Basali ba Psychol Q. 2018 Mar; 42 (1): 9-28.
E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2017 Dec 15. doi: 10.1177/0361684317743019
PMCID: PMC5833025
Kathrin Karsay,1 Johannes Knoll,1 'me Jörg Matthes1
inahaneloang
Litsebi tsa ho ikemela li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho pepesehela mecha ea litaba tsa thobalano ho eketsa boitšepo bathong. Patlisiso mabapi le kamano le liteko tsa ho lekola kamano ena e amohetse tlhokomelo e ntseng e hola. Morero oa tlhahlobo ena ea meta e ne e le ho etsa lipatlisiso tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano mabapi le boits'oaro ho basali le banna. Bakeng sa morero ona, re ile ra sekaseka lipampiri tsa 54 tse fanang ka lithuto tse ikemetseng tsa 50 le boholo ba phello ea 261. To ile a hlahisa lintlha tse ntle, tse leka-lekaneng tsa litaba tsa botona le botšehali ka ho itšepa (r = .19). Phello e ne e le bohlokoa ebile e le matla, 95% CI [.15, .23], p <.0001. Re hlokometse litlamorao tsa mofuta oa media, re fana ka maikutlo a hore ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa video le / kapa mecha ea phatlalatso ea inthanete e lebisitse ho litlamorao tse matla ha o bapisoa le ts'ebeliso ea thelevishene. Mefuta e meng ea mehlala kapa mekhoa ea ho ithuta ha ea ka ea lekanya phello. Kahoo, seo re se fumaneng se hlakisa bohlokoa ba ho pepesa maikutlo a basali le banna ka morero oa bona. Re buisana ka mekhoa ea ho etsa lipatlisiso nakong e tlang le litlamorao tsa ho itloaetsa. Rea tšepa hore sengoloa sena se tla khothatsa bafuputsi mosebetsing oa bona oa nako e tlang ho sebetsana le likheo tsa lipatlisiso tse boletsoeng mona. Ho feta moo, re ts'epa hore lintlha tse fumanoeng li tla khothaletsa litsebi le batsoali ho nahanisisa karolo ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea thobalano ho nts'etsapele boikemisetso ba batho ka bomong. Lisebelisoa tse ling tsa inthanete tsa sengoliloeng sena lia fumaneha webosaeteng ea PWQ ho http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl10.1177/0361684317743019
Mecha ea litaba e hlahelletseng kajeno (mohlala, thelevishene, lisebelisoa tsa khatiso, lipapali tsa video, libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang) li tšoailoe ka ho hatisa ponahalo ea thobalano, botle ba 'mele le boipiletso ba thobalano ho ba bang (American Psychological Association [APA], 2007). Tlhahiso ea mofuta ona e ngotsoe hore ke thobalano (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; Ward, 2016; Zurbriggen, 2013). Litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano li nyatsoe ka mabaka a mangata. Mohlala, ho pepesetsoa mecha ea litaba ea thobalano ho amana le stereotypes tsa bong (mohlala, Galdi, Maass, le Cadinu, 2014), kamohelo e eketsehileng ea lipale tsa peto (mohlala, Fox, Ralston, Cooper, & Jones, 2015), le ho se khotsofale ha 'mele (mohlala, Halliwell, Malson, & Tischner, 2011). Karolong e setseng ea sengoloa sena, re sebelisa lentsoe “ho etsa thobalano” ha re bua ka tlhahiso ea batho ka bomong le batho bao ho buuoang ka bona mecheng ea litaba. Re bua ka litaba tsa "ho etsa thobalano" ha re bua ka litlamorao tsa boralitaba le batho bao ho buuoang ka bona setšoantšong.
Ho latela khopolo-taba ea khethollo (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), sepheo sa rona sa mantlha thutong ea morao-rao e ne e le ho lekola boholo, le hore na maemong ao, mecha ea litaba ea thobalano e etsa hore batho ba itšepe. Liphetisetso tsa litumellano li tiisa hore boiphihlelo le bono ba boikemisetso ba thobalano bo matlafatsa basali le banna ho ntlafatsa maikutlo a bona ka bo bona. Pono ena e kenyelletsa ho ba le pono ea motho ea boraro 'me e bonahatsoa ke ho shebisisa ponahalo ea hae ea' mele, e hlalosoang e le boitšepo (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; McKinley & Hyde, 1996).
Bafuputsi ba bangata ba fuputse ka matla ka kamano ea ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano le ho ikemela (mohlala, Andrew, Tiggemann, & Clark, 2016; Aubrey, 2006a; de Vries & Peter, 2013; Grabe & Hyde, 2009; Gray, Horgan, Long, Herzog, & Lindemulder, 2016; Karsay & Matthes, 2015; Manago, Ward, Lemm, Reed, & Seabrook, 2015; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2012). Leha ho le joalo, lingoliloeng tse ntseng li eketseha, ho kenyelletsa lipatlisiso tsa likarolo tse ling, lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso le liteko tsa liteko, li hlahisitse litholoana tse fapaneng. Ka lebaka leo, litsebi ha li e-so fihle pakong kapa ka qeto e mabapi le karolo ea ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano ho nts'etsapele boithati. Re shebile lipatlisiso tsa rona tsa meta-analytic ho sebetsana le tlhoko ena.
Khopolo ea mabaka
Khopolo ea mabakaFredrickson & Roberts, 1997) le lipuisano mabapi le letsoalo le hlakileng (McKinley & Hyde, 1996) ba sebelisitse melao-motheo ea basali ho hlalosetsa basali liphihlelo tsa botona le botšehali ka litlamorao tse mpe tsa bophelo ba basali. Theorists ba bolela hore ho tloha bongoaneng ho ea pele, litopo tsa basali li shebiloe, ho fanoa ka maikutlo le ho hlahlojoa ke ba bang. Banana le basali ba ithuta ho boiphihlelo le ho shebella thobalano ea hore (thobalano) ke karolo ea mantlha ea karolo ea botšehali, ka hona sepheo seo ba tlamehang ho se phehella (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Khopolo ea sepheo e ntlafalitsoe ka mokhoa o tsoelang pele ho fihlela batho ba fapaneng ka ho fetesisa, ho kenyeletsoa banna, bong bo tlase, le bong bo fokolang ba morabe (Fredrickson, Hendler, Nilsen, & O'Barr, 2011).
Boitlhotlhollo ba thobalano bo hlalosoa e le tloaelo ea ho sheba, ho sebelisa, le / kapa ho nka motho e le ntho (ke hore, ntho) eo boleng ba hae bo thehiloeng haholo molemong oa ho khahlisa 'mele oa hae le thobalano (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Liphihlelo tse khahlisang batho ka thobalano ha se tsa tlholeho feela ka tlholeho empa li kenyelletsa khatello ea sechaba ho theha, ho hlahisa, ho boloka le ho ntlafatsa ponahalo e khahlehang (ke hore, e tšesaane-e loketseng basali; Moradi, 2010, 2011; Zurbriggen, 2013). Kahoo, ho ikemela ka thobalano ho ka hlaha ka mekhoa e mengata ebile ho tloha lipontšong tsa mofuta o nepahetseng oa 'mele, ho ea (litekanyetso tse sa hlokeng) tsa' mele oa hau (mohlala, litala, meloli, maikutlo a thobalano), kapa tlhekefetso ea thobalano (Kozee, Tylka, Augustus-Horvath, & Denchik, 2007; Moradi, 2011).
Fredrickson le Roberts (1997) o ile a tšoaroa ka mokhoa o hlakileng oa thobalano le thobalano e le mantsoe a fetohang. Tumellanong le Task Force on the Sexisation of Girls, re rata polelo ea thobalano hobane e kenyeletsa boikemisetso ba thobalano (APA, 2007). Ho latela APA, botona kapa botšehali bo hlaha neng kapa neng (a) boleng ba motho bo ikemiselitsoe haholo kapa feela ho tsoa ho boipiletso ba bona ba thobalano kapa boits'oaro, ho sa kenyeletsoe litšobotsi tse ling; (b) motho o tšoaretsoe maemong a lekanang le ho hoheleha hoa mmele ka mokhoa o hlalositsoeng le ho ba morusu; (c) motho o na le takatso ea thobalano; kapa (d) likamano tsa botona le botšehali ha li fuoe motho ka tsela e sa lokelang. E ngoe le e 'ngoe ea maemo ana e sebetsa e le sesupo sa thobalano.
Media e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho pepesehela litšoantšo tsa thobalano, mongolo, melumo le boiphihlelo (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Liphetho tse tsoang liphatlalatsong tse ngata tsa litaba li bonts'itse hore thobalano e hohle hohle mefuta e fapaneng ea media, joalo ka thelevishene ea mmino (Aubrey & Frisby, 2011; Vandenbosch, Vervloessem, le Eggermont, 2013), hatisa limakasine (Stankiewicz & Rosselli, 2008), lipapali tsa Fitio (Burgess, Stermer, & Burgess, 2007), le libaka tsa marang-rang tsa ho etsa metsoalle (Holo, Bophirimela, & McIntyre, 2012; Kapidzic & Hering, 2015).
Ho Iketsa
Moradi (2011) e fane ka maikutlo a hore liphihlelo tsa botona le botšehali li lebisa ho tsebisa bohlokoa ba bohlokoa ba kamoo motho a “hlahang” le litabatabelo tse ntle, tse qetellang li lebisa boitšepo. Ho latela mohopoloFredrickson & Roberts, 1997), ho iponahatsa ho ikarabella bakeng sa mochini oa kelello o fetolelang liphihlelo tsa botona kapa botšehali boemong ba moetlo ho lintlha tsa kelello le boits'oaro ba bophelo bo botle ba kelello le boiketlo ba motho ka mong.Calogero, Tantleff-Dunn, & Thompson, 2011; Moradi, 2010, 2011; Moradi le Huang, 2008). Mohlala, lithuto tse matlafatsang li bontšitse hore boitšepo bo boletse esale pele lihlong tse kholo tsa mmele le ho tšoenyeha ho hoholo (Moradi le Huang, 2008).
Mokhoa oa ho itlhalosa o hlalosoa e le oa thuto tšobotsi (Calogero, 2011). Le ha ho le joalo, e ka ntlafatsoa hanyane, joalo ka ts'ebeliso ea media, hape e ka lebisa ho boemo BoikhopotsoCalogero, 2011, Moradi le Huang, 2008). Ho bile le mekhoa e fapaneng ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso e tlalehiloeng tšobotsi boits'oaro hobane bafuputsi ba e utloisisa e le mohopolo o nang le lintlha tse ngata (Calogero, 2011; Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2012, 2013). Boitlhotlhollo bo na le likarolo tsa tlhokomeliso, joalo ka ho nka ponahalo ho feta bokhoni (joalo ka ha e lekantsoe ke Lenaneo la Boitšoaro bo Itšireletsang [SOQ]; Noll & Fredrickson, 1998), le likarolo tsa boits'oaro, joalo ka ho kenya letsoho ho lekola mmele o sa foleng (joalo ka ha ho lekantsoe ke Subsaillance subscale ea Objecified Body Consciousness Scale [OBCS]; McKinley & Hyde, 1996). Subscale ea SOQ le OBCS li bonts'itse likamano tse tlase ho isa tekanyong (mohlala, Aubrey, 2006a; Calogero, Herbozo, & Thompson, 2009; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2015a). Boiteko ba 'mele, leha ho le joalo, bo hokahane khafetsa le litlamorao tse mpe, joalo ka setšoantšo se seng se sebe sa' mele le mathata a bophelo bo botle ba kelello, ha bo bapisoa le boits'oaro (Moradi le Huang, 2008). Leha li-SOQ le OBCS li na le maemo a amohelehang a ho ts'epahala le ho nepahala mefuteng e fapaneng ea sampuli, 'me likhakanyo tsena tse peli tsa boitšepo li feta, ha li tšoane (Calogero, 2011; Moradi le Huang, 2008).
Ka tloaelo, lipatlisisong tsa liteko, ho thehiloe moralo ipolella e lekantsoe ka ho etsa kopo Fredrickson, Roberts, Noll, Quinn, le Twenge's (1998) Teko ea Liteko tse Mashome a Mabeli (TST). Kamora ho qhekella ha liteko, ba arabelang ba phethela lipolelo tsa 20 tse qalang ka "Ke 'na." Kamora mona, lipolelo tse amanang le ponahalo li ngotsoe ka mokhoa o hlalosoang e le boikemisetso ba mmuso. Le ha TST e bile mohato o tloaelehileng o sebelisoang lipatlisisong tsa liteko, e bile le mathata ka lebaka la phapang e tlase (mohlala, Aubrey, 2010; Aubrey, Henson, Hopper, & Smith, 2009; Karsay & Matthes, 2016). Bafuputsi ba boetse ba sebelisitse mefuta e ntlafalitsoeng ea SoQ kapa subsidale ea OBCS lipatlisisong tsa liteko ho lekola linaha tsa ho itšepa ho feta (Calogero, 2011). Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe pejana, liphuputso mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa mecha ea litaba ea ho kopanela liphate le boikhabi li hlahisitse litholoana tse fapaneng. Likarolong tse latelang, re hlakisa liphumano tse teng mabapi le tšebeliso ea litaba tsa bong bo amanang le thobalano le ho ikemela ho tsoa bophatlalatsong (likaroloana tse telele le tse telele) le lipatlisiso tsa liteko. Ntle le ha ho hlokometsoe ka tsela e 'ngoe, re sebelisa poleloana ea ho ikemela haeba ho sebelisitsoe mehato e boletsoeng ka holimo.
Patlisiso mabapi
Boholo ba lithuto tse amanang le likarolo tse fapaneng li bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea mananeo a thelevishene a ho etsa thobalano le limakasine le ts'ebeliso ea libaka tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang, joalo ka Facebook kapa Pinterest, li amana hantle le boitšepo ho basali le banna, esita le har'a banana le bashanyana (Aubrey, 2007; Fardouly, Diedrichs, Vartanian, le Halliwell, 2015; Fox & Rooney, 2015; Kim, Seo, & Baek, 2015; Manago et al., 2015; Nowatzki & Morry, 2009; Tiggemann & Slater, 2014, 2015; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2015a). Leha ho le joalo, ho na le mekhelo. Mohlala, thutong ka Morry le Staska (2001), ebile ha ho sebelisoe limakasine tsa botle le boits'oaro tse neng li sa tšoane le ho itšepa ho banna. Liphetho tse tsoakaneng li fumanoe hape bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea livideo tsa 'mino oa thelevishene le livideo tsa' mino; Fardouly, Diedrichs, Vartanian le Halliwell (2015) Ha baa fumana kamano e mabapi le boithati le livideo tsa 'mino har'a basali, empa bafuputsi ba bang (Grabe & Hyde, 2009; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2015a) e etselitse banana le bashanyana. Meier le Grey (2014) e bontšitse hore ke feela tse amanang le ponahalo, empa eseng ka kakaretso, ts'ebeliso ea Facebook e ne e lumellana hantle le boitšepo har'a banana.
Ke bafuputsi ba fokolang feela ba sebelisitseng moralo oa tlhahlobo (ke hore, longitudinal) moralo. Aubrey (2006a) o fumane hore ho pepesetsoa ts'ebeliso ea thelevishene ea thobalano ho boletse esale pele mokhoa oa boithati bakeng sa basali le banna ba koleche, empa ho pepesetsoa litaba ho ile ha bolela esale pele hore banna ba ka shebella feela. Doornwaard et al. (2014) hape e bontšitse phapang ea bong har'a bacha. Ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa marang-rang tse tsosang takatso ea thobalano e bontsitse feela ho shebella 'mele oa bashanyana. Ho fapana le moo, tšebeliso ea libaka tsa marang-rang li ile tsa bolela esale pele hore banana ba tla shebella feela. Vandenbosch le Eggermont (2015a) a supa liphapang lipakeng tsa mefuta ea media empa eseng pakeng tsa banana le bashanyana. Ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba ea thobalano (mohlala, limakasine le thelevishene ea 'mino) e ile ea bolela esale pele ka boits'oaro ka ho kenella ka hare ho litakatso tsa ponahalo. Leha ho le joalo, tšebeliso ea liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona li ne li sa bolele esale pele hore e tla ba boikhabi. Mehato ea litaba e ka ba lebaka le hlalosang hore na hobaneng liphetho ho tsoa lithutong tsa amanang le litaba tsa bongaka li ne li fapana hakana. Le ha lipatlisiso tse ling li ne li kenyelletsa tekanyo e mpe, e sa khetholloang ea tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba, ba bang ba ile ba hlahloba lihlahisoa tsa mefuta e itseng ea litaba kapa litaba tsa bophatlalatsi.
Ha ho bapisoa le lipatlisiso tsa liteko, monyetla oa tlhaiso-leseling ke hore barupeluoa ha ba qobelloe ho shebella kapa ho bala litaba tse amanang le thobalano, empa ho e-na le hoo ba tlalehe boiphihlelo ba bona ba litaba ba litaba. Leha ho le joalo, ho haella ha mehato e sebetsang le e tšepahalang ea ho pepeseha mecha ea litaba ho emela phephetso e kholo lipatlisisong tsa litlamorao tsa media tse ka lebisang lipotsong tse nyane kapa tse sa lumellaneng (de Vreese & Neijens, 2016; Valkenburg le Peter, 2013). Lintlha tse iketsahallang li ka khethoa ka lebaka la tlhalohantso (mohlala, mohopolo o sa nepahalang) kapa mabaka a susumetsang (mohlala, takatso ea sechaba; Valkenburg le Peter, 2013).
Patlisiso ea Tlhahlobo
Patlisiso ea boithuto e ka lebisa liqetong tsa Causal mabapi le litlamorao tsa ho pepesetsoa mecha ea phatlalatso mabapi le boits'oaro ba mmuso ka lebaka la maemo a lipatlisiso a laoloang le thetso e ikemetseng ea phapang e ikemetseng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho tlatselletsa le liphephetso tsa boits'oaro tsa ho pepesetsa barupeluoa litaba tsa thobalano, tikoloho ea laboratori e kenyelletsa tikoloho ea maiketsetso bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea litaba. Ntle le moo, ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tse hlalosang thobalano lithutong tsa liteko ho supa karolo e fokolang feela ea ba bangata ba nkang karolo bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi.
Boithuto bo bongata bo fumanoeng bo supile boitšepo bo eketsehileng ho basali kamora ho pepeseha hanyane hanyane ho litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano. Ho pepesetsoa litšoantšo tsa basali ba kopanelang liphate.Aubrey et al., 2009; de Vries & Peter, 2013; Gray et al., 2016; Hopper le Aubrey, 2016), livideo tsa 'mino oa thobalano (Aubrey & Gerding, 2015; Karsay & Matthes, 2015), le li-avatars tsa lipapali tsa botona le botšehali (Fox, Bailenson, & Tricase, 2013; Fox et al., 2015) ho eketsa boitšepo har'a basali ba bacha. Boithuto bo 'maloa ba boithuto bo entsoeng ke banna bo bontšitseng hore ho pepesetsa banna litšoantšo tsa banna ka tsa thobalano ha hoa ka ha eketsa boitšepo (Kalodner, 1997; Michaels, Parent, & Moradi, 2013).
Lithuto tse 'maloa tsa liteko tse entsoeng le bacha li lebisitse liphellong tse fapaneng. MA Miller (2007) ha e fumane litlamorao ka mor'a ho pepesetsa banana litšoantšo tsa botona le botšehali, empa Daniels (2009) o bonts'itse tšebelisano ea botsofali le boemo ba liteko, tse bonts'ang hore banana ba kotsing ea ho hlola litla-morao tsa litšoantšo tsa thobalano, ha ba bapisoa le basali. Re fumane tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe feela ea liteko le bashanyana le banana ba lilemong tsa bocha e le karolo. Vandenbosch, Driesmans, Trekels, le Eggermont (2015) e bonts'itse hore ho bapala papali ea video le avatar ea thobalano ho khothaletsa boitšepo bo eketsehileng ho bacha. Phello ena e ne e sa ikemetse ka bong ba bacha.
Thuto ea Hona joale
Tlhatlhobo ea meta e ka fana ka leseli ho liphetho tse fapaneng ka ho bala boholo ba phello (O'Keefe, 2017). Ntle le moo, moelelo oa liphetho tse tsoakiloeng o ka hlakisoa ka ho kenyelletsa mookameli oa tlhatlhobo. Leha lithuto tse 'maloa tsa meta-analytic tsa ts'ebeliso ea litaba le setšoantšo sa' mele li le teng (mohlala, Barlett, Vowels, & Saucier, 2008; Grabe, Ward, le Hyde, 2008; Groesz, Levine, & Murnen, 2002; Hausenblas et al., 2013; Holmstrom, 2004; Batla, 2009), ha ho na tlhahlobo ea lipalo-kakaretso ea lipatlisiso tse senolang ka ho hlaka tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano mabapi le boithati. Ho fihla joale, tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe feela ea meta -Grabe et al., 2008) le lihlahlobo tse peli tse hlalosang (López-Guimerà, Levine, Sánchez-carracedo, le Fauquet, 2010; Ward, 2016) li hlahisitse boitšepo - haholo-holo e le karohano ea ho se khotsofale 'meleng. Re batlile ho kenya letsoho ho lingoliloeng ka tsela e latelang: Taba ea pele, ena ke tlhahlobo ea pele ea meta e ileng ea fuputsa ka mokhoa o hlakileng maikutlo a hore tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba ea thobalano e tla eketsa boitšepo. Ward (2016) e re ho etsoe lipatlisiso tsa meta-analytic tse hlahlobang kamano ena. Taba ea bobeli, re kenyelelitse mefuta eohle ea meralo ea boithuto tlhahlobisong ea rona, ho lekola liphapang tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa bona-likarolo, likarolo, le lithuto tsa liteko. Taba ea boraro, re kenyelelitse lithuto tsohle tse fumanehang — ho sa natse hore na li hlahile hokae tlhahlobisong, ha feela li ne li ka fumaneha ka Senyesemane. Kahoo, ha rea ka ra beha mehlala ea rona ho linaha tse buang Senyesemane, joalo ka ha ho bile joalo ka tlhahlobo e meng ea meta (mohlala, Grabe et al., 2008). Taba ea bone, re sebelisitse mokhoa o rarahaneng oa ho etsa lintho. Re balile mofuta oa multilevel ho nka boholo bohle ba phello ntle le ho bokelloa le ho lahleheloa ke tlhaiso-leseling (Cheung, 2014; Masimo, 2015). Mokhoa ona oa mokhoa o re lumelletse ho lekola phello ea boholo le likarolo tsa baokameli ba bohlokoa ba theoretically. Kamora nako, re se re fumane likheo tsa lipatlisiso tse nepahetseng mabapi le tlhahlobo ea morao-rao ea meta. Ho ipapisitse le seo re se fumaneng, re hlahisitse morero oa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ho khothaletsa likarolo tsa litlamorao tsa media le lipatlisiso tsa setšoantšo sa 'mele.1
Method
Batla lingoliloeng
Setšoantšo sa 1 e bontša leano la rona la ho batla le ts'ebetso ea ho se kenye lipampiri. Re ile ra bokella lipampiri tsa boithuto ba hajoale ho tsoa litsing tse peli tse kholo lefapheng la psychology (PsycINFO) le puisano (Puisano le Mass Media Complete). Ntle le moo, re phetlile mananeo a likopano tsa selemo le selemo tsa Mokhatlo oa Thuto ho Bongoli ba Litaba le Puisano ea Mass le Mokhatlo oa Machaba oa Puisano. Re fokolisitse patlo ea rona ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ngotsoeng ka Senyesemane mme e fumaneha ka Phuptjane 2016. Re ile ra lekola lintlha tsa tlhahlobo-leseling ka ho sebelisa poleloana ea lebitsoonconc * ntle le ho sebetsa le media * lefapheng lefe kapa lefe la patlo. Hape, re sebelisitse mantsoe a ho beha leihlo, ho itlhahloba, sephetho sa *, le sepheo sa * hammoho le polelo ea litaba *, ka ho latellana. Asterisk e ile ea lumella mantsoe ana hore a be le pheletso eohle e ka khonehang. Ho fumana lingoliloeng tse ling, re phetletse lingoloeng tse tharo (ke hore, Setšoantšo sa 'mele, Mesebetsi ea thobalano, 'me Psychology ea Basali nako le nako), eo re e nkileng e bohlokoa haholo ho tlhahlobo ea rona ea meta. Re sebelisitse mokhoa oa basketball ea lehloa ka ho bala lethathamo la liphuputso tse seng li ntse li le teng, haholo-holo lethathamo la litekolo (mohlala, Grabe et al., 2008; Ward, 2016). Re nkile lipampiri tse phatlalalitsoeng le tse sa phatlalatsoang (ke hore, lipampiri tsa kopano, dissertations), mme patlo ena e lebisitse ho sampole ea pele ea lipampiri tsa 622.
Khetho ea Lingoloa
Re sebelisitse mehato e meraro e latellanang ho fokotsa lenane la rona ho lipampiri tse neng li le bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea meta. Taba ea pele, sengoli sa pele se qheletse lipatlisiso tsohle tsa tlhaelo-pele, lipatlisiso tsa theory, tlhahlobo ea litaba, lipatlisiso tsa mekhoa, litekolo tsa nalane, litekolo tsa buka, litlhaloso, le lipatlisiso tse sa amaneng le sehlooho (mohlala, anthropology, semiotic, art) ka ho hlahloba sehlooho le litaba tse sieo. pampiri ka 'ngoe. Mohatong ona oa pele, re kenyelletse lipampiri tsa 309.
Mohatong oa bobeli, re sebelisitse mekhoa e meraro ea ho kenyelletsa, e amanang le tekanyo ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso, tekanyo ea ho ikemela, le litaba tsa litaba. Mefuta eohle e meraro e hlalositsoe ka botlalo e le karolo ea tlhahlobo ea baokameli: (1) Lithutong tse fetileng, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea bona ea phatlalatso e sa tlalehiloeng, empa le pono ea bona ea ho hatelloa ke boralitaba ho lumellana le botle bo teng litekanyetso (mohlala, Boitšoaro ba Sechaba ka Teka-Tebo ea Ponahalo ea Scale-3; Thompson, van den Berg, Roehrig, Guarda, & Heinberg, 2004). Leha ho le joalo, re ne re thahasella feela khokahano e tobileng ea tšebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso le boitelo; ka hona, re kenyelelitse feela lithuto tse bokelleng lintlha tsa palo ea barupeluoa le nako eo re e sebelisang mahareng. Re kenyelelitse feela lithuto tsa liteko tse hlahisang tšusumetso ea litaba mecheng ea liteko le maemong a taolo. (2) Boithati bo ne bo tlameha ho ba phapang e ka tšeptjoang lithutong tsa liteko. Lithutong tse amanang le ho ikamahanya le maemo, ho ikemela ho ile ha tlameha ho hlahlojoa e le e 'ngoe ea lintho tse etselitsoeng lipatlisiso. (3) Lithuto tsa liteko li ne li tlameha ho ba le lihlopha tse pepesitsoeng ho litaba tsa thobalano kapa litaba tse shebiloeng tse shebaneng le litaba. Ha sehlopha sa liteko se hlahisitsoe ho litaba tsa kakaretso feela, boholo ba phello bo ne bo sa kopitsoa ebile bo sa kenyelelloa tlhahlobisong. Boemo ba taolo bo ka kenyelletsa litšoantšo tse sa nahaneleng (ke hore, ha ho na lipontšo tse fokolang tsa thobalano) kapa ha ho na batho ho hang. Ka mohato ona oa bobeli, re ile ra qhelela lipampiri tsa 240.
Mohatong oa boraro le oa ho qetela, re ile ra kenyelletsa lipampiri tsohle tse hlalosang ho kenella (mohlala, Choma et al., 2010; Harrison le Hefner, 2014; Veldhuis, Konijn, & Seidell, 2014). Sena se ile sa fokotsa thuto e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e neng e ikemiselitse ho loants'a litlamorao tsa boitlhatlhobo ba phatlalatso (mohlala, ho hlahisa litaba tsa bongoli ba litaba pele ho phatlalatsoa ke media). Boithuto bo bong ba ho kenella bo bokella lintlha tsa mantlha (ke hore, ho nka khato pele) mabapi le tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba le mekhoa ea boits'oaro (mohlala, ho itšepa) e le hore ba ka etsa mohlala oa bona ka botlalo kapa ho nahana ka baetsi ba tlhahlobo ea litlamorao tsa ho kenella. Lintlha tsena li ka be li loketse tlhahlobo ea rona. Leha ho le joalo, boholo ba lithuto tse kenelletseng mohlaleng oa rona ha lia ka tsa sebelisa moralo oa pejana empa tsa sebelisa mokhoa oa ho latela feela. Boithuto bo bong bo pakeng bo ne bo sa lekanye tšebeliso ea media ka nako 1 (t1) le lithuto tse ling ha lia ka tsa fana ka tlaleho mabapi le khokahano e ka bang teng. Kahoo, ha ho likamano tse lumellanang le tlhaiso ea meta li bile li fumaneha 'me ra qheleloa ka thoko merero eohle ea ho ithuta e sa reroang mohlaleng oa rona.
Ha rea ka ra kenyelletsa lipampiri tse neng li sa fumanehe (tse sa fumaneheng inthaneteng) kapa tse sa faneng ka tlhaiso-leseling ea lipalo tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho bala boholo ba phello. Re ikopanye le bangoli ba robeli ho fumana kopi ea lingoloa tsa bona le bangoli ba babeli ho fumana lintlha tse ling tsa lipalo; bangoli ba bahlano ha baa ka ba araba mme re ile ra tlameha ho siea lipampiri tse hlano ka lebaka la tlhaiso-leseling e lahlehileng. Re boetse re sa siee likopi tsohle. Ka mantsoe a mang, lipampiri tse ling li ne li fumaneha e le dissertation hape e le lipampiri (kapa) lingoliloeng tse hatisitsoeng kapa e le lipampiri tsa kopano le joalo ka lipampiri tse phatlalalitsoeng. Maemong ana kaofela, re ile ra ngola lipampiri tse hatisitsoeng. Mokhelo e ne e le pampiri ea Aubrey le Taylor; re nkile qeto ea ho khoutela pampiri ea kopano (Aubrey & Taylor, 2005) sebakeng sa sengoloa (Aubrey & Taylor, 2009) hobane e fane ka boholo bo boholo ba tlhahlobo ea meta. Mohato oa boraro le oa ho qetela o lebisitse ho kenyelletsoeng ha lipampiri tsa 19.
Mohlala oa ho qetela oa lithuto
Sampole ea rona ea ho qetela e kenyelletsa lipampiri tsa 54. Lipampiri tsena li hlahisitse lithuto tse ikemetseng tsa 50 (ke hore, disampole tse ikemetseng) ka kakaretso ea barupeluoa ba 15,100. Mohlala oa rona o ne o e-na le lingoliloeng tse tsoang lingoling tsa 27, lipampiri tsa kopano ea 4, le lingoloa tsa 2. Lethathamo 1 e fana ka kakaretso ea lithuto tse kenyelelitsoeng le tse fapaneng mahlaleng a meta-analysis. Palo ea lithuto e ne e le nyane ho feta palo ea lipampiri kaha ho ne ho na le lipampiri tse 'maloa tse itšetlehileng ka sampole e le' ngoe.2 Re nkile liphetho tsa lipampiri tse joalo ka ha li nkiloe thutong e le 'ngoe; ka mantsoe a mang, re qopile boholo ba litlamorao tsa bona ebe ka mor'a moo re ba ts'oara joalo ka ha ba tsoa thutong e le 'ngoe (Guo, 2016). Mehlala ea rona ea mohlala le palo ea bankakarolo e ne e loketse ho etsa tlhahlobo ea "meta" Pigott, 2012).
Meetso ea Moderator
Re ne re thahasella ho tseba hore na mehlala ea sebopeho kapa ea lipatlisiso li ka fokotsa kamano e lipakeng tsa tšebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano le boitelo. Tlhatlhobo ea rona ea baetsi ba meeka ba neng ba ka khona e ne e lekantsoe ho tseo (a) li neng li ameha ka nepo, (b) li faneng ka palo e lekaneng ea boholo ba litlamorao, mme (c) e bonts'a phapang e lekaneng ho leka tekolo. Mohlala, re kenyelelitse bong e le mookameli hobane mohopolo oa tekano (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) e hlalosa lebaka leo basali ba tobanang le liphihlelo tse ikhethang bophelong ba bona ba letsatsi le letsatsi ho feta banna. Kahoo, boholo ba litlamorao bo boholo ba ho ikemela bo ka lebelloa ho basali ha ba bapisoa le banna. Li-Higgins le Green (2011) o khothalelitse ho nahana ka tlhahlobo ea motsamaisi haeba feela ho na le lithuto tsa 10 kapa ho feta tse kenyelletsang baokameli. Bakeng sa baokameli ba lihlopha (mohlala, mofuta oa mecha ea litaba), ke feela lihlopha tseo tsa baokameli tse neng li le teng lithutong tse fapaneng tse peli tse fapaneng. Re khetholle lipakeng tsa baokameli ba sebopeho ka mehlala ea mehlala le sebopeho sa moralo oa ho ithuta.
Mehlala ea Mehlala
Re fuputile hore na lilemo tsa bankakarolo li hlophisitse liphetho ka ho tseba lilemo tse bolelang. Mme re kenyeletse kabo ea bong ka har'a sampuli ka 'ngoe, e neng e ngotsoe ka mokhoa oa coda (0), e tsoakiloeng (1), kapa mosali (2), e le modisa. Morabe, liperesente tsa barupeluoa ba White kapa ba Caucasian, li ne li ngotsoe bakeng sa lithuto tsohle tse entsoeng United States. Re boetse re kenyelletsa phapang ea dichotomous e bonts'ang hore na barupeluoa e ne e le liithuti pele (1) kapa che (0).
Litšobotsi tsa Moralo oa ho Ithuta
Re kenyeletse mefuta e tšeletseng e latelang ea mookameli bakeng sa litšobotsi tsa moralo oa ho ithuta:
Tekanyo ea ho itaola
E ipapisitse le mekhoa ea ho nahanisisa (Calogero, 2011; Moradi le Huang, 2008) le tlhaiso ea meta ka Grabe et al. (2008), re kenyelelitse mehato e atileng haholo ea ho itšepa. Re qopile TST (1) le mefuta e fetotsoeng ea TST e neng e latela molao-motheo o tšoanang oa ho thathamisa litlhaloso tse amanang le ponahalo (ho fapana le litlhaloso tse amanang le ho se sebetse). Re boetse re qopile SOQ (2), subsidale ea subsidale OBCS (3), subscale ea Subjillance ea Objecified Body Consciousness Scale-Bocha (4; OBCS-Y; Lindberg, Hyde, & McKinley, 2006), subscale ea 'mele ea sechaba sa' mele oa Consciousness (5; BSC; BSC; LC Miller, Murphy, & Buss, 1981), le tse ling (= ho beha leihlo sefahleho; 6). Re kenyelelitse BSC hobane sekala se lekola letsoalo hore na se sebetsa joang ho 'mele, ka hona se bontša ka matla boitšepo ba (McKinley & Hyde, 1996). Re qopile thuto e le 'ngoe e sebelisang sekala sa sefahleho (Kim et al., 2015) hobane e ne e emela mokhoa o ikhethileng oa boits'oaro.
Mofuta oa moralo
Re qopile mofuta oa moralo oa ho ithuta joalo ka moralo oa liteko (0), tlhahlobo-leseling (1), kapa lipatlisiso tsa sehlopha (2). Re hlophisitse likhakanyo tsa boholo ba lithuto tsa liteko tsa boikoetliso e le mokhoa oa teko; boholo ba phello bo bonts'itseng tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ho tsoa lenaneong la 1 ka nako (mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano t1 le boitšepo t1) li ne li ngotsoe ka har'a lipatlisiso; liphetho tsa boholo bo bonts'a tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang liponong tsa 2 ka nako, ke hore, data e nang le lintlha tse ngata (mohlala, tšebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano t1 le Nako ea ho itaola 2 [t2]), li ne li ngotsoe ka har'a tlhahlobo ea panel.
Mofuta oa media
Re ne re batla ho tseba hore na mofuta oa mekhoa e mahareng o lekantsoeng joang tšebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso mabapi le boithati. Re hlophisitse tšebeliso ea thelevishene ka kakaretso, ts'ebeliso ea mananeo kapa mananeo a itseng a seea-le-moea (mohlala, li-satcom, livideo tsa 'mino), le tlhahiso ea lintho tse hlahang lipapaling tsa liteko (mohlala, likarolo tsa video, lipapatso tsa thelevishene) sehlopheng sa thelevishene (0). Ha ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso e hlahlojoa kapa ha barupeluoa ba pepesetsoa lifoto kapa ba hatisa lipapatso ka liteko (le haeba thuto e ne e etsoa inthaneteng), re ne re ngola likhakanyo tsa mahareng joaloka 1. Ho sebelisa marang-rang kapa liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona li ne li ngotsoe ka inthanete (2). Re hlophisitse ka ho shebella kapa ho bapala papali ea video e le papali ea video (3). Ho mamela 'mino ho ne ho hlophisitsoe ka' mino (4).
Litaba tsa media
Re ile ra lekola litaba tsa mecha ea phatlalatso e le tsa thobalano le tse shebahalang li tsepamisitse maikutlo (0), ponahalo e tsepame (eseng ho etsa thobalano; 1), kapa kakaretso (2). Ho qoba pherekano, re akaretsa karolo e setseng ea sengoloa ho mokhahlelo oa pele e le "ho etsa thobalano." Re supile litaba tsa mecha ea phatlalatso e le ho etsa thobalano ha e tšoana. APA (2007) Tlhaloso ea botona le botšehali. Ho etsa lithuto tsa liteko tsa khoutu, re bala ka hloko litlhaloso tsa khothalletso mme, haeba ho fanoa, re ne re sheba litšoantšo tsa thepa e khothalletsang. Bakeng sa lithuto tsa amanang, re hlalositse mecha ea phatlalatso e latelang e le thobalano: litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, seo ho thoeng ke "media media" (ke hore, mecha ea litaba e tobileng bamameli ba batona joalo ka Maxim or FHM), livideo tsa 'mino, thelevishene ea' mino, thelevishene ea 'nete, le feshene, botle, le limakasine tsa bacha (APA, 2007; Klaassen le Peter, 2015; Stankiewicz & Rosselli, 2008; Vandenbosch et al., 2013). Lithutong tse ling tsa tlhabollo (mohlala, Aubrey, 2006a, 2006b; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2013), bangoli ba sebelisitse mokhoa o itseng ho hlahisa boima ba mecha ea phatlalatso e nkoang e le thobalano le ho feta. Ba arabelang pele ba bontšitse ts'ebeliso ea bona ea mefuta le mefuta ea media. Kamora ho bokella datha, lekhotla le ikemetseng le ile la lekanya mecha ea litaba mabapi le khafetsa le boholo ba thobalano. Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhahlobo ea jury, ho ile ha baloa palo ea thobalano bakeng sa setsi ka seng 'me ea sebelisoa ho lekanya mehato ea media (bakeng sa tlhaloso e ngoe ea ts'ebetso, bona Zurbriggen, Ramsey, & Jaworski, 2011). Re nkile mecha ea litaba e boima e le litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano. Bafuputsi ba bang ba kenyellelitse lithutong tsa bona tsa media tse neng li sa etsa thobalano kapa ka kakaretso (mohlala, Aubrey, 2010; Harrison le Fredrickson, 2003; Meier & Grey, 2014) empa e ne e ntse e sebetsana le thuto. Re ile ra ikarabella bakeng sa litaba tsena tse se nang sepheo sa mecha ea phatlalatso ka ho e hlalosa e shebane le eona (Moradi, 2010; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2015a). Mohlala, ho shebella kapa ho beha lifoto ho Facebook (Meier & Grey, 2014) e ne e arotsoe ka likarolo tse shebaneng le ponahalo. Maemo a liteko a pepesang barupeluoa lingoloa tse nang le sebopeho sa ponahalo, joalo ka sebopeho sa bophelo bo botle, li ne li ngotsoe ka har'a litaba tse shebaneng le ponahalo (Aubrey, 2010). Kamora nako, re hlalositse ts'ebeliso e akaretsang ea inthanete, liwebsaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona, kapa thelevishene, hammoho le ho sebelisa litaba le litaba tsa lipapali, joalo ka ha ho hlahisoa litaba tse akaretsang tsa litaba.
Sebaka sa ho ithuta le selemo sa phatlalatso
Re hlophisitse sebaka sa thuto se thehiloeng kontinenteng eo ho eona thuto e neng e tšoaretsoe ho eona: Amerika Leboea (1), Europe (2), Asia (3), le Australia le Oceania (4). Haeba kontinenteng kapa naheng ho ne ho sa buuoe ka ho hlaka, khokahano ea bangoli e sebetsa e le sesupo. 'Me re kenyelelitse selemo sa phatlalatso ea khatiso e le mookameli ea ka hlahang tlhahlobisong.
Ho ts'epahala ka hare ho litaba
Bakeng sa ho hlahloba ts'epahalo ea li-coder, li-coders tse peli (mongoli oa pele le oa bobeli) li fane ka sampole ea boholo ba phello ea 36. Krippendorff's (2004) α e ne e phethahetse (α = 1.0) bakeng sa mefuta eohle, ntle le tekanyo ea mookameli oa ho itšepa (α = .92). Liphapang li rarollotsoe ka puisano kamora ho hlahloba thuto e amehang. Kamora moo, li-coders tse peli li qopile lintho tsohle tse fetoletsoeng ho latela leseli le fumanehang mangolong a ngotsoeng ka letsoho.
Mohlala oa Statistical le Phello ea Khokahano ea Palo
Mohlala oa Statistical
Liphuputso tse 'maloa li tlaleha liphetho tse re nolofalelitseng ho ngolisa boholo bo boholo ba phello ka ho ithuta. Ho etsa tlhahlobo ea meta lithutong tsena ho tla tlola mohopolo oa boikemelo ba boholo ba litlamorao mme o behe boima bo eketsehileng lithutong tse hlahisang boholo bo boholo ba phello. Bafuputsi ba sa tsoa khothaletsa ho phekola tlhahlobo ea meta joalo ka mohlala oa multilevel ho sebetsana le litaba tsena (mohlala, Cheung, 2014; Masimo, 2015; Konstantopoulos, 2011). Mohopolo oa mantlha o koahela boholo ba phello (boemo ba pele) ka har'a lithuto (mokhatlong oa bobeli; Konstantopoulos, 2011; bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi, bona Masimo, 2015). Mefuta e mengata e hlahang thutong e ts'oanang e fumana sephetho se ts'oanang, athe litekanyo tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse fapaneng li fumana litlamorao tse fapaneng. Kahoo, ho its'etleha kapa boipuso ba boholo ba litlamorao ho etsoa ka mokhoa o hlakileng ka ho beha sephetho se nepahetseng sa tšohanyetso (Konstantopoulos, 2011; Viechtbauer, 2015). Ka lebaka leo, boholo bohle ba litlamorao bo ka tsotelloa ntle le ho kopanya le ho lahleheloa ke tlhahisoleseling. Ts'ebetso ena e bohlokoa haholo ha ho tluoa ho tlhahlobo ea mookameli hobane boholo ba boholo bo fapaneng ka har'a lithuto bo hokahane le maemo a fapaneng a phapang ea mookameli. Liphetho li ne li ka bapisoa ha ho baloa ho le bonolo ho fapana le mefuta e mengata ea khatello.
Re hlophisitse lintlha tse latelang bakeng sa pampiri ka 'ngoe: (a) boholo ba litlamorao, ho kenyelletsa liphapang tsa sehlopha, mekhoa, liphapang tse tloaelehileng, le liphoso tse tloaelehileng lipatlisisong tsa liteko. Haeba maemo a mangata a tsamaellana le se hlokoang ke sehlopha sa taolo, re kenyelletsa boholo ba phello bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng sa taolo. Lithutong tse amanang le thuto ea bonna, re qopile tsa Pearson r; haeba lipatlisiso tsa khokahano e ne e le lipatlisiso tsa sehlopha, re qopile mefuta eohle e teng, ha feela boikemisetso bo ne bo sa sebelisoe pele ho boralitaba (ke hore, tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba t1 le boitšepo t1, ts'ebeliso ea media t1 le boitšepo t2, le ts'ebeliso ea media t2 le boitšepo tLi-2 li ne li ngotsoe ka har'a coded). Mme re hlophisitse (b) li-moders tsohle.
Palo ea boholo ba phello
Re sebelisitse Pearson's r ka tekanyo ea boholo ba phello hobane e ka hlalosoa habonolo ho latela bohlokoa ba eona bo sebetsang. Boholo ba eona bo tloha hantle ho tloha 0 ho 1 (Rosenthal le DiMatteo, 2001). E ntle r e bonts'a hore ha ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba e ntse e eketseha, boithati bo eketseha. Re ile ra ea lithutong tse amanang r ka kotloloho ho tsoa lingoloa. Ketsahalong e le 'ngoe (Doornwaard et al., 2014), re hlophisitse khokahano e lumellanang ea regression sebakeng sa eona, 'me ra e fetola r ho latela mokhoa o fanoeng ke Peterson le Brown (2005). Lithutong tsa liteko, re li lekantse r ho latela liforomo tse fanoeng ke Lipsey and Wilson (2001). Pele re etsa likhakanyo, re ne re fetolela lihokahanyo tsa khokahano (r) ho Fisher's z sekala (Zr; Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothstein, 2009; Lipsey le Wilson, 2001). Ka kakaretso, re fumane lisosa tsa phello ea 261.
Re entse tlhahlobo ea meta ka ho sebelisa sephutheloana sa R metafor (Viechtbauer, 2010). Re thehiloe likhakanyo mehlaleng ea litlamorao tse sa sebetseng. Mehlala ea litla-morao tse sa lebelloang e nka hore boholo bo fapaneng ba phello e fapana, ka mohlala, ka lebaka la barupeluoa ba fapaneng kapa kalafo. Ntle le moo, litlamorao tsa litla-morao li kanna tsa akaretsoa ho feta lithuto tse kenelletsoeng tlhahlobisong hobane lithuto tse entsoeng lipatlisiso li nkuoa e le sehlahisoa se ikemetseng sa palo e kholo ea baithuto (Hedges & Vevea, 1998). Litlhatlhobo tsa motsamaisi li entsoe ka ts'ebetso ea rma.mv () ea sephutheloana sa R, se thusitseng tekanyetso ea mehlala ea litla-morao tse nang le tšusumetso e ngata (Viechtbauer, 2010). Re entse tlhahlobo e akaretsang mme re hlahisa tlhahlobo ea leeme ka boholo bo hlahisoang lithutong re sebelisa mosebetsi oa rma (). Mokhoa ona o thusitse likhakanyo tsa mefuta e le 'ngoe ea litlamorao tsa tšohanyetso ()Viechtbauer, 2010;; bona Pearce & Tšimo, 2016, bakeng sa mokhoa o tšoanang). Re sebelisitse tekanyetso e phahameng ea menyetla.
Joalokaha lithuto li bonts'a phapang e kholo molemong oa sampole, 'me tse ling li hlahisitse likhakanyo tsa boholo bo boholo ba phello, re lekantse boholo ba phello ka sampole ea sampole le palo ea boholo ka phello thutong ka' ngoe. Lithuto tse kholo le tse hlakileng li ile tsa fumana boima bo eketsehileng. 'Me lithuto tse tlalehang boholo bo boholo ba phello ha lia ka tsa fumana boima bo fetang ba lithuto tse tlalehileng boholo bo le bong ba phello. Ka lebaka leo, re na le litekanyo tsa litekanyo tsa boima ka ho lekanya boholo ba sampole ea thuto ho palo ea boholo ba liphetho tse fumanehang thutong (Hunter le Schmidt, 2004). Mohlala, haeba Study 1 e bile le barupeluoa ba 200 mme e hlahisitse boholo bo le bong, boholo bona ba phello bo ile ba fuoa boima ba 200 / 1 = 200. Haeba Study 2 e ne e na le barupeluoa ba 200 mme e hlahisitse boholo ba mefuta e mene, boholo bo bong le bo bong ba phello e ne e fuoe boima ba 200 / 4 = 50. Ho bala boholo ba sephetho se boleloang, Study 1 e amohetse boima ba 200, ha Study 2 e amohetse boima ba 4 x 50, e hlahisang boima bo tšoanang ka kakaretso.
Results
Tlhahlobo e Akaretsang ea Sebetsa
Lethathamo 1 e hlahisa boholo ba phello ea motho ka mong. Tlhahlobo e akaretsang e hlahisitse phello e ntle, e nyane ho ea ho leka-lekana ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso mabapi le boithati (r = .19, Zr = .19). Phello e ne e le ea bohlokoa, 95% CI [.15, .23], p <.0001. E latelang Rosenthal (1979), re lekantse tlhahlobo eo ho thoeng ke ea drawer ea file, e ileng ea sebetsana le tšoenyeho ea hore ho ka ba le lithuto tse ling tse sa kenyelelitsoeng ho tlhahlobo e sa atleheng ho phatlalatsoa hobane boholo ba phello e ne e se zero, kapa bonyane bo nyane haholo. Ho ba kenyelletsa ho hlahlobisisong ho kanna ha fella ka phello e sa nyatsheng ka kakaretso (Borenstein et al., 2009). Ho sebetsana le bothata bona, Rosenthal (1979) o khothalelitse mokhoa oa ho bala palo ea lithuto tse senang sepheo se hlokahalang ho hlakola sephetho se fumanoeng (Borenstein et al., 2009). Tlhahlobo e senotse ho sa bolokeha N ea 7,816. Kahoo, phello e bonoang e matla haholo.
Ntle le moo, re fumane tšebetso ea bohlokoa ea "heterogeneity" Q(49) = 213.72, p <.0001. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore boholo ba litlamorao bo fapana haholo ka lebaka la phapang lipakeng tsa thuto. The I 2 lipalo-palo ea phapang e felletseng (sampling variity + heterogeneity) e ka hlahisoang ke heterogeneity har'a litlamorao tsa 'nete (Higgins & Thompson, 2002- —E hlakisitsoe leseling le leng. Mabapi le 75% ea phapang eohle e ka hlahisoang ke liphapang tse pakeng tsa thuto (I 2 = 75.03). Ho ne ho bonahala eka baokameli ba rona ba ka hlalosa a mang a phapang ena (Huedo-Medina, Sánchez-Meca, Marín-Martínez, le Botella, 2006).
Tshekatsheko ya Modisa
Re lekile litlamorao tse lekantsoeng ka ho bala meta-regressions (mohlala oa litla-morao tsa multilevel). Bakeng sa mookameli e mong le e mong, re balile mofuta o fapaneng oa meta. Baokameli ba mekhahlelo (ke hore, bong, tekanyo, mofuta oa moralo, mofuta oa media, litaba tsa media le sebaka sa ho ithuta) li ne li le dummy li-dummy. Re sebelisitse likarolo tse khafetsa haholo tse nang le mekhahlelo ea litšupiso. Li-coefficients tsa khatello li emela liphetoho ka boholo ba phello ho latela liphetoho maemong a mookameli. The χ2 Teko ea lipalo e bontšitse hore na mookameli, ea nkiloeng ka kakaretso, o na le tšusumetso e mpe haholo (Q tlhahlobo; Borenstein et al., 2009). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, the z Teko ea lipalo e bontšitse hore na karolo e itseng ea mookameli oa mekha e ne e fapane haholo le karolo ea boits'oaro ea mookameli enoa (Z tlhahlobo; Borenstein et al., 2009). Lithane 2 le 3 li bonts'a liphetho tsohle.
E shebile Lethathamo 2 (mehlala ea mohlala), ho ne ho se na litlamorao tse kholo. Ka mantsoe a mang, phello ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso mabapi le boithati e ne e bonahala e ikemetse ka lilemo tsa barupeluoa, bong le morabe, hammoho le ho ikemela hore na barupeluoa e ne e le barutoana kapa che.
E shebile Lethathamo 3 (dibopeho tsa moralo oa ho ithuta), mofuta oa media moderated effect size haholo, χ2(3) = 7.65, p = .05. Boholo ba phello Zr e ne e le .11 (z = 2.13, p <.05), e bonts'ang phello e matla ha bankakarolo ba sebelisa media oa inthanete ho fapana le thelevishene. Ntle le moo, boholo ba sephetho e ne e le .18, e ne e le matla ha bankakarolo ba sebelisa lipapali tsa video ho fapana le thelevishene (z = 2.24, p <.05). Ts'ebeliso ea media oa khatiso ha ea ka ea baka litlamorao tsa phapang, leha e bapisoa le thelevishene kapa ha e bapisoa le media oa inthaneteng kapa lipapali tsa video. Litšobotsi tse setseng tsa moralo oa ho ithuta ha lia ka tsa ama boholo ba sephetho. Ka mantsoe a mang, phello ea ts'ebeliso ea media ho itlhahisa e bonahala e ikemetse ka mofuta oa tekanyo ea boitšepo, moralo oa boithuto, le litaba tsa media. Ho ne ho na le moetlo o bonts'ang hore boholo ba sebaka sa thuto bo lekantsoe, χ2(3) = 6.60, p = .09. Ka ho khetheha, boholo ba phello Zr ea lithuto tsa Europe e ne e le .12 e kholo ha e bapisoa le lithuto tse tsoang Amerika Leboea (z = 2.53, p <.05). Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ha ho lithuto tsa Asia kapa tsa Australia tse neng li fapane haholo le lithuto tsa Amerika Leboea, ebile ha li fapane le tsa Yuropa. Selemo sa phatlalatso ha sea ka sa lekanya boholo ba sephetho.
Re boetse ra hlahloba litlamorao tsa tšebelisano lipakeng tsa baokameli. Ka ho khetheha, re ne re nahana hore banna le basali (bong), barupeluoa ba banyenyane le ba baholo (lilemo), kapa baithuti le ba sa sebetseng (mohlala oa baithuti) ba ka arabela ka tsela e fapaneng thobalanong, ponahalong e shebaneng le litaba tsa litaba ka kakaretso. Leha ho le joalo, ho ne ho se na tšebelisano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa mofuta oa litaba le e mong oa baokameli ba bararo: Litaba tsa Gender ×: χ2(2) = .12, p = .94; Litaba tsa Age ×2(2) = .30, p = .86; Mohlala oa Mohlala oa Seithuti x2(2) = 1.02, p = .60. Qetellong, tšusumetso ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso mabapi le boithati e bonahala e le matla haholo. Ntle le phello ea sebaka seo ho ithutoang ho sona le mofuta oa media, boits'oaro bo ne bo sa angoe ke maemo a hlahlobiloeng.
Tlhahlobo ea Litaba tsa Phatlalatso
Qetellong, re ile ra sheba tlhahlobo-leseling. Re ile ra leka hore na ho na le lithuto tse nyane kapa tse nyane tse sa sebetseng hantle. Re sebelisitse moralo oa liteko tsa ho itlhatsoa le liteko tsa boemo bo holimo ba Egger bakeng sa sebopeho sa meropa (Egger, Smith, Schneider, & Minder, 1997). Joalokaha ho khothalelitsoe lingoliloeng, re sebelisitse phoso e tloaelehileng e le sesupo sa boholo ba sampole (Borenstein et al., 2009). Ha u sheba moreroSetšoantšo sa 2), ho bile le bopaki bo fokolang ba khethollo ea phatlalatso ho latela lithuto tse nyane tse nang le boholo bo bonyenyane bo sa fumaneheng ka tlase ho leqele. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa ona o ile oa fetoloa ha o sheba karolo e bohareng ea sebopeho (lithuto tse nang le boholo bo boholo bo se nang), li ngangisana khahlanong le leeme. Ntle le moo, tlhahlobo ea lefeela ea "Egger" e sa nyenyefatseng, t(48) = −1.00, p = .33, e bonts'itse hore leeme la phatlalatso ha lea netefatsoa.
Puisano
Boithati ke mohopolo o ntseng o eketseha oa bohlokoa lipatlisisong tsa liphetho tsa media. E susumetsoa ke mosebetsi oa ideorifying theorists (mohlala, Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; McKinley & Hyde, 1996), lithutong tse ngata tse matlafatsang, litsebi li fuputse tšusumetso ea mecha ea litaba ea thobalano mabapi le boithati. Ho ipapisitsoe le tlhahlobo ea 'meta e kenyelletsang lithuto tsa 50 (saese ea 261), e akaretsang mefuta e meraro ea meralo ea lipatlisiso, re khona ho bonts'a thutong ea hajoale hore, ho mefuta eohle ea mecha ea litaba e hlahisang maemo a fapaneng a litaba tsa thobalano, ho na le litlamorao tse ntle tsa tšebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano mabapi le boithati (r = .19). Ha ho tšerehanya maikutlo, ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba e matla haholo e ile ea eketsa boitšepo ho basali le banna. Phello e ne e le matla haholo ebile e le nyane ho lekana ho latela boholo (Lipsey le Wilson, 2001).
Mehlala ea Mehlala
Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mehlala ea mohlala (lilemo, bong, morabe le sampole ea baithuti) e ileng ea ntlafatsa sephetho sa mantlha. Fredrickson le Roberts (1997) ho boleloa hore basali ba lilemo tsohle ba ka khetholloa. Ho ka phetoa, leha ho le joalo, hore batho ba banyenyane ba kotsing ea ho fumana litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano (Fortenberry, 2013). Leha ho le joalo tlhahlobo ea rona ea meta ha e a ka ea bonts'a phello ea tekano ea lilemo tse khopo ebile ha e-ea tšehetsa tšebetso ena. Ho tlameha ho hlokomeloe, leha ho le joalo, hore na lisampole tsa rona li ne li fokotsoe hakae, li ne li batla li le lilemong tsa bocha ebile ke batho ba baholo ba hlahang. Re buisana ka taba ena le ho feta karolong ea Limitigation.
Ntle le moo, ha rea fumana tekanyo ea bong ka phello ea ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali ho ikhalala. Tlhaloso e ka bang teng ke hore tikoloho ea litaba e fetohile. Phumano ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa tlhatlhobo ea litaba tsa nakong e fetileng li bontšitse hore banna ba tobane le menyetla e eketsehang ea ho kopana le litšoantšiso tsa batho ba bong bo tšoanang.Gill, 2009; Hatton & Trautner, 2011; Ricciardelli, Clow, & White, 2010; Rohlinger, 2002). Leha thobalano ea banna le basali e e-na le meelelo e fapaneng ea sechaba, qetellong, 'mele o kopaneng le thobalano e fetoha ntho e khalemeloang, e bolotsana le e hlahlojoang ke ba bang (Rohlinger, 2002), e lebisang boits'oarong bohareng ba basali le banna. Sena se ka 'na sa hlalosa hore na ke hobaneng banna, ha ba bapisoa le basali, ba bonts'ang litlamorao tse ts'oanang le ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano mabapi le boithati. Sephetho sa rona se lumellana le lipatlisiso tsa pejana tse bonts'itseng ho ts'oana ha bong ka kamano pakeng tsa ho itšepa le ho hlonepha 'mele kapa ho soabisa mmele (Moradi le Huang, 2008). Le ha ho le joalo, re tlameha ho nahana ka litlamorao tsa litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa setso tse sebelisoang ho basali le banna. Tloaelo ea moetlo oa ho hohela banna e kenyelletsa matla, mesifa le borena, athe moetlo o motle bakeng sa ho hohela basali o potoloha botena le ho ba tlokotsing (Moradi, 2010). Kahoo, seo re se fumaneng ha sea lokela ho pata taba ea hore likamano tsa matla le khethollo tse seng li ntse li le teng lia ntlafatsoa (Moradi, 2010). Ntle le moo, basali ba tloaetse ho fumana nako ea ho hola ho pholletsa le nako ea bophelo, ho amohela tlhaiso-leseling, maikutlo le liketso tse ngata ho feta tsa banna (mohlala, Sesa, Hyers, Cohen, & Ferguson, 2001).
Ha rea fumana litla-morao tsa morabe oa batho ba nkang karolo. Lithuto tseo re li kenyelletseng li re lumelletse ho khetholla lipakeng tsa White / Caucasian le merabe efe kapa efe eo e seng ea White / e meng. Ho kopanya merabe e sa tsoaneng hammoho ho ka etsa hore ho be le phapang e ka bang teng hobane sehlopha se seng se ka hlakola mathata a se seng. Mohlala, tlhahlobo ea nako e telele e bontšitse hore banana ba Maafrika ba Amerika ba tlalehile ho se khotsofale ho tlisoang ke lilemo tse ngata sekolong se phahameng ho fapana le banana ba bang. Banana ba Asia, leha ho le joalo, ba tlaleha ho se khotsofale ha 'mele ha ba bapisoa le banana ba Maafrika ba Amerika, banana ba Latina, le banana ba bangata (de Guzman & Nishina, 2014). Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea "meta" mabapi le morabe le ho se khotsofale ha 'mele e kenyelletsang basali ba Maasia, Amerika, Bantsho, Hispanic, le White ba fumane phapang e nyane feela ho se khotsofatseng ho hoholo hoa mmele bakeng sa basali ba Basoeu ha ba bapisoa le basali ba batšo (Grabe & Hyde, 2006). Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka fumanoa ho litaba tsa media. Bafuputsi ba pejana ba hlokometse hore basali ba Bantsho ba rata moemeli oa li-silhouette ho e-na le se tšesaane se setle se hlahang mecheng ea litaba (Capodilupo & Kim, 2015; Overstreet, Quinn, & Agocha, 2010). Ho haella ha boemeli ba basali ba fokolang mecheng ea litaba ho ka baka sephetho se tšoanang ho basali ba mebala le basali ba White, kaha ha ho sehlopha se nang le litšoantšo tse ba emelang ka nepo. Taba ena e ntse e tšohloa khaolong e mabapi le lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.
Litšobotsi tsa ho Ithuta
Re fumane hore ts'ebeliso ea lipapali tsa video le / kapa mecha ea phatlalatso ea inthanete e lebisitse ho litlamorao tse matla ha li bapisoa le tšebeliso ea thelevishene. Litlhaloso tse 'maloa li ka hlahlojoa bakeng sa phello ena. Mefuta ka bobeli ea media e tšoauoa ka maemo a phahameng a ho sebetsanang le taolo (Eveland, 2003). Ka mantsoe a mang, athe motho a ka shebella thelevishene habonolo mme a etsa ho hong ho sa amaneng le nako e le 'ngoe, hona ho ba thata le lipapali tsa video mme, ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, ho ba thata le ho feta mecheng ea phatlalatso ea inthanete. Lipapali tsa video li ka lebisa maemong a phahameng a boiphihlelo ba kelello ba ho ba teng, e leng, maikutlo a ho ba sebakeng sa media (Weibel, Wissmath, & Mast, 2011; Wirth et al., 2007). Ntle le moo, lipapali tsa video li tsebahala ka litšoantšo tsa botona le botšehali tsa libapali tsa basali le tsa banna (mohlala, Burgess et al., 2007; Lynch, Tompkins, van Driel, & Fritz, 2016), 'me lipapali tse ngata li thusa batho ho bapala sebopeho ka' mele o fapaneng, mohlomong mofuta oa 'mele o ikhethang ho feta mofuta oa' mele oa sebapali. Liwebosaete tseo batho ba etsang metsoalle ho tsona ke mecha ea phatlalatso e khethiloeng ke batho ba ikhethang, ba bonang lintho tse tsamaeang le bona. Livideo tse ntle le litšoantšo tsa batho ba bang, lithaka le batho ba bang li ka etsa hore papiso e bapisoe le ho fetoloa hoa maikutlo ka mokhoa o hlakileng, 'me ho ka eketsa ho itšepa ho batho ba bang (Perloff, 2014).
Ha rea fumana phello ea bohlokoa ea teka-tekano bakeng sa mofuta oa mehato ea ho ikemela. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sephetho sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore mehato eohle e kenyelelitsoeng thutong ea morao-rao e bonahala e sebetsa hantle ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho ts'oara litla-morao tsa mecha ea litaba mabapi le ho ikemela. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ka nahanoa hore phello ea mecha ea litaba ea ho ts'oara thobalano e matla joalo ka likarolo tsa boits'oaro le boits'oaro, hobane mehato ea kelello (mohlala, li-SOQ) le mekhoa ea boits'oaro (mohlala, subsitio ea OBCS) e kenyelelitsoe tlhahlobisong. . Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba bonts'itse hore ho itlhahloba le ho lekola mmele ho amana mme ha ho na ho lekana (Calogero, 2011; Moradi le Huang, 2008). Patlisiso e eketsehileng ea hlokahala bakeng sa ho fihlela liqeto tsa ho qetela ka phello ea mecha ea litaba ea thobalano le liphapang lipakeng tsa methati e teng ea boitlhaodi.
Ha rea fumana phello ea bohlokoa bakeng sa mofuta oa meralo: lithuto tsa lipatlisiso tsa karolo e bohareng, lithuto tsa lipatlisiso tsa liteko, le lithuto tsa liteko li hlahisitse litholoana tse tšoanang; ka mantsoe a mang, ha rea fumana phapang ea bohlokoa ea lipalo ka boholo ba lipalo. Litaba tsa media le tsona li ne li se na phello ea maemo. Boholo ba lithuto tse kenyellelitsoeng mona li pepesitse ho pepesetsoa litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano. Ka hona, re ka nahana hore mofuta ona o ikhethileng oa dikahare o ka lebisa menahanong ea boikhabi kapa boits'oarong. Le ha ho le joalo, litaba tse shebaneng le maikutlo (nonsexualizing) le litaba tse akaretsang le tsona li boletse esale pele lithutong tsa rona. Tekanyo ena e senang thuso e ka hlalosoa ka mohopolo oa temo (mohlala, Gerbner, 1998). Boteng bo atileng ba litaba tsa thobalano mefuteng eohle ea mecha ea litaba ea bongata (mohlala, Aubrey & Frisby, 2011; Burgess et al., 2007; Lynch et al., 2016; Stankiewicz & Rosselli, 2008; Vandenbosch et al., 2013) e ka ba le phello e matlafatsang le e matlafatsang ea ho itšepa har'a batho. Leha ho le joalo, khopolo ea matla a maholo a media a nyatsuoa (mohlala, Bilandzic & Rössler, 2004). Liphetho tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse amanang le litaba tsa media li bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea mecha e meng ea litaba e phatlalalitse ho se khotsofale ha 'mele, athe tšebeliso ea media ka kakaretso e ne e sa (Levine & Murnen, 2009; Meier & Grey, 2014). Tumellanong le monahano ona, Andrew, Tiggemann, le Clark (2016) haufinyane li bonts'itse hore ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso e sa sebetseng, joalo ka mananeo a thehiloeng ho tlhahiso-leseling, litokomane le litaba, li ne li amana hampe le boithati. Ka hona, ha re lumele hore litaba tsa mecha ea litaba ka bohona li tla lebisa ho ipokelleng (Levine & Murnen, 2009). Ho e-na le hoo, mecha ea litaba e shebang haholo ka tsela e itseng ka ponahalo ea ka ntle e lokela ho ba le tšusumetso. Ntle le moo, re lumela hore ho haella ha tekanyetso ke litaba tsa mecha ea litaba ho ka bonts'a meeli mekhoeng e sebelisitsoeng le mefuta ea data e bokelletsoeng lithutong tse hlahlobiloeng. Re buisana ka taba ena ka botlalo haholoanyane karolong e mabapi le meeli.
Re fumane tloaelo e nyane ea sebaka sa ho ithuta re le mookameli: Litlamorao tsa lithuto tsa Europe li ne li le holimo ha li bapisoa le lithuto tse tsoang Amerika Leboea. Le ha ho le joalo, ho ka etsahala hore phello ena e hlahisitsoe haholo ke thuto ke Doornwaard et al. (2014). The Doornwaard et al. (2014) Phuputso e ne e le e 'ngoe ea tse ileng tsa fuputsa litlamorao tsa litaba tsa thobalano tse hlakileng haholo, e leng, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho feta moo, sampole e kholo (N = 1132) ea bacha ba lilemong tseo Doornwaard et al. (2014) e sebelisitsoeng thutong ea bona e file boima le ho feta boholo ba phello ea tlhahlobo ea rona. Ha ho ne ho etsoa tlhahlobo ea motsamaisi ntle le thuto, phello ea tikoloho ea sebaka sa boithuto e ne e se bohlokoa, e ts'ehetsang litlhaloso tsa rona.
Ka kakaretso, seo re se fumaneng se fana ka maikutlo a hore litlamorao tsa ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano mabapi le boithati bo matla haholo. Ho bohlokoa ho hatella hore re fumane ho se na litlamorao tsa mefuta ena e ka kenellang, leha palo ea lithuto le boholo ba sampole li ne li lekane ho lekola tlhahlobo ea motsamaisi.
Meeli le Agenda ea Patlisiso ea Kamoso
Likarolong tse latelang, re shebana le meeli ea boithuto bo teng hona joale le likheo tsa lipatlisiso lefapheng la lipatlisiso tsa litšoantšo tsa 'mele le lipatlisiso tsa litlamorao tsa media mme re fana ka lethathamo la lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang. Thutong ea hona joale, re kenyelletsa feela lipampiri tse neng li fumaneha ka Senyesemane. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea "drawer ea file" e bonts'itse phello e matla haholo. Ntle le moo, re tseba taba ea hore ho hlophisa sebaka seo ho ithutoang ho sona ke k'honthinente ho kanna ha se ts'oane ka ho lekaneng liphapang tsohle tse ka bakoang ke setso sa batho; linaha ka har'a k'honthinente ka 'ngoe li kanna tsa fapana ka mefuta ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse hlahisoang mecheng ea litaba (mohlala ,. Collins, 2011). Kamora nako, leha re entse patlisiso e batsi ea tlhahlobo ea meta, re ke ke ra hlakisa hore lithuto tse le 'ngoe li ile tsa fetoloa, haholo-holo tse neng li sa hatisoa kapa li sa fumanehe inthaneteng. Leha ho le joalo, re lumela hore moeli ona ha o nyenyefatse seo re se fumaneng ha re sebelisa mohlala oa litlamorao bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea meta. Kahoo, tlhahlobisong ea rona, liphuputso tse entsoeng lipatlisiso li ile tsa nkoa e le sehlahisoa se ikemetseng sa palo e kholo ea barupeluoa (Hedges & Vevea, 1998). Ha rea fumana bopaki ba phatlalatso.
Lekala la lipatlisiso leo re le hlahlobile le lona le na le meeli. Tsena li kenyelletsa mefokolo mabapi le disampole tse batlisisitsoeng, ho haella ha lithuto tse telele, le lipatlisiso tse sa lekaneng tsa lipatlisiso.
Likhutšoane tsa mehlala e entsoeng lipatlisiso
Seo re se fumaneng se bonts'itse hore lipatlisiso tsa media le boits'oaro bo entsoeng kantle ho linaha tsa Bophirima kapa tsa Bophirimela li haella. Le ha ho le joalo, leeme le hlakileng le ile la boleloa pele (Moradi le Huang, 2008), ea makatsa. Linoko tse mashome a robong a metso e tšeletseng (n = 48) lithutong tse entsoeng lipatlisiso tseo re li tšoaileng li tsoa Amerika Leboea, Europe kapa Australia le Oceania. Ke lithuto tse peli feela tse neng li tsoa Asia (Barzoki, Mohtasham, Shahidi, & Tavakol, 2016; Kim et al., 2015), 'me ha ho le e' ngoe e neng e tsoa Latin America kapa Afrika.
Ho feta moo, liphuputso tse ngata mabapi le boithati li tsepamisitse maikutlo ho basali. Thutong ea rona ea meta, likarolo tse peli ho tse tharo (n = 33) liphuputsong tse fumanoeng basali feela. Basali ba thulana le liphihlelo tse fetellisang tsa ho kopanela likobo ha ba bapisoa le banna (Swim et al., 2001), mme basali ba na le monyetla oa ho kopanela liphate ka mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea litaba (Aubrey & Frisby, 2011; Burgess et al., 2007; Stankiewicz & Rosselli, 2008; Vandenbosch et al., 2013). Mme basali hangata ba tlaleha maemo a phahameng a ho itšepa ho feta banna (mohlala, Aubrey, 2006a; Lindberg et al., 2006; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2015b; Ward, Seabrook, Manago, & Reed, 2015). Leha ho le joalo, sephetho sa rona se fana ka maikutlo a hore mecha ea litaba e ka susumetsa boits'oaro ho tšoana le ho ba batona. Kahoo, ho bohlokoa ho kenyelletsa basali le banna lipatlisisong tsa boithati.
Ha ho nahanoa taba ea hore lilemo tse akaretsang tsa barupeluoa ba batlisisitsoeng e ne e le lilemo tsa 19.67, lipatlisiso ho ba banyenyane le ba baholo lia hlokahala. Kaha liphihlelo tsa botona le botšehali le ho itšepa li qalile a le monyane haholo, bafuputsi ba sa tsoa etsa lipatlisiso tsa thobalano le, le boitšepo ho bana (mohlala, E. Holland le Haslam, 2016; Jongenelis, Byrne, & Pettigrew, 2014; Slater le Tiggemann, 2016). Ho bohlokoa hape ho kenyelletsa palo ea batho ba baholo hobane ho ikemela ho ka fetoha ha nako e ntse e feta (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997).
Kamora nako, lipatlisiso tsa merabe e fapaneng lia nyamela. Mohlala, ho latela tsebo eohle ea rona, ho na le tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe feela e ileng ea hlahloba litlamorao tsa ho pepesoa ke mecha ea phatlalatso mabapi le ho itlhalosa har'a banana le basoeu ba mebala (Harrison le Fredrickson, 2003). Ho latela hore lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang li kenyele basali le banna maemong a fapaneng a bophelo kantle ho "bubble ea Bophirimela" e le ho leka ts'ebeliso ea tšebeliso ea setso le litsamaiso tsa theory, joalo ka mohopolo oa (Moradi le Huang, 2008).
Re fana ka maikutlo a hore nakong e tlang, bafuputsi ba lokela ho etsa lipatlisiso hore na bana, bacha le, kapa batho ba baholo ba morabe o fapaneng ba pepesetsoa maemo a fapaneng a thobalano joang. Ntle le moo, re khothaletsa hore bafuputsi ba linaha tse fapaneng, tse kang England, Jeremane le Australia, ba hloke ho ba hlokolosi le ho ba hlokolosi haholoanyane mabapi le ho bokella tlhahisoleseling mabapi le morabe.
Ho haelloa ke lithuto tse telele
Re fumane palo e lekantsoeng e lekantsoeng ea meralo ea liteko le lithuto tsa likarolo tse bohareng tsa lithuto tseo re li kenyelletsang. Leha ho le joalo, ho bile le lithuto tse fokolang tsa tlhahlobo e telele; re fumane lisampole tse tharo feela tse ikemetseng tse sebelisang mokhoa ona (Aubrey, 2006a, 2006b; Aubrey & Taylor, 2005; Doornwaard et al., 2014; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2014, 2015a, 2015b). Ho hlokahala patlisiso e telele ho feta nako e telele bakeng sa ho tseba hore na ho tla etsahala eng, 'me ka hona, ho ba teng, litlamorao ka ho lekanya likamano tse litšila le liphetoho tse sa bonahaleng tsa litlhophiso tse sebetsang kantle ho naha (G. Holland le Tiggemann, 2016; Valkenburg le Peter, 2013).
Ha ho na lipatlisiso tse sa hlokeng hloko
Ho kenella ka hare ho maikutlo a ponahalo ke phapang ea bohlokoa e neng e sa kenyelletsoa tlhahlobisong ea rona. Re lumela hore ho tla ba bohlokoa ho sheba mohopolo ona ka botlalo. Fredrickson le Roberts (1997) bolela ka ho hlaka mohopolo oa kahare oa maikutlo a ponahalo e le mokhoa o hlalosang o lebisang boits'oarong. Bona le ba bang ba fane ka maikutlo a hore boiphihlelo ba boiphihlelo kapa bo lebelletsoeng ka thobalano bo lebisa ho ka hare ho litakatso tsa ponahalo, tse hlahisang menahano kapa boits'oaro bo ikhethileng (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; Moradi, 2010; Moradi le Huang, 2008). Bafuputsi ba bontšitse khafetsa hore ts'ebetso ea hare-hare e sebetsa e le mokena-lipakeng lipakeng tsa ts'ebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano le boits'oaro (Tiggemann & Slater, 2014; Vandenbosch le Eggermont, 2012, 2013, 2014). Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi ba bang ha ba fumane tšehetso bakeng sa phello e kopanyang ea ho ikamahanya le maemo mabapi le boithati (Aubrey, 2006b; Karsay & Matthes, 2015). Ho hlokahala lipatlisiso mabapi le maikutlo a kahare a ponahalo bakeng sa ho hlakisa liphetho tsena tse hanyetsanang.
Ntle le moo, lintlha tse peli tse latelang tse sa lumellaneng li lokela ho hlahlojoa nakong e tlang: boemo ba boiketlo ba sechaba le maikutlo a karolo ea bong. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta ena e 'meli ha e bonts'e lethathamo le fetelletseng la lintho tse fetotsoeng tlas'a maemo a tlase. Patlisiso e fetileng mabapi le ho se khotsofale ha 'mele e bontšitse hore boemo bo phahameng sechabeng bo hokahane le ho se khotsofale ha' mele le sepheo sa ho fokola ha basali.Swami et al., 2010). Kahoo, ho bonahala ho ka etsahala hore maemo a boiketlo ba sechaba a bapala karolo ea boithati. Ntle le moo, liphapang tse pakeng tsa bong le basali, joalo ka maikutlo a karolo ea botona le botšehali, li lokela ho hlahlojoa ka ho fetelletseng hobane maikutlo a hypergender a amana le tšebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano, boits'oaro, le boits'oaro ba ho etsa thobalano (Nowatzki & Morry, 2009; van Oosten, Peter, & Boot, 2015).
Re fumane hape lipapatso tse 'maloa tse ithutileng ka mokhoa o sa fumaneheng mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba. Haholo-holo tšebeliso ea litaba tse itlalehang e ne e lekantsoe ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang lipatlisisong tse mabapi le litaba tsa bongaka. Athe lithuto tse ling li ile tsa lekola tšebeliso ea mecha ea litaba ka sekala se fapaneng (mohlala, Andrew et al., 2016; Fardouly et al., 2015), lithuto tse ling li kenyelletsa mehato ea metric ka ho botsa barupeluoa mabapi le hore na ba sebelisitse mofuta o itseng oa mofuta ofe ka nako e itseng. Barzoki et al., 2016).
Liphetho tse fumanehang ho latela moralo oa priming media li bonts'itse hore botebo ba semelo sa phatlalatso bo susumetsa matla a phello ea litaba (mohlala ,. Arendt, 2013). Ka hona, bakeng sa lithuto tsa liteko, re qalile re qopile makgetlo a 4 le nako ea barupeluoa ho pepesehela litaba. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ngata li ile tsa hloleha ho tlaleha datha tsena mme ho fapana ha dikhoutu ho ne ho le tlase haholo. Kahoo, ha re na ho kenyelletsa maqhubu a nako le nako ea ho pepesetsoa mecha ea litaba e le motsamaisi oa tlhahlobo ea ho qetela. Ntle le moo, ke lithuto tse fokolang feela tse entseng lipatlisiso mabapi le litaba tsa bong bo amanang le thobalano le boithati (mohlala, Tylka, 2015; Doornwaard et al., 2014), leha ho bontšitsoe hore litaba tsa bootsoa li na le litšoantšo tse ngata tse hlakileng (Klaassen le Peter, 2015). Mehato ena e fapaneng (le e sieo) ea ts'ebeliso ea boralitaba e ka ikarabella bakeng sa (a) sephetho se sa sebetseng le se tsoakiloeng lebaleng le (b) phapang e kholo ea lipakeng tsa phapang e pakeng tsa thuto eo re e fumaneng tlhahlobisong ea rona ea meta. Re fana ka maikutlo a hore bafuputsi ba shebelle ka hloko litaba tsa bongoli, mefuta le litlotla ha ba ntse ba etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba le boitlhahlobo. Ho feta moo, bafuputsi ba lokela ho tlaleha mofuta o itseng oa litaba, mefuta, kapa lihlooho tseo ba ithutang tsona (bona hape Valkenburg le Peter, 2013). Sena se ka thusa ho utloisisa hore na ke litaba life tse susumetsang ho itšepa le hore na ke litaba life tse sa sebetseng. Bafuputsi ba kamoso ba kanna ba etsa lipatlisiso tsa litlamorao tse ka bang teng lipakeng tsa mofuta oa media le litaba tsa media. Mohlala, lipapali tsa video li tsebahala ka litaba tsa bona tsa thobalano (mohlala, Burgess et al., 2007) hape, ka nako e ts'oanang, lipapali tsa video li ka lebisa ho maemo a phahameng a ho ba teng, a ka lebisang maemong a phahameng a ho itšepa.
Qetellong, joalo ka Moradi le Huang (2008) ba seng ba hatisitse, ho bohlokoa ho khetholla lipakeng tsa sebopeho le polelo ea polelo ha u bua ka boitšepo. Ke 16 feela ea lithuto tsa 50 e bonts'itseng phapang lipakeng tsa mokhoa le boits'oaro ba mmuso. E amanang haufi le bothata ba litekanyo, mehopolo e meng e amanang le boinehelo e lokela ho nahanisisoa lipatlisisong tse tlang, joalo ka Piran's (2015, 2016) ho aha disembodiment kapa Tolman le Porche's (2000) Kamano e ikhethileng le 'mele oa motho.
Litlhahiso
Liphetho tse tsoang tlhahlobisong ea hona joale ea meta li ka tsebisa liteko tsa ho thibela le ho kenella maemong a tliliniki le thuto. Mohlala, litsebi tsa bongaka le baeletsi ba ka khothaletsa bareki ba bona ho nahanisisa ka ts'ebeliso ea bona ea litaba tsa thobalano le tse shebang maikutlo. Litsi tsa ho ruta li ka khetha phello e leka-lekaneng ea lipapali tsa video le mecha ea phatlalatso ea inthanete ho eketsa tlhokomeliso har'a liithuti tsa tsona, hobane mefuta ena ea media e tumme haholo ho bana le lilemong tsa bocha. Matichere le matichere ba ka ruta liithuti mokhoa oa ho khetholla litaba tsa litaba tsa thobalano le tse shebahalang li shebane le ho hlalosa litlamorao tse mpe tse ka hlahisoang ke boithati le litaba tse ling tse amanang le bophelo bo botle, tse kang ho soabisa mmele, ho se khotsofale, 'mele le mathata a ho ja. Ka bobeli litsebi le litsebi li ka sebetsa ho maano a ho kenella ho bebofatsa kapa ho fokotsa litlamorao ho phatlalatso. Ka kakaretso, litsebi le barutehi ba amehang lihloohong tsa litšoantšo tsa 'mele le bophelo ba basali ba ka rua molemo tlhahlobisong ea lingoliloeng tse matla le ho tsoa tsebong ea morero oa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang.
Nahanisisa
Re lekile ho hlakisa phello ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso ea thobalano ka boiphetetso ka ho sebelisa meta-analytic mokhoa. Liphetho li bonts'itse phello e nyane ho ea ho itekanetseng. Re fumane phello ea mofuta oa media ka mokhoa o fanang ka maikutlo a hore phello e phatlalalitsoe haholoanyane bakeng sa litho tsa sehlopha tse sebelisang lipapali tsa video kapa mecha ea phatlalatso ea inthanete. Ho feta moo, liphumano li fana ka maikutlo a hore phello ea ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea phatlalatso mabapi le boithati e amme banna le basali ka tsela e tšoanang, barupeluoa ba baholo le ba banyenyane, le karolo ea merabe e mengata. Re kopa lipatlisiso tsa nako e tlang ho kenyelletsa banna le basali maemong ohle a bophelo le ho tsoa likarolong tse fapaneng tsa lefats'e, ho kenya ts'ebetsong meralo ea nako e telele, ho fuputsa ka ho fetelletseng litabatabelo tsa ponahalo, le ho tlaleha haholo ka mehato mabapi le ts'ebeliso ea mecha ea litaba. Re ts'epa hore liphetho tsa thuto ea rona li tla susumetsa bafuputsi ho sebetsana le likheo tse hlalositsoeng tsa lipatlisiso lipatlisisong tsa bona tsa nakong e tlang. Ntle le moo, re ts'epa hore sengoloa se tla khothaletsa litsebi le batsoali ho nahanisisa ka karolo ea tšebeliso ea litaba tsa thobalano ho nts'etsopeng ea boitšepo ba bona.
Notes
1.Lintlha li ka fumanoa ho sengoli sa pele ha u se u kopa.
2. Aubrey (2006a), Aubrey (2006b), Le Aubrey le Taylor (2005) li thehiloe mohlaleng o le mong. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, Tiggemann le Slater (2013) 'me Slater le Tiggemann (2015) li thehiloe mohlaleng o le mong. Qetellong, Vandenbosch le Eggermont (2012), Vandenbosch le Eggermont (2013), Vandenbosch le Eggermont (2014), Vandenbosch le Eggermont (2015a), Le Vandenbosch le Eggermont (2015b) le tsona li thehiloe sampole e ts'oanang.
Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe
Phatlalatso ea Likhathatso: Sengoli se phatlalalitse hore ha ho likhohlano tse ka bang teng mabapi le lipatlisiso, bongoli le / kapa phatlalatso ea sengoloa sena.
Lithuso: Sengoli ha sea fumana tšehetso ea lichelete bakeng sa ho etsa lipatlisiso, bongoli le / kapa phatlalatso ea sengoloa sena.
References
;
