Bolulo ba Khatiso e Sebetsang ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso (PPCS-18) sechabeng le mehlaleng e fumanehang Chaena le Hungary (2020)

1. Selelekela

Lintlha li fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso e eketsehileng ea marang-rang e tsamaisana le keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le maqhubu a ts'ebeliso e nang le mathata a litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (PPU), e emelang liketsahalo tse amanang le bongaka (Brand, Antons, Wegmann, & Potenza, 2019a; Brand, Blycker, & Potenza, 2019b; de Alarcón, la Iglesia, Casado, & Montejo, 2019). Leha ho na le keketseho ea lithuto lithutong tse amanang le marang-rang tse amanang le marang-rang, conceptualizations ea PPU e ntse e ngangisana (Hertlein le Cravens, 2014, López-Fernández, 2015, Potenza et al., 2017, Stark et al., 2018, Wéry le Billieux, 2017, E monyenyane, 2008). Ho 'nile ha sebelisoa mantsoe a mangata ho hlalosa ketsahalo ena (mohlala, ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate inthaneteng, ho ba le mathata a ho etsa thobalano inthaneteng, ho lemalla ho sebelisa li-cybersex, le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng), le hore na motho o itlhahisa a lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lebaka la boits'oaro bo bobe o nkuoa e le PPU ngangisano (Brand et al., 2019a; Vaillancourt ‑ Morel le Bergeron, 2019). Ntle le moo, ha ho na litekanyetso tse ikhethileng tsa ho hlahloba PPUBrand et al., 2020, Chen le Jiang, 2020, Cooper et al., 2001, Fernandez le Griffiths, 2019, Hertlein le Cravens, 2014, Wéry le Billieux, 2017). Bakeng sa ho ithuta le ho phekola PPU, bafuputsi ba hlahisitse likala tse lekanyang likarolo tse fapaneng tsa PPU; leha ho le joalo, ke tse fokolang tse netefalitsoeng litsong tsohle le palo e fapaneng ea batho (Chen le Jiang, 2020, Fernandez le Griffiths, 2019, Wéry le Billieux, 2017).

2. Tlhahlobo ea Ts'ebeliso e Mpe ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa

Ha ho fanoa ka lipuisano mabapi le conceptualization ea le mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea PPU, lisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo li fetohile lithuto ka kakaretso le ho hatisa litšobotsi tse fapaneng (Selemo le selemo Fernandez le Griffiths). Sekala se le sengata se thehiloe haholo litekanyetsong tse khothalelitsoeng tsa hypersexual disorder (mohlala, Hypersexual Behavior Inventory, Reid, Garos, & Fong, 2012). Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso tsa morao-rao li bontša phapang lipakeng tsa PPU le bosodoma (Bőthe et al., 2019c). Thobalano e ts'oanang e ka kenyelletsa boits'oaro bo phahameng mefuteng e fapaneng ea boits'oaro ba thobalano, ho kenyelletsa ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, ho etsa thobalano ka thobalano, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​thobalano ka mohala, boitšoaro ba thobalano le batho ba baholo ba lumelang, ho etela lihlopha le mekhoa e meng ea boits'oaro (Karila le al., 2014). Nako le nako, Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI) e lekola boitsoaro bo botle ka ho pharaletseng (Brahim, Rothen, Bianchidemicheli, Courtois, & Khazaal, 2019). Sekala se seng se tsepamisitse maikutlo boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano ka ho feteletseng (mohlala, Tšebeliso e qobelloang ea Litaba tsa Inthanete e Kopanang le Thobalano), ka sekala sena se sekaseka likarolo tsa ho batla / ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang.Doornwaard, Eijnden, Baams, Vanwesenbeeck, & Bogt, 2016), ho fapana le ts'ebeliso e mpe ea ts'usumetso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka kakaretso, mme ha ea ka ea etsa tlhahlobo e batsi ea psychometric. Ho na le sekala se sekamehileng se ikemiselitseng ho lekanya PPU, empa tsena, ka linako tse ling li 'nile tsa nyatsuoa kapa tsa ngangisanoa mabapi le bonnete ba bona ba ho haha. Mohlala, Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory-9 (CPUI-9, Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, 2010) e sebelisitsoe ho lekola bokhoba ba ho itlaleha le ho nka ho se sebe, leha e le hantle hore na e lekantsoe joang (Brand et al., 2019a). Sekala se 'maloa sa morao-rao se ntlafalitsoe ho hlahloba likarolo le likarolo tsa PPU hangata ho kenyeletsoa tlhahlobo e khutšoanyane ea tšebeliso ea inthanete e amoheloang liketsong tsa thobalano tsa marang-rang; Wéry, Burnay, Karila, & Billieux, 2015), Bothata ba ho Sebelisa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa ho Ts'oareha (PPUS; Kor et al., 2014), le Bothata ba Boitšoaro ba Litšoantšo tsa Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa. ​​(PPCS-18; Bőthe et al., 2018b). Likala tse peli tsa ho qetela li khothalelitsoe ke tlhahlobo e hlophisitsoeng ea morao-rao (Selemo le selemo Fernandez le Griffiths). Morao tjena, ha e bapisoa le PPUS le s-IAT-thobalano, PPCS-18 e bontsitse kutloisiso e phahameng le ho nepahala haholoanyane ha ho hlahlojoa PPU (Chen le Jiang, 2020).

PPCS-18, tsebong ea rona, ke ona feela mochini o lekolang likarolo tse tšeletseng tse boletsoeng mofuta o le mong oa ho lemalla: ho se sebetse, phetoho ea maikutlo, likhohlano, mamello, ho khutla hape le ho ikhula (Griffiths, 2005). Ka ho khetheha, mamello le ho tlohela ke lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa PPU tse sa hlahlojoang ke PPUS le s-IAT-thobalano (Bőthe et al., 2018b; Selemo le selemo Fernandez le Griffiths). Ha ho bapisoa le litekanyo tse ling tsa PPU (ke hore, PPUS, s-IAT-thobalano, CPUI-9), matla a mang a PPCS ke hore ke e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tse' maloa ho fana ka lintlha tse netefalitsoeng tsaoffoff (≥76, range 18-126 ) ho khetholla bothata le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo e seng bothata (Selemo le selemo Fernandez le Griffiths), e eketsang lipatlisiso tsa eona le ts'ebeliso ea bongaka. Sesebelisoa se seng se hatisitsoeng se sa tsoa phatlalatsoa, ​​Screen's Pornography Screen (BPS, Kraus et al., 2020), e boetse e fana ka cutoff (≥4, bophara 0-10) ho skrine bakeng sa PPU. Kaha e na le bokhutšoanyane le sebopeho sa eona se ikhethang, BPS ha e hlahlobe likarolo tse kang mamello. Le ha ho ntse ho khothaletsoa tlhahiso ea nako ea tšebeliso ka bekeCooper et al., 2000, Mechelmans et al., 2014), Nako ea ts'ebeliso ha e amane hantle le PPU (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2020b; Chen le al., 2019, Kühn le Gallinat, 2014). Ntle le moo, netefatso ea ho fetoha le ho feto-fetoha ha PPCS e tšehelitsoe ka lithuto tse amanang le thobalano (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Demetrovics, & Orosz, 2017) le tse amanang le botho (Bőthe, Koós, Tóth-Király, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2019a; Bőthe et al., 2019c; Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2020b) tse fapaneng.

Leha ho na le litšobotsi tse matla tsa psychometric tsa PPCS-18 tse neng li hlahisitsoe pele, lipatlisiso li ea hlokahala ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa thepa ea eona ho pholletsa le setso le litleliniki (Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Demetrovics & Orosz, 2020a; Bőthe et al., 2018b), joalo ka mohlala, litsobotsi tsa setso li ka susumetsa maikutlo a mabe mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoaGriffiths, 2012, Vaillancourt-Morel le Bergeron, 2019). Ho 'nile ha phetoa hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ka nkoa e le mathata sechabeng se le seng, bolumeling, kapa litekanyetsong tsa boitšoaro mme mohlomong ha se ho se seng (Li-Grubbs le Perry, 2019). Pele lithuto tsa PPCS-18 li ka ba le meeli ea setso ho tloha ha li se li etsoa haholo-holo Hungary (Bőthe et al., 2018a; Bőthe et al., 2019b; Bőthe et al., 2020a; Bőthe, Lonza et al., 2020). Sena se ka ba le moeli o moholo kaha litloaelo, lits'ebetso tsa boleng, le liphihlelo tsa batho ba tsoang litsong tse ling tsa setso li ka fapana ka maikutlo a Bophirima ho Hungary. Mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšoaro bo bong ba thobalano, ho se tšoane ka maikutlo a thobalano, boits'oaro le boiketlo li tlalehiloe pakeng tsa litso tsa Bochabela le Bophirima (Laumann et al., 2006). Kahoo, lipatlisiso mabapi le PPU lia hlokahala ho netefatsa hore litlhahlobo lia fetoleloa ebile li nepahetse litsong tsohle (Kraus le Sweeney, 2019). Ha ho na lipatlisiso tse fokolang tse matla mabapi le PPU Chaena le linaheng tse ling tsa Bochabela, 'me ke lithuto tse' maloa feela tse kenyelitseng barupeluoa ba tsoang linaheng tsa Bochabela (Selemo le selemo Fernandez le Griffiths), le lipapiso tsa sechaba sa setso le litumelo ha li so hlahlojoe.

Batho ba nang le PPU ba ka bonts'a litšobotsi tse ikhethang ho kenyelletsa litakatso tse matla, boits'oaro bo fokolang, ts'ebetso e tsoelang pele ho sa tsotelloe ke mathata a setjhaba kapa a mosebetsi, le litlamorao tse mpe, le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso joalo ka ho baleha khatello ea maikutlo kapa maemo a mabe a (Chen le al., 2018, Cooper et al., 2004, Kraus et al., 2016, Young le al., 2000). Wéry le al. (2016) e tlaleha hore karolo ea 90% ea barupeluoa ba nang le PPU e tlaleha tlhahlobo ea mafu a kelello e hlahang, mme ke likala tse 'maloa feela tse netefalitsoeng ho disampole tse batlang kalafo (Bőthe et al., 2020a; Kraus et al., 2020). Kahoo, ntle le khafetsa ea liketso tsa thobalano tse fumanehang marang-rang, ho lakatsa, boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano, le bophelo bo botle ba kelello li ile tsa sebelisoa ho lekola bonnete ba netefatso ea PPCS. Kakaretso, haholo-holo sampole e seng ea mohlala le ea Bophirimela e sebelisitsoe lithutong tse ngata tsa liteko tsa PPU joalo ka PPCS-18; ka hona, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho netefatsa PPCS-18 ho fumana mehlala e mengata e fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa palo ea batho ba tliliniking kapa ba litso tse fapaneng.

3. Mokhoa oa marang-rang oa psychopathology

Mebuso ea Psychopathological e ka ba teng e le litsamaiso tse thata tsa matla tse kenyelletsang likarolo tsa puisano (Borsboom, 2017). Ho fapana le mefuta e meng ea morao-rao, mekhoa ea marang-rang e fana ka maikutlo a hore mathata a kelello a kenyelletsa marang-rang a matšoao a amanang, mme linaha tsa kelello tsa motho ka mong li ka itšetleha haholo ka kamano e tobileng pakeng tsa matšoao ho fapana le boteng ba mefuta ea morao-rao (Werner, Stulhofer, Waldorp, le Jurin, 2018). Likhakanyo tsa marang-rang le mekhoa li sebelisitsoe ka katleho ho liketsahalo tse fapaneng tsa psychopathological ho kenyeletsa le mathata a ts'ebeliso ea joala (Anker et al., 2017), matšoenyeho (Litelu le al., 2016), ho tepella maikutlo (Schweren, van Borkulo, Fried, & Goodyer, 2018), le hypersexuality (Werner et al., 2018). Mefuta e joalo ea marang-rang e ka fana ka leseli la bohlokoa mabapi le boits'oaro ba libaka tse ikhethang le mekhoa ea likamano tsa bona. Ka hona, thutong ea hajoale, re sebelisitse mokhoa oa marang-rang ho lekola topology ea marang-rang ea PPU le ho tšoaea matšoao a nkang maemo a mantlha marangrang, le ho phenya mekhoa ea likamano tsa matšoao a lipalo bathong ba fapaneng. Mokhoa ona o tla fana ka leseli la hore na PPU e ka sebelisana joang le li-Symbomatology ho pholletsa le litso le sechaba le mehlala e sa sebetseng.

4. Morero oa thuto ea morao tjena

Ho nka hore banna ba tloaelane le basali ka tloaelo ba bonts'a litakatso tse matla tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le tšebeliso ea khafetsa (Weinstein, Zolek, Babkin, Cohen, & Lejoyeux, 2015), PPU khafetsaKafka, 2010, Kraus et al., 2016, Kraus et al., 2015), le ho batla kalafo ho PPU (Bőthe et al., 2020a), sepheo sa thuto e neng e le teng e ne e le (1) ho hlahloba ts'epahala, sebopeho le netefatso ea PPCS-18 ka bobeli sechabeng le mehlala e sa hlokometsoeng ea Chaena banna; le (2) ho hlahloba le ho bapisa sebopeho sa lintlha tsa PPCS-18 ho li-sampole tsa Mahungari le tsa Chaena, le mehlala ea sechaba le li-subclinical samples; le, (3) ho hlahloba hore na PPCS-18 e bonts'a litšobotsi tse amanang le palo e fapaneng ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea marang-rang.

5. Mokhoa

6. Mehato

Seteishene sa Litaba tsa Bootsoa bo Hare (BPS, Kraus et al., 2020)¹. BPS ke sesebelisoa sa ho hlahlobisisa PPU (Efrati le Gola, 2018, Gola et al., 2017). Ke tlhahlobo ea lintlha tse hlano 'me e sebelisa tekanyo ea lintlha tse tharo bakeng sa ntho e ngoe le e ngoe (0 = le ka mohla, 1 = nako le nako, 2 = kamehla). Cronbach's alpha ea BPS e ne e le .89 ho sampole ea sechaba sa China le .74 ho sampole ea naha ea China.

Lenaneo la lipotso tsa bootsoa le lakatsang ho botsa lipotso (PCQ, Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014). Potso ena e nang le lintlha tse 12 ke tlhahlobo e sa tsejoeng (Kraus le Rosenberg, 2014, Rosenberg le Kraus, 2014). Ho ne ho hlokahala hore ba arabelang ho bontša hore na ba lumellana ka matla hakae le ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ba sebelisa likhetho tse latelang tse supileng tsa karabo (e hlahisitsoeng ntle le lipalo): "ha ba lumellane ka ho feletseng," "ha ba lumellane," "ha ba lumellane hanyane" hanyane, ”" re batla re lumellane "le" re lumellana ka botlalo. " Lipalo tse phahameng ke sesupo sa takatso e kholo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phetolelo ea China ea PCQ e sebelisitsoe thutong e fetileng (Chen le al., 2019). Alpha ea Cronbach ea tekanyo ena e ne e le .92 ho sampole ea sechaba sa China le .91 ho sampole ea naha ea China.

Tekanyo ea ho Kopanela Liphate ka Thobalano (SCS, Kalichman le Rompa, 1995). Tekanyo eo barupeluoa ba bonts'ang likarolo tsa bosholu ba thobalano e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa lintlha tsa leshome. Likarabo li ne li tlalehiloe ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse 'ne (1 = ha ho joalo ka nna, 2 = hanyane joalo ka nna, 3 = haholo joalo ka nna, 4 = joalo ka nna). Mofuta oa China oa SCS o kile oa hlalosoa (Chen le Jiang, 2020). SCS e bonts'itse ts'epahalo e ntle lithutong tsa morao-rao (α e ne e le .91 ho banna ba sechaba le .90 ho banna ba ikhethileng).

Potso ea lipotso tsa bootsoa tsa marang-rang tsa mofuta oa China (OSAs, Zheng & Zheng, 2014). Ho ile ha sebelisoa lintho tse leshome le metso e meraro ho lekanya tšebeliso ea barupeluoa marang-rang ka sepheo se latelang: (1) ho sheba litšoantšo tse buang ka thobalano (SEM), (2) ho batla balekane, (3) cybersex, le (4) ho bonya le ho boloka likamano tsa botona le botšehali. Alpha ea Cronbach ea tekanyo eohle e ne e le .84 ho banna ba sechaba sa China le .81 ho banna ba ikhethileng. Likolo tse phahameng li ne li supa ho nka karolo khafetsa ho li-OSA.

Potso ea lipotso tse 12 ea Kakaretso ea Bophelo bo botle (GHQ-12, Goldberg le Hillier, 1979). GHQ-12 ke sesebelisoa se sebelisoang haholo ho hlahlobisisa mathata a kelello a tloaelehileng mme se khothaletsoa joalo ka setsi sa linyeoe kaha se nkuoa se le bokhutšoanyane, se sebetsa ebile se sebetsa ebile se sebetsa le liphetolelo tse telele tsa sona (Goldberg et al., 1997, Petkovska et al., 2015). GHQ-12 e fetoletsoe lipuong tse ngata, ho kenyeletsoa le China, mme thepa ea eona ea psychometric e ithutile har'a palo e mengata e fapaneng ea batho (Pan le Goldberg, 1990, Petkovska et al., 2015). GHQ-12 e kenyelletsa lintho tse 12 ka kakaretso (tse tšeletseng tse ntle le tse tšeletseng tse mpe), e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fupere sekhahla sa Likert se nang le lintlha tse nne, tse nang le lintlha tse phahameng tse bonts'ang bophelo bo botle ba kelello. Alpha ea Cronbach ea boholo e ne e le .89 ho banna ba sechaba sa China le .93 ho banna ba ikhethileng.

7. Lipatlisiso tsa Statistical

Taba ea mantlha, CFA e ne e etsoa ho banna ba Mahungary, ebe ho Sampuli 1 le Sampuli ea 2 ho netefatsa sephetho sechabeng le mehlala ea banna ba ma-China. Morekisi oa bolelele le boholo bo fapaneng bo fetotsoeng boima ba likwere (WLSMV) o ne o sebelisetsoa ho lekanya paramente. Li-indices fit tsa Model li ile tsa khethoa ke Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), le Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) le standardized mean mraba residual (SRMR). Boleng ba CFI le TLI bo boholo ho feta .95 li ne li nkuoa e le tse ntle haholo (90 bakeng sa se loketseng se amohelehang). Lits'oants'o tsa RMSEA tse ka tlase ho .06 li nkuoe li le betere (≤ .08 bakeng sa ho lekana, le ≤ .10 bakeng sa ho lekana ho lumellanang le nako ea eona ea 90% ea ho itšepa) (Browne le Cudeck, ka 1993, Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003). Litekanyetso tsa SRMR tse ka tlase ho 0.08 (≤.06 bakeng sa sethala se setle) li ne li nkuoa e le sesupo sa mofuta o amohelehang (Hu & Bentler, 1999). Ho ekelletsa moo, ho leka tlhahlobo ea ho lekanya litloaelo tse fapaneng lipakeng tsa litso tse fapaneng (Sehungary le Sechaena), le sechaba le baahi ba sa ts'oaneng, li-CFA tse nang le lihlopha tse ngata li ile tsa etsoa ka mehlala ena e meraro. Ho ile ha lekoa maemo a tšeletseng a ho hlasela le ho bapisoa maemong ka mong: sebopeho, metric, scalar, masala, latent fapana le moelelo oa morao-rao. Ha ho bapisoa mehlala e ntseng e thatafala, liphetoho tse amanang le li-indices tse lumellanang li ile tsa bonoa, ka sebaka se amohelehang se amohelehang ka tsela e latelang: ΔCFI ≤ .010; ΔTLI ≤ .010; le ΔRMSEA ≤ .015 (Meade, Johnson, & Braddy, 2008).

Litekanyetso tsa Cronbach's alpha le Composite Reliability (CR) le tsona li ile tsa baloa. Mekhatlo e pakeng tsa sekhahla sa khatello ea thobalano (SCS), lipotso tse tsosang takatso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​PC ea lipotso tse akaretsang (GHQ-12), khafetsa ea OSAs, BPS le PPCS-18 li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho netefatsa bonnete ba PPCS-18. Likamano lipakeng tsa tse fapaneng li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa li-coefficients tsa pearson tsa Pearson kamora ho laola lilemo, maikutlo a botona le botšehali, le boemo ba likamano.

Re hakantse le ho sekaseka marang-rang a PPCS-18 ka mehato e 'meli. Mohato oa pele e ne e le ho theha marang-rang a hlophisitsoeng ka linako tsohle, hape a tsejoang ka hore ke tšimo ea tšohanyetso ea uphawu. LASSO regression e ile ea amoheloa bakeng sa phetoho ho fokotsa ponahalo ea likhokahano tsa leshano. Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe pele (Epskamp & Fried, 2017), hyperparamente ea EBIC e thehiloe ho .5. Taba ea bobeli, re ile ra lekola boemo bo lekanang ba libaka tse sebelisang lipalo-palo mme ra leka metrolo e meraro e tloaelehileng: matla a nolo, ho ba haufi le ho ba bohareng ba bohareng. Har'a tsona, lipakeng tsa centness li bolela palo ea linako tseo node e lulang tseleng e khuts'oane haholo lipakeng tsa node tse ling. Ho ba haufi le ho ba haufi-ufi ke phapang ea kakaretso ea litsela tse khutšoanyane ho feta node e le ngoe ho ea ho tse ling tse ling. Ntle le moo, re bapisitse matla a khokahanyo ea lefats'e ho khokahano e 'ngoe le e' ngoe (ke hore, kakaretso ea matla ohle a amanang) o sebelisa tlhahlobo ea Network Comparison. Litlhahlobo tsohle tsa marang-rang li ne li etsoa ho sebelisoa qgraph, dplyr, NetworkComparisonTest, 'me bootnet liphutheloana ka R. (Mofuta 3.6.2).

8. Liphetho

Teko ea tlhahlobo ea tekanyetso ea PPCS-9 ho ea ka litso le ho sechaba le banna ba ikhethileng

Liphetho tsa ho kenella ka tekanyo li bonts'oa tafole 3. Bakeng sa ho hlophisoa ha lintho ka tloaelo, RMSEA e ne e phahame hanyane ho feta boleng bo kenyellelitsoeng (ke hore, .10), empa mohlala o bontšitse li-indices tse amohelehang ho CFI, TLI, le SRMR. Kahoo, re ile ra boloka mohlala ona bakeng sa mehato e meng ea liteko tsa ho hlaseloa. Mohlaleng oa metric, li-indices tse loketseng li ne li loketse haholo ha li bapisoa le mohlala o fetileng. Kamora moo ho ile ha fumaneha scalar le residual invariance, empa boikemelo ba morao-rao e ne e se, ho fana ka maikutlo a ho ba teng ha phapang e teng pakeng tsa sechaba le banna ba makatsang (bona Lethathamo 3). Ha liphapang tsa banna ba maemo a morao-rao li ne li qobelloa ho ba molemong oa tlhahlobo ea mohlala, mekhoa ea batho ba iphetotseng sechabeng e ne e le tlase haholo ho feta mekhoa ea batho ba nkang karolo ho banna ba ikhethileng (Sekai 1: -0.88 ho isa ho1.81 SD linthong tse tšeletseng, p <.001; Mohlala 3: -0.39 ho -2.46 SD linthong tse tšeletseng, p <.01), e bonts'ang hore batho ba maemong a tlase ba bontšitse lintlha tse phahameng haholo ho PPCS ho feta tsa mehlala ea sechaba sa China le Hungary. Ka kakaretso, PPCS-18 e ne e na le moelelo o tšoanang le sebopeho se ipatileng ho banna ba sechaba sa China le Hungary, mme e ka sebelisoa ha ho bapisoa banna ba China le ba Hungary.

10. Ho sebetsana le lintlha tse tšeletseng tsa PPCS-18 mohlaleng ka mong

Liphetho tsa masimo a ikemetseng a Markov li bonts'itse hore ho bile le phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa banna ba Mahungary le ma China (p <.01). Har'a sechaba sa China le banna ba subclinical, likhohlano li ne li amana hampe le salience; ho seng joalo, likhohlano li ne li sa amane le botsitso ka kotloloho, hape li bile le likamano tse ntle le lintlha tse ling hara banna ba Hungary (bona Setšoantšo sa 1). Meetso ea Schematic ea sechaba sa China le banna ba ikhethileng e ne e tšoana, 'me ha ho phapang e kholo ea matla a khokahanyo ea lefats'e (p = 0.6). Likhakanyo tsa bohareng li hlahisoa Setšoantšo sa 2 (meralo ea bohareng). Likhokahanong tsa sampuli tse tharo, ho tlosa e ne e le sebaka se bohareng haholo, athe mamello e ne e le sebaka se bohareng ho marang-rang a batho ba ikemetseng. Ho ts'ehetsa likhakanyo tsena, ho ikarola ho ne ho tšoauoa ka ho bolela ho phahameng ho marang-rang ohle (banna ba sechaba sa China: 76.8%, banna ba makatsang ba Chaena: 68.8%, le banna ba sechaba sa Hungary: 64.2%).

1. Kopitsa: Lata setšoantšo se phahameng-res (92KB)
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Setšoantšo sa 1. Khoebo ea merero ea marang-rang ka lihlopha tse tharo tsa banna. Notes. Khokahano ea banna ea sechaba sa China e hlahisoa ka letsohong le letšehali le marang-rang a banna ba Hungary ka letsohong le letona. Bohareng ke marang-rang a banna ba mohlala ba China. Mealo e tiileng e bonts'a likamano tse ntle le tse senyehileng li bonts'a likamano tse seng ntle.

1. Kopitsa: Lata setšoantšo se phahameng-res (214KB)
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Setšoantšo sa 2. Morero oa bolotsana ba Node ka lihlopha tse tharo tsa banna

11. Puisano

Leha likala tse 'maloa tsa tlhahlobo ea PPU li fumaneha ho bafuputsi le lingaka, ke tse' maloa tse ntlafalitsoeng kamorao ho litso tse fapaneng, mme maemo a mahlale a banna ba maemo a sa tloaelehang a hlahile ho hlahlojoa. Ho feta moo, hore na matšoao a amanang le PPU a amana joang (ke hore, likhohlano pakeng tsa ho se sebetse, ho hula, ho mamella, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, likhohlano le ho khutla hape) mehlala e joalo ha e utloisisehe hantle (Bőthe, Lonza, et al., 2020). Ka hona, re ile ra hlahloba ho ts'epahala le ho nepahala ha PPCS-18 maemong a Chaena mme ra bonts'a ts'ehetso bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea eona sechabeng sa China le banna ba ikhethileng. Phetolelo ea Machaena ea PPCS-18 e bonts'itse ts'ebetso e phahameng ea kahare, ho ts'epahala, le ho fetoha hoa nnete sechabeng sa China le ho banna ba ikhethileng. Teko ea tlhahlobo ea tekanyo ea tlhahiso ea tekanyo e bontšitse hore sekhahla se ne se sebetsa ka mokhoa o tšoanang ho sechaba sa Mahungary, sechaba sa China le baahi ba China ba tlase, ba ts'ehetsang ts'ebetso ea boholo ba setso le ts'ebeliso ea bongaka. Tlhahlobo ea marang-rang e bontšitse hore tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lintlha tse tšeletseng tsa PPCS-18 e ne e fapane haholo ho banna ba Mahungary le Machaena. Likhakanyo tsa kh'olo-kholo li bontšitse hore matšoao a mantlha a subclinical sampole e ne e le ho tlosa le ho mamellana, empa feela domain name ea ho tlosa e ne e le sebaka se bohareng ho mehlala ka bobeli ea sechaba.

12. Ho tšepahala le ho ts'epahala ha PPCS-18 ho palo ea batho ba China

Ho nepahala ha ts'ebetso le ts'episo ea PPCS-18 li netefalitsoe ka mehlala ena e meraro e ikemetseng le e ikhethileng. Ha se feela bonnete ba kaho ba PPCS-18 bo tšehelitsoeng, empa le bonnete ba eona ba tumellano bo thehiloe ka ho tlaleha mekhatlo ea bona ka litakatso tsa bootsoa, ​​boits'oaro bo khothalletsoang ba thobalano, khafetsa ea li-OSA, le maemo a akaretsang a bophelo ba kelello. Hoa tšoana le thutong e fetileng (Bőthe et al., 2020b), khafetsa ea li-OSAs ha ea ka ea hlaha e le letšoao le tšepahalang la PPU, ka lebaka la khokahano ea khokahano lipakeng tsa mefuta e mene ea li-OSA le PPCS-18 ho tloha ho tse nyane ho isa ho tse kholo, e fanang ka maikutlo a hore PPCS-18 e kanna ea tsotella likarolo tsa PPU maemong a Chaena, leha monyetla ona o hloka hore ho eketsoe lipatlisiso.

Ntle le khafetsa ea tšebeliso, likarolo tsa boleng tse kang litaba tse ka hlahisang takatso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li lokela ho nahanoa (Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014). Boiphihlelo bo ikhethileng ba ho lakatsa ke ntho e tloaelehileng ke bokhoba ba lithethefatsi (Kraus & Rosenberg, 2014), mme ho bohlokoa ho bolela esale pele ketsahalo, tokiso le ho khutla hoa boitšoaro bo lemalloang kamora ho khaotsa (Drummond, Litten, Lowman, & Hunt, 2000). E lumellana le lithuto tse fetileng (Gola le Potenza, 2016, Young le al., 2000), likotsi tse mpe tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello le boits'oaro bo qobelloang ho feta ba thobalano bo amanang le lintlha tse phahameng tsa PPCS. Liphetho tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho ka ba molemo ho nahana ka litakatso, lintlha tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello, le tšebeliso e qobelloang ho hlahloba le ho hlahloba PPU (Brand, Rumpf et al., 2020).

13. Marang-rang a matšoao a PPU sechabeng le banna ba ikhethileng

E ts'oanang le ts'ebeliso ea mokhoa oa marang-rang oa hypersexuality (Werner et al., 2018), re sebelisitse mokhoa ona ho PPU ho hlahloba hore na PPCS-18 e bonts'a likamano tse ts'oanang kapa tse fapaneng likhethong tsohle tse fapaneng. Li-topologies tsa netweke ka kakaretso tsa mehlala ena e meraro li bontša hore likamano lipakeng tsa libaka tsa PPCS-18 li kanna tsa ba le phapang e amanang le setso. Ho banna ba Machaena, sesosa sa likhohlano se ne se amahanngoa hampe le ho se sebetse, ha banna ba Mahungary, ho se sebetse ho ne ho sa amane le ntoa. Ha ho bapisoa le liphetoho tse kholo tsa moruo le moruo lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng China, batho ba China ba ntseng ba eketseha ba nyatsa maikutlo a boitšoaro a thobalano, haholo ba hlalosang thobalano e le boitšoaro bo bobe, mme ho fapana le moo, ba se ba qalile ho totobatsa bohlokoa ba thabo ea thobalano (Lin, 2018, Wong, 2014). Thutong ea hajoale, barupeluoa e ne e le banna. Litlalehong tsa botona le botšehali tsa ho kopanela liphate Chaena, banna ba khothaletsoa ho phehella puo ea thobalano le ho bonts'a maikutlo a lumellehang a ho kopanela liphateZheng et al., 2011). Ka hona, ha menahano ea banna e shebane le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ba kanna ba se be le likhohlano. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tekolo ea karolo ea "likhohlano" ho PPCS e lekantsoe feela ho kenyelletsa likarolo tsa pherekano (mohlala, litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba thobalano) le ho qheleloa ka thoko likarolo tsa mantlha tsa likhohlano (mohlala, khohlano ea motho ka mong) (Selemo le selemo Fernandez le Griffiths). Leha ho le joalo, mabaka a hlakileng a ho fapana lipakeng tsa likamano lipakeng tsa banna ba Machaena le Mahungary likamanong tse pakeng tsa likhohlano le sesole li tiisa thuto e eketsehileng, haholo hobane lintlha tse kang kamohelo ea sechaba le taolo ea mmuso ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ka fapana maemong ohle.

Ho kenyelletsa moo, likhakanyo tsa bohareng ho lintlha tse ts'eletseng tsa PPCS-18 li bontsitse ho tlosoa e le eona ntho ea bohlokoahali ho sampuli tsohle tse tharo. Ho latela matla, ho ba haufi, le ho ba lipakeng tsa boits'oaro bo pakeng tsa bankakarolo bo ikhethileng, mamello le eona e kentse letsoho la bohlokoa, e le ea bobeli ho tlosoa. Liphumano tsena li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho tlosa le ho mamella ho bohlokoa haholo ho batho ba ikhethileng. Ho mamella le ho ikhula ho nkoa e le litekanyetso tsa mmele tse amanang le ho lemalla.Himmelsbach, 1941). Mehopolo e kang ho mamella le ho tlohela e tlameha ho ba karolo ea bohlokoa ea lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ho PPU (de Alarcón et al., 2019, Fernandez le Griffiths, 2019). Griffiths (2005) ea hatisoa hore matšoao a ho mamella le ho iketla a lokela ho ba teng bakeng sa boitšoaro bofe kapa bofe bo nkoang e le bokhoba. Bohlahlobi ba rona bo ts'ehetsa taba ea hore libaka tsa ho tlosa le ho mamella ke tsa bohlokoa ka kotloloho ho PPU. E lumellana le pono ea Reid (Reid, 2016), bopaki ba ho mamella le ho ikhula ho bakuli ba nang le boits'oaro bo qobelloang ke thobalano e ka ba mohopolo oa bohlokoa ho bonahatseng boits'oaro bo bobe ba ho etsa thobalano e le tlatsetso.

14. Meeli le lithuto tsa nako e tlang

Boithuto ba hona joale bo na le meeli. Taba ea pele, botsitso ba nakoana ha boa ka ba lekoa. Taba ea bobeli, ba ile ba bokelloa ba sebelisa lintlha tsa ho itlaleha; ka hona, ho ts'epahala ha liphetho ho latela ho ts'epahala le ho nepahala ha ba arabelang le kutlwisiso ea bona ea lintho. Taba ea boraro, boleng ba RMSEA bo ne bo phahame hanyane ka har'a disampole tsa subclinical, bo tiisa patlisiso e 'ngoe. Barupeluoa ba ne ba kenyelletsa banna feela ba lilemo li 18-48; ka hona, ts'ebetso ea PPCS-18 ho baahi ba baholo le basali e lokela ho hlahlojoa ka ho eketsehileng. Ha ho ntse ho sa hlaka hore na phapang e amanang le bong e ka susumetsoa ke lintlha tsa setso kapa matla. Kahoo, ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse ling ho netefatsa PPCS-18 ho fumana mehlala e mengata e fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa basali, lihlopha tsa lilemo tse fapaneng, le litso tse ling le matla a mang. Ntle le moo, sehlopha sa subclinical se ithutoang se nkiloe foramong ea inthanete. Tekanyo eo liphetho li ka fihlellang ho eona e le litlhophiso tse ling (mohlala, ba fanang ka kalafo ea sefahleho) li tiisa thuto e eketsehileng.

15. Liphello

PPCS-18 e ne e na le thepa ea 'mele e sebetsang ho banna ba tsoang Hungary le China, le banna ba makatsang ba tsoang China ba neng ba tlaleha tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Kahoo, PPCS-18 e bonahala e le mohato o nepahetseng le o ka tšeptjoang oa ho lekola PPU ho ea libakeng tse ikhethang tsa Bophirima le Bochabela mme e ka sebelisoa har'a batho ba ikhethileng. Ho feta moo, likamano lipakeng tsa libaka tsa PPCS-18 le tsona li ka bonts'a likarolo tse fapaneng tsa palo e fapaneng ea batho, 'me liphetho tsa hajoale li bonts'a hore ho tlosa le ho mamellana ho bohlokoa ho nahana ka PPU. Liphumano li fumana kutloisiso pele ka ho tlaleha mehlala ea subclinical le ea sechaba China, ho holisa kakaretso ea PPCS-18, le ho hlakola likamano lipakeng tsa libaka tse fapaneng tsa matšoao ho litso tsohle.

dithuso tsa ditjhelete

Phuputso e tšehelitsoe ke National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 19BSH117 le CEA150173) le Morero oa Tlhabollo ea Thuto profinseng ea Fujian (FBJG20170038). BB e ne e tšehelitsoe ke khau ea poso ea botsoalle ke Team SCOUP - Thobalano le Banyalani - Fonds de recherche du Québec, Société et Culture. ZD e ne e tšehelitsoe ke Ofisi ea Naha ea Patlisiso, Nts'etsopele le Ntlafatso ea Hungary (linomoro tsa Grant: KKP126835, NKFIH-1157-8 / 2019-DT). Ho nka karolo ha MNP ho tšehelitsoe ke Setsi sa Naha sa Lipapali tse Ikarabellang ka thuso ea Setsi sa Bokhabane. Mekhatlo ea lichelete e ne e se na seabo ho se ngotsoeng 'me maikutlo a hlalositsoeng bukeng e ngotsoeng ka letsoho a bonts'a a bangoli eseng hakaalo a mekhatlo ea lichelete.

Khohlano ea thahasello

Bangoli ha ba phatlalatse hore ha ho na likhohlano mabapi le litaba tse ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

Litšupiso tse sa buloang

Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2019, Bőthe et al., 2019, Bőthe et al., Ka khatiso, Bőthe et al., 2020, Bőthe et al., 2019, Bőthe et al., 2020, Bőthe et al., 2018, Brand et al., 2019, Brand et al., 2019.