Pheello ea Thobalano ea Basali: Tšusumetso ea Litšoantšo tsa Bootsoa le Narcissistic le Histrionic botho ba Ts'oaetso (2019)

LITABA: Hase feela bashanyana ba anngoeng ke tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Phuputso e ncha mabapi le basali e hokahanya tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho lemalla lit soant so tsa bootsoa ka ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano, joalo ka ho leka ho etsa hore molekane a tahoe kapa ho nka monyetla ka motho ea tahiloeng, ho suna le ho thetsa, ho qhekella maikutlo / thetso ea thobalano, jj.

Tlhokomeliso: poleloana "boiteko ba ho kopanela" e bontša ho lemalla litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.

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Khokahano ea ho kopanela liphate Behav. 2019 Oct 7. doi: 10.1007 / s10508-019-01538-4.

Hughes A1, Brewer G2, Khan R3.

inahaneloang

E hlokomolohiloe haholo libukeng, phuputso ena e batlile lintlha tse susumetsang ts'ebeliso ea basali ea khatello ea thobalano. Haholo-holo, litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa litšobotsi tse amanang le taolo e mpe ea maikutlo, taolo ea maikutlo le mohopolo o phahameng oa takatso ea thobalano ho ne ho nkuoa. Basali (N = 142) ba lilemo li 16-53 (M = 24.23, SD = 7.06) ba ile ba hiroa ho tsoa sechabeng le sechabeng. Barupeluoa ba ile ba phethela litlatsetso tsa Narcissistic le Histrionic tsa Phatlalatso ea Botho-4, ntle le Cyber-Pornography Sebelisa Inventory ho lekola tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (thahasello, boiteko ba ho etsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, le ho qobelloa) ts'ebelisong ea bona ea khatello ea thobalano. . Sena se ile sa lekanyetsoa ho sebelisoa lihlapiso tse 'ne tsa Postrefusal Sexual Persistence Scale: ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ntle le mantsoe, ho qhekella maikutlo le thetso, tšebeliso e mpe ea ba tahiloeng, le ts'ebeliso ea matla kapa litšokelo. Boithuto bo bongata ba tlhahlobo ea maikutlo bo senotse hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, litsobotsi tse litšila, le litsobotsi tse tsoileng matsoho li ile tsa bolela esale pele tšebeliso ea mohono o sa tlatsoang ke thobalano, ho qhekella maikutlong le thetso, le tlhekefetso ea joala. Boiteko ba ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso e ne e le ponelopele ea motho ea matla ea ho tsosa takatso ea botona le botšehali le thetso le maikutlo athe litšobotsi tsa nalane e ne e le 'momori oa bohlokoa oa tlhekefetso ea joala. Liphumano li ile tsa buisanoa mabapi le lingoliloeng tse neng li le teng tsa patlo ea thobalano le lipatlisiso tse ka bang teng nakong e tlang.

LITLHAKISO: Ho senyeha ha basali; Botho ba Histrionic litšobotsi; Mekhoa ea botho ba Narcissistic; Lintho tse amanang le thobalano

PMID: 31591667

DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01538-4

Selelekela

Patlisiso e mabapi le ho hlekefetsa ka thobalano e thehiloe nalaneng ea bofebe ba banna le tlhekefetso ea basali. Mokhoa ona o bonts'a ho ata ha tlhekefetso ea batho ba batona kapa ho ba le maikutlo a basali e le ba batšehali (Denov, ; Krahé le Berger, ). Leha ho le joalo, basali ba boetse ba loana le balekane ba sa batleng (Erulkar, ; Hines, ) mme bafuputsi ba ntse ba amohela mekhahlelo ea hore na sena se ka hlahisoa joang (mohlala, ka ho hlekefetsoa, ​​ho hlekefetsoa le ho qobelloa) (Grayston & De Luca, ; Ménard, Holo, Phung, Ghebrial, & Martin, ). Leha ho le joalo, le litlamorao tse mpe tsa mmele le kelello tse fumanoang ke bahlaseluoa ba banna (Visser, Smith, Rissel, Richters, & Grulich, ), pono e hlahelletseng ea bong e hlahisitse tlhaiso-leseling e fokolang ea tlhaiso-leseling ka lintlha tse ka hlalosang tlhekefetso ea basali ea thobalano (Campbell & Kohut, ; Denov, ). Sebaka sena se lokela ho batlisisoa kaha litsela tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano li fapane ho banna le basali (Krahé & Berger, ), le mabaka a amanang le khatello ea thobalano ke banna a kanna a se nke a akaretsa ho bafosi ba basali. Ho joalo, Schatzel-Murphy, Harris, Knight, le Milburn () e fumane hore le ha banna le basali ba kopanetse ho tsa thobalano e ka ba ntho e ts'oanang, lintlha tse bonts'ang ts'ebeliso ea eona e kanna ea fapana, ka khatello ea thobalano (ke hore, ho thata ho laola takatso ea thobalano) e bonts'itsoeng e le tšusumetso e matla ho basali. Ka hona, thuto ea rona e ne e ikemiselitse ho fuputsa mabaka a amanang le ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano ho basali ba ka hlalosang ts'ebeliso ea bona ea boitšoaro bo khothalletsang thobalano. Haholo-holo tšusumetso ea likarolo tse tharo tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (lithahasello, boiteko ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​le ho qobelloa) le litšobotsi tsa botho ba semmuso le tsa nalane li ile tsa phenyekolloa ka lebaka la ho hloaea lingoliloeng le maqheka a qobelloang a thobalano ho fumana likamano tse haufi.

Qobello ea thobalano e holim'a ts'oaetso ea thobalano mme e hlalosoa e le "ketso ea ho sebelisa khatello, joala kapa lithethefatsi, kapa ho qobella ho etsa thobalano le motho e mong khahlanong le thato ea hae" (Struckman-Johnson, Struckman-Johnson, & Anderson, , p.76). Ho qobelloa ka thobalano ho ka kenyelletsa mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng ea boits'oaro e ka arohanngoang ka mekhahlelo e mene ea tlhekefetso e ntseng e eketseha: (1) ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano (mohlala, ho phehella ho aka le ho ama), (2) ho qhekella ka maikutlo (mohlala, ho hloka botsitso, ho botsa lipotso, kapa ho sebelisa matla). (3) joala le tahi ea lithethefatsi (mohlala, ho etsa hore motho a tahoe kapa ho sebelisa monyetla ha a tahiloe), le (4) boits'oaro ba mmele kapa litšokelo (mohlala, ho sebelisa kotsi ea 'mele). Joalokaha sehlopha se seholo sa lipatlisiso se thehile hore banna ba na le monyetla o moholo ho feta oa basali oa ho qobella ho etsa thobalano (bona Krahé et al., ), sena se koahetse bopaki ba hore basali ba bangata le bona ba tlaleha ba sebelisa mekhoa e mengata ea ho qobella ho etsa thobalano (mohlala, Hoffmann & Verona, ; Krahé, Waizenhöfer, le Möller, ; Ménard et al., ; Munoz, Khan, & Cordwell, ; Russell le Oswald, , ; Struckman-Johnson et al., ). Ha lithuto tse le 'ngoe li fumane litekanyetso tsa basali tsa ho phunyelletsa ho phahameng joalo ka 26% (bapisoa le 43% bakeng sa banna) (bona Struckman-Johnson et al., ), ka kakaretso ea lingoliloeng, Hines () litefiso tse hakanyetsoang lipakeng tsa 10 le 20% bakeng sa khatello e matla ea thobalano, le 1 le 3% bakeng sa likamano tsa thobalano tse qobelloang.

Ka lebaka la litefiso tse phahameng tsa banna, mohlomong ha ho makatse hore ebe liphuputso tse fokolang li shebile haholo mabapi le boitšoaro bo kopanetsoeng ba basali. Boithuto bo tlalehile hore lintlha tse nang le tšusumetso ho basali li kenyelletsa khatello ea lithaka ea ho etsa thobalano (mohlala, Krahé et al., ), khatello ea thobalano (Schatzel-Murphy et al., ), maikutlo a hanyetsang likamano tsa botona le botšehali (mohlala, Anderson, ; Christopher, Madura, le Weaver, ; Yost le Zurbriggen, ), le liphihlelo tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano (mohlala, Anderson, ; Krahé et al., ; Russell le Oswald, ). Lithuto tse ling li ngotse tšusumetso ea botho bo mabifi bo nang le mokhoa o atileng oa ho kenella (Ménard et al., mokhoa o qhekellang, o bapalang papali ea ho theha likamano tse haufi-ufi (Russell & Oswald, , ), le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa (mohlala, Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ) ka hona ho fana ka lebaka la thuto ena.

Ts'ebeliso ea basali ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li bua ka lintho tse hlalosang thobalano tse ntlafalitsoeng le ho sebelisoa ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano, e fumanehang ka mefuta e fapaneng (mohlala, lifoto le livideo) mme hangata e fumaneha inthaneteng (Campbell & Kohut, ). Patlisiso e tsepamisitse nalane holima mokhoa oo ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho susumetsang maikutlo le boits'oaro ba banna ba thobalano. Mohlala, ho boleloa hore ts'ebeliso ea banna ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e amana le khanyetso ea thobalano ea balekane (Tylka, & Kroon Van Diest, ) le boits'oaro bo kopaneng ba thobalano (Stanley et al., ). Ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, e kanna ea amana haufi-ufi le boits'oaro ba banna ba ho kopanela liphate (Gonsalves, Hodges, & Scalora, ). Patlisiso e bonts'a hore basali le bona ba shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, leha e le hanyane ho feta banna (Ashton, McDonald, & Kirkman, ; Rissel, Richters, de Visser, McKee, Yeung, & Caruana, ). Ka lebaka la phapang ea mokhoa, likhakanyo tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa basali li fapana haholo lipatlisisong, ho tloha 1 ho isa 88% ho latela mohlala le ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Campbell & Kohut, ). Tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo tsa bona tsa selemo le selemo, Pornhub, webosaete e kholo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete, e tlaleha hore ba fetang kotara ea baeti ba bona e ne e le basali le hore se hlahelletseng1 Patlo ho 2017 e ne e le "litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho basali," e emelang keketseho ea 1400% (Pornhub Insights, ). Le ha lithuto tse ling li tlaleha hore basali ba ne ba le monyetla oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le molekane (mohlala, Ševčíková & Daneback, ), lithuto tse ling li fumane hore ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ne e le teng hangata ebile e le khafetsa ha ba le bang ho feta le molekane (Fisher, Kohut, & Campbell, ).

Tumellanong le lithuto tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa banna, lipatlisiso li fumane ts'ebeliso ea basali ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e amana le maikutlo mabapi le thobalano, boitšoaro ba thobalano le liketso tsa thobalano (mohlala, palo ea balekane ba thobalano) (Wright, Bae, & Funk, ). Sena se ts'ehetsoa hape ke tlhaiso-leseling ea morao-rao e fumaneng, e ts'oanang le banna, ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa basali e ne e amahanngoa le tlhekefetso ea thobalano, ka bobeli ka mantsoe (ke hore, "ho qobella ka mantsoe empa e seng ho sokela puisano ea ho fumana thobalano, le tlhekefetso ea thobalano") (ke hore, “sebelisa kapa ho sokela ka matla a ho etsa thobalano”) (Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, , leq. 191). Palo e nyane ea lithuto sebakeng sena e boletse hore na ts'ebeliso ea basali ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e susumetsa boitšoaro ba bona bo mabifi joang e ntse e sa hlaka. Phuputsong e 'ngoe e joalo, ho fumanoe hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li sebelisa mefuta eohle ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano ho basali (ke hore, ho qhekella, ho qhekella, boikarabello le khatello ea maikutlo) ntle le pefo ea' mele le tšoso (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ). Bohlokoa ba lingoliloeng bo fumanehang bo bonts'a hore ho na le monyetla oa ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le sena ka ho fetesisa, ka hona re nka lintlha tse tharo tsa ts'ebeliso ea basali ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ke hore (1) lithahasello tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​(2) boitlamo ba ho etsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ho tlatsetsa ho (3) boitlamo ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. , e hlokomolohuoang haholo leha e le setsoalle sa eona le tlhekefetso ea thobalano ea banna (mohlala, Gonsalves et al., ).

Litšobotsi tsa Narcissistic le Histrionic botho ba ho hloka litšebeliso

Litšobotsi tsa botho li ka boela tsa ama monyetla oa boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano ho basali (Krahé et al., ; Russell, Doan le Morena, ). Litšobotsi tsa mathata a bocha a Cluster B a makatsang, a maikutlo le a sa fetoheng (a amanang le taolo e mpe ea maikutlo, taolo ea maikutlo le bohale) a ka ba le tšusumetso e kholo ho tlhekefetso ea thobalano (Mouilso & Calhoun, ). Mohlala, lefu la narcissistic botho (NPD), le fumanoang ho banna (7.7%) le basali (4.8%) le ka kakaretso ho 6.2% ea sechaba ka kakaretso (Stinson et al., ), e tšoauoa ka maikutlo a boithati a boithati, tokelo, le kutloelo-bohloko e tlase ho ba bang (Emmons, ). Ho banna, litsobotsi tsa boits'oaro bo hlephileng li amahanngoa le litumelo tse tšehetsang peto ebile li amahanngoa hampe le kutloelo-bohloko bakeng sa bahlaseluoa ba peto (Bushman, Bonacci, van Dijk, & Baumeister, ), ha NPD e amana le tlhekefetso ea thobalano (Mouilso & Calhoun, ). Basali ba nang le maemo a phahameng a narcissism ba bonts'a puisano e mpe ea likamano (Lamkin, Lavner, & Shaffer, ) mme ba na le monyetla oa ho etsa thobalano ea thobalano (Zeigler-Hill, Besser, Morag, & Campbell, ). Ha e le hantle, narcissism e amahanngoa le tlhekefetso ea basali ea ho qobella thobalano (Kjellgren, Priebe, Svedin, Mossige, & Långström, ; Logan, ), ka karolo ea tokelo / ts'ebeliso ea bosholu e fumanoeng e na le tšusumetso e kholo (Blinkhorn, Lyons, & Almond, ; Ryan, Weikel, le Sprechini, ). Ho feta moo, basali ba maemong a phahameng a narcissism ba fumanoe ba le monyetla oa ho etsa joalo ka ha banna ba bona ba batona ba ka etsa joalo ka maano a phehellang le a ho hlekefetsa ka thobalano kamora ho haneloa nakong ea thobalano (Blinkhorn et al., ). Karolo ena, boits'oaro bona bo ka bonts'a tloaelo ea batho ba boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho etsa thobalano ho phethahatsa tlhoko ea bona ea boitlamo (Gewirtz-Meydan, ).

E fumanoe ho 1-3% ea baahi ka kakaretso (Torgeren et al., ) mme a tlaleha habeli ho basali ho feta banna (Torgersen, Kringlen, & Cramer, ), mekhoa e amanang le "histrionic botho disorder" (HPD) ha e hlahlojoe hangata ho feta NPD mabapi le ho qobelloa ho etsa thobalano. Sena se a makatsa ka ha litšobotsi tsa HPD tse hlalosang li kenyelletsa maikutlo a feteletseng, ho susumetsa, boits'oaro bo lebisang tlhokomelo, le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang kapa bo nang le tlholisano ea thobalano (APA, ; Dorfman, ; Lejoe, ). Ho qhekella maikutlo le ho hloka mamello ea ho khotsofatsa ho liehang (Bornstein le Malka, ; Lejoe, ), basali ba nang le HPD ba batla netefatso le tlhokomelo ho tsoa ho balekane ba haufi-ufi (AlaviHejazi, Fatehizade, Bahrami, & Etemadi, ). Phuputso e ileng ea bapisa basali ba nang le HPD le sehlopha se laoloang se se nang mathata a botho e fumane hore ba na le monyetla oa ho ba ba sa tšepahaleng ka thobalano mme ba tlaleha pherekano e kholo ea thobalano le ho teneha ka thobalano ka maemo a tlase a boitlamo ba thobalano le khotsofalo ea kamano (Apt & Hurlbert, ). Ho feta moo, Apt le Hurlbert ba hlokometse hore mekhoa ea HPD e bonts'a mofuta oa boitšoaro ba thobalano, ha Widiger le Trull () e hlokometse hore litšobotsi tsa HPD le NPD li kanna tsa etsahala. Litšobotsi tse hlahelletseng, tse qhekellang le tse qobellang ho kopanela liphate tse fumanoang lithutong tsena tsa basali ba nang le NPD le HPD li bohlokoa kaha li tsamaellana le lithuto tse teng tse tlalehang mabaka a tšehetsang tlhekefetso ea basali ka thobalano (mohlala, Russell & Oswald, , ; Schatzel-Murphy et al., ) le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (mohlala, Wright et al., , ). Ka hona, lipatlisiso tse ling li hlokahala ho hlahloba tšusumetso ea mekhoa ea HPD le ea NPD le tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tšebeliso ea basali tlhekefetsong ea thobalano.

Lipatlisiso tsa

Phuputso ena e batlile tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litsobotsi tsa narcissistic le histrionic mefuteng e mene ea khatello ea thobalano. Tumellanong le lipatlisiso tsa nakong e fetileng, re boletse esale pele hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li sebelisa (mohlala, Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ; Wright et al., ) le litsobotsi tsa narcissistic le histrionic (mohlala, Apt & Hurlbert, ; Blinkhorn et al., ; Kjellgren et al., ; Logan, ; Ryan et al., ) e ka amahanngoa haholo le ts'oaetso e kholo ea mefuta e meraro ea khatello ea thobalano (ke hore, maikutlo a ho hloka thobalano a hohelang, ho qhekella maikutlong le thetso, le tlhekefetso ea joala). Hape re boletse esale pele hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litšobotsi tsa hae li ke ke tsa amahanngoa le tšebeliso ea mofuta oa bone oa khatello ea thobalano (ke hore, matla a 'mele kapa litšokelo) kaha sena ha se tlalehee ho patlisiso e fetileng.

Method

Barupeluoa le Tsamaiso

Kakaretso ea basali ba 142, ba lilemo li 16-53 (M = 24.23, SD = 7.06), ba nkile karolo thutong ena. Basali ba ne ba tloaetse ho ba le kamano ea nako e telele, bonyane likhoeli tse 6 (n = 53.5%). Barupeluoa ba setseng e ne e le masoha kapa ba hlalane (n = 24.7%), kamanong ea nakoana (n = 11.3%), kapa ba lenyalong (n = 10.6%). Boholo ba bankakarolo e ne e le ba bong bo fapaneng (n = 85.2%), ka palo e nyane ea bong bo fapaneng (n = 11.3%) le bosodoma (n = 3.5%) basali ba hiriloeng. Ka tlase ho halofo (n = 43%) ea basali bana ba tlalehile hore hajoale ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ha ho na lintlha tse ling tsa palo ea batho tse ileng tsa bokelloa. Ho sebelisitsoe mekhoa e 'meli ea mehlala ea menyetla ea ho bokella tlhaiso-leseling ho tsoa ho sampole e fapaneng ea basali ba lilemo tse fetang 16, moithuti le sechabeng, ba se nang nalane e tsebahalang e khopisang. Barupeluoa ba ile ba ithaopela ho tlatsa pampiri kapa lipotso tsa inthanete, tse hakantsoeng ho nka 15 min. Moputso ha oa fanoa ka ho nka karolo phuputsong ena.

Barupeluoa ba ile ba khethoa ka litlelase tsa pele ho liithuti le tsa pelehi, le libaka tsa boikhathollo ka hare ho univesithi e kholo ea Engelane, le sechabeng sa lehae, ka har'a mabenkele a mabenkele (n (37) =) Sengoli sa pele se ile sa tsamaisa libukana tsa lipotso ho batho bao e ka bang bankakarolo ba kentsoeng ka har'a enfelopo e ikemetseng, ho netefatsa ho khutla ka lekunutu le ho sa tsejoe. Ho fumana tumello e nang le tsebo, bao e ka bang barupeluoa ba ile ba tsebisoa ka mantsoe hore na lipotso tse sa tsejoeng le tsa boithatelo li ile tsa phetoa joang pampiring e kenyellelitsoeng lenaneng la lipotso. Leqephe lena le hlalosang le boetse le hlakisitse hore lipotso li lokela ho tlatsoa li le mong le hore ho khutlisoa ha lipotso ho bonts'a tumello ea tlhahisoleseling e ka sebelisoang. Ha ba le khamphaseng, barupeluoa ba ile ba bolelloa hore ba ka beha lipotso tse tlatsitsoeng ka lienfelopong hore li khutlele ho mofuputsi ka letsoho kapa lebokoseng le sireletsehileng la ho lahlela ka phapusing ea lisebelisoa tsa baithuti. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hiroa hape ka mekhoa ea lehloa ba sebelisa melaetsa ea litaba tsa sechaba ho Facebook le Twitter (n = 108). Mananeo ana a hlakisitse sepheo sa thuto mme a mema basali ho nka karolo ka ho tobetsa sehokelo se ba tataisitseng hape ho sheba lenane la lipotso marang-rang, hore le tle le phethoe ka polokeho le hole.

Mehato

Coercion ea Thobalano: Sekala sa Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro ba Boitšoaro ba Batho ba Thobalano (PSP Scale, Struckman-Johnson et al., )

PSP Scale ke tekanyo ea lintho tse 19 ea ho phehella ho etsa thobalano ka mor'a ketso, e hlalosoang e le ho etsa thobalano le molekane kamora hore ba hane qalong. Sekala se arotsoe ka likarolo tse 'ne tse bonts'ang maemo a fapaneng a tlhekefetso ea thobalano: (1) maqheka a ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ntle le mantsoe (lintho tse tharo, mohlala, "ho tsitlella ho aka le ho ama"); (2) maano a ho qhekella maikutlo le ho thetsa (lintho tse robeli, mohlala, "Ho sokela ho senya"); (3) tšebeliso e mpe ea batho ba tahiloeng (lintho tse peli, mohlala, "ho ba tahisa ka morero"), le (4) tšebeliso ea likhoka kapa litšokelo (lintho tse tšeletseng, mohlala, "ho li tlama"). Lintho li fumanoe 1 (e) kapa 0 (che), ka lintlha tse phahameng tse bontšang ts'ebeliso e kholo ea khatello ea thobalano. Ho ts'epahala hoa kahare bakeng sa subscale ka 'ngoe ho tsoakane lithutong tse fetileng (mohlala, Khan, Brewer, Kim, & Centifanti, ), e neng e bonts'oa thutong ena: motho ea sa tsubeng ka ho hloka thobalanoα = .81); ho qhekella maikutlo le thetso (α = .39); tlhekefetso ea matahoa (α (.38); le ts'ebeliso ea matla a 'mele kapa litšokeloα = .00).

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro Sebelisa: Cyber-Pornography Sebelisa Inventory (CPUI, Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, )

Ho sebelisitsoe liphallelo tse tharo tsa CPUI: phaello (lintho tse peli, ke hore, "Ke na le libaka tsa bootsoa tse tšoailoeng" le "Ke qeta nako e fetang 5 h ka beke ke sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa", boiteko ba ho etsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (lintho tse hlano, mohlala, "ke na le ke hlophisitse kemiso ea ka bocha hore ke tsebe ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng ntle le ho tšoenyeha ”hape" Ke hanne ho tsoa le metsoalle kapa ho ea meketeng e meng ea boithabiso ho ba le monyetla oa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa "), le ho qobelloa (lintho tse 11, mohlala, "Ha ke sa khone ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng, ke ikutloa ke tšoenyehile, ke koatile kapa ke nyahame" hape "Ke ikutloa ke sitoa ho emisa ts'ebeliso ea ka ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa"). Ntho ea ho qetela "Ke lumela hore ke lemaletse litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete" ha e ea kenyelletsoa ka lebaka la likhang tsa mantsoe "bokhoba ba thobalano" le "bokhoba ba thobalano" (Schneider, ). Ho lithahasello tsa thahasello le boikitlaetso, barupeluoa ba supile likarabo e le "'nete" (ba fane ka 2) kapa "leshano" (ba tšoaetse 1), ha ba le sekepeng sa tlatsetso, likarabo li tlalehiloe ka tekanyo ea lintlha tsa 7 (1 = ha li lumellane hantle le 7 = lumellana ka matla), ka lipalo tse phahameng tse bonts'ang sekhahla se seholo sa phaello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​boiteko le ho qobelloa. Ho tšepahala e ne e le: phaello α = .40; boiteko α = .58; le ho qobelloa α = .75.

Litšobotsi tsa Narcissistic le Histrionic botho ba Ts'oaetso ea Botho: Potso ea Botho ea Botho, Khatiso ea 4th (PDQ-4: Hyler, )

Lintho tse ho PDQ-4 Narcissistic le Histrionic subscales li thehiloe ho mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea DSM-IV bakeng sa mathata a Axis II mme e sebelisitsoe lithutong tse bapisoang ho hlahloba litšobotsi tsa botho le tšebeliso ea khatello ea thobalano ho basali (mohlala, Khan et al., ; Muñoz et al., ). Tse ngata tse fumanehang subscale ea Narcissistic (lintho tse robong, mohlala, "Batho ba bang ba nahana hore ke nka monyetla ka batho ba bang") le subsistale ea Histrionic (lintho tse robeli, mohlala, "Ke motho ea kopanang le ba bong bo bongata") li fumanoe ka ho akaretsa "leshano" (le pakiloeng 0 ) kapa "'nete" (lintlha tsa 1), tse nang le lintlha tse holimo tse supang litšobotsi tse amanang le botho bo litšila le tsa nalane. Ho tšepahala e ne e le: narcissistic α = .63 le histrionic α = .47.

Results

Ho qobelloa ho sa kopaneleng thobalano (35.2%) e ne e le mokhoa o atileng haholo oa ho qobelloa ka thobalano, o lateloa ke tšebeliso ea maikutlo le thetso (15.5%), le tlatlapo ea joala (4.9%). Joalokaha ke mosali a le mong feela ea tlalehileng a sebelisitse matla a tšohanyetso kapa lits'oso, thuso ena ha ea ka ea kenyeletsoa tlhahlobisong e ileng ea latela. Boitlhotlhollo ba likamano (Tafoleng) 1) e bonts'itse likamano tse ntle lipakeng tsa mofuta o sa hlasimoloheng oa thobalano ea thobalano, takatso le boiteko bo matla ba HPD. Ka bobeli tšebeliso ea bolotsana ea maikutlo le thetso ho qobella molekane le tlhekefetso ea ba tahiloeng li ne li amana hantle le boiteko ba bootsoa le ho qobelloa, le mekhoa ea HPD. Ho ile ha khetholloa likhokahanyo tse ling pakeng tsa lintho tse fetohang le pakeng tsa mekhoa e hatellang ea thobalano.

Tafole 1

Likamano lipakeng tsa litakatso tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​boiteko, le ho nkeha maikutlo, litšobotsi tsa botho bo litšila le tsa histori, le khatello ea thobalano

POI

KHOTSO

POC

NPD

HPD

NVA

EMD

EXI

POI

KHOTSO

.36 **

POC

.13

.38 **

NPD

.01

.15

-.05

HPD

.04

.28 **

.18 *

.45 **

NVA

.17 *

.27 **

.06

.09

.22 **

EMD

.14

.38 **

.24 **

.12

.25 **

.34 **

EXI

.11

.22 **

.20 *

-.02

.29 **

.33 **

.27 **

M

2.04

5.29

17.01

1.75

2.49

.58

.21

.06

SD

.18

.70

5.39

1.72

1.61

.93

.54

.26

Range

2-4

5-10

11-77

0-9

0-8

0-3

0-8

0-2

POI thahasello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, KHOTSO boiteko ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, POC qobello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, NPD tšobotsi ea botho bo makatsang, HPD litšobotsi tsa botho bo holofatsang, NVA ntho e sa ts'oaneng le takatso ea thobalano, EMD ho qhekella maikutlong le thetso, EXI tlhekefetso ea joala

*p <.05, **p <.01

Letoto la li-regression tse ngata tse 'maloa li ile tsa etsoa ho bona hore na thahasello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​boiteko le ho qobella hammoho le mekhoa ea NPD le HPD e ne e le ponelopele ea khatello ea thobalano (ho se ts'oaroe ke takatso ea thobalano, ho qhekella maikutlong le thetso, le tlhekefetso ea ba tahiloeng) (bona Lethathamo 2). Moetso oa boiphetetso e ne e le ponelo-pele ea bohlokoa ea ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano, F(5, 136) = 3.28, p = .008, e hlalosa 10.8% ea phapang ea khatello ea thobalano (R2 = .11, Adj R2 = .08). Boiteko ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e le motho feela ea neng a bua ka mokhoa o qobelloang o amanang le mofuta ona oa khatello ea thobalano (Β = .22, t = 2.29, p = .024). Boemo bo bong bo hlalositsoeng bo supile hore mohlala e ne e le ponelopele ea bohlasoa ba maikutlo le thetso, F(5, 136) = 5.83, p <.001, e hlalosa 17.6%% ea phapang ea khatello ea thobalano (R2 = .18, Adj R2 = .15). Boiteko ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke eona feela ntho e ka sehloohong e bontshang ho qhekella maikutlo le thetso (Β = .29, t = 3.14, p = .002). Kamora nako, boemo ba boraro ba boraro bo bonts'itse hore mohlala e ne e le ponelopele ea tlhekefetso ea joala, F(5,136) = 4.47, p = .001, e hlalosa 14.1% ea phapang ea khatello ea thobalano (R2 = .14, Adj R2 = .11). Litšobotsi tsa HPD e ne e le tsona feela tse boletsoeng esale pele ka bomong (Β = .32, t = 3.45, p = .001).

Tafole 2

Ho khutlisetsoa ka mela e mengata ho etsa hore motho a khahloe ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho etsa boiteko le ho qobelloa, litšobotsi tsa botho ba semmuso le khatello ea botona le botšehali

Boitšoaro bo kopanetsoeng

ANOVA

R 2

Adji R2

Foreime ea motho ka mong

Β

t

p

Monate oa thobalano o se nang toka

F(5, 136) = 3.28, p = .008

.11

.08

Interest

.09

1.05

.295

Boiteko

.22

2.29

.024

Ho qobelloa

- .07

- .81

.421

Narcissistic

- .03

- .29

.776

Histrionic

.18

1.87

.063

Ho thetsa maikutlo le thetso

F(5, 136) = 5.83, p <.001

.18

.15

Interest

.01

.17

.869

Boiteko

.29

3.14

.002

Ho qobelloa

.11

1.24

.217

Narcissistic

.01

.14

.888

Histrionic

.15

1.61

.111

Ho qhekella ba tahiloeng

F(5, 136) = 4.47, p = .001

.14

.11

Interest

.05

.53

.596

Boiteko

.11

1.15

.253

Ho qobelloa

.08

.96

.337

Narcissistic

- .17

- 1.93

.056

Histrionic

.32

3.45

.001

Puisano

Ho netefatsa litebello, boiteko ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bo ne bo amahanngoa le ts'ebeliso ea basali ea ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano ntle le mantsoe le ho qhekella maikutlo le mekhoa ea ho qobella batho ho etsa thobalano. Tlhahiso ena e tsamaellana haholo le lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse hokahanyang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa basali tse nang le boits'oaro bo matla ba thobalano, joalo ka tlhekefetso, ho qobelloa ka mantsoe, ho qhekella maikutlo le thetso (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ; Wright et al., ), leha ho le joalo ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng ho nahana ka hore na hobaneng thahasello ea bootsoa le ho qobelloa li ne li sa amane le boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba thobalano. Kaha ha ho na letho le lekaalo ka lipatlisiso tse ka bapisoang, litlhaloso bakeng sa liphumano tsena li angoa ka hloko. Mohlala, joalo ka ha patlisiso e fetileng le barupeluoa ba banna ba fumane ts'ebeliso e qobelloang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana le ts'ebeliso ea khatello ea thobalano (mohlala, Gonsalves et al., ), karohano ena e ka bonts'a phapang ea thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, li-coefficients tsa alpha bakeng sa mehato ea khatello ea thobalano e sebelisitsoeng thutong ea bona e ne e le tlase, e le boiteko bo matla ba ho bapisa seo ba se fumaneng. Ha sebaka sena se hloka tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele, e tla ba bohlale hore lithuto tse tlang li hlahlobe likarolo tse fapaneng tsa tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le phapang e fetang ea thobalano.

Boithuto ba rona bo fumane hape hore litšobotsi tsa HPD li ne li amana haholo le tlhekefetso ea joala, tseo lingoliloeng li bonts'ang li ka bonts'a maikutlo a feteletseng, tlhoko ea tlhokomelo, le tšebeliso ea boitšoaro bo susumetsang ho thetsa ba bang (mohlala, AlaviHejazi et al., ; Bornstein le Malka, ; Dorfman, ; Lejoe, ). Ka 'nete, basali ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho qobella molekane ha ba ikutloa ba lahliloe (Wright, Norton, & Matusek, ). Ho fapana le banna (bao ho tlalehiloeng ba nang le monyetla o moholo ho feta basali oa ho susumetsoa ke matla), basali ba kopanang le thobalano ba tlalehiloe ba susumetsoa ke kamano-haufi (Zurbriggen, ), e ka feteletsoang ho basali ba nang le litšobotsi tsa HPD ba bonts'ang kameho e fetelletseng ea thobalano (Apt & Hurlbert, ). Tšebeliso ea boitšoaro bo qobelloang ho hlekefetsa ba tahiloeng ka thobalano e ka bonts'a maemo a tlase a boitlamo ba thobalano bo tlalehiloeng ho basali ba nang le HPD (bona Apt & Hurlbert, ), ka tsela eo ho thibela ts'ebeliso ea mefuta e meng ea khatello ea thobalano e hlokang matla a itseng. Ha rea ​​ka ra hlokomela tšusumetso e lebelletsoeng ea mekhoa ea NPD mabapi le khatello ea thobalano. Sena se boletsoe esale pele ka lebaka la likamano tse tlalehiloeng pejana pakeng tsa narcissism, tlhekefetso ea thobalano (Zeigler-Hill et al., ), le ho qobelloa (Blinkhorn et al., ). Tlhahiso ena e kanna ea supa ho tšoana lipakeng tsa litsobotsi tsa NPD le HPD (joalo ka ha ho hlokometsoe ke Apt & Hurlbert, ; Widiger le Trull, ); ka hona, ho ka ba molemo ho lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ho fumana sena ka mokhoa o hlakileng.

Kaha lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao li ntse li haella ebile se fumanoeng se kopane, ha rea ​​ka ra bolela esale pele ka tšebeliso ea matla kapa litšokelo tsa ho qobella molekane, mme qetellong, ha e le morupeluoa a le mong feela ea tlalehileng sena, subscale ena e ile ea qheleloa ka thoko ho tlhahlobo. Boithuto bo sa kenyeng tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa joalo ka sesosa sa ho qobella thobalano bo re basali ha ba na monyetla oa ho sebelisa matla kapa litšokelo ho feta ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e meng e hatellang ea thobalano, joalo ka khatello ea molomo (Krahé et al., ), Mohlomong e bontša tlhokomeliso e kholo kapa tšabo ea ho iphetetsa. Ho joalo, basali ba hlekefetsang ka thobalano ba ba le maikutlo a mabe le ho hanyetsoa ke bahlaseluoa ho feta banna ba hlekefetsang (O'Sullivan, Byers, & Finkelman, ). Leha ho le joalo, ho thatafatsa sena le ho feta, lithuto tse hlahlobang tšusumetso ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso litlalehong tsa thobalano tsa thobalano li fana ka tlaleho e khahlano le seo. Mohlala, tlhahlobo ea meta ea lithuto tsa 22 e fumane hore ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa basali e boletse esale pele mefuta eohle ea khatello ea thobalano, ho kenyelletsa matla a 'mele le litšokelo (mohlala, Wright et al., ), ha phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane, ho fapana le hoo, ts'ebeliso ea basali ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ne e sa amane le ho tšosoa le ho qobelloa (mohlala, Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ). Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e ka etsa lipatlisiso lintlha tsena ka bonngoe ho sheba hore na ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e susumetsa basali ho sebelisa matla kapa litšokelo ha feela mefuta e meng ea khatello ea thobalano e hloleha, kapa haeba ho na le lintlha tse hlalosang tšebeliso ea matla a 'mele le boitšoaro bo sokelang.

Meeli le Tataiso e Tsoelang Pele ea Patlo

Leha ho bile le boiteko ba ho batla barupeluoa ba bangata, thuto ena e ne e fokotsoe ke tšebeliso ea sampole e nyane, e seng eo; ka hona, generalizability e na le moeli. Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe lithutong tse ling, ts'ebeliso ea mehato ea lipotso tsa ho itlhahloba ho etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le sehlooho se tebileng sa ho qhekella ka thobalano (mohlala, Gonsalves et al., ) le litšobotsi tsa bothata ba botho (Hoffmann & Verona, ; Shah et al., ; Muñoz et al., ) e kanna ea fella ka ho lakatseha sechabeng kapa ho hopoloa ka leeme. Ho feta moo, lialfase tsa Cronbach bakeng sa liphallelo tse ling li ne li le tlase. Ka karolo e 'ngoe, sena se bonts'a mofuta oa sekala. (Ts'ebeliso ea lithahasello tsa lithethefatsi tse tahiloeng le tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li na le lintho tse peli ka bonngoe.) Ho khothalletsoa mehato e pharalletseng haholoanyane le e qaqileng bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa kamoso. Haholo-holo, e ne e le bolebeli ho hlokomoloha tšusumetso e ka bang teng ea mefuta e fapaneng ea lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa, ​​joalo ka ha basali ba pepesetsoa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa thobalano, ho kenyeletsoa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse khahlisang (Mattebo, Tyden, Haggstrom-Nordin, Nilsson, & Larsson, ). Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ka ba le litšoantšo tse mabifi kapa tse nyonyehang (Romito & Beltramini, ) kapa litšoantšo tse emeloang tsa basali (Zhou & Bryant, ), eo ho tlalehoang basali ba sa khahloe ke bona ho feta banna (Glascock, ). Liphapang tsa bohlokoa li kanna tsa hlaha lipakeng tsa bootsoa le boiphihlelo, mabapi le boemo ba ho se lekane hoa bong bo hlahang (Klaassen & Peter, ). Ha liphapang tsa bohlokoa tsa thobalano li ka hlaha mabapi le makhetlo le sebopeho sa ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Bohm, Franz, Dekker, & Matthiesen, ; Hald & Stulhofer, ), ho ka ba molemo ho lithuto tsa nako e tlang ho hlahloba ka kotloloho tšusumetso ea mefuta e fapaneng ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse sebelisoang ke basali ka boits'oaro ba bona ba thobalano, ho fapana le ho ikarola lipatlisisong tse seng li le teng tsa banna.

Leha ho bile le boiteko ba ho thaotha mefuta e fapaneng ea bankakarolo, palo ea lintho tse hlahisitsoeng lenaneong la lipotso li ne li thibetsoe, ka lebaka la litataiso tse thata tsa boits'oaro; ka hona, re ne re sa khone ho lekola liphapang tsa morabe mabapi le khatello ea thobalano. Sena e kanna ea ba se khahlisang ho se hlahloba joalo ka ha thuto ea pejana e fumane hore banna ba Asia ba tlaleha litefiso tse tlase haholo tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano ha ba bapisoa le balekane ba bona ba Batsho, Bosoeu le ba Latino (bona Sefora, Tilghman, & Malebranche, ). Lintho tse ling tseo lithuto tsa pejana li tlalehang e le lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa karohanyo bakeng sa khatello ea thobalano ho basali, mme ka hona li ka hlahisa litholoana tsa bohlokoa lipatlisisong tse tlang, ho kenyelletsa tšusumetso ea joala (Ménard et al., ) le nalane ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano (Anderson, ; Russell le Oswald, ; ). Tšebeliso ea joala e ka ba ea bohlokoa haholo hobane thuto ena e fumane litšobotsi tsa HPD li amana haholo le tlhekefetso ea thobalano ea motho ea tahiloeng. Ho hokahanya le lipatlisiso tse ling tsa kakaretso tsa batho, thuto ena e ne e reretse ho hlahloba boitšoaro bo matla ba thobalano ho basali ba se nang liqoso tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano; Leha a hira barupeluoa ho tsoa sechabeng le sechabeng, palo ena ea maiketsetso e ne e ka kenngoa feela ka ha lipotso tse neng li sa hlakeloe mabapi le nalane e khopisang ka thobalano li sa kenyelelitsoe. Kahoo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang le basali li ka lekanya ho nka karolo ha karolo ea tlolo ea molao kapa tsa ho hira barupeluoa ka nalane e tsebahalang ea ho hlekefetsa ka thobalano e tsoang bathong ba tliliniking kapa ba basali.

Phekolo ea basali ea thobalano ea banna hangata e nkuoa e se kotsi ho sechaba ka kakaretso ho feta tlhekefetso e tšoanang ea basali ke banna (French et al., ; Huitema & Vanwesenbeeck, ; Struckman-Johnson et al., ; Studzinska le Hilton, ). Le ha bahlaseluoa ba banna ba ho qobelloa ka thobalano ba basali le bona ba ka tlaleha likarabo tse ntle ho khatello ea thobalano, lithuto tse ling li tlalehile hore 90% ea banna le bona ba tlaleha bonyane karabelo e le 'ngoe e mpe ho qobello (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ) le ho bonts'a khatello ea maikutlo e bohlokoa le boits'oaro bo kotsi (French et al., ; Turchik, ; Walker, Archer, & Davis, ). Patlisiso e nyane haholo e teng, leha ho le joalo, ho fumana lintlha tse susumetsang tlatsetso ea molato ho baetsi ba molao ba basali. Liphuputso tsa mantlha li fana ka maikutlo a hore leha batlolli ba molao ba banna ba nkuoa ba le mabifi, baetsi ba molao ba basali ba nkuoa e le batho ba boitšoaro bo hlephileng (Oswald & Russell, ). Patlisiso e eketsehileng e ka ba molemo ho fumana lintlha tse susumetsang maikutlo a ho hlekefetsoa, ​​ho tlaleha motho ea hlokofalitsoeng kapa ho itsebahatsa e le mofosi kapa mohlaseluoa. Patlisiso ea khatello e matla ea thobalano e fumanoang ke basali ba khethollang LGBTQ le eona ke mokhoa o motle oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ling, joalo ka ha lithuto tse fetileng li ka tseba hore sena se atile empa ha e sa reroa (mohlala, Turell, ; Metsi, Dawson, & Bologna, ). Kamora nako, ho bohlokoa ho hatisa hore boithuto ba hajoale bo fuputse tlhekefetso ea basali ea boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba thobalano ho fapana le boits'oaro ba banna kamora ho hana ha bona qalong. Mefuta e fapaneng ea maemo le maemo a ka rerela karabelo ho boitšoaro bo qobello ba thobalano joalo ka ho kholisa hore thobalano e ea rateha, ho latela thobalano e sa batleheng, kapa ho felisa kamano (mohlala, Nurius & Norris, ). Boholo ba boitšoaro bo qobelloang ba basali bo fella ka thobalano bo ntse bo sa hlaka, leha ho le joalo, mme lipatlisiso tsa kamoso li ka nahana, ho etsa mohlala, hore na banna ba qobelloang ka thobalano ba etsa thobalano le hore na sena se sa hlokahale hakae. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phuputso ea hajoale ha ea ka ea lekola likarabo tsa basali ha molekane oa bona a hana. Le ha ho tlalehiloe hore basali ba ba le maikutlo a mabe a hanana le thobalano ho feta banna (de Graaf & Sandfort, ), lintlha tseo tse amang karabo ea ho lahloa li lula li sa hlaka.

Ho phethela, re fuputse mabaka a amanang le ts'ebeliso ea basali ea khatello ea thobalano. Liphumano li bonts'a hore boiteko ba basali ba ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso bo ne bo amahanngoa haholo le lintlha tse peli tse qobelloang tsa thobalano: ho sa tsose takatso ea ho kopanela liphate le ho thetsoa maikutlong le thetso khoebisanong ea tsa thobalano, ha mekhoa ea HPD e ne e amana le tlhekefetso ea joala. Patlisiso ea nako e tlang e lokela ho tsoela pele ho etsa lipatlisiso ka tšusumetso ea boiteko ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le litšobotsi tsa HPD mabapi le boitšoaro bo litšila ba ho kopanela likobo le hore na tsena li ka tsebisa ho kenella joang nakong e tlang.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

  1. 1.

    "Trending" e bua ka sehlooho se atileng sa ho tuma ha nako e lekanyelitsoeng, moo likhoebo tsa e-commerce li ka hlakolang se khahlisang bareki.

Notes

Tumellanong le Melao-motheo ea Boits'oaro

Khohlano ea thahasello

Bangoli ba bolela hore ha ba na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

Polelo ea Boitšoaro

Boithuto bona bo amohetsoe ke Komiti ea Boitšoaro ea Univesithi ka tumellano le tataiso ea Brithani ea Psychological.

Tsebiso e lumelisitsoeng

Barupeluoa ba ile ba khona ho fana ka tumello e nang le tsebo ea ho nka karolo thutong ena.

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