Bothata, Mekhoa le Liphello Tse Ikhethang Tse Ikhethang Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Tsebeliso ea Liithuti tsa Univesithing ea Poland: Thuto ea sepakapaka (2019)

Litlhaloso tsa YBOP: Liphumano li tšehetsa lipolelo tsa YBOP, ha li ntse li le ntle haholo ho qhekella lintlha tsa ho bua tsa naysayers (link ho pampiri e feletseng).

Palo ea batho:

  • Liithuti tsa 6463 (2633 banna le basali ba 3830), ba lilemo li 18-26. Boholo ba dintlha ho tswa ho sethaleng sa basebedisi ba hona joale (n = 4260)
  • Hoo e batlang e le 80% ea liithuti li 'nile tsa pepeseha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (lilemo tse bohareng tsa ho pepesehela pele: lilemo tse 14).
LITLHAHLISO (Thuto e qotsitsoeng ka litlhaku tse ling:
  1. Mamello / lekhalo: Phoso e tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa eo motho ae bonang Liphello tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisitsoe: tlhokahalo ea ho susumetsa nako e teletsana (12.0%) le litlhahiso tse ling tsa thobalano (17.6%) ho fihlella sekhahla, le ho fokotseha ha khotsofalo ea thobalano (24.5%) ......  Boithuto ba hajoale bo boetse bo fana ka maikutlo a hore ho pepeseha pejana ho ka amahanngoa le ts'oaetso ea maikutlo ho tsa thobalano joalo ka ha ho bonts'oa ke tlhoko ea ts'usumetso e teletsana le lits'oants'o tse ngata tsa thobalano tse hlokehang ho fihlela mokhelo ha o ja lintho tse hlakileng, mme ka kakaretso o fokotse khotsofalo ea thobalano… .. Liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa mokhoa oa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro o etsahalang nakong ea ho pepeseha ho tlalehiloe: ho fetohela mofuteng o mocha oa lisebelisoa tse hlakileng (46.0%), ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse sa lumellaneng le maikutlo a thobalano (60.9%) mme li hloka ho sebelisa tse feteletseng (tse mabifi) lintho tse bonahalang (32.0%)…
  2. Alitefiso tse phahameng haholo, leha e le hore “u itemohe”: Dtšebeliso e sebelisoang haholo le ho itšepa e le ea boithaopo e tlalehiloe ke 10.7% le 15.5%, ka ho latellana. Boemo ba ho lemalla lithethefatsi le basali bo ne bo tšoana!
  3. Ho tlosoa matšoao: leha ho se lithethefatsi (bona tafoleng): 51% e lekile ho tlohela bonyane hanngoe, ka 72.2% ea batho ba nang le matšoao a ho tlohela: Ho hloka boroko, ho teneha, ho thothomela, ho ts'oenyeha, ho tšoenyeha, ho fokotseha ha Libido, khatello ea maikutlo, litoro tse mpe, ho ts'oenyeha ka maikutlo, bolutu…
  4. Mocha = ho feta mathata: Lilemo tsa ho qala ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse hlakileng li amana le monyetla o eketsehileng oa liphello tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho batho ba banyenyane-lintlha tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa li fumanoe bakeng sa basali le banna ba pepesehileng lilemong tsa 12 kapa ka tlase. Le hoja tlhahlobo ea li-cross-section ha e lumelle tlhahlobo ea ho baka, mokhoa ona o ka 'na oa bontša hore ho ba le bana le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ka ba le liphello tsa nako e telele ....
  5. Barupeluoa ba lumela ho kopanela liphate ke taba ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba: Phuputsong ea hona joale, liithuti tse entsoeng lipatlisiso li atisa ho bontša hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka ba le phello e bohloko litabeng tsa likamano tsa batho, bophelo ba kelello, liketso tsa thobalano, 'me li ka ama tsoelo-pele ea kelello nakong ea bongoaneng le bocha. Ho sa tsotellehe sena, ba bangata ba bona ha baa ka ba tšehetsa tlhoko leha e le efe ea lithibelo tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse fihlang ....
  6. Tse ling tsa mBalekane ba hloka boitsebiso bo mabifi (empa): phuputso ea hona joale e fumane hore tlhokahalo ea ho sebelisa boitsebiso bo feteletseng ba bootsoa e ne e atisa ho tlalehoa ke banna ba ipolelang hore ba mabifi.
  7. Empa, basali ba ka 'na ba eketseha haholo litabeng tsa bootsoa: Liphetoho tse sa tšoaneng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa nakong ea nako ea ho pepeseha li ile tsa tlalehoa: ho fetola mofuta o ncha oa lintho tse hlakileng (46.0%), tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse sa lumellaneng le maikutlo a thobalano (60.9%) 'me ho hlokahala hore li sebelise ho feta lintho tse feteletseng (tse mabifi) (32.0%). The ho qetela ho tlalehoa ke basali ba inka ba le bohelehele ha ba bapisoa le ba ipitsang ba sa tsebe letho…
  8. Ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro! Litšobotsi tsa botho tse sa amaneng le liphetho: Ka mekhelo e meng, ha ho na litšobotsi tsa botho, tse neng li itlaleha holima thuputsong ena, ho khetholla mekhahlelo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Liphuputso tsena li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore ho fihlella le ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hona joale ho na le litaba tse pharaletseng haholo ho hlakisa litšoaneleho tse itseng tsa kelello tsa basebelisi ba eona. Leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha etsoa ntho e thahasellisang mabapi le bareki ba ileng ba tlaleha hore ho hlokahala hore ba shebe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse ntseng li eketseha. Joalokaha ho bontšoa, ho sebelisoa ha lintho tse hlakileng khafetsa ho ka 'na ha amahanngoa le ho hloka boithati ho lebisang tlhokahalo ea ho sheba lintho tse feteletseng tsa ho kopanela liphate [32].

Ntlha ea bohlokoa: haeba thuto e hlile e botsa lipotso tse nepahetseng, e senola bonnete. Liphuputso tse ngata li ipapisitse le lipotso tsa lipotso tse se nang thuso (joalo ka PCES kapa CPUI-9). Re hloka lithuto tse ling tse kang ena.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Bophelo ba Sechaba 2019, 16(10), 1861;

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101861

Aleksandra Diana Dwulit 'me Piotr Rzymski *

Lefapha la Bongaka ba Tikoloho, Poznan University of Scientific Medical, 60-806 Poznan, Poland

inahaneloang

Tlhahlobo ena ea marang-rang ea liithuti tsa Poland (cross-section)n = 6463) e hlahlobile palo le mekhoa ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, liphello tsa eona tsa boithati, ho ata ha ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, le maikutlo a ka hlahisoang ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boemo ba molao. Hoo e batlang e le 80% ea liithuti li 'nile tsa pepeseha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (lilemo tse bohareng tsa ho pepesehela pele: lilemo tse 14). Lipapatso tsa phallela li ne li khethoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho sebelisa. Ho sethaleng sa basebelisi ba hona joale (n = 4260), ts'ebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi le boits'oaro ba boithati bo tlalehiloe ke 10.7% le 15.5%, ka ho latellana. Boholo ba bao ho buisanoeng le bona ha ba ka ba tlaleha litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ts'ebetsong ea bona ea thobalano, thobalano le khotsofalo ea kamano. Sebakeng seo, baithuti ba fetang kotara ea likamano ba tlalehile litlamorao ho boleng ba eona. Litholoana tse atileng ka ho fetesisa tse itlhahisang tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li kenyelelitse: tlhoko ea ho hlohlelletsa nako e teletsana (12.0%) le lits'oants'o tse ling tsa thobalano (17.6%) ho fihlela mokete, le phokotso ea khotsofalo ea thobalano (24.5%). Basali le banna ba nang le Index ea 'Mele oa' Mele> 25 kg / m2 hangata ho tlaleha phokotso ea boithati ea kamano ea kamano e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lilemo tsa ho pepeseha la pele li ne li amahanngoa haholo le tlhoko ea ho hlasimolla nako e telele le litlhahiso tse ling tsa thobalano ho fihlela likamano ha u sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho fokotseha ha khotsofalo ea thobalano, boleng ba kamano ea lerato, ho se tsotelle litlhoko tsa mantlha le mesebetsi ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. bokhoba ba basali le ba batona. Litekanyo tse phahameng ka ho fetesisa li ne li lula li hlokomeloa bakeng sa lilemo tse <12 lilemo tse mabapi le ho pepeseha lilemong tse> 16. Ho ea ka boholo ba baithuti ba hlahlobiloeng, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li kanna tsa ba le litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba batho, leha lithibelo tsa phihlello li sa lokela ho kengoa tšebetsong. Phuputso e fana ka leseli le pharaletseng mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho batho ba baholo ba Poland.
Lintlha tsa bohlokoa: litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; ho ithuta ka sekhahla; liithuti tsa univesithi; liphello tse inahaneloang; tlhahlobo ea lipotso

1. Selelekela

Indasteri ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ntse e hōla ka potlako ka lebaka la keketseho ea lefats'e ea inthaneteng le tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji, haholo-holo ho phatlalatso ea litaba tse lumellang basebelisi ho tsoela pele ba shebella litaba, hangata video, ba sa hlokahale ho e jarolla [1]. Ka lebaka leo, ha ho makatse hore ebe boitsebiso bo hlakileng bo fumaneha ka hohle-hohle 'me bo fumaneha habonolo Inthaneteng ha ho ntse ho reriloe' me ho sa lebelloa ho bona ka linako tse ling ho ka ba thata ho qoba [2,3].
Ho ea ka lipalo-palo tse arolelanoang ke Pornhub, websaeteng e kholo ea marang-rang e nang le litaba tse hlakileng, sehlopha sa bareki ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro se ntse se eketseha 'me hangata se emeloa ke banna (ho feta 70% ea bohle ba sebelisang) le bacha ba baholo, ka tlase ho lilemo tse 34 [4]. Tumellanong le lintlha tsena, ho feta 70% ea baahi ba baholo ba US, ba lilemo li 18-30, ba lumela ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hang-hang hang ka khoeli ha hoo e batlang e le 60% ea liithuti tsa univesithi e lumelloa ho e sebelisa hanngoe ka beke [5]. Bacha ba boetse ba theha sehlopha sa bohlokoa sa ba shebelli ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka inthanete ka lipalo tsa basebelisi linaheng tse kang Taiwan le Sweden tse lekantsoeng ho fihlela ho fihlela ho 59% le 96%, ka ho latellana [6,7].
Le hoja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li na le histori e telele, ha ho pelaelo hore theknoloji e ncha e ile ea e isa sebakeng se phahameng. Hona joale e fanoa ka mefuta e sa lekanyetsoang ea ho kopanela liphate ka li-websaete tse sa lefelloeng tsa marang-rang tse fumanehang ka marang-rang ka thepa leha e le efe e nang le boitsebiso ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, tse ileng tsa boleloa e le ho tsosa takatso ea ho kopanela liphate ka mefuta eohle ea lintho tse hlakileng [8,9]. Ho phomola, ho se tšoane, le matla a tsosang takatso eo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthanete li ka e fumanang ho bareki ba eona li bontša hore e ka sebetsa e le tšusumetso e sa tloaelehang [10,11,12]. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le likhang ka lebaka la liphello tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng ho bareki ba eona. Liphuputso tse ling li tlalehile hore tšebeliso ea nako e telele e amanang le ho se sebetse ha erectile, e theohile libido [12,13,14,15], thahasello e phahameng litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ho feta ho kopanela liphate le batho ba sebele [13,16], le ho fokotsa khotsofalo ea thobalano le kamano [15,17,18,19,20]. Leha ho le joalo, motho e mong o lokela ho hlokomela hore boholo ba lipatlisiso tsena bo ke ke ba hlahloba hore na ho na le eng, 'me, ho feta moo, ho na le lipatlisiso tse ling tse hlahisitseng lipolelo tse fapaneng. Ka mohlala, lipatlisiso tse ling tsa li-cross-sectional le lipatlisiso tsa liteko li ile tsa hlōleha ho fumana setsoalle pakeng tsa ho se sebetse ha erectile le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa [21,22,23,24], lipatlisiso tse ling li boetse li fana ka maikutlo a hore banna ba nang le mathata a ho kopanela liphate, a kang ho se sebetse ha erectile, ba ka 'na ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ho akarelletsa le mekhoa eo ba ikutloang e le mathata [24]. Ho boetse ho na le lipatlisiso tse tlaleha ho lumellana ho nepahetseng pakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sebelisoang ho banna le ho tsosoa ha bona ka thobalano, takatso ea boitšoaro bo kopanetsoeng ba ho kopanela liphate le ba arolelanoang [23], hammoho le lithuto tse bontšang hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka fokotsa boitšoaro bo kotsi ba ho kopanela liphate [25], e leng se bontšang hore basali ba amehang likamanong tsa nako e telele ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata ba ka senola takatso ea ho kopanela liphate ho balekane ba bona mme ba tlaleha takatso e phahameng ea ho kopanela liphate [26], le ho totobatsa hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho kopanela liphate ka bong bo fapaneng ho amana le ho eketseha ha khotsofalo ea thobalano [27]. Ka kakaretso, ho na le tlhokahalo ea ho tsoela pele ho hlahloba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho sebelisa lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng le ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ea lipatlisiso tse kenyelletsang likarolo tse fapaneng, li-control, le lipatlisiso tsa lihlopha.
Ho lemalla ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha ho na bothata bo tloaelehileng ka likarolo tsa ICD-10 kapa DSM-5, kahoo, bafuputsi ba bang ba re ke "ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa"28,29,30]. Bopaki bo tsoang liphuputsong tsa "neurobiological" bo bontša hore e ka 'na ea lumellana le moralo o tloaelehileng oa ho lemalla lithethefatsi,' me o arolelana mekhoa e tšoanang le ea lithethefatsi tsa lik'hemik'hale [31,32,33,34,35] le hoja litsekisano tabeng ena li teng [35,36] le mefuta e meng ea mefuta e meng e itšetlehileng ka ho qobelloa ho ba le boiketlo, ho ba le tšusumetso kapa boitšoaro bo bobe ba boitšoaro ba ile ba hlalosoa hore ba hlalose litšila tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le tse thata ka ho fetisisa [24,36]. Litlaleho tse ling tsa pele li fana ka maikutlo a hore naltrexone, e sebelisoang haholo ha ho phekoloa joala le ho itšetleha ha opioid, e ka sebelisoa ka katleho ho bakuli ba nang le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate ba sebelisa [37,38].
Hoa tsebahala hore batho ba bangata ba ikitlaelletsa ho hlahloba boitšoaro ba thobalano le ho fumana phihlelo ea thobalano ho fihlela bohareng ba 20 [39,40]. Ka hona, e ka ba khopolo ea hore ho batho ba baholo ba sebelisoang ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ka 'na ba emela mofuta o itseng oa sebaka seo kapa ho ba karolo ea bona. Hona, ho etsa hore ho be le tlhokahalo ea ho utloisisa hore na batho bana ba ka bona litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro joang. Ka lebaka lena, lipatlisiso tse ling li 'nile tsa sebetsana le taba ena ka ho batlisisa lihlopha tsa liithuti tsa k'holejeng empa boholo ba litekanyo hangata bo ne bo se bo phahameng kapa bo lekanyelitsoe ho bong bo le bong feela [41,42,43,44,45,46]. Ka lebaka leo, ke ho thahasellisa ho etsa lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng tse neng li tla hlahloba lihlopha tse kholo le ho hlahloba hore na likarolo tsa motho ka bomong li ka ama phapang ea mefuta ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joang. Ka mohlala, ho ka ba monate ho sa tsotellehe hore na litšobotsi tse itseng tsa botho li ka amahanngoa le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joang ha liphuputso tse ling tsa khale li tlalehile hore li ka susumetsa liketso tsa thobalano,47]. Liketso tsa thobalano li ka boela tsa susumetsoa ke litšobotsi tsa 'mele tse kang' mele oa Index Index [48], leha ho le joalo ha ho letho le tsebahalang hore na le ka amahanngoa ka tsela leha e le efe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho feta moo, mekhoa ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka itšetleha ka hore na batho ba ithute ba le masoha kapa ba ratana; ho tlalehoa morao tjena hore sehlopha sa bobeli se atisa ho se sebelisa hangata [49].
Sepheo sa phuputso ea lipatlisiso tsa inthaneteng e ne e le ho hlahloba ho ata ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, lilemo tsa ho qala ho hlahella, mekhoa ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho leka ho tlohela tšebeliso ea eona le liphello tsa boipheliso bo joalo, liphello tsa bootsoa ka boithati ho sebelisoa le ho ata ha ho lemalla ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho baithuti ba li-univesithi tsa Poland le banna ba lilemong tsa lilemo tsa 18-26. Mekhatlo ea mekhahlelo ena e nang le likarolo tsa boima ba 'mele (BMI), boemo ba kamano ea lerato, le mekhoa ea botho bo tlalehiloeng ka borobeli ba leshome le metso e robeli e ile ea hlahlojoa. Ho feta moo, maikutlo a liithuti mabapi le liphello tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bile li hlahlojoa. Thuto e fana ka kutloisiso e pharaletseng ka likarolo tse fapa-fapaneng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa bacha ba baholo

2. Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

2.1. Phuputsong

Ho hlahloba mekhoa ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​liphello tsa boinotšing tsa tšebeliso ea eona, le kamoo e tloaelehileng kateng ke liithuti tsa univesithing tsa Poland, ho sa tsejoe, ho hlahlojoa ka marang-rang ho thehiloe ka lipotso tse entsoeng ka boithati, tse entsoeng. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe pejana, lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng bukeng ea lipotso tsa marang-rang li fana ka monyetla oa ho bokella lits'ebeletso tsa naha ka bophara le ho finyella lihlopha tse itseng tsa batho [50,51]. Ho se tsejoe ha thuto ho ile ha tiisetsoa ho felisa phello ea lihlong tse ka 'nang tsa amahanngoa le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [52]. Joalokaha ho sa tsoa bonahala, ho hlahloba litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa ha li se ke tsa eketsa tšebeliso ea eona ea lihlopha tsa barupeluoa [53,54].

Potso e sebelisitsoeng lipatlisisong tsa hona joale e reretsoe ho hlahloba:

  • ho ata ha litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho sebelisa le lilemo tsa ho qala ho hlahella sehlopheng se ithutoang;
  • (ii) mefuta e tloaelehileng ea tšebeliso e le 'ngoe, (iii) ho sebelisa mekhoa ea boinotšing (mode ea incognito) le lipapali tse ngata tsa lifensetere ha li sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le (iv) ho sebelisoa ka ntle ho sebaka sa bolulo;
  • kakaretso ea boiteko ba ho khaotsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisa sehlopha sa basebelisi ba sona ba hona joale, le ho ata le ho tiea ha liphello tse amanang (ho sebelisa litekanyetso tse 'nè);
  • mekhoa ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea ho ipapisa le thobalano mabapi le (i) liphetoho tsa mofuta oa lihlahisoa tse ntseng li sebelisoa, tse kang ho fetola mofuta oa libuka, ho tsoela pele ho lintho tse feteletseng, ho sheba lintho tse sa amaneng le litabeng tsa thobalano, (ii) khotsofalo ea thobalano, (iii) ) boleng ba maikutlo a lerato, (iv) liphetoho nakong ea ts'ebetso le palo ea litlhaselo tse hlokahalang ho finyella setšoantšo ha li sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le (v) ho hlokomoloha litlhoko tsa mantlha (mohlala, ho robala, ho ja) le mesebetsi (mohlala, ho kopanela malapeng, mosebetsi ) ka lebaka la litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoa;
  • ho ata ha ho lemalla ho lemalla ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; le
  • maikutlo a tloaelehileng litabeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro: (i) phello e ka ba le likamanong tsa sechaba, bophelo ba kelello le ts'ebetsong ea thobalano, le tsoelo-pele ea kelello bocha bongoaneng, (ii) monyetla oa ho baka lithethefatsi, iii) lilemo tsa moeli oa bootsoa bo se nang kotsi ho ipapisa le maemo, le (iv) boemo ba hona joale ba molao ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Poland (bolokolohi bo bulehileng ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa).
Litekanyetso tsa ho kenyeletsa bakeng sa thuto e ne e le bochaba ba Poland, lilemo tsa 18-26, basali ba banna kapa basali, le seithuti sa univesithi. Mekhoa ena e ne e netefatsoa ke likarabo tse fanoeng lipotsong tsa lipatlisiso. Lipotso tsa lipotso feela li phethiloe. Litšobotsi tsa batho ba etsoang lipatlisiso ka bomong li kenyelelitse tekano, ba ithutile tšimo ea saense (bongaka, likokoana-hloko, sechaba kapa tse ling), le BMI (e baloang ho tloha boima ba 'mele le bophahamo bo tlalehiloeng). Potso eo e ile ea fumaneha Inthaneteng bakeng sa nako ea selemo (February 2017-August 2018). Kaha e ne e tlalehile hore litšoaneleho tsa botho li ka 'na tsa ama liketso tsa thobalano tse kang mokhoa oa bocha o batlang [47], litšobotsi tsa botho li khetholloa ke liithuti tse khonang ho khetha e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fapaneng le e neng e ba tšoanela ka ho fetisisa. Lipatlisiso tse latelang tse latelang tse thathamisitsoeng ke DeNeve le Cooper [55] li ile tsa lokisetsoa; ba ne ba kenyeletsa: ho tseba lintho tse ling, ho ba le tšepo / ho ba lihlong, ho labalabela ho tseba / ho se tsotelle, ho ba le kutloelo-bohloko / ho se tsotelle, ho thaba / ho soabisa, ho khutsa / ho ba mabifi,
E le hore u atamele sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa liithuti, limemo tsa ho tlatsa lipotso tsa lipotso li rometsoe ke liunivesithi, 'me li ile tsa etsoa ka melaetsa ea sechaba le li-portal tsa marang-rang. Thuto e ile ea amoheloa ke Komiti ea Naha ea Booethikete ea Univesithi ea Poznan ea Bongaka sa Setsebi, Poznan, Poland (tumello ea # 68 / 17 e hlahisitsoeng ka 5th January, 2017).

2.2. Lipatlisiso tsa Statistical

Palo ea lipotso tsa 9070 li ile tsa bokelloa tseo 2606 e sa kang ea kopana le mekhoa ea ho kenngoa (30.5%), kapa e ne e sa phethoa (69.5%) 'me ka hona, e ne e sa khelosoa ho qoba liphello tsa bohata. Litlhahlobo li ne li etsoa ka Statistica v.13.1 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). Kaha boholo ba lintlha ha boa ka ba lumellana le kabelo ea Gaussia (tlhahlobo ea Shapiro-Wilk; p <0.05), mekhoa ea nonparametric e sebelisitsoe ho leka liphetho. Ho lekola phapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse ikemetseng tse peli le tse tharo, ho ile ha sebelisoa Mann-Whitney U le Kruskal – Wallis ANOVA ka ho latellana. Phapang ea data e hlakileng e ile ea lekoa ke teko ea Pearson's χ2. Ho lekola mekhatlo lipakeng tsa lilemo tsa ho pepeseha hoa pele, lipalo tsa palo ea batho le litsobotsi tsa motho ka mong, le litla-morao tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li hloka (tlhoko ea ho tsosa takatso e telele le tlhoko ea litakatso tse ling tsa thobalano ho fihlela mokhelo ha o sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​fokotseha ka khotsofalo ea thobalano, fokotseha ka maikutlo a lerato boleng ba kamano, ho hlokomoloha litlhoko tsa mantlha, ho hlokomoloha mesebetsi le boits'oaro bo hlephileng ba bootsoa), hammoho le ketsahalo ea litlamorao tse mpe tsa ho khaotsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​li-ratios tsa khale (ORs) tse nang le sekhahla sa ts'epo sa 95% (95% CI) li baliloe ho latela ho mekhoa e fanoeng ke Bland le Altman [56] ho sebelisa MedCalc (MedCalc, Ostend, Belgium). Nako ea ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka lekhetlo la pele e arotsoe likarolong tse 'nè tse thehiloeng karolong ea quartile ho baahi ba thuto: ≤12, 13-14, 15-16, le lilemo tse ≥16. A psekhetho sa p <0.05 e ne e nkuoa e le ea bohlokoa lipalo-palo.

3. Liphetho

3.1. Litšobotsi tsa palo ea batho

Sehlopha se ithutoang se entsoe ka liithuti tsa 6463 (2633 banna le basali ba 3830), ba lilemo li lilemo li 18-26, ba emelang bongaka (14.4%), ba phelang (7.3%), sechaba (19.2%), le tse ling tse (59.1%) sciences. Litšobotsi tsa moahi oa baahi ba hlalositsoeng li hlahisoa Lethathamo 1.
Tafole 1. Sebopeho sa palo ea sehlopha se ithutoang sa liithuti tsa univesithi (n = 6463).
Lethathamo

3.2. Ho ata ha Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa

Ho pepeseha ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho phatlalalitsoe ke lihlooho tsa 78.6%n = 5083; 3004 mosali le 2079 banna). Ho sethaleng sena, basebelisi ba hona joale ba entse 83.8% (n = 4260; 2520 mosali le 1740 banna), ha ba bang kaofela (n = 823; 484 e le mosali le 339 banna) ba tlalehile hore ba ka khaotsa ho sebelisoa hamolemo. Ho ata ha ho pepeseha ho ne ho tšoana le basali (78.4%) le liithuti tsa banna (79.0%) (p > 0.05, test2 tlhahlobo). Nako e bolelang ± SD ea ho pepesehela litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e le 14.1 ± 3.0 (bohareng 14.0) ho se na phapang lipakeng tsa banna le basali (p > 0.05, teko ea Mann-Whitney U). Ha ho kamano pakeng tsa lilemo tsena le tšobotsi efe kapa efe ea botho, boemo ba kamano bo fumanoe (p > 0.05 maemong ohle, teko ea test2).
Ha ho bapisoa le baithuti ba sa tsebeng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (n = 1380), basali le banna, ho chesa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ho ne ho sa tšoane le BMI (p > 0.05, Kruskal – Wallis ANOVA). Leha ho le joalo, makhetlo a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a ne a phahame har'a basali ba ratanang haeba ba bapisoa le ba masoha (64.0 vs. 60%; p <0.05, -2 teko). Liphesente tsa basali ba inang e le sechaba le banna ba inka ba ts'epa li ne li le holimo sehlopheng se pepesitsoeng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (73.6 vs. 70.2% le 58.9 vs. 53.8% ka ho latellana; p <0.05 maemong ka bobeli, teko ea χ2). Ha ho mekhatlo e meng lipakeng tsa ho ata ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litšobotsi tsa botho ho baithuti ba basali le ba banna tse ileng tsa tsejoa (p > 0.05 maemong ohle, teko ea test2).

3.3. Mehlala ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa

Kahare ho basebelisi ba hona joale (n = 4260), hangata hangata ho tlalehoa ho sebelisoa ha boitsebiso bo hlakileng hang ka beke. Tšebeliso ea letsatsi le letsatsi e tlalehiloe ke 10.7%, ho se na phapang pakeng tsa liithuti tsa basali le banna (p > 0.05, test2 tlhahlobo) (Setšoantšo sa 1a). Basebedisi ba letsatsi le leng le le leng, baithuti ba basali le banna, ba ne ba fapane le ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata ka BMI (p > 0.05, Mann-Whitney U teko) hammoho le boemo ba kamano ea maikutlo a lerato le semelo sefe kapa sefe (p > 0.05 maemong ohle, teko ea test2).
Ijerph 16 01861 g001 550
Setšoantšo sa 1. Kakaretso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (a) le mefuta ea eona (b) sehlopheng se entsoeng lipatlisiso seithuti sa univesithi (n = 4260).
Libaesekopo tsa Inthaneteng li ne li khetholloa ka mokhoa o sebelisoang hangata ho batho bohle ba hlahlojoang le ka hare ho lihlopha tse peli tsa thobalano. Mefuta e meng e ne e akarelletsa ho nka lifoto, lingoliloeng, anime / manga, le ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang, lirekoto tsa mohala (Setšoantšo sa 1b). Nako e lekantsoeng ea bolelele ba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ha ea ka ea feta 1h haeba ho ne ho hlahlojoa 86.8%. Boholo ba liithuti li lumeletse hore li sebelise mokhoa oa boipheliso (76.5%, n = 3256) le lifensetere tse ngata (51.5%, n = 2190) ha u sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng. Tšebeliso ea sebaka sa bolulo se ka ntle se phatlalalitsoe ke 33.0% (n = 1404). Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ena e fapane pakeng tsa liithuti tsa basali le banna (p > 0.05 maemong ohle, teko ea test2).

3.4. Boiteko ba ho Felisa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa

Har'a bafuputsi ba ileng ba ipolela hore ke ba sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hona joale (n = 4260), 51.0% e lumeletse ho etsa bonyane teko e le 'ngoe ea ho khaotsa ho e sebelisa ntle ho phapang pakeng tsa makhetlo ana a pakeng tsa banna le basali (p > 0.05; Teko ea 2). 72.2% ea ba lekang ho tlohela ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba bonts'itse boiphihlelo ba bonyane bonngoe bo amanang le bona, mme tse hlokomeloang khafetsa li kenyelletsa litoro tse litšila (53.5%), ho teneha (26.4%), pherekano ea tlhokomelo (26.0%), le bolutu ( 22.2%) (Lethathamo 2). Ha li bapisoa le banna ba kopanelang likamanong tsa lerato, li-singles li tlalehile hore ho na le tšusumetso e kholo ea liphello tse bohloko nakong ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro-OR (95% CI) e le 1.22 (1.01-1.5) (p <0.05). BMI le litšobotsi tsa botho ha lia ka tsa fumanoa li khetholla haholo liketsahalo tsa ho khaotsa ho amanang le litlamorao tsa baithuti ba basali le ba batona.
Tafole 2. Liphello tsa boithati tse tlalehiloeng ke batho ba ileng ba hlahlojoa nakong ea boiteko ba ho khaotsa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (n = 2169).
Lethathamo

3.5. Liphello Tse Ikhethang tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa

Tekanyo ea liithuti tse sebelisang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (n = 4260) e hlajoang lihlong ka mosebetsi ona e ne e le 49.1%, 'me e ne e phahame haholo ho basali ho feta banna (57.8 vs. 42%; p <0.05, -2 teko). Liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa mokhoa oa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoa nakong ea ho pepeseha li tlalehiloe: ho fetohela mofuteng o mocha oa thepa e hlakileng (46.0%), ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse sa lumellaneng le maikutlo a thobalano (60.9%) mme li hloka ho sebelisa tse fetelletseng. thepa e mabifi (32.0%) (Setšoantšo sa 2a). Metsoalle ena e ne e atisa ho tlalehoa ke basali ba nahanang hore ba batla ho ba le boikemisetso bo bapisoang le ba ipolelang hore ha ba na thuso (32.3 vs. 26.7%; p <0.01, -2 teko), le banna ba mabifi ha ba bapisoa le khutso (32.8 vs. 24.2%; p <0.05 teko ea 2). Khothaletso ea nako e telele le litlhahiso tse ling tsa thobalano li hloka ho fihlela sekhahla ha ho sebelisoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho tlalehiloe ke 12.0% le 17.6%, ea ba hlahlobiloeng, ka ho latellana (Setšoantšo sa 2b). Boholo ba lihlooho tse ithutoang ha lia ka tsa lemoha liphello tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa khotsofalo ea thobalano le boleng ba kamano ka ho latellana 7% le 28% ba tlaleha phello e ntle ho mekhahlelo ena (Setšoantšo sa 2c, d).
Ijerph 16 01861 g002 550
Setšoantšo sa 2. Liphetoho tseo motho a li bonang ka mokhoa oa ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa nakong ea tšebeliso ea eona (a), tlaleho e ikhethang ea ho ipapisa le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka thobalano ha e sebelisoa (b), khotsofalo ea thobalano (c), boleng ba kamano ea lerato (d), le ho hlokomoloha litlhoko tsa mantlha le boikarabelo bonyane hanngoe bophelong ba bona (e) sehlopheng se entsoeng lipatlisiso sa liithuti tsa univesithi (n = 4260).
Mathata a ho fokotseha ha boleng ba kamano e ne e le a phahameng ho barali ba basali le banna ba nang le BMI ≥ 25 (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.09-1.92, p <0.01, le OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02-1.79, p <0.05, ka ho latellana) ha ho buuoa ka likaroloana tsa thobalano tsa BMI <25 kg / m2, hammoho le basali le banna ba tlalehileng lihlong ka litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa ba sebelisa (OR = 3.38; 95% CI: 2.65-4.31, p <0.001 le OR = 4.68, 95% CI: 3.45-6.36, p <0.001) ha ho buuoa le balekane ba bona ba sa e utloeng. Ho hlokomolohuoa ha litlhoko tsa mantlha (mohlala, lijo kapa boroko) le mesebetsi (mohlala, lapeng, mosebetsing) ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e bile teng hang hang ke baithuti ba 14.8 le 19.3%, ka ho latellana (Setšoantšo sa 2e). Mathata a ho khothaletsa nako e teletsana le lits'oants'o tse ling tsa thobalano li hloka ho fihlella motabo le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho fokotseha ha khotsofalo ea thobalano le boleng ba kamano ea lerato, le ho se tsotelle litlhoko tsa mantlha le mesebetsi li ne li phahame ho basali le banna ba pepesitsoeng pejana ho litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse nang le OR e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (95% CI) litekanyetso li lula li hlokomeloa bakeng sa batho ba pepesitsoeng lilemo tse <12 ha ba bapisoa le ba pepesitsoeng lilemo tse 16 (Lethathamo 3). Ha ho na mekhatlo e meng ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa liphello tse tlalehiloeng tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa mekhoa ea boipheliso kapa litšoaneleho tsa botho ba liithuti tsa basali le banna.
Tafole 3. Boikarabello ba khethollo (khetho ea 95%) bakeng sa liphetoho tse fapaneng tsa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso li sebelisana le lilemo tsa ho qeta nako ea pele ho basali (n = 3004) le banna (n = 2079).
Lethathamo

3.6. Litšoantšo Tse Ikhethang Tsa Bootsoa li lemalla

Ho ata ha ho lemalla ho sheba lintho tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho batho ba bangata ba ithutileng (n = 6463) e ne e le 12.2%, ha e ntse e le sethaleng sa basebelisi ba hona joale (n = 4260) e ne e le 15.5% (n = 787) ha ho phapang pakeng tsa liithuti tsa basali le banna (p > 0.05, test2 tlhahlobo). Kamano lipakeng tsa lilemo tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho lemalla lithethefatsi e bontšoa ho Lethathamo 3. Bakeng sa basali le bashanyana, ORs (95% CI) e ne e le 4.23 (2.85-6.28) le 7.25 (4.16-12.63), ka ho latellana, bakeng sa quartile e tlaase ka ho fetisisa ea lilemo tse qalang ho pepesa ha e bapisoa le quartile e phahameng ka ho fetisisa.
BMI le kamano ea maikutlo ea lerato ha e amane le ho lemalla ho lemalla liithuti tsa banna le basali (p > 0.05 maemong ohle, teko ea test2). Ho feta moo, ha ho tšobotsi ea botho e senotsoeng ke batho ba nang le boits'oaro ba bootsoa ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ntle le sethaleng sa banna moo ho fumanoeng maqhubu a phahameng a batho ba tsebang ha ba bapisoa le baithuti ba banna ba sa phatlalatseng bokhoba (71.3% vs. 64.5%; p <0.05, -2 teko). OR (95% CI) bakeng sa boits'oaro bo iponahatsang ba banna ba kenang lipakeng e ne e le 1.31 (1.01-1.71, p <0.05) ha ho buuoa ka sehlopha sa batho ba fetelletseng maikutlo.

3.7. Maikutlo a Kakaretso ka Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Ka maikutlo a ba bangata ba liithuti tse entsoeng lipatlisiso, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka ba le phello e mpe boleng ba likamano tsa sechaba (58.7%), bophelo bo botle ba kelello (63.9%) le ts'ebetso ea thobalano (67.7%), hape e ama phaello ea kelello ea moruo bongoaneng le bocha (78.1%). Likhopolo tsena li ne li sa arohane pakeng tsa likamano tsa thobalano (p > 0.05, test2 teko) ntle le ea morao-rao e hlalositsoeng khafetsa ke baithuti ba basali (82.3 vs. 72.1%; p <0.001, test teko ea 2). Ha ho bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba batona, basali hangata ba bonts'a hore ho na le lilemo tse bolokehileng tsa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (37.6 vs. 31.7%; p <0.001, test teko ea 2), e hakantsoeng li-subsets ka bobeli tsa thobalano ho bolele ± SD (median) ea lilemo tse 17 ± 2 (17) (p > 0.05, tlhahlobo ea Mann-Whitney U). Boholo ba baithuti ba hlahlobiloeng ba lumellane ka boteng ba bokhoba ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ngoana (26.8%, n = 1732) kapa tekanyo e kholo (66.6%, n = 4306). Ka lebaka la 67.8% (n = 4381) molao oa hona joale Poland (ho bulela batho ba baholo lihlahisoa tsa batho ba baholo) mabapi le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha lia lokela ho itšetlehile ka liphetoho leha e le life, 24.1% (n = 1558) e buellang lithibelo tsa ho fihlella, 'me tse ling kaofela li ne li se na maikutlo a sena tabeng ena. Maikutlo litabeng tsena ka bobeli ha aa ka a fapana pakeng tsa liithuti tsa basali le banna (p > 0.05 maemong ka bobeli, teko ea χ2).

4. Puisano

Ho 'nile ha e-ba le thahasello e tsoelang pele ho ithuta likarolo tse sa tšoaneng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Thuto ea hona joale e hlahloba litaba tsena liithuti tsa univesithi tse lilemo li 18-26-sehlopha seo ho ka lebelloang hore se kopanele liphate. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe, United States ka karolelano lilemo tsa pele tsa ho kopanela liphate ke lilemo tse 17-18 [57]. Liphello tsa phuputso ea hona joale li fana ka temohisiso ea sekhahla le mekhoa ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisoang, le tsela eo e fumanoang ka eona sehlopheng sa liithuti tsa univesithing Poland. E bontša hore boholo ba liithuti li sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le hore livideo tse phallelang ka tsela e sa tsitsang, ke tsa mofuta o tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa oa tšebeliso, kaha joale li ka fihlella habonolo le mochine leha e le ofe o nang le inthanete.
Tekanyo ea ho pepeseha joalokaha e tlalehiloe mona e oela ka har'a mebala e hlokometsoeng bacha ba lilemong tse fetileng [58,59]. Ho ea ka litlaleho tsa lipalo-palo tse fanoang selemo le selemo ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthaneteng tšebeletso ea Pornhub le ho shebella lithuto tse fapa-fapaneng tsa lefu la seoa, ho ata ha tšebeliso, haholo-holo ka linako tsohle, ho phahame har'a banna [4,45,60,61]. Liqeto tse joalo li ile tsa etsoa liphuputsong tse fetileng tse sebelisang boholo ba lipapali tsa Sepolishe (n = 1135) le Sejeremane (n = 1303) liithuti [59]. Ho fapana le sena, lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao ha li fumane phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa likamano tsa thobalano, eseng feela ka ho ata ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​empa hape li fumaneha khafetsa. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao e bontšitse hore liketsahalo tsa basali ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso libakeng tse sa tšoaneng tsa lefatše li ntse li eketseha [62] 'me, hamorao, ba bangata ba bona ba ka' na ba ikemisetsa ho e amohela. Hape ho ka etsahala hore ho ata ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho sebelisoa ho basali joalokaha ho boletsoeng thutong ea hona joale, ka lebaka le itseng, phello ea boithaopi ba boithatelo-boitsebiso bo sa tsejoeng ba lipapali bo ka lebisa bareki ba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho feta batho ba sa amaneng le lisebelisoa tse hlakileng.
Liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa pele li lebisitse tlhokomelo liphellong tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [63]. Phuputso e teng hona joale e bontšitse hore hoo e batlang e le 25% le 15% ea liithuti tse entsoeng lipatlisiso li lemohile hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ama hampe khotsofalo ea bona ea thobalano le kamano, ka ho latellana. Leha ho le joalo, hoa lokela ho hlokomela hore bongata ba batho ba hlahlobiloeng ha baa ka ba tlaleha phello efe kapa efe e mpe ho khotsofalo ea bona ea thobalano, 'me ha ba hlokomele liphetoho leha e le life tsa liketso tsa thobalano tse neng li tla etsahala nakong ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho feta moo, ba bangata ba kamano ea bona ha baa ka ba lemoha hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bile le phello e mpe boleng ba kamano, 'me ho feta kotara e hlile e bontšitse hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bile le molemo ho eona. Ho thahasellisang ke hore le hoja liithuti tse ngata li sa hlokomele liphello tse mpe bophelong ba bona tsa thobalano, ho khotsofatsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali le kamano, boholo ba bona bo ile ba hlalosa maikutlo a hore litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li ka ama bophelo ba motho hampe. Hape, sena se ka 'na sa bontša hore litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso tsa bana ba baholo li ka' na tsa se ke tsa tsamaisoa ke boiphihlelo ba bona empa ka mekhoa ea setso le maikutlo a thehiloeng ke ba boholong le mecha ea phatlalatso.
Leha ho le joalo, moqapi oa thuto ea hona joale ha o khone ho etsa qeto ea hore ho na le maemo a fapaneng, ho se lumellane ha liphello tsa botho ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (tse mpe, tse ntle, kapa tse ling) li fana ka maikutlo a hore liphello tsa lona li ka 'na tsa amahanngoa le litšobotsi tsa motho ka bomong. Ntle ho BMI le lilemo tsa pele tsa ho ts'oaroa, tseo ho buuoang ka tsona hamorao, mekhoa e kang ho khotsofatsa thobalano ea motheo, histori ea liketso tsa ho kopanela liphate (palo ea balekane, lilemo tsa pele tsa ho kopanela liphate joalo-joalo), ho qobelloa ho kopanela liphate le ho se tsitsang ho ka ba habohlokoa ho nahana. Ho hlokahala liphuputso tse ling ho hlahloba lintlha tsena le hoja li ka 'na tsa e-ba boima ho theha ka lebaka la lipatlisiso tse fapaneng. Ka lebaka la ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo bobe ho batho ba baholo, ho ka fetisetsoa hore moelelo oa tšebeliso ea eona e ka ba oa bohlokoa ho utloisisa liphello tse ka amanang le tsona. Ka mohlala, lipatlisiso tse 'maloa li bontšitse hore litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li ka' na tsa amahanngoa hampe le khotsofalo ea molekane oa thobalano [64] ha lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li bontšitse hore tšebelisano-'moho e ka 'na ea amahanngoa hantle le ts'ehetso ea ho kopanela liphate pakeng tsa balekane le khotsofalo ea bona ea thobalano65]. Hape hoa utloahala hore batho ba nang le ts'oaetso ea ho kopanela liphate ba ka 'na ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ba totobatsa tlhokahalo ea lithuto tsa nako e telele tseo ho tsona lihlopha tsa motheo tsa thobalano tsa liithuti li ngolisitsoeng.
Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe thutong ea hona joale, basali ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata ba tlaleha ho nyonya, ho ba molato le ho hlajoa ke lihlong [27], 'me sena se ka boela sa fokotsa boikemisetso ba bona ba ho tlaleha kapa ho bua ka botsoalle leha e le bofe bo nang le boitsebiso bo hlakileng [66]. Sena se buella tšebeliso ea lipatlisiso tse sa tsejoeng li-inthaneteng lithutong tsa mafu a bootsoa litabeng tsa bootsoa le hoja li boetse li kenyelletsa mefokolo e mengata e hlalositsoeng hamorao. Thuto ea hona joale e totobatsa hore halofo ea barutoana ba basali ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ho feta ea banna ba bona, ba tlaleha hore ba tla hlajoa ke lihlong ke mosebetsi ona. Phapang ena e ka hlaha ho tsoa mekhoeng ea meetlo le ho amoheloa ho tlaase ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho basali ho bapisoa le banna, le hore basali ba bang ba ka e amahanya hangata ka ketso ea ho se tšepahale, le hoja ho fumanoa ho hanyetsano ho tlalehoa tabeng ena [67,68,69]. Ho ka 'na ha e-ba le maikutlo a hore ho hlajoa ke lihlong joalo ho ka baka khatello e amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Thuto ea hona joale le eona e fumane hore basali ba hlajoang ke lihlong ka mosebetsi oa bona oa bootsoa hangata ba lemoha hore tšebeliso ea eona e mpe e ama tšusumetso ea kamano ea lerato. Leha ho le joalo, motho o lokela ho hlokomela hore mokhatlo o joalo o ne o atisa ho ba liithuti tsa banna. Ho hlajoa ke lihlong ka litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho ka 'na ha sitisa ho bua ka eona le molekane,' me ho ka 'na ha senya tšepo kamanong. Ka kakaretso, e tšehetsa khopolo ea hore balekane ba lokela ho bua ka pepenene litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisanang.
Ka mekhelo e meng, ha ho na litšobotsi tsa botho, tse neng li itlaleha holima thuputsong ena, ho khetholla mekhahlelo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Liphuputso tsena li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore ho fihlella le ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hona joale ho na le litaba tse pharaletseng haholo ho hlakisa litšoaneleho tse itseng tsa kelello tsa ba sebelisang. Leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha etsoa ntho e thahasellisang mabapi le bareki ba ileng ba tlaleha hore ho hlokahala hore ba shebe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse ntseng li eketseha. Joalokaha ho bontšoa, ho sebelisoa ha lintho tse hlakileng khafetsa ho ka 'na ha amahanngoa le ho hloka leseli ho lebisang tlhokahalo ea ho sheba lintho tse feteletseng tse feteletseng ho fumana tsoho e ts'oanang ea ho kopanela liphate [32]. Leha ho le joalo, haufinyane tjena ho bontšitsoe hore indasteri ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha e hlahise liphatlalatso tse ngata tse hlahisang liketso tse mabifi le tse nyonyehang, 'me livideo tse phallelang tse hlahisang liketso tse joalo li fumana maikutlo a fokolang le ho theola maemo a tsoang ho bashebelli ba inthaneteng [70]. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ke liphuputso tsa lipatlisiso tsa Mataliana tsa likolo tsa sekolo se phahameng, ba seng bakae ba bona (18.8%) ba ile ba pepesehela lithong tse mabifi le tse nyonyehang ka tekanyo e tlaase e fumanoeng bakeng sa basali [71]. Phuputso ea hona joale e fumane hore tlhokahalo ea ho sebelisa boitsebiso bo feteletseng ba bootsoa e ne e atisa ho tlalehoa ke banna ba ipolelang hore ba mabifi. Khokahanyo pakeng tsa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le liketso tse mabifi e 'nile ea ithutoa pejana: ho pepesa ka boomo ka lintho tse mabifi ka nako e itseng ho ile ha hakanyetsa ho eketseha ka makhetlo a tšeletseng ho se boleloang ke boitšoaro bo bohale ba ho kopanela liphate [72]. Leha ho le joalo, motho e mong o lokela ho hlokomela hore lintho tse fumanoeng hona joale ha li khone ho qoba monyetla oa ho fokotsa mofuthu (banna ba mabifi ba atisang ho khetha boitsebiso bo litšila ba bootsoa). Sena se tla hloka lipatlisiso tse laoloang kapa lihlopha. Ho thahasellisang ke hore lihlopheng tsa kajeno tse ithutoang li tlaleha hore ho hlokahala hore ho batloe lintho tse ngata tse mabifi tse atisang ho iponahatsa e le tsebo. Ka lebaka leo, ho ka thoe litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li ka khahla basali ka thahasello e khethehileng ea ho hlahloba thobalano, le hoja sena se ka hloka hape lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng.
Tlhaloso e thahasellisang ea phuputso ena ke hore ho feta tekano / ho feta (≥25 kg / m2) baithuti ba basali le ba banna ba lemohile hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li na le phello e mpe ho boleng ba kamano khafetsa ho feta ba nang le BMI <25 kg / m2. Bakeng sa batho ba baholo, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka etsisa maikutlo a bona a ho kopanela liphate le litebello, 'me li tlalehiloe hore e tla ba mohloli oa litaba tsa thobalano [3]). Hona ho ka 'na ha se ke ha lebisa liphello tse bohloko ka tsela e sa hlakang haeba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sa nkehe e le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa boitsebiso bo joalo' me, e le pono, ha e phoso ka 'nete ea thobalano [73]. Hangata lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa li fana ka liketso tse sa tloaelehang kapa liketso tse feteletseng ka li-actress le batšoantšisi bao, e le hore ba lumellane le ponahalo ea ponahalo e khothalletsang, ba atisa ho etsa opereishene ea polasetiki kapa ho sebelisa meriana ho boloka boemo ba ho emisa [74]. Ka kakaretso, sena se ka lebisa molokong oa litlhoko tsa thobalano tseo hangata li ke keng tsa khoneha ho li finyella, le ho se lumellane pakeng tsa ho khahloa ke 'mele joalokaha ho bontšoa litšoantšong tsa bootsoa le tsa lihlooho tse pepeneneng, haholo-holo ba nang le boima bo feteletseng kapa bo bobebe. Ho ka thoe litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka 'na tsa phahamisa phello, tse seng li boletsoe liphuputsong tse fetileng, tseo basali ba boima ka ho fetisisa ba ileng ba ahloloa ke banna ba bona ba tlaase ho tse khahlehang le matla le ho ba lipapali tse futsanehileng ho balekane ba bona ba khahlehang [75]. Ho phaella moo, BMI e phahameng e bontšitsoe e le mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa ho se sebetse ha erectile [76], mokhatlo o ka etsang hore ho be le phapang pakeng tsa tsebo ea thobalano le banna ba hlahisoang ke litšoantšiso tsa bootsoa.
Lilemo tsa ho qala ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse hlakileng li amana le monyetla o eketsehileng oa liphello tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho batho ba banyenyane-lintlha tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa li fumanoe bakeng sa basali le banna ba pepesehileng lilemong tsa 12 kapa ka tlase. Le hoja tlhahlobo ea li-cross-section ha e lumelle tlhahlobo ea ho baka, mokhoa ona o ka 'na oa bontša hore bongoana bo kopanngoa le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo ka ba le liphello tsa nako e telele. Ho 'nile ha boleloa pele hore ho pepeseha ha nakoana pele ho tšehetsa ho khomarela likhopolo tse sa nepahaleng tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali [77]. Phuputso e teng hona joale e bontša hore batho ba pepeneng pejana ba ne ba ka 'na ba tlaleha ho hlokomoloha litlhoko tsa mantlha le boikarabelo bonyane hanngoe bophelong ba bona ka lebaka la litšoantšo tsa bootsoa,' me ba lemohile liphello tsa bona tse mpe likamanong tsa likamano khafetsa. Ho sa tsotellehe hore na liphello tsena li bakoa ke li-syndromes tsa boikaketsi tse bontšoang ka ho qobelloa ho qobella batho, ho ba le maikutlo a maikutlo, le ho ba le kahlolo e fosahetseng ha ho tsejoe, le hoja liphello tse joalo li se li tlalehile har'a bareki ba bootsoa [32,34]. Thuto ea hona joale e boetse e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho pepeseha ha pejana ho ka 'na ha amahanngoa le ho ba le takatso e matla ea ho kopanela liphate joalokaha ho bontšoa ke tlhokahalo ea ho tsosolosa nako e teletsana le litakatso tse ling tsa ho kopanela liphate tse hlokahalang hore li fihle liphatsong tsa' mele ha li ja lihlahisoa tse hlakileng, 'me ka kakaretso li fokotsa ho khotsofalla thobalano Joalokaha ho bontšoa ka ho hlahloba maikutlo, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka etsa hore ho theohe holimo-taolo ea tsamaiso ea batho ba baholo ka tsela e fokotsehileng ea taba ea bohlooho le ho hokahanngoa ha eona ka mokhoa o sebetsang le prefrontal cortex [32]. Qetellong, pejana ba pepesa baithuti ba basali le banna ba ne ba e-na le phapang e kholo ea ho lemalla litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro-e leng ntho e hlollang e bonts'oa ka sekhahla se phahameng sa 12.2% sehlopheng se entsoeng lipatlisiso. Leha ho le joalo, motho o lokela ho hlokomela hore tekanyo ena ha e bontše hore na batho ba ithutoang ba ne ba lemaletse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka kutloisiso ea neurobiological. Joalokaha ho sa tsoa bontšoa, ho lemalla ho lemalla ho ka 'na ha se ke ha lula e le pontšo e nepahetseng ea bothata ba bootsoa ho sebelisa [29]. Leha ho le joalo, lipatlisiso tse fetileng li se li bontšitse hore haeba maikutlo a joalo a le teng hangata a amana le ho eketseha ha maikutlo a kelello [78]. Ka kakaretso, ha ho pepeseha hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa Inthaneteng ha li khone ho ba le meloko ea bacha, liphuputso tsa thuto ena li tšehetsa khopolo ea hore tšireletso ea bana ho tloha ka nako e khutšoanyane haholo e lokela ho behoa pele.
Thibelo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e fihletse taba ea puisano ea lipolotiki. Linaha tse ngata, tse kenyeletsang Poland, li lumella batho ba baholo hore ba fihlelle ho batho ba baholo. Morao tjena, ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha palo ea mabifi a tlalehiloeng, 'muso oa Nepal o ile oa thibela ho aroloa ha litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso. Phuputsong ea hona joale, liithuti tse entsoeng lipatlisiso li atisa ho bontša hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka ba le phello e bohloko litabeng tsa likamano tsa batho, bophelo ba kelello, liketso tsa thobalano, 'me li ka ama tsoelo-pele ea kelello nakong ea bongoaneng le bocha. Ho sa tsotellehe sena, bongata ba bona ha boa ka ba tšehetsa tlhoko leha e le efe ea lithibelo tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka nako e telele, molao o thibelang ho fumana litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, o thibela libaka tse hlalosang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​kapa o sebelisa mekhoa ea ho netefatsa lilemo tse ka ba thata kapa e theko e boima ho tiisa ka botlalo. Leha ho le joalo, linaha tse kang United Kingdom li nahanne ka lithibelo tse thehiloeng mekhoeng ea ho netefatsa lilemong tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho sireletsa bana hore ba se ke ba pepeseha, 'me ba netefatse hore ke batho ba baholo feela (ba lilemo li 18) ba tla fumana litaba tse hlakileng.
Le hoja lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li senola boitsebiso bo bong bo bohlokoa mabapi le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka har'a sehlopha se batlang se le seholo le se tloaelehileng sa liithuti tsa univesithi, ho na le meeli e mengata e lokelang ho hlalosoa bakeng sa tlhaloso ea tlhokomelo ea tlhokomelo. Ntlha ea pele, papiso e fapaneng e etsoang ha ho hlahloba dintlha ntle le ho lokisoa ho eketsa monyetla oa liphoso tsa mofuta oa 1. Leha ho le joalo, khalemelo e bonolo ea Bonferroni e ka 'na ea e-ba e feteletseng,' me e eketsa kotsi ea liphoso tsa mofuta oa II [79]. Leha ho le joalo, ho haelloa ke khalemelo e joalo ho tlameha ho nahanoa ka tlhaloso ea lipatlisiso tsa thuto. Ho feta moo, motho ea sa tsejoeng le oa Inthaneteng oa phuputso eo ha aa ka a beha monyetla oa ho netefatsa lintlha. Ho phaella moo, liphello tse tlalehiloeng tsa litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso li ne li itlhahloba ka batho ba etsoang lipatlisiso, 'me ha lia ka tsa tiisoa ka boemo ba bongaka. Habohlokoa, ho qaptjoa ha sehlabelo sa sefapano ha ho lumelle ntho leha e le efe ea ho khetholla. Sena se boetse se amana le li-OR tsa khale li lekantsoe bakeng sa mekhatlo pakeng tsa lilemo tsa ho qala ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le liphello tse ikutloang tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lilemo tsa ho pepeseha ha pele ho tlalehoa ke liithuti tse lokelang ho hlahlojoa hape li lokela ho tšoaroa ka masene ho e-na le hore li lekanyelitsoe. Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, boiketlo ba boithaopi bo ne bo ke ke ba kenngoa ka botlalo tlas'a moqapi o sa tsejoeng oa ho ithuta 'me ho tlameha ho nahanoa ha ho fetoleloa ho ata ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​haholo-holo ho basali, kapa tekanyo e phahameng ea ho lemalla ho lemalla. Ho feta moo, ha ho tsejoe hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisoa hakae sehlopheng se ithutoang se fapane le maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate ha batho ba hlahlobiloeng ba sa botsoa hore ba e tsebe. Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tse ling tsa pele li bontšitse hore lihlooho tsa batho ba ratanang le batho ba bong bo fapaneng li ka 'na tsa e-ba bahlaseli ba phahameng ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa [80]. Qetellong, litšebelisano pakeng tsa bolumeli ba batho ba hlahlobiloeng le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha lia hlahlojoa. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe, bolumeli e ka 'na ea e-ba sesosa se eketsehileng se bakang mahlomola litšoantšong tsa bootsoa [81].

5. Liphello

Phuputso ea hona joale e tlaleha hore palo e phahameng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e sebelisoa har'a liithuti tsa Poland, 'me e tlaleha hore mekhoa ea eona ea tšebeliso e ka' na ea tšoana le ea basali le ba batona, le hoja ba pele ba ne ba atisa ho hlajoa ke lihlong ke mosebetsi ona. Bacha ba pele ba ho hlahella (≤12 lilemo) li fumanoe li kopantsoe haholo le liphello tse fapa-fapaneng tsa bootsoa tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa ho iponahatsa nakong ea liithuti tsa univesithi lilemo (18-26 lilemo). Tlhaloso ena e tšehetsa khopolo ea hore ts'ebetso ea thibelo e tiisitsoeng ka nako e telele e le hore e sireletse batho ba lilemong tsa bocha le ho ba lilemong tsa bocha ho ka ba molemo le hoja motho a lokela ho hlokomela hore thuto ena e na le lihlopha tse sa tšoaneng 'me ha e tiisehe hore e bakoa.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Ho nahanisisa: ADD le PR; mekhoa: ADD le PR; phuputso: ADD; ho ngola-qalong ho ngola tlhahiso: ADD le PR

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Patlisiso ena ha ea ka ea fumana chelete ea lichelete.

Likhohlano tsa Thahasello

Bangoli ba phatlalatsa hore ha ho na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

References

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