Mathata a Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa Japane: Thuto ea Pele ho Baithuti ba Univesithi (2021)

Ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke boitšoaro bo atileng lefatšeng ka bophara. Le ha basebelisi ba bangata ba tlalehile litlamorao tse ntle tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Hald le Malamuth, 2008), Ba bang ba tlalehile litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e feteletseng (Gola le Potenza, 2016). Ho latela tlhahlobo ea morao-rao, liphuputso tse ngata li hlalosa tšebeliso e litšila ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e le litlamorao tse mpe joalo ka ts'ebeliso e mpe ea boitšoaro, joalo ka bokhoba ba inthanete (de Alarcón et al., 2019). Har'a bafuputsi, ho thoe ke ts'ebeliso e thata ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Fernandez le Griffiths, 2019), 'Me e tšoauoa ka mathata a taolo, ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng, ho qoba maikutlo a mabe, le ts'ebeliso e phehellang leha ho na le litlamorao tse mpe (Kor et al., 2014). Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka hlalosoa ka moralo oa boits'oaro ba boitšoaro, o kenyelletsang likarolo tse tšeletseng tsa mantlha tsa tahi (Griffiths, 2005): botsitso (ha ketsahalo e fetoha ntho ea bohlokoahali bophelong ba motho), phetoho ea maikutlo (ho sebelisa boits'oaro ho fetola boemo ba maikutlo a motho), ho ikhula (boemo bo sa thabiseng ba maikutlo bo bonoang ha boitšoaro bo emisoa), mamello (e hlokang keketseho maemong a boits'oaro ho fihlela litlamorao tse tšoanang), ho khutlela morao (ho khutlela mekhoeng ea boits'oaro ea pejana kamora ho ithiba), le likhohlano (litlamorao tse mpe tsa boitšoaro bo lemalloang) (Fernandez le Griffiths, 2019; Chen le Jiang, 2020). Ho sebelisa bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho boetse ho amana le mekhoa e meng e lemalloang, e leng, bosodoma, papali ea chelete, inthanete le papali (Kor et al., 2014; Stockdale le Coyne, 2018). Le ha ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e tsejoa hore e na le litlamorao tse mpe joalo ka mekhoa e meng e lemalloang, ha e so ka e batlisisoa maemong a Japane moo boemo ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo sebelisang bo phahameng. Phuputso ena e atoloha ho lingoliloeng tse teng tse shebaneng le mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e le ketsahalo e ntseng e hola lefatšeng ka bophara ka ho tlaleha litšobotsi tsa ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a baithuti ba Majapane. Haholo-holo, re hlahlobile matšoao a akaretsang a kelello, khatello ea thobalano, khatello ea maikutlo, matšoenyeho le taolo e sebetsang.

Kaha ho sebelisa bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho nkoa e le karolo ea khatello ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate tlasa mathata a taolo ea ts'usumetso ho Tlhophiso ea Machabeng ea Maloetse 11th Revision (Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2018; Brand et al., 2019a), patlisiso e amanang e amohetse tlhokomelo e kholo lilemong tsa morao tjena (mohlala, Kraus et al., 2020). Le ha ho sa boleloa ka ho hlaka ho fumanoeng, boitšoaro bo bong ba thobalano bo nkoang e le boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano bo ka kenyelletsa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, thobalano ka mohala, thobalano ea inthanete, lihlopha tsa metsero le liketso tsa thobalano le batho ba baholo ba lumelangKafka, 2010; Gola et al., 2020). Boitšoaro bona ba thobalano bo ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: ea motho ka mong, e sa hlokeng ho kenella ha molekane (mohlala, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali). le tse arohaneng, tse hlokang ho kenella ha molekane (mohlala, ho se tšepahale khafetsa) (Efrati le Mikulincer, 2018). Mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a sebelisoa e le boits'oaro ba motabo ka bomong (Efrati le Mikulincer, 2018). Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e le boitšoaro bo atileng haholo bo tlalehiloeng ke batho ba batlang kalafo ea bosodoma (Reid et al., 2012a, b). Thutong e fetileng, motho a le mong ho ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse supileng ba nkileng karolo phuputsong eo o bontšitse thahasello ea ho batla kalafo ea ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoaKraus et al., 2016a). Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ngata lebaleng li entsoe linaheng tsa Bophirimela (mohlala, Grubbs et al., 2019a). Ebile, 47.2% ea lithuto tsa pejana li ne li khannoa ho sebelisoa lisampole tsa Amerika, ha e le 7.9% feela e ileng ea etsoa linaheng tsa Global South (mohlala, Brazil, China). Kahoo, ho na le tlala ea lipatlisiso har'a linaha tseo e seng tsa Bophirima (Grubbs et al., 2020). Lithuto tsa moetlo o fapaneng lia hlokahala ho lekola bokhoba ba thobalano ba inthanete, ho kenyeletsoa ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​joalo ka ha phapano ea maemo a setso le setso e ka ama boits'oaro ba thobalano (Griffiths, 2012). Ho feta moo, lintlha tse tsoang webosaeteng e tummeng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro lefatšeng ka bophara¹ e senotse hore Japane e ne e le maemong a bobeli ho latela sephethephethe sa letsatsi le letsatsi, feela kamora United States ka selemo sa 2019. Ho feta moo, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng e hokahane le lintlha tse lemalloang inthaneteng ka sampole e tsoang ho sechaba sa naha sa basebelisi ba inthanete Japane (Yong et al., 2017). Kahoo, batho ba bang ba ka tlaleha litlamorao tse mpe tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lebaka la tahlehelo ea taolo ka lebaka la bokhoba ba inthanete Japane. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho so ka ho etsoa lipatlisiso ka kotsi ea bokhoba ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Japane kapa litšobotsi tsa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba Majapane. Ntle le moo, leha mohopolo ona o so netefatsoe ka matla, takatso ea thobalano le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka nkuoa e le sehlooho se thata ho latela moetlo oa Majapane (Hirayama, 2019). Japane, thuto e felletseng ea thobalano ha e rutoe ka mafolofolo, ka hona ho na le menyetla e fokolang ea ho fumana tsebo ea mantlha mabapi le thobalano (Hashimoto et al., 2012). Puisano ea phatlalatsa ka takatso ea thobalano le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li kanna tsa baka lihlong, 'me thobalano e lula e le taba e nyarosang Japane (Inose, 2010; Hirayama, 2019). Ka kakaretso, ho hlokometsoe hore ho latela moetlo oa Majapane, litaba tsa thobalano ke sehlooho se thata le lefapheng la thuto (Hirayama, 2019). Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe pejana, batho ba Majapane ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse ngata (bona mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe 1). Ka hona, leha motho oa Japane a angoa hampe ke ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ba kanna ba ba le bothata ba ho batla thuso mme boits'oaro ba bona bo kanna ba se ke ba amoheloa ke lingaka. Re lumela hore ho a hlokahala ho etsa thuto e shebaneng le bothata ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Japane.

Liphuputso tse fetileng li hakantse ho ata ha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, leha ho le thata ho tseba hore na bothata ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso bo sebelisoa ke batho ba bangata ba sebelisa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa tlhahlobo. Ka mohlala, Rissel le ba bang. (2017) ba fumane hore 4% ea banna le 1% ea basali ba ikutloa ba lemaletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputsong e ngoe, Bőthe et al. (2018) e tlalehile hore ho na le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse ka bang 4% ba kotsing. Mabapi le lithethefatsi tse akaretsang tsa inthanete, haeba e se litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho ata ha bokhoba bo matla har'a batho ba baholo ba Majapane e ne e le 6.1% bakeng sa banna le 1.8% bakeng sa basali (Lu et al., 2011). Ntle le moo, ts'ebeliso ea inthanete khafetsa le maikutlo a mabe a bolela esale pele mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa inthaneteng a sebelisoa ho banna ba batona joalo ka bacha (de Alarcón et al., 2019). Boitšoaro ba thobalano bo amanang le taolo e holofetseng bo atile haholo hara banna ha bo bapisoa le basali (Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012b; Kraus et al., 2016b). Ha ho hlake hore na basebelisi ba bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Japane, ba sebelisang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro haholo le ba nang le maikutlo a mabe, ba atile hara banna ho fapana le basali ba banyane.

Ho sebelisa bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho amahanngoa le matšoao a akaretsang a kelello (Brand et al., 2011; Grubbs et al., 2015). E boetse e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso e mpe ea kelello, joalo ka khotsofalo e tlase ka bophelo le likamano, har'a baithuti ba univesithi (Harper le Hodgins, 2016). Haholo-holo, batho ba ileng ba ba le bothata ba ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba sebelisa maemo a phahameng a bosodoma le khatello ea maikutlo (Bőthe et al., 2020). Tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ipapisitse le boiteko ba ho baleha maikutlo a mabe a tsamaellanang le matšoenyeho, bolutu, ho potlaka le khatello ea maikutlo (Reid et al., 2011; Baltieri et al., 2015). Ntle le moo, Ts'ebelisano ea Motho-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse tlisang nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea boits'oaro ba boitšoaro e kenyelletsa taolo ea thibelo le ts'ebetso ea phethahatso e le likarolo tsa mantlha (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b). Ha ho fanoa ka boemo ba taolo e akaretsang ea thibelo ea tšebetso ea bolaoli, lintho tse ka ntle tse kahare kapa tsa kahare tse amanang le boits'oaro bo matla, mme liqeto tsa ho nka karolo li na le moeli (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b), basebelisi ba bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ka ba le maemo a tlase a thibelo ea thibelo. Lipatlisisong tsa likamano tseo boits'oaro le boits'oaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano, taolo e sebetsang, e leng bohale le e ts'oanang le ts'ebetso ea bolaoli, e ne e amana le boits'oaro bo phahameng ba thobalano (Efrati, 2018). Ebile, bacha ba bontšitseng boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano ha ba ka ba sebelisa taolo e matla (Efrati le Dannon, 2018). Ntle le moo, taolo e sebetsang e tsejoa e na le likarolo tse tharo tsa phapang (Rothbart et al., 2000Taolo ea tlhokomelo ke bokhoni ba ho tsepamisa mohopolo ka nepo kapa ho lebisa tlhokomelo, taolo ea thibelo ke bokhoni ba ho laola likarabo tse sa nepahalang, mme taolo ea ts'ebetso ke bokhoni ba ho etsa ketso leha o na le tloaelo e matla ea ho e qoba. Leha ho le joalo, kamano lipakeng tsa mesebetsi e meraro le ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha e so hlahlojoe.

Phuputso ea hajoale e ikemiselitse ho khetholla litšobotsi tsa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tsa batho ba nang le bothata ba ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro har'a baithuti ba Majapane. Taba ea mantlha, re ile ra hlahloba liperesente tsa baithuti ba univesithi ea Japane ba neng ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​makhetlo a ts'ebeliso khoeling e fetileng le nako ea ts'ebeliso. Liphuputso tse fetileng li bontšitse hore 4% ea mehlala ea boithuto e ne e le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse kotsing e kholo mme 16.8% e ne e le basebelisi ba kotsing e tlase (Bőthe et al., 2018). Ka hona, re nahanne hore hoo e ka bang 4% ea bankakarolo thutong ea hajoale ba tla bonts'a mathata maphelong a bona ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso e fetelletseng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​mme karolo ea ts'ebeliso ea ba nang le ts'oaetso e ka ba 16% ka ts'oaetso e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Re boetse ra nahana hore sekhahla sa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro se nang le ts'oaetso se ka ba makhetlo a mane ho feta sa basali, ho latela lipatlisiso tsa pejana (Rissel et al., 2017).

Taba ea bobeli, re ile ra lekola phapang lipakeng tsa batho ba nang le taolo e holofetseng mme ba se na taolo e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​re tsepamisitse maikutlo ho khatello ea maikutlo, ho tšoenyeha, ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano le tlhokomelo e phahameng. Re nahanne hore basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba nang le taolo e holofetseng ba tla bonts'a matšoao a phahameng a psychopathological a kang khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho, a lumellanang le lingoliloeng tse fetileng (Bőthe et al., 2020). Ntle le moo, ha basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba e-na le bothata ba bonts'a takatso e phahameng ea thobalano le ts'ebetso e tlase ea ts'ebetsoBrand et al., 2016, 2019b), Re ne re lebelletse ho bona bosodoma, le maemo a tlase a tlhokomelo ha ba bapisoa le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bao e seng basebelisi le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ntle le taolo e mpe.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Barupeluoa le Mekhoa ea Ts'ebetso

Phuputso e entsoe ka mekhoa e 'meli ea mehlala e bonolo har'a baithuti ba koleche univesithing e bohareng ba Japane. Mokhoa oa pele, mongoli oa pele o ile a etela ka tlelaseng mme a aba mangolo a ho thaotha, a neng a kenyelletsa litaelo tsa ho fihlella sehokela sa marang-rang ho lipotso tsa lipotso ho baithuti ba 216. Mokhoa oa bobeli, re romelletse sehokela sa lipotso tsa inthanete ho baithuti ba 70 ka LINE, sesebelisoa sa man messengerosa. Pele ba araba lipotso tsa lipotso, barupeluoa bohle ba fumane leseli mabapi le melao ea boitšoaro, lipotso tse thata le tokelo ea ho ikhula. Barupeluoa ba fane ka tumello ea bona ea ho nka karolo ka sehokela se sebelisang liforomo tsa Google. Pele barupeluoa ba araba lipotso tse mabapi le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho ile ha fanoa ka tlhaloso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro: Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (1) li theha kapa li tsosa mehopolo ea thobalano, maikutlo kapa boits'oaro, hape (2) e na le litšoantšo tse hlakileng kapa litlhaloso tsa liketso tsa thobalano tse amanang le litho tsa botona le botšehali (mohlala, thobalano kapa thobalano, thobalano ka molomo, kapa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali)Hald le Malamuth, 2008; Reid et al., 2011). Sekhahla sa karabelo e ne e le 55.2% (n = 158). Mesebetsi eohle ea lipatlisiso e amohetsoe ke boto ea tlhahlobo ea setheo ea (e foufalitsoeng bakeng sa tlhahlobo).

Ho ba arabetseng ba 158, bankakarolo ba bang ba ile ba qheleloa ka thoko ka lebaka la ho ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 19 (n = 3) kapa ho kenya lipotso tse sa tlatsuoang (n = 5). Sampole ea hoqetela e ne e na le baithuti ba Majapane ba 150 univesithing e bohareng ba Japane (banna ba 86; 57.3%, basali ba 64; 42.7%) ba lilemo li 20-26 (lilemo tse bolelang = 21.48, SD = 1.21).

Mehato

Sebelisa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Ho lekola tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hangata (matsatsi a mangata ka khoeli), re ile ra botsa "U sebelisitse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro khoeling e fetileng joang?" Ho lekola nako ea ts'ebeliso ka letsatsi (ka metsotso), re ile ra botsa "Ke nako e kae eo u e qetang u sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka letsatsi ha u li sebelisa?"

Ho Laola ho Laola Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Sebelisa

Ho lekola ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​re sebelisitse lipotso tse tharo tsa e / che: "Na o kile oa sitoa ho laola tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa?"; "Na u sebelisitse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa ka mokhoa o sa laoleheng ho feta likhoeli tse 6?"; le “Na u kile ua tobana le mathata a bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi ka lebaka la ho ba thata ho laola tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa?” Lipotso tsena tse khuts'oane li hlahisitsoe ke bangoli ba thuto ea hajoale ba buileng ka mekhoa e latelang ea tlhahlobo ea ts'oaetso ea boits'oaro ba thobalano: ho hloleha ho laola matla a litakatso tsa thobalano kapa litakatso, boits'oaro bo pheta-phetoang ba thobalano bo etsahalang ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, le ho senyeha ho hoholo bophelong ba motho. (Kraus et al., 2018; Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2018). Haholo-holo, ho senyeha ho hoholo bophelong ba motho ka mong le taolo e mpe ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e le lintlha tsa bohlokoa ho latela pono ea bongaka (Khotso, 2019).

Boiphetetso ba thobalano

Tekano ea ho Qobelloa ho Kopanela Liphate (SCS) e na le lintho tse 10 (mohlala, "Takatso ea ka ea thobalano e sentse likamano tsa ka") e lekantsoe sekaleng sa lintlha tse 'ne (1 = ho hang ha a nthate ho 4 = haholo joalo ka nna) ka lipalo tse ka bang teng ho tloha ho 10 ho isa ho 40 (Kalichman le Rompa, 1995). Lintlha tse phahameng tsa SCS li supa boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano (Kalichman le Rompa, 1995). Thutong ena, mofuta oa Majapane oa SCS (Inoue et al., 2017e sebelisitsoe, e netefalitseng ho ts'epahala hoa kahare (α = 0.90) le ho aha bonnete Japane (Inoue et al., 2017). Mo sampoleng oa hajoale, coefficient e ts'epahalang e bonts'itse botsitso bo phahameng ba kahare (α = 0.89).

ho tepella maikutlo

Lenane la lipotso tsa bakuli ba bophelo bo botle (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al., 2001), sesebelisoa sa ho lekola khatello ea maikutlo e kholo, se na le lintho tse robong (mohlala, "Thahasello e nyane kapa thabo ea ho etsa lintho") e lekantsoeng sekaleng sa lintlha tse 'ne (0 = ho hang ho 3 = hoo e ka bang letsatsi le leng le le leng) ka lipalo tse ka bang teng ho tloha 0 ho ea 27. Thutong ena, mofuta oa PHQ-9 oa MajapaneMuramatsu et al., 2007) e sebelisitsoe, e netefalitseng ho tšepahala le ho nepahala. Sekhahla sa ts'epahalo lithutong tse fetileng se bonts'itsoe se phahame (α = 0.86-0.92), mme PHQ-9 e fumanoe e le mokhoa o nepahetseng oa khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng ka kakaretso (Kroenke et al., 2010). Mo sampoleng oa hajoale, coefficient e ts'epahalang e bonts'itse botsitso bo phahameng ba kahare (α = 0.81).

ho Tšoenyeha

Tekanyo ea Matšoenyeho a Kakaretso ea Matšoenyeho a Kakaretso ea Lintho tse Supileng (GAD-7; Spitzer et al., 2006) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekola matšoao a matšoenyeho, mme lintho (mohlala, "Ho ikutloa u tšohile, ho tšoenyeha kapa ho ba bohale") li lekantsoe ka sekala sa lintlha tse 'ne (0 = ho hang ho 3 = hoo e ka bang letsatsi le leng le le leng) ka lintlha tse ka bang teng ho tloha 0 ho isa 21. Thutong ena, mofuta oa GAD-7 oa MajapaneMuramatsu et al., 2010) e sebelisitsoe, e bonts'itseng thepa e ntle ea psychometric. Coefficient e ka tšeptjoang (α = 0.92) le ho tšepahala ha tlhahlobo ea liteko haper = 0.83) li ne li le holimo lithutong tse fetileng, mme sekala se fumanoe e le mokhoa o nepahetseng oa ho tšoenyeha ka kakaretsoSpitzer et al., 2006; Kroenke et al., 2010). Mo sampoleng oa hajoale, coefficient e ts'epahalang e bonts'itse botsitso bo phahameng ba kahare (α = 0.86).

Boiteko bo Laoloang

Tekanyo e sebetsang ea taolo (EC) ea Potso ea Batho ba baholo ea Temperament (Rothbart et al., 2000) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho lekanya ts'ebetso ea tlhokomelo e kholo. Sekala sena se na le liphallelo tse tharo tse latelang, ka kakaretso ea lintho tse 35 tse ipehileng boemong ba lintlha tse 'ne (1 = leshano haholo ho nna ho 4 = ke nnete haholo ho nnaTaolo ea tlhokomelo (mohlala, "Ho thata haholo ho nna ho tsepamisa maikutlo a ka ha ke sithabetse") (lintho tse 12), thibelo ea thibelo (mohlala, "Hangata ke ba le bothata ba ho hanela litakatso tsa ka tsa lijo, lino, jj." ) (Lintho tse 11), le taolo ea ts'ebetso (mohlala, "nka iketsetsa mosebetsi o boima leha ke sa batle ho leka") (lintho tse 12). Kakaretso ea lintlha tsa EC e ne e nkuoe ho lintlha tse tharo tse tlase; lintlha tse phahameng li bontšitse maemo a phahameng a EC. Thutong ena, mofuta oa Japane oa sekala sa EC sa Potso ea Batho ba baholo ea Temperament (Yamagata et al., 2005) li sebelisitsoe, tse netefalitseng ho tšepahala le ho nepahala. Phuputso e fetileng e nang le mehlala ea Majapane e bonts'itse botsitso bo lekaneng ba kahare (α = 0.74-0.90) le tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea liteko hape (r = 0.79-0.89) bakeng sa sekala, le bonnete bo amanang le litekanyetso tsa likamano le litekanyo tsa botho ba lintlha tse hlano (Yamagata et al., 2005). Mo sampoleng oa hajoale, li-coefficients tse phahameng tse tsoang ho 0.72 ho isa ho 0.88 li bontšitse ho ts'epahala ho hoholo ha sekala.

Boitsebiso ba Lintlha

Liphuputso tsohle tsa lipalo-palo li ile tsa etsoa ho sebelisoa mofuta oa IBM SPSS 22. Pele ho liteko, bankakarolo ba arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo (litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bao e seng basebelisi, basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ntle le taolo e senyehileng, le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba nang le taolo e fokolang). Ho lekola botsoalle ba thobalano, re sebelisitse Mann-Whitney U test le teko ea square ea chi ea Pearson. Kamora moo, liphapang lipakeng tsa lihlopha tse tharo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mefuta e sa tsoelang pele e ajoang (SCS, PHQ-9, le lintlha tsa GAD-7) ka lipapiso tse peli tse sebelisang phetoho ea Bonferroni, le tlhahlobo ea tsela e le 'ngoe ea phapang (ANOVA) bakeng sa tloaelo e ajoang e tsoelang pele mefuta-futa (lintlha tse felletseng tsa EC le lintlha tse tharo tsa subscale) ka lipapiso tse peli tse sebelisang Tukey ka botšepehi phetoho e kholo ea phapang.

Results

Mohlala oa Tšebeliso ea Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Barupeluoa ba tlalehang matsatsi a zero a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba a sebelisitse khoeling e fetileng e ne e le batho bao e seng basebelisi (n = 44), ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ntle le "e" e le 'ngoe ho lipotso tse laolang ts'oaetso e ne e le basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ntle le bofokoli ba taolo (n = 81), mme ba tlalehang ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka karabo e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta ea "lipotso" tse nang le ts'oaetso ba ne ba re basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba na le taolo e fokolangn = 25).

Ho nahana ka basebelisi bohle ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (n = 106) e nang le ba nang le taolo e sa sebetseng hantle, maqhubu a ts'ebeliso (matsatsing) khoeling e fetileng e ne e le 12.11 (SD = 8.21, min = 1, max = 31, skewness = 0.75, kurtosis = -0.19), le nako ea ts'ebeliso (ka metsotso ka letsatsi) e ne e le 44.60 (SD = 30.48, min = 1, max = 150, skewness = 1.45, kurtosis = 1.78). Ntle le moo, basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba nang le taolo e holofetseng ba bonts'itse makhetlo a mangata a ts'ebeliso ho feta a se nang taolo e mpe (U = 505.5, p <0.001, r = 0.37); nPhapang e kholo e fumanoe lipakeng tsa lihlopha mabapi le nako ea ts'ebeliso (U = 932.00, p = 0.541, r = 0.06). Hoo e ka bang karolo ea bohlano ea basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba nang le taolo e holofetseng (n = 5) e arabile ka "e" lipotsong tsohle tse amanang le taolo e holofetseng (Lethathamo 1).

Phapang ea thobalano ka mekhoa ea ts'ebeliso

Bongata ba banna (M = 13.19, SD = 7.68) le basali (M = 8.22, SD = 9.02) e ne e fapane haholo ha ho bapisoa le makhetlo a ts'ebeliso (U = 519.00, r = 0.33, p <0.001), ha re ntse re sa fumane phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa banna (M = 43.35, SD = 28.19) le basali (M = 49.13, SD = 38.01) mabapi le nako ea ts'ebeliso (U = 934.00, r = 0.02, p = 0.872). Ho feta moo, phapang e kholo e bonoe palong ea banna le basali lihlopheng tse tharo: litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sa sebelisoeng, le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa le ntle le ts'oaetso ea taolo [χ² (2) = 64.99, p <0.001, Cramer V = 0.66; Lethathamo 2].

Phapang Pakeng tsa Basebelisi ba Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa

Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea Kruskal-Wallis le ANOVA ea tsela e le 'ngoe bakeng sa mefuta e tsoelang pele e bonts'itse phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa lihlopha mabapi le ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano (p <0.001), khatello ea maikutlo (p = 0.014), matšoenyeho (p <0.001), EC (p = 0.013), le taolo ea tlhokomelo (p = 0.008). Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho se na liphapang tsa sehlopha bakeng sa taolo ea thibelo (p = 0.096) le taolo ea ts'ebetso (p = 0.100).

Puisano

Re hlahlobile litšobotsi tsa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mme ra lekola phapang lipakeng tsa batho bao e seng basebelisi, basebelisi, le basebelisi ba nang le bothata mohlaleng oa baithuti ba univesithi Japane. Ho ea ka tsebo ea rona, hajoale ha ho na lithuto tse mabapi le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Japane, ka hona, thuto ea hajoale ke buka e tsoang ho setso.

Liphuputso tsa thuto ea hajoale li fana ka maikutlo a monyetla oa ho ba le bothata ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a baithuti ba Majapane. Data e bontšitse hore 5.7% (n = 6) ea basebelisi ba tlalehile mathata a bohlokoa a bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Tlhahiso ena e tsamaellana le lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse tlalehileng hore ho na le bothata ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (Ross et al., 2012; Rissel et al., 2017; Bőthe et al., 2018). Ntle le moo, basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba nang le taolo e holofetseng e ne e le 23.5% (n = 25) ea basebelisi. Lintlha li bonts'a boemo bo phahameng ba bosodoma har'a basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba nang le taolo e mpe ha ba bapisoa le lihlopha tse ling. Boitšoaro bo tummeng ka ho fetisisa bo tlalehiloeng har'a banna ba batlang kalafo ea bosodoma ke ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Reid et al., 2012a, b). Kahoo, leha ho fumanoa hore lefu lena ha le bolele ka ho hlaka hore bothata ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke karoloana ea khatello ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano (Gola et al., 2020), tumellanong le lipatlisiso tsa pejana, ts'ebeliso e thata ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka nkuoa e le ponahatso e hlahelletseng ea boits'oaro ba khatello ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano (Brand et al., 2019a). Ho feta moo, palo e phahameng ea basebelisi ba nang le taolo e holofetseng e fana ka maikutlo a monyetla oa hore palo e kholo ea batho e na le litloaelo tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Japane. Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling.

Banna ba tlalehile makhetlo a mangata a ts'ebeliso mme ba na le monyetla oa ho tsejoa e le basebelisi ba nang le mathata ho feta basali. Liphuputso tsena li tsamaellana le lithuto tse 'maloa tse fetileng tse tlalehileng ts'ebeliso e kholo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa har'a barupeluoa ba banna, ba neng ba tloaetse ho sebelisa mathata (Harper le Hodgins, 2016). Ha ho nahanoa hore boholo ba tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa bo tlalehiloe ke barupeluoa ba kenang, ho ka fihlela qeto ea hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisoa haholo ke baithuti ba banna ba univesithi Japane. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, basali ba bontšitse sekhahla se tlase sa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Kaha basali ba Japane ba kanna ba sebelisa metlae joaloka lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa (Mori, 2017), liphapang tsa litaba tsa bootsoa li kanna tsa kenya letsoho phapang ea bong e bonoeng liphellong tsa thuto ea hajoale. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea morao-rao e shebaneng le basali ba nang le boits'oaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano e bontšitse hore boits'oaro bo matla ba ho kopanela liphate le ho khothaletsa ho etsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li tlase ho basali ho feta banna (Kowalewska le al., 2020). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le monyetla oa ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata har'a basali, joalo ka ha basali ba bang ba tlaleha hore ba sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse nang le taolo e mpe thutong ea hajoale. Ka lebaka la tlala e akaretsang ea lipatlisiso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa basali (Kraus et al., 2016b; Kowalewska le al., 2020), ho na le tlhoko ea ho tsepamisa maikutlo holima taba ena maemong a Majapane, hammoho le mefuta ea litaba tsa thobalano eo basali ba e sebelisang haholoholo, le mekhoa ea basali ea boits'oaro ba thobalano.

Phuputso ena e bonts'a litšobotsi tse ikhethileng tsa basebelisi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse nang le taolo e holofetseng. Khafetsa tšebeliso e ne e amahanngoa haholo le ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata, empa nako ea ts'ebeliso e ne e se joalo. Le ha mekhoa e meng e lemalloang e shebile nako e sebelisitsoeng boits'oarong, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisang ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali li tla fokotsa matla a thobalano leha ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e se bothata (Fernandez le Griffiths, 2019). Ka hona, basebelisi ba bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba kanna ba se qete nako e ngata ba e sebelisa. Ha batho ba bang ba ka khona ho laola kapa ho laola tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho sa tsotelehe maqhubu a phahameng le nako ea ts'ebeliso (Brand et al., 2011; Kor et al., 2014; Grubbs et al., 2015; Bőthe et al., 2018), Ba bang ba ka ikutloa ba lahlehetsoe ke taolo litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ba sa sebelise nako ea ts'ebeliso.

Barupeluoa ba nang le taolo e holofetseng ba bontšitse maemo a phahameng a khatello ea maikutlo le matšoenyeho. Liphuputso tsena li tsamaellana le thuto e fetileng moo basebelisi ba bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bonts'itseng matšoao a psychopathological (Brand et al., 2011; Grubbs et al., 2015). Matšoenyeho a Intrapsychic a fumanoeng ho batho ba nang le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano a bakiloe ke lithahasello tse phahameng tsa thobalano le boits'oaro (Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 2018). Ho batho ba bang, khatello ea kelello e ka hlaha ka lebaka la boits'oaro ba boitšoaro bo tsoang litumelong tsa bolumeli tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Grubbs et al., 2019b). Joalokaha batho ba bangata ba Majapane ba tlalehiloe ha ba na bolumeli (Mandai et al., 2019), khatello ea maikutlo e amanang le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Japane e kanna ea se be ka lebaka la tumelo ea bolumeli. Leha ho le joalo, takatso ea thobalano ke taboo maemong a Majapane a sechaba (Inose, 2010); ka hona, ho ka etsahala hore ho hloka taolo lipakeng tsa taboo ena le boits'oaro ba 'nete, joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho baka khatello ea kelello.

Liphetho tsa thuto ea hajoale li bontšitse hore banna ba bangata ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Japane, lipatlisiso tsa mahlale le puo ea kahisano mabapi le thobalano ke taboo (Hirayama, 2019). Ho thibetsoe hore batho ba ka tlase ho lilemo tse 18 ba sebelise litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, empa sena ka bosona ha se likhang tsa mahlale kapa sechabeng (Hirayama, 2019). Ebile, ho na le thuto e fokolang ea thobalano e fanoang Japane (Hashimoto et al., 2012). Leha ho le joalo, ho bonts'itsoe hore batho ba bangata ba Majapane, ho kenyeletsoa bacha, ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (bona mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe 1; Mokhatlo oa Japane oa Thuto ea Thobalano, 2019). Ketsahalo ena e kanna ea bolela hore batho ba bangata ba Majapane ba etsa thobalano ba sena tsebo ea letho ka thobalano. Ka hona, batho ba Majapane ba ka fumana ho le thata ho tseba hore na ke boitšoaro bofe ba botona le botšehali bo nang le mathata le bo seng, hobane batho ba Majapane ba sitoa ho bua ka mathata a bona a thobalano, mme ba haelloa ke tsebo ka thobalano (Hashimoto et al., 2012). Kahoo, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang tse shebaneng le thobalano le boits'oaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano moetlong oa Majapane li kanna tsa hlokahala.

Kamora nako, lintlha tse tlase tse amanang le taolo e matla le taolo ea tlhokomelo li kanna tsa amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sephetho sena se latela lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tse bonts'ang hore maemo a tlase a taolo e matla a amahanngoa le boits'oaro ba motho bo qobelloang bo amanang le thobalano (Efrati, 2018; Efrati le Dannon, 2018). Ntle le moo, taolo e sebetsang e metha bokhoni ba tlhokomelo e phahameng, e ts'oanang le ts'ebetso ea phethahatso. Ha likhahla tse tlase tse sebetsang ka thata li amahanngoa le boits'oaro bo sa nkeheng (Meehan et al., 2013), Tlhahiso ena e kanna ea tšoana le phuputso ea haufinyane e bonts'itseng mesebetsi ea phethahatso, joalo ka taolo ea thibelo le ho etsa liqeto, e ka kenya letsoho ntlafatsong le khatelo-peleng ea mefuta e 'maloa ea boits'oaro bo hlephileng (Brand et al., 2019b). Liphello li bontšitse hore basebelisi ba nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba bonts'a maemo a tlase a taolo ea tlhokomelo ea EC, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore taolo e sa sebetseng ea tlhokomelo e ka ts'ehetsa likarabo ho lisosa tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Thutong e fetileng, taolo ea thibelo ea EC subscale e ne e amana le boits'oaro bo kotsi ba thobalano ho bacha ba baholo (Lafreniere et al., 2013). Kahoo, hara mesebetsi e meraro ea taolo e matla, ho ka ba le phapang ea hore boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate bo amanang le taolo ea tlhokomelo, mme boits'oaro bo thehiloeng ho balekane bo amahanngoa le taolo ea thibelo. Ho sebetsana le mochini ona, ts'ebetso ea phethahatso le taolo e matla li hloka ho ithutoa ka botlalo.

Leha e le ncha le matla, thuto ena e na le meeli. Taba ea mantlha, tlhaiso-leseling ea rona e ne e arohane, 'me lisosa tsa liphetho li ke ke tsa tsebahatsoa. Taba ea bobeli, hobane re sebelisitse mehlala e bonolo har'a baithuti ba univesithi e bohareng ba Japane, liphetho tsa rona li ke ke tsa akaretsoa ho batho ba Japane. Taba ea boraro, boholo ba mehlala bo ne bo le bonyenyane, 'me bo kanna ba se lumelle ho akaretsa ha liphetho tsena ho baithuti bohle ba univesithi ba Japane. Ho feta moo, lipotso tse sebelisitsoeng thutong ena li ne li kenyelletsa sehlooho se thata se shebaneng le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​mme bankakarolo ba ile ba ikopanya le sengoli sa pele, se kanna sa ba le likarabo tse nepahetseng ka ho fokotsa ho se tsejoe. Kamora nako, taolo e senyehileng ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ile ea lekanyetsoa ka lipotso tsa lipotso tse itlhahisang bakeng sa thuto ena. Ho bile le keketseho ea morao-rao ea lithuto tse ntlafatsang lisebelisoa tsa ho netefatsa mathata a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Fernandez le Griffiths, 2019). Ka hona, lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho etsoa ka mehlala e fapaneng ho sebelisoa mehato e netefalitsoeng ea ts'ebeliso e nang le bothata ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

Ho latela tsebo ea rona, ena ke thuto ea pele e sebelisang mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Japane. Liphuputso li bonts'a kotsi e ka bang teng ea ts'ebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Japane. Banna ba bontšitse tšebeliso e phahameng khafetsa mme ba ne ba tloaetse ho ba le taolo e mpe ho feta basali. Batho ba nang le taolo e holofetseng ba bonts'itse khatello e phahameng ea thobalano, khatello ea maikutlo, khatello ea maikutlo le taolo e tlase ea boiteko. Liphuputso tse ling li lokela ho lekola sampole e fapaneng ea Majapane ho sebelisa mehato e netefalitsoeng.