsang litsing tsa botsitso tsa limbic, tlhokomelo ea rona bothateng bona e eketseha ka mokhoa o nepahetseng. Leha ho le joalo, ho kopanela liphate, le likamano tsa eona tsa boitšoaro, ho sebetsanoa haholo ka mokhoa o fapaneng le moqoqong oa saense. Sena se ne se bonahala ka morao ho phuputso ea Hogg e phatlalalitsoeng ho 1997, e ileng ea bontša ho fokotseha ha selemo sa 20 bophelong ba banna ba ratanang le basodoma. 12 ] Bangoli, bao ho bonahalang eka ba ikutloa ba hatelloa ke sechaba, ba ile ba fana ka tlhaloso e le hore ba se ke ba ngoloa seo ba se bitsang "ba ratanang le ba bang." [ 11 ] Hore makasine ea saense e tla phatlalatsa tšoarelo e joalo ea mefuta e boetse ea bohlokoa. Leha ho le joalo, re lumela ka motheo o etselitsoeng pele ke nako ea ho qala lipuisano tse tebileng tsa ho lemalla thobalano le likarolo tsa eona tse kang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Sepheo sa DSM-5, se reretsoeng ho hatisa ka May oa 2014, se na le phapanyetsong ena e ncha ho fumanoa ka Hypersexual Disorder, e akarelletsang bothata, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng. 1 ] Bostwick le Bucci, tlalehong ea bona e tsoang Mayo Clinic ha ba sebetsana le ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Inthanete le naltrexone, ba ngola "... likamano tsa lik'homphieutha (litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro) tse bakoang ke lithethefatsi, ho ba le tšusumetso e mpe ea lithethefatsi tse seng tsa lithethefatsi , le ho fokotsa thahasello ea ho phehella mesebetsi e laoloang ke pakane e bohareng ba ho pholoha. "[ 3 ]

Litabeng tsa bootsoa tsa lefatse la 2006 li ne li le liranta tse libilione tsa 97, ho feta Microsoft, Google, Amazon, eBay, Yahoo, Apple le Netflix tse kopaneng. 14 ] Hase ntho e tloaelehileng, e sa tloaelehang, leha ho le joalo ho na le tšekamelo ea ho fokotsa liphello tsa batho ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng. Khoebo ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali e atlehile ho bonahatsa ntho leha e le efe e hanyetsang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e le ho latela maikutlo a bolumeli; ba ntan'o qhelela ho hanyetswa ha bona ha li hanyetsanoa e le tlhaloso ea pele. Haeba ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho talingoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, bopaki bo bontša hore e hlile e baka kotsi ho batho mabapi le ho ikopanya habeli. [ 2 ] Tlhaloso (85%) pakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le bana le ho kopanela likamanong tsa sebele tsa thobalano le bana e ile ea bontšoa ke Bourke le Hernandez. [ 4 ] Bothata ba puisano ea lithaka tse hlahlobisitsoeng ke lithaka tsa taba ena bo boetse bo tšoantšetsoa ke boiteko ba ho tlosoa ha litlaleho tsena maemong a sechaba. [ 15 ] Meta-analysis ea morao-rao ea Hald et al a. e tšehetsa ka matla le ho hlakisa ditaba tse fetileng tse bonts'etsanoang mabapi le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse bakang pefo khahlanong le basali. [ 10 ] Ka boitsebiso bo matla joalo, ha bo na boikarabello hore u se ke ua rarolla monyetla oa hore ho be le monyetla oa ho etsa joalo. Ho hlahloba lintlha tsena ho latela maemo a sebelisoang hona joale ho amana haholo; 87% ea banna ba lilemo tsa koleche ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​50% beke le beke le 20 letsatsi le letsatsi kapa letsatsi le leng le le leng, le 31% ea basali ba shebang hape. 5 ] Tšusumetso e feteletseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa litabeng tsa thobalano lilemong tsa bocha li boetse li bontšitsoe. [ 6 ]

Ka sebele karolo ea rona ea ho ba folisa e fana ka maikutlo a hore re ka etsa ho eketsehileng ho hlahloba le ho tšoara maloetse a batho a amanang le mokhatlo ona o mocha oa ts'ebetso kapa tlhaho ea tlhaho, haholo-holo ho fanoa ka bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha ba bopaki bo tšehetsang motheo oa neural oa mekhoa eohle ea ho lemalla. Feela joalokaha re nahana ka ho lemalla lijo ho ba le motheo oa biologic, ho se na mokhoa o holimo oa boitšoaro kapa oa bohlokoa, ke nako eo re sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le mefuta e meng ea ho lemalla thobalano ka leihlo le le leng. Hona joale, likhatello tsa sechaba li hlokomoloha taolo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka ho khetheha bakeng sa linyeoe tsa sechaba kapa libakeng tsa boahloli. [ 26 ] Tlhaloso ena ha e ikemiselitse ho fetola mekhoa eo ka nako leha e le efe kapele. Ke polelo e batlang ho khothalletsa tlhahlobo ea meriana ka kakaretso le litsebi tsa meriana ea methapo ea kelello haholo-holo ea karolo ea phekolo ea bongaka tsamaisong ea ho lemala ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Ha u phethela monahano ona, setšoantšo sa Bophelo ba Sechaba sa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa se ka ba molemo. Boemo leha e le bofe bo joalo bo tla ba bobebe ka lebaka la boemo ba hona joale ba tsebo ea tahi le tikoloho eo e hlahang ho eona. Lethathamo 1 ke boiteko ba ho fana ka maikutlo a joalo tabeng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho sebelisoa e le mohlala oa lipatlisiso tsa ho qhoma ha k'holera London ho 1854, ha kutloisiso ea Bophelo ba Sechaba bo etsoang ke k'holera ka meriana e ka 'na ea e-ba ea bohlokoa joaloka ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kajeno. Ha re ntse re lemoha monehelo o moholo oa indasteri ea boitsebiso bo bobe ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bo tla hloka ho sebetsanoa ka mehloli e meng e sa sebelisoeng, e boetse e fana ka maikutlo a sebaka sa meriana ho laola lithethefatsi.

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