Mekhoa e metle ea ho sheba Inthaneteng-litšoantšo tsa bootsoa-sebelisa bothata: Ho fapana ho banna le basali mabapi le ho hlokomoloha litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso (2018)

Kaha marang-rang e fetohile sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa sa ho sebetsana le lipheo tse 'maloa kapa ho fihlela litlhoko tse itseng, ho hlakile hore batho ba bangata ba e sebelisa hape bakeng sa thobalano (Döring, 2009). Boholo ba basebelisi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng ba na le litlamorao tse ntle, joalo ka ho ruisa bophelo ba motho ka bong ba thobalano kapa khothatso ea monahano oa thobalano (Grov, Gillespie, Royce, & Lever, 2011; Hald & Malamuth, 2008; Paul, 2009; Shaughnessy, Byers, Clowater, & Kalinowski, 2014). Basebelisi ba bang, leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala ba hlahisa mokhoa o fetelletseng oa tšebeliso o khetholloang ka linako tse sebelisang le taolo e fokotsehileng ea ts'ebeliso mme ba na le litlamorao tse mpe ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea bona e sa laoleheng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete (Griffiths, 2012). Ka lebaka la ho fumaneha habonolo le ho khoneha ha litaba tsa bootsoa hammoho le ho se tsebahale ha basebelisi (Cooper, 1998), tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso inthaneteng e bonahala e le kotsi bakeng sa bokhoni ba eona ba ho lemalla (Griffiths, 2001; Meerkerk, van den Eijnden, le Garretsen, 2006; Mocha, Pistner, O'Mara, & Buchanan, 1999). Mabapi le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa inthanete (mohlala, liwebosaete tsa batho kapa ho ea mabenkeleng), ho buuoa ka hore na ketsahalo ea ts'ebeliso e sa laoleheng le tšebeliso e fetelletseng ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete e ka nkuoa e le mofuta o le mong oa bothata ba tšebeliso ea marang-rang (Brand, Young, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016; Garcia & Thibaut, 2010; Kuss, Griffiths, Karila, le Billieux, 2014; Laier & Brand, 2014). Le ha ho buisanoa ka khang, bangoli ba 'maloa ba nka tlhekefetso ea tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa marang-rang (IPD) e le lefu le lemalloang, le ka bapisoang le bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete kapa boloi. Ka hona, ho sebelisa sebopeho sa bokhoba ba litlamorao ho bohlokoa ho ithuteng mekhoa ea kelello e ka bang teng ka tlase ho IPD. O mong oa mekhoa e ithutoang ka matla bothateng ba tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi ke leeme le matlafatsang la maikutlo mabapi le lintlha tse amanang le bokhoba ba tahi (Bradley, Mogg, Wright, le Tšimo, 2003; Tšimo, Marhe, le Franken, 2014; van Hemel-Ruiter, oa Jong, Ostafin, le Wiers, 2015).

Maikutlo a khethollo a hlalosoa e le mekhoa e hlokolosi ea pono ea motho e anngoeng ke lithahasello tse amanang le bokhoba ba tahi (Tšimo le Cox, 2008). Nalane ea theoretical ea hypotheses e lebisang tlhokomelo ea kelello ke mohlala, mohopolo oa tšusumetso ea maikutlo oa Robinson le Berridge (1993). Robinson le Berridge (1993) ba pheha khang ea hore batho ba nang le mathata a lemalloang ba bonts'a liphetoho tse potlakileng tse lebisang ho boits'oaro (mohlala, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi), ka lebaka la boits'oaro ba khothatso. Bohale ba khothatso bo nkuoa e le litholoana tsa maemo a maemo a khale (Robinson le Berridge, 2000, 2001, 2008). Boemong ba nts'etsopele le tlhokomelo ea IPD, khethollo tsena tse hlokolosi li ka kena-kenana le boits'oaro ba ho etsa liqeto e le ho fumana khotsofalo ea nako e khuts'oane mabapi le ho tsosa thobalano. Ho nahanoa hore tebello ea ho ikhotsofatsa ka thobalano e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong le tlhokomelong ea IPD kaha boithati bo matlafatsa (hape ka karolo e itseng) bo tiisa (Brand et al., 2011; Georgiadis le Kringelbach, 2012; E monyenyane, 1998). Liphumano tse tsoang liphuputsong tse fetileng li bonts'a boemo ba ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le matla a eona a ho tiisa (Hoffmann, Janssen, & Turner, 2004; Klucken et al., 2009) ka hona bonts'a karolo ea takatso ea thobalano e le moetapele oa IPD (Laier & Brand, 2014; Snagowski, Laier, Duka, & Brand, 2016). Maikutlo a khethollo mabapi le tšusumetso e amanang le boitšoaro bo bobebe e se e bontšitsoe bakeng sa bothata ba lipapali tsa inthanete (Dong, Zhou, & Zhao, 2011; Jeromin, Nyenhuis, & Barke, 2016; Lorenz et al., 2012; Metcalf & Pammer, 2011) empa eseng bakeng sa IPD, ho fihlela joale.

Lenaneong la theoretical le hatisitsoeng morao tjena, sebopeho sa Interaction of Motho-Afimate-Cognition -come (I-PACE) ke mohlala (Brand et al., 2016) mabapi le mathata a itseng a tšebeliso ea marang-rang, bangoli ba nahana ka tšebelisano lipakeng tsa lisosa tsa maemo a hlakileng le karabelo ea kelello lithutong tse itseng. Mohopolo ona o thehiloe khopolong ea tšebetso ea lintho tse peli (Bechara, 2005), moo boitšoaro bo kenelletseng bo ka bonoang ka lebaka la ts'ebelisano lipakeng tsa boiketsetso, bo sa susumetsang le ts'ebetso e laoloang haholoanyane. Ha ho nahanoa likarabo tse hlakileng le tse amanang le mekhoa e itseng ea ts'ebetsong ea bokhoba, khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo e bakoa ke ho se lekane pakeng tsa lits'ebetso tsena tse peli mme e susumetsoa haholo ho fapana le ho tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng kaha e le litholoana tsa ho etsa lintho hape (Bechara, 2005). Khahlano khafetsa le mekhoa e amanang le bokhoba ts'ebetsong ea ntlafatso ea bokhoba e matlafatsa khethollo e ntle mme ka hona e eketsa likarabo tse lakatsang likarabo tseo. Patlisiso mabapi le boits'oaro bo feteletseng e ka bonts'a hore batho ba lemaletseng ho ts'oaroa ke takatso ba ka potlakela ho susumetsoa ke thobalano ho latela tlhalohanyo e ntlafalitsoeng ea kelello ha e bapisoa le batho ba phetseng hantle (Mechelmans et al., 2014). Moetso oa I-PACE o tiisa hore ho batho ba tloaetseng ho ba le matšoao a hlakileng a IPD, joalo ka khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo, le tlhaiso-leseling hape le litabatabelo li hlaha le ho eketseha ts'ebetsong ea bokhoba. Le ha ho lakatsa ho lebisoa haholo ho tlhoko e nang le tsebo ea ho sebelisa lithethefatsi (Sayette et al., 2000), cue-reactivity e emela likarabo tse tlatselletsang ho tsa mmele le litekanyetso tsa mmele tse amanang le bokhoba ba taolo (Drummond, 2001) ka hona ke karabelo e hlokolosi ho feta khethollo e hlakileng. Kahoo, re nahana hore litlamorao tsa ho khetholla leihlo ka hloko matšoao a IPD ho kopantsoe ke ho etsa lintho tse ncha hape ho lakatsa.

Ho fapana le maikutlo a akaretsang, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha li sebelisoe feela ke banna, empa li fumana tlhokomelo e ntseng e hola ke basebelisi ba basali, leha nako ea ts'ebeliso le khetho ea litaba li fapana le tšebeliso ea banna (Daneback, Cooper, le Månsson, 2005; Ferree, 2003; Shaughnessy, Byers, & Walsh, 2011). Leha ho na le palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea lithuto mabapi le boits'oaro bo bobebe ho basebelisi ba basali, ho na le bopaki bo matla bo tšoanang pakeng tsa basebelisi ba banna le basali (Tala, Mak'hadinale, Lithota, & Weinmann, 2012; Laier, Pekal, & Brand, 2014). Liphetho tsa banna le basali li lumellana le liphumano tse fetileng, li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali ke lintho tse ka sehloohong tse ka thusang ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka IPD hape li thehiloe ho litloaelano tse ithutoang litabeng tsa kahare le kantle (Brand et al., 2011; Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte, & Brand, 2013). Ntle le moo, lipatlisiso li fana ka maikutlo a hore leeme le lebisang tlhokomelo litabeng tsa thobalano le ka ba teng ntle le thobalano. Kagerer et al. (2014) e ka bonts'a hore karolo ea banna le basali e ne e sa fapana ka linako tsa karabelo mabapi le khethollo e matla mabapi le litakatso tsa thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho ntse ho sa hlake hore na leeme le lebisang tlhokomelo le kopana joang le matšoao a IPD. Ka lebaka la likhopolo tsa theorytical tsa mofuta oa I-PACE (Brand et al., 2016) le bopaki ba pele bo matla ponahalong ea maikutlo a khethollo mabapi le takatso ea thobalano ho barupeluoa ba banna le basali (Kagerer et al., 2014), re fana ka maikutlo:

• H1: Khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo litšoantšong tsa bootsoa e amana le matšoao a phahameng a IPD.
• H2: Ho na le kamano lipakeng tsa leeme la tlhokomelo le matšoao bakeng sa ho etsa ntho e ncha hape ho lakatsa.
• H3: Kamano lipakeng tsa leeme le mamello la matšoao a IPD e ikemetse ka bong.
• H4: Kameho ea leeme le hlakileng ho matšoao a IPD e kopantsoe le matšoao a ho lakatsa le ho etsa ntho e ncha hape.

Results

Boleng bo hlalosang ba lintho tsohle tse fetotsoeng li akaretsoa ho Lethathamo 1. Barupeluoa ba banna ba bontšitse sekola sa s-IATsex ea 18.85 (SD = 6.22, mefuta: 12-42), athe barupeluoa ba basali ba ne ba na le lintlha tse bolelang tsa 14.34 (SD = 4.35, moeli: 12-37). E ipapisitse le lintlha tse khaotsoeng bakeng sa Teko ea Tlhekefetso ea Marang-rang ea Inthanete (s-IAT; lenane la lipotso la mantlha la matšoao a bothata ba ts'ebeliso ea inthanete) (Pawlikowski et al., 2013), mohlala ona o na le basebelisi ba basali ba bothata le ba methapo ba methapo (2.2%) le basebelisi ba banna ba robeli ba nang le bothata le ba mahlale (8.9%). A t-Test bakeng sa sampole tse ikemetseng li bonts'itse phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa barupeluoa ba banna le ba basali malebana le matšoao a IPD (s-IATsex), tlhokomeliso e lebisang tlhokomelo (e bolokiloeng le ka kakaretso), le litekanyetso tsa litšoantšo (tse tsosang takatso ea botona le botšehali). Ha ho na phapang e fumanoeng bakeng sa matšoao a ho lakatsa (ho tsosa le ho hloka ho ipholla litho) le boemo ba tlhokomeliso ea 200-ms ea tlhokomeliso ea bias (qalong AB) (Lethala 1). Litlamo lipakeng tsa litakatso tsa IPD, matšoao a ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali le litakatso tsa khethollo e bontšitsoe ho Lethathamo 2. Joalo ka hypothesised, liphetho li bontša likamano lipakeng tsa leeme le nchocho, matšoao a IPD, le matšoao a ho etsa ntho e ncha hape ho lakatsa.

 

Tafole 1. t-Tekanyetso ea mehlala e ikemetseng e bapisang karolo ea banna le basali malebana le litekanyo tsa IPD, ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano, takatso le maikutlo a khethollo

 

Tafole 2. Litlamorao tsa litekanyo tsa tšekamelo ea ho IPD, khethollo ea hloko, le matšoao a ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa ea botšehali

Litlhahlobo tse peli tse tekolo ea maemo a phahameng tsa puso li ile tsa etsoa ho lekola tšebelisano pakeng tsa "thobalano" ea sehlopha le mekhoa ea khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo litloaelong tsa IPD. Ntle le moo, ho ile ha ba le tlhahlobo ea matla a post hoc bakeng sa ho lekola boholo ba phello le boholo ba sampole ea tlhahlobo ea khatello ka bobeli. Joalo ka mokhoa o fapaneng oa ts'ebeliso, "s-IATsex-craving" ea subscale e ile ea khethoa, joalo ka ha ho nahanoa hore leeme le lebisang tlhokomelo le na le phello matšoao a ho lakatsa le hore subscale ena e lekola litletlebo tse mabapi le ho lakatsa ka kotloloho ho feta "s-IATsex kakaretso lintlha" . “Thobalano” e fapaneng ea sehlopha e ne e le moetapele mme "lintlha tsa pele tsa AB" li ne li sebelisoa e le phapang ea motsamaisi. Boemong ba pele, sehlopha sa "thobalano" se fapaneng se bonts'a tlhaloso e kholo ea phapang ho "s-IATsex-craving" ea 9.9% ("s-IATsex-craving") e fapanengF = 18.970, p <.001). Ho eketsa "lintlha tsa pele tsa AB" mohatong oa bobeli ho eketsa haholo tlhaloso ea phapang ea "takatso-s-IATsex" (ΔR² = .020, le ho fetaF = 3.968, p = .048). Ha ho na phello ea bohlokoa ea tšebelisano e bonoeng (ΔR² = .00, le ho fetaF = 0.027, p = .871). Leha ho le joalo, mofuta oa khatello o ile oa lula o le bohlokoa ka tlhaloso e akaretsang ea phapang ea 12% litloaelong tsa IPD (R² = .120, F = 7.720, p <.001). Litekanyetso tse ling tsa khatello li bontšoa ho Tafole 3. Ts'ebetso ea "regression" e lekantsoeng e bonts'a boholo bo fapaneng le f² = 0.14 le matla a hlokahalang a 0.83 (1 − β err prob) (Cohen, 1992). Lithaba tse bonolo (Setšoantšo 3) ea "regression" e neng e emela "AB ea pele" le "high AB" e ne e sa fapana haholo le zero (t_lowinitialAB = 0.13, p = .895; t_highinitialA = 0.14, p = .886). Tlhahlobong ea bobeli ea boits'oaro bo hlophisitsoeng, "AB e bolokiloeng" e sebelisitsoe e le mookameli oa maemo (phapano ea sehlopha le maemo a itšetlehileng ka ona a ts'oana le a kaholimo). Ka lebaka leo, "thobalano" e fapaneng ea sehlopha e bontšitse phello e boletsoeng kaholimo litloaelong tsa IPD (s-IATsex-craving) le R² = .099 (F = 18.970, p <.001). AB e bolokiloeng e le sebui sa bobeli mokhoeng ona e bonts'itse tlhaloso ea bohlokoa ea phapang le ΔR² = .034 (motsF = 6.660, p = .011). Ha ho phello ea bohlokoa ea tšebelisano e fumanoeng (ΔR² = .002, le ho fetaF = 0.356, p = .552). Litekanyetso tse ling tsa khatello li bontšoa ho Tafole 4. Ts'ebetso ea "regression" e lekantsoeng e bonts'a boholo bo fapaneng le f² = 0.16 le matla a hlokahalang a 0.89 (Cohen, 1992). Kahoo, boholo ba litlamorao le matla li bonts'a hore ha re lebelletse ka phoso ho amohela le ho amohela litšebelisano. Lithaba tse bonolo (Setšoantšo 4) ea "regression" e emelang "AB ea hlokofalitsoeng tlase" le "AB ea maemong a phahameng" e ne e sa fapana haholo le zero (t_{e hlokometsoeng tlase} = 0.14, p = .893; t_{e hlokometsoeng haholo} = 0.14, p = .892). Boitšoaro ba khatello le matsoapo a bonolo bo bontša hore batho ba nang le khethollo e kholo litabeng tsa thobalano ba tlaleha matšoao a matla a takatso ho latela maemo a IPD. Ka hona, liphetho li bonts'a karolo ea bohlokoa ea leeme ho banna le basali, hobane lintlha tse peli tsa tlhokomelo li ne li na le matla a eketsehileng ho feta sehlopha se fapaneng sa thobalano mme ha ho na tšebelisano lipakeng tsa sehlopha (sa banna le sa basali) le khethollo ea tlhokomelo. 

 

Tafole 3. Tlhahlobo ea pele ea boemo bo tlase bo hlalosoang ka s-IATsex-craving e le phapang e ts'epahalang

Tafole 4. Tlhahlobo ea bobeli ea boemo bo tlase bo hlalositsoeng ka s-IATsex-craving e le phapano e ts'epahalang

   

Setšoantšo sa 3. Methapo e bonolo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea pele ea boemo bo bocha ea boemo bo holimo le s-IATsex-takatso ea ho feto-fetoha e tsitsitseng, tlhahlobo ea pele ea boemo bo tlase ba maikutlo le s-IATsex-litakatso tsa phapang e ikemetseng, thobalano e ikemetseng e fapaneng, le ea pele ea AB joalo ka mookameli. Ha ho na tšebelisano e fumanoeng mme matsoapo a bonolo a ne a sa fapana haholo le zero

 

 

Setšoantšo sa 4. Methapo e bonolo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea bobeli ea boemo bo feto-fetoha ba maikutlo le s-IATsex-litakatso tsa phetoho e ts'oanang, tlhahlobo ea pele ea boemo bo tlase le s-IATsex-litakatso tsa phapang e ts'oanang, thobalano e ikemetseng e fapaneng, 'me e bolokiloe ke AB joalo ka mookameli. Ha ho na tšebelisano e fumanoeng mme matsoapo a bonolo a ne a sa fapana haholo le zero

Bakeng sa modu oa poelano, "menyenyetsi ea morao-rao ea ho etsa lintho tse ncha le ho lakatsa" e entsoe ke mehato ea litakatso tsa botona le botšehali tsa thobalano T2, mme tlhoko ea ho ipholla litho tsa T2 kaha lintlha tse ngata tsa mehato ka bobeli li ne li sa tsamaisane hantle le ho teba ha matšoao ka lebaka la IPD le lintlha tse khetholloang ka leeme. Khopolo ke hore batho ba nang le matšoao a tebileng ba se ba ntse ba e-na le takatso e phahameng ea ho qala pele ba shebella setšoantšo se tsosang takatso ea boitšoaro bo litšila. Kahoo, keketseho ea takatso ea thobalano e nyane, empa takatso ea thobalano e lula e phahame ka tekanyo ea t2 ho batho ba nang le tšekamelo ea IPD. Moetso oa morero oa tekanyo e ntlafalitsoeng boemong ba morao le lipontšo tsa IPD (s-IATsex) e le phapang e ts'oanang e bontšitse ho lumellana hantle le data e ka tlase. RMSEA e ne e le 0.067 (p = .279), CFI e ne e le 0.985, TLI e ne e le 0.962, mme SRMR e le 0.028. The χ² tlhahlobo e ne e se bohlokoa ka 10.72 (p = .097) le χ²/df e ne e le 1.79. Ka kakaretso, mohlala o hlahisitsoeng o hlalositse 24.1% ea phapang lipontšo tsa IPD (R² = .241, p = .015). Mofuta oa lipuisano oa morao-rao o nang le β boima o bontšoa ho Setšoantšo 5. "Morao-rao" ea morao-rao e fetotsoeng ke AB ea pele mme e hlokometsoeng ke AB e bile le phello e tobileng matšoao a IPD, a neng a entsoe ke li-subscales tse peli (s-IATsex-taolo le s-IATsex-craving) ea s-IATsex ( β = .310, SE = 0.154, p = .044). Ntle le moo, leeme la tlhokomelo le bonts'itse phello e tobileng ho "cue-reactivity le takatso" ea morao-rao e neng e emeloa ke ho tsosa takatso ea thobalano le tlhoko ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali kamora ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (β = .297, SE = 0.145, p = .041). Ntle le moo, ho bile le phello e tobileng e tsoang ho cue-reactivity le takatso ea matšoao a IPD (β = .299, SE = 0.093, p <.001). Ka kakaretso, khethollo ea tlhokomelo e bontšitse phello e sa tobang ho matšoao a IPD (β = .089, SE = 0.045, p = .047) e bonts'ang karolelano e le 'ngoe holim'a lits'oants'o tsa boikoetliso le takatso.

   

Setšoantšo sa 5. Moetso o kopantsoeng oa sebopeho sa maemo maemong a latent o nang le matšoao a IPD e le phapang e ts'epahalang. Litlamorao tse tobileng le tse sa tobang li fumanoe tse bonts'ang karohano e itseng ho tsoa ho matšoao a khethollo bakeng sa matšoao a cue-reactivation le ho lakatsa boteng ba matšoao a IPD

Puisano

Ka sepheo sa mantlha sa thuto, re fumane kamano e atamelaneng pakeng tsa leeme le emisitseng thobalanong le matšoao a matla a IPD mohlala oa barupeluoa ba banna le ba basali. Ho feta moo, likamano lipakeng tsa leeme le nko ea matšoao a IPD li ile tsa hokahanngoa ke matšoao bakeng sa ho etsa ntho e ncha hape ho lakatsa. Liphetho li bonts'a phapang lipakeng tsa banna le basali mabapi le khethollo ea hloko bakeng sa boemo ka kakaretso le boemo bo bolokiloeng, empa eseng maemong a pele ho Visual Probe Task. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea regression e ka bonts'a hore khethollo ea botona le botšehali maemong a mabeli a nako e boletsoeng esale pele litekanyetsong tsa IPD, tšebelisano ea tsona ka bobeli ha ea ka ea eketsa tlhaloso e ngoe ea phapang ea matšoao a IPD. Sephetho sena se bonts'a hore khethollo e tsotellang e bapala karolo ea matšoao a IPD mme e bonahala e hlaha ntle le bong.

Liphetho li tsamaellana le mofuta oa I-PACE o hlahisitsoeng ke Brand et al. (2016), e totobatsang karolo ea bohlokoa ea menahano e hlakileng ho nts'etsopele le ho boloka mathata a ts'ebeliso ea inthanete ho kenyelletsa IPD. Lits'oants'o tse hlakileng li nkuoa ka lebaka la ts'ebelisano lipakeng tsa matšoao a ho tsosa takatso ea botona kapa botšehali, mohlala, ho ba le takatso e matla ea thobalano e bakiloeng ke litakatso tsa thobalano le ho khotsofala ha o ntse o sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Inthaneteng. Re ka bonts'a hore thobalano e tlisoang ke thobalano e hlahisoang ke ho hlahisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ea botona kapa botšehali le tlhoko ea ho ipholla litho tsa morao-rao e amana le matšoao a khethollo e makatsang le karolo e nyane ea phello ea leeme le sa tsotelleng ho IPD. Ka hona, liphetho li ts'ehetsa likhopolo tsa kelello mabapi le tšusumetso ea mekhoa e amanang le bokhoba ba tahi mme li lumellana le lithuto tse rarollang bothata ba tšebeliso ea kelello le ho lakatsa litsietsing tsa tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi (Tšimo le Cox, 2008; Tšimo, Mogg, & Bradley, 2005; Robbins le Ehrman, 2004). Likhopolo tse ikhethileng tse kathoko le tse amehang, mohlala, khethollo e lebisang ho sephetho sa karabelo e nang le maemo ho litheko tse khotsofatsang mme li matlafatsoa ka nepo ke boitšepo bo nang le boiphihlelo. Kameho ena ea khethollo e lebisang tlhokomelo litloaelong tse mabapi le IPD e ka bonts'oa thutong ena. Liphetho tse tšoanang li ile tsa bonoa bakeng sa batho ba bong bo fapaneng, ba ileng ba arabela ka potlako litakatsong tsa thobalano ho fapana le ho se nke lehlakore ha ba bapisoa le batho ba phetseng hantle (Mechelmans et al., 2014).

Re fumane khethollo e phahameng ho banna bakeng sa maemo a bolokiloeng le AB ka kakaretso ha e bapisoa le batho ba basali, empa ha ho joalo ho AB ea pele. Liphetho tsena li khahlano le lithuto tse ling, tse neng li sa bontše phapang ea thobalano (Kagerer et al., 2014; Thapelo, Janssen, & Hetrick, 2008). Sena se ka hlalosoa ka khetho ea likhathatso thutong ena, kaha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa Visual Probe Task li ka ba le semelo se matla ho feta sa batho ba batšehali mme ka hona se hohela tlhokomelo e matla ho basebelisi ba banna. Litšoantšo tse hlahisitsoeng thutong ke Kagerer et al. (2014) e ne e le motsoako oa lintho tse khothatsang tse amanang le ho ba le likamano tse thata le tse bonolo 'me li ne li khethiloe pele ke mofuputsi oa monna le mosali. Ts'ebetso ena e ile ea sebelisoa ho netefatsa setšoantšo se ts'oanang se lekanang bakeng sa ba batona le ba batšehali. Khopolo ena e tšehetsoa ke liphapang tsa thobalano thutong ena malebana le takatso e makatsang ea thobalano le litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea botona kapa botšehali bakeng sa litšoantšo tse litšila tse sebelisoang ho tsosa takatso le ts'ebeliso e phahameng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke banna. Ntle le moo, ba batona le ba batšehali ba bonts'itse ts'ebeliso e fapaneng ea litaba tsa thobalano ka marang-rang ka kakaretso. Le ha basebelisi ba banna ba rata litaba tse tsoang ho motho a le mong, joalo ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​basebelisi ba basali ba batla ts'ebeliso e kopanetsoeng, joalo ka li-chatroom kapa thobalano ka webcam (Shaughnessy et al., 2011). Ka hona, barupeluoa ba banna ba ka hoheloa ke mekhoa e litšila ea bootsoa ha e bapisoa le basali, mohlomong ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tsa maemo.

Mabapi le phatlalatso ea matšoao a ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete kapa tsa botona le botšehali, thobalano ea barupeluoa e sebelisitse poleloana ea bohlokoa. Sephetho sena se ka bonahala se le khahlanong le lithuto tse 'maloa tse bonts'ang hore basebelisi ba basali le bona ba tloaetse ho lemalla ho ts'oaroa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Daneback, Ross, le Månsson, 2006; Green et al., 2012; Laier et al., 2014), leha ba rata likopo tse ngata tse kopanetsoeng sechabeng. Leha ho le joalo, litekanyetso tsa ho ata ha sampole tsa banna li tsebahala hore li phahame ho feta mehlala ea basali (Ross, Månsson, & Daneback, 2012), joalo ka basebelisi ba banna ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete khafetsa. Litefiso tsa prevalence ka sampole ena, leha e se moemeli, li bapisoa le lithuto tse ling le basebelisi ba basali ba 2.2% ba nang le mathata le ba-pathological le basebelisi ba 8.9% ba nang le mathata le li-pathological (ba ipapisitse le lintlha tse felisitsoeng bakeng sa s-IAT ea mantlha; Pawlikowski et al., 2013).

Tlhokomeliso e ntlafalitsoeng ea leeme ka litakatso tsa thobalano e boletsoeng esale pele tšekamelo ea IPD. Kameho ena ea litlhahiso tse hlakileng litloaelong tse lemalloang e tšehetsoa ke liphetho tse tsoang lipatlisisong tse 'maloa lefapheng la mathata a ts'ebeliso ea lithethefatsi (bakeng sa ho lekola, bona Field et al., 2014) le bokhoba ba boitšoaroMechelmans et al., 2014). Leha ho le joalo, ho se kopane ha baratuoa ba kopanelang thobalanong le khethollo ea maikutlo mabapi le mekhoa ea IPD ha hoa fumanoa. Ho hlakile hore likamano lipakeng tsa matšoao a IPD le ho tsotella likamano tsa botona le botšehali li ikemetse ho tsoa thobalanong ea tlhaho, leha e le hore banna ba ratileng litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li khahla ebile li hohela ho feta karolo ea basali. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka ba hore sistimi ea pono e entsoe ka mokhoa oa ho hloa mahlo, e nang le bohlokoa ba tlhaho le sebopeho sa moputso ho sebali sa eona, joalo ka tšusumetso ea thobalano (LeDoux, 1996; Rolls, 2000). Tlhaho ena e akaretsang e amanang le moputso o seng lithethefatsi, eo hape ho thoeng ke tlhokomelo e susumetsoang ke boleng lithutong (Anderson, 2016), Hape e kanna ea hlalosa boholo ba liphetho tsa likamano. Litšoantšo tsa thobalano li kanna tsa amahanngoa le meputso ea lithethefatsi le e seng ea lithethefatsi mme ka hona ea hlaha le sampong eo e seng ea bongaka ea banna le basali. Leha ho le joalo, ho tlameha ho hlokomeloa hore khetho ea litlamorao e ne e sa tsamaellana le bong ka bobeli, empa e ne e lekana le khetho ea mosebelisi oa monna. Kagerer et al. (2014) ba re tlhokomelo ea basali litakatsong tsa botona le botšehali e ea kena-kenana ha ba kopana le mehlala ea bong bo tšoanang le e fumanoeng thutong ke Schimmack (2005). Mabapi le litšekamelo tse lebisoang ho IPD, litakatso tsena tsa thobalano le tsona li bile bohlokoa ho basali. Ho ka nahanoa hore khotsofatso e lebelletsoeng le boiphihlelo ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tsa inthanete e tiisa hantle ts'usumetso ea menahano e amanang le bokhoba, athe, ka lebaka leo, litlamorao tsa litlhahiso tse hlakileng joalo ka khethollo e hlokoang maemong a amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa inthanete li ka matlafatsoa ka thoko ho tsa thobalano. .

Ho na le meeli moongong ona. Re batlile khopolo-taba e amanang le bohlokoa ba bongaka ka ho etsa thuto ka sampole eo e seng ea bongaka. Ka hona, ho ntse ho hlokahala hore re rarolle litlamorao tsa ho ba le khethollo ea matšoao a IPD ka sampole ea bongaka lithutong tse tlang. Ho feta moo, khetho ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse sebelisitsoeng ho Visual Probe Task e hloka ho fetoloa bakeng sa barupeluoa ba basali le ho lekoa pele ho nako ho netefatsa hore tlhokomelo ea basali ha e sitisoe ke litšitiso life kapa life, joalo ka thobalano ea batho ba bong bo tšoanang. Ntle le moo, khetho ea linepe tse sa jeleng paate joalo ka khaolo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e kanna ea se be tharollo e nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa. Leha ho le joalo, re thehile litšoantšo tsena tse sa jeleng paate mabapi le ho bapisoa ha 'mala le matla a' mala ntle le ho bonts'a likamano tsa thobalano le 'mele ea batho. Kahoo, boits'oaro le tlhokomelo litabeng tsa thobalano li kanna tsa eketsoa bakeng sa sampole eohle eseng feela bakeng sa batho ba bonts'ang mekhoa ea IPD. Khetho ea li-cutouts tsena e ile ea etsoa molemong oa ho ba le mebala e ts'oanang litšoantšong, kaha ho a tsebahala hore 'mala oa lintho tse susumetsang le ona o ka ama tlhokomelo. Liphuputso tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho fana ka taolo e hlakileng haholoanyane ha e bapisoa le litaba tsa thobalano. Ntle le moo, ho sebetsana le litlamorao tsa leeme la tlhokomelo ka ho qaqileng, pono ea Probe ea pono e lokela ho eketsoa ho lekanya linako tsa karabelo molemong oa ho se nke lehlakore lipara tsa thobalano le tse sa nke lehlakore ha li bapisoa le linako tsa karabelo sebakeng se sa nke lehlakore ka lehlakoreng le sa nke lehlakore. , joalo ka ha e ne e entsoe thutong ke Kagerer et al. (2014). Boemo bona bo ka thusa ho utloisisa, haeba batho ba ka khelosoa le ho fokotseha ka linako tsa karabelo ke litakatso tsa thobalano. Kamora nako, ho tlameha ho boleloa ka mokhoa o hlakileng hore tlhahiso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e entsoe pele ho Visual Probe Task e lebisang ho khethollo e ka ba teng linakong tsa karabelo kahara paradigm.

JS, RS, MB, le JP ba qapile thuto. Pokello ea data e entsoe ke JS le JP. MB, CL, le JP ba ile ba etsa tlhahlobo ea lipalo mme ba toloka sephetho. JP o ngotse moralo oa pele le oa ho qetela oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho. MB e ile ea hlokomela ho hlalosoa ha datha le ho ngola sengolo. Bangoli bohle ba kentse letsoho ho fana ka tumello ea mofuta oa ho qetela oa buka e ngotsoeng ka letsoho.

Bangoli ba phatlalalitse hore ha ho na lithahasello tse khahlisang.

References