Nts'etsopele le Netefatso ea Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale e nang le Mohlala o Moholo oa Naha (2018)

Front Psychol. 2018; 9: 144.

E hatisitsoe Inthaneteng 2018 Mar 8. doi: 10.3389 / fpsyg.2018.00144

PMCID: PMC5852108

Cecilie S. Andreassen,^1,^* Ståle Pallesen,¹ Mareka D. Griffiths,² Torbjørn Torsheim,¹ 'me Rajita Sinha³

inahaneloang

Maikutlo a hore boitšoaro bo bobe ba botona le botšehali bo feteletseng ("bokhoba ba thobalano") ke mokhoa oa bokhoba ba boitšoaro bo fumanehile haholoanyane lilemong tsa morao tjena, empa ho sa na le khang e kholo mabapi le ts'ebetso ea mohopolo. Ho feta moo, lithuto tse ngata tse fetileng li tšepile sampole tse nyane tsa kliniki. Phuputso ena e hlahisa mokhoa o mocha oa ho lekola bokhoba ba thobalano - Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) - e thehiloe holima likarolo tse lemalloang tsa bokhoba ba motho (ke ho re, ho se tsotelle / ho lakatsa, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, ho mamellana, ho tlosoa, likhohlano / mathata, le ho khutlela hape / tahlehelo of control). E sebelisa tlhahlobo e entsoeng ka methapo, BYSAS e ile ea fuoa sampole e akaretsang ea naha ea batho ba baholo ba 23,533 ba Norway [lilemo tsa 16-88 lilemo; bolela (± SD) lilemo = 35.8 ± lilemo tse 13.3], hammoho le mehato e netefalitsoeng ea litšoaneleho tsa Big Five, narcissism, boitšepo, le boits'oaro bo itseng ba ho lemalla thobalano. Ka bobeli tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo e netefatsang (RMSEA = 0.046, CFI = 0.998, TLI = 0.996) e tšehelitse tharollo ea ntlha e le ngoe, leha ts'epo ea lehae lipakeng tsa lintho tse peli (Lintho 1 le 2) e fumanoe. Ntle le moo, sekala se ne se na le botsitso bo botle ba kahare (Cronbach's α = 0.83). BYSAS e hokahane haholo le sekala sa litšupiso (r = 0.52), mme e bonts'itse mekhoa e ts'oanang ea netefatso le bonnete ba khethollo. BYSAS e ne e amana hantle le extindowsion, neuroticism, kelello / monahano, le narcissism, hape e amana hampe le letsoalo, ho lumellanoa, le boitšepo. Likolo tse phahameng ho BYSAS li ne li atile haholo har'a bao e neng e le banna, ba sa nyaloang, ba banyane lilemong ebile ba e-na le thuto e phahameng. BYSAS ke mohato o mokhuts'oane, hape o ts'epahalang 'meleng le o sebetsang oa tlhahlobo ea ho lemalla bokhoba ba thobalano. Le ha ho le joalo, netefatso e tsoelang pele ea BYSAS ea hlokahala linaheng tse ling le maemong a mang.

Keywords: hypersexourse, tlhekefetso ea thobalano, nts'etsopele ea tekanyo, sekala sa psychometric, mohlala oa likarolo tse hlano tsa botho, narcissism, boitšepo, demographic

Selelekela

Lilemong tsa morao tjena lipatlisiso mabapi le boitšoaro ba khafetsa bo amanang le thobalano bo eketsehile (Kraus et al., 2016). Ts'ebetso ena ea taolo, e feteletseng le e nang le mathata e hlalositsoe ka ho sebelisa mabitso a mangata a fapaneng ho kenyelletsa (hara ba bang) hypersexourse, khothalletso ea thobalano, tlhotlheletso ea thobalano, erotomania, nymphomania (ho basali), satyriasis (ho banna), tlhekefetso ea thobalano, ho itšetleha ka thobalano (Kafka, 2010; Karila et al., 2014; Kingston, 2015; Wéry le Billieux, 2017). Ho bile le ngangisano e kholo ho theosa le lilemo tse ngata mabapi le hore na boitšoaro bona bo nkuoa hamolemohali e le bokuli bo susumetsang, tšebeliso ea maikutlo kapa bothata ba taolo ea tšusumetso (Karila et al., 2014; Piquet-Pessôa et al., 2014), mme ka hona ho hlalositsoe ho latela mefuta e fapaneng ea mohopolo (Campbell le Stein, 2015; Kingston, 2015).

Kamorao ho lipatlisiso tse ncha tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore thobalano e na le monyetla o lemalloang - mohlomong o kopantsoe ke lipotoloho tsa boko le li-neurotransmitters tseo ho tsejoang hore li kenya letsoho phihlelong ea moputso le thabo e kholo — thahasello ea "concertual hypersexuality" e le tlatsetso ea ho lemalla e holile ka potlako (Holstege et al., 2003; Hamann et al., 2004; Goodman, 2008; Griffiths, 2012; Kor et al., 2013; Karila et al., 2014;; Voon et al., 2014; Kingston, 2015). Tabeng ena, "ho lemalla ” ho ka hlalosoa e le ho kenella ka matla liketsong tsa thobalano (mohlala, litoro, ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali, thobalano, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa) mecheng e fapaneng ea litaba (cybersex, thobalano ea mohala, joalo-joalo). Ho feta moo, ba nang le boemo bona ba tlaleha takatso ea bona ea thobalano e sa laoleheng, le hore ba qeta nako e ngata ba ntse ba nahana ka tsona le ho etsa liketso tsa thobalano tse amang hampe likarolo tse ling tsa bophelo ba bona.

"Bokhoba ba ho ba le thobalano" hajoale ha bo na lethathamong la mafu a kelello. Leha ho le joalo, Tlhophiso ea Machaba ea Maloetse (ICD-10;; Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo, 1992, e kenyellelitse ho khanna ho feteletseng ka thobalano le ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ka ho hlaka joalo ka tlhahlobo, e arotsoe ka satyriasis (bakeng sa banna) le nymphomania (bakeng sa basali), athe "thobalano e qobelloang" hajoale e ntse e nkuoa (e le bothata ba taolo ea tšusumetso) ea ho kenyelletsoa ho tlang ICD-11 (Grant et al., 2014). Khatiso ea morao-rao (ea bohlano) ea Buka ea ho hlahloba le ea Statistical ea Mathata a kelello (DSM-5;; Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika, 2013) e ekelitse tlhoko ea eona ea litlolo tse sa amaneng le lik'hemik'hale (Petry, 2015) ka ho kenyelletsoa ha Khatello ea Papali ea Chelete e le tšibollo ea boitšoaro kahare ho sengoloa sa mantlha le Khahlano le Lipapatso tsa Inthanete Karolong ea Lipapatso tsa karolo (boemo ba thuto e eketsehileng). Leha ho kopantsoe temallo ea thobalano (ka sebopeho sa "hypersexual disorder" (Kafka, 2010) le ho hlahlojoa ke DSM-5 basebetsi, mmoho le lethathamo la litekanyetso tse lekiloeng tsa matla (Kafka, 2010;; Reid et al., 2012), e ile ea qheleloa ka thoko ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke lipatlisiso litekanyetsong tsa tlhahlobo le pono e arohaneng ea ho tsebahatsa pherekano (Kafka, 2013; Campbell le Stein, 2015).

Tumellanong le sena, meeli ea lipatlisiso tsa pele ke ho se lumellane ka kakaretso mabapi le hore na bokhoba ba thobalano bo lokela ho khethoa, ho utloisisoa le ho hlahlojoa joang (Reid, 2016). Kahoo, likhakanyo tsa ho ata tse sa tšepahaleng lipakeng tsa disampole tse sa emeng (boikhethelo bo ikhethileng) tse qalileng ho tloha 3 ho isa 17% (le holimo) li tlalehiloe. Mabapi le mefuta-futa ea lipalo tsa batho, lipatlisiso li bontšitse kamano e lumellanang e lumellanang lipakeng tsa bokhoba ba thobalano le botona, botšehali ba banna, boemo bo le bong le thuto e phahameng (bakeng sa litlhahlobo tsa morao-rao tsa Kafka, 2010; Sussman et al., 2011; Karila et al., 2014; Campbell le Stein, 2015; Wéry le Billieux, 2017). Leha ho le joalo, ho phehisanoe khang ea hore basali ba sa hlahisoa haholo lefapheng lena la lipatlisiso, ka lebaka leo ha ba tsebe letho ka mohlala oa bona o lemaletseng ho etsa thobalano (Dhuffar le Griffiths, 2014, 2015; Klein et al., 2014).

Patlisiso e amahantse le ts'ebeliso ea botona le botšehali le lintlha tse emelang mekhoa e meng e lemalletseng (Karila et al., 2014), ho kenyelletsa maemo a phahameng a extrentsion le neuroticism le maemo a tlase a letsoalo le ho lumelahala (Schmitt, 2004; Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; Walton et al., 2017). Litšobotsi tsena li lebisa ho batho ba batlang maikutlo a tebileng, ho ba le maikutlo, ho itšehla thajana, ho se nahanele, ho fapana le ho ba senotlolo, ho tsitsa maikutlong, ho itaea le ho ameha ka kutloano ea sechaba. Patlisiso e fokolang e sebelisa mohlala oa lintlha tse hlano (Costa le McCrae, 1992; Mahlanya, 1996) moelelong ona o fumane tšobotsi e bulehileng ea boiphihlelo e le e sa amaneng le bokhoba ba thobalano (Schmitt, 2004; Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; Walton et al., 2017). Leha ho le joalo, ho bonahala ho na le monyetla oa hore "batho ba nang le bolokolohi" ba ananelang liphihlelo tsa "meeli" li kotsing e kholo ea ho lemalla thobalano, ho feta batho ba setso, ba ratang litaba tse haufi le ba hlokolosi (mohlala, Elmquist et al., 2016). Boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano le bona bo 'nile ba amahanngoa khafetsa le narcissism (Black et al., 1997; Raymond et al., 2003;; Kafka, 2010; Kasper et al., 2015) hape e amana hampe le boitšepo (Cooper et al., 1999, 2004; Delmonico le Griffin, 2008; Kor et al., 2014; Doornwaard et al., 2016).

Thahasello e ntseng e hola ea "bokhoba ba thobalano" ka mokhoa o kopanetsoeng le ka mokhoa o matla e tsamaisane le nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea lisebelisoa tse joalo ka Tlhahlobo ea Tlatsetso ea Thobalano ka Thobalano (SAST; Carnes, 1989) le SAST-Revised (SAST-R; Carnes et al., 2010), Potso e Nyane ea PROMIS-subscale ea thobalano (SPQ-S; Christo et al., 2003), PATHOS¹ (Carnes et al., 2012), le Teko e Nyane ea Keketso ea Inthanete (Bacha, 1998) tloaelo ea ho etsa thobalano marang-rang (s-IAT-thobalano; Laier et al., 2013;; Pawlikowski et al., 2013; Wéry et al., 2016a). Ha sekala se seng se netefalitsoe se ntse se ntlafalitsoe, ba hlahloba le ho nahana ka "hypersexourse" e le khatello e qobelloang, e sa qobellehe, kapa / kapa thobalano ea thobalano (mohlala, Kalichman le Rompa, 1995; Coleman et al., 2001;; Reid et al., 2011).

Sekala se boletsoeng ka holimo se fapana haholo ho ea ka ts'ebetso ea nts'etsopele, sebopeho sa ntho, lintlha tse felisitsoeng, le thepa ea psychometric (Hook et al., 2010; Karila et al., 2014; Campbell le Stein, 2015; Wéry le Billieux, 2017), mme ho entsoe lipatlisiso tse tebileng ka disampole tse nyane tse sa emeng tsa kliniki le tse boletsoeng (Karila et al., 2014). Tse ling li khethile batho ba bangata haholo (mohlala, monna, mosali, ngoanana; Carnes, 1991; O'Hara le Carnes, 2000; Carnes le Weiss, 2002), athe tse ling li na le litaba tse ikhethang haholo (mohlala, boitšoaro ba thobalano ba inthaneteng; Carnes et al., 2010; Wéry et al., 2016a). Sekala se sebelisitsoeng hantle (mohlala, SAST-R, PATHOS) se kenyeletsa lintho tse sa nepahalang mabapi le ho hlalosa tlhekefetso ea thobalano [ke hore, "Na o kile oa hlekefetsoa ka thobalano o le ngoana kapa mocha?, ""Na batsoali ba hao ba ne ba e-na le bothata ka boitšoaro ba thobalano?”(SAST; Carnes, 1989, maq. 218-219), "Na o kile oa batla thuso bakeng sa boitšoaro ba thobalano boo u neng u sa bo rate?"(PATHOS; Carnes et al., 2012, leq. 11)]. SAST-R (Carnes et al., 2010) le PATHOS (Carnes et al., 2012) hira mofuta oa karabo ea dichotomous yes / no, athe lipatlisiso tsa maikutlo li fana ka maikutlo a hore tekanyetso / tlhahlobo e tsoelang pele ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano e lokela ho ba karolo ea tloaelo ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka (Winters et al., 2010; Walters et al., 2011; Carvalho et al., 2015). Sekala se hajoale se lekolang ts'ebetso ea thobalano e nang le mathata, se nka nako e telele. Haholo-holo, Womack et al. (2013) ho tlaleha moelelo oa lintho tsa 32.5 (SD = 34.2) ha ho itlhahloba ka boits'oaro mekhoa ea boits'oaro ea 24. Leha ho le joalo, mehato e sebetsang e lokela ho khotsofatsa mekhoa ea bohlokoa (joalo ka bokhutšoanyane; Koronczai et al., 2011), haholo-holo har'a batho ba sa qobelloang ba ka ananelang le ho nka karolo liketsong tse sa feleng.

Phapang e kholo ea sekala sa hona joale ke hore lintho tse lekolang boitšoaro ba thobalano bo sa bontsheng likarolo tse ka hare tsa bokhoba ba tahi (Brown, 1993; Griffiths, 2005). Mekgwa e joalo e sebelisitsoe e le moralo oa ho ntšetsapele likalo tse 'maloa tsa psychometric bakeng sa litekanyetso tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro bo kenyeletsang le ts'ebetso ea tahi ea mosebetsi (Andreassen et al., 2012a), temallo ea papali ea lipapali (Lemmens et al., 2009), temallo ea mabenkele (Andreassen et al., 2015), temallo ea boikoetliso (Terry et al., 2004), le temallo ea mecha ea litaba ea sechaba (Andreassen et al., 2016). Mabapi le bokhoba ba ho etsa thobalano, matšoao ana e tla ba: sebete / takatso-Ka-ho ameha ka thobalano kapa ho kopanela liphate, ho fetoha ha maikutloHo kopanela liphate ho feteletseng ho baka liphetoho mokhoeng oa maikutlo, mamello-E leng tekanyo ea ho kopanela liphate ka nako, ho tlohela—matšoao a sa thabiseng maikutlong / 'meleng ha u sa kopanele liphate, lintoaMathata a mang kapa a mang a bakoang ke ho kopanela liphate ka ho feteletseng, ho khutlela moraoHo khutlela mekhoeng e fetileng ka mor'a linako le ho ipholosa / ho laola, le mathata-A bophelo bo botle le bophelo bo botle bo bakoang ke boitšoaro bo hlephileng ba ho kopanela liphate.

Sekala sa hajoale se tloaetse ho nka tse ling tsa matšoao a boletsoeng ka holimo, empa u se ke ua a koahela kaofela (mohlala, PATHOS le SAST-R). Lebaka le leng la sena e kanna ea ba hore likala tse ntlafalitsoeng pejana li bululetsoe ke lihlopha tse tharo tse hlahelletseng tsa litekanyetso tse reriloeng tse fumanehang libukeng. Tsena ke (i) Carnes ' 1991 litekanyetso tse sa kenyelletseng ho khaotsa le ho tlohela, (ii) Goodman's (1998litekanyetso tse sa kenyelletseng phetoho ea maikutlo, le (iii) mekhoa ea Kafka (2010, 2013) e sa kenyelletseng mamello, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, ho se fele pelo le ho hula (Wéry le Billieux, 2017). Sekala sa thobalano sa s-IAT (Laier et al., 2013;; Pawlikowski et al., 2013; Wéry et al., 2016a) e kenyelletsa mekhoa eohle ea ho lemalla, empa e ntlafalitsoe haholo ho lekola bokhoba ba thobalano marang-rang feela. Le ha lits'ebetso tsa marang-rang tsa marang-rang li ka tsamaisa le ho ntlafatsa ho hlaha ha boitšoaro ba ho lemalla ho etsa thobalano ka lebaka la lintho tse kang bonolo, ho se tsejoe, ho fumaneha le ho pepesehela litšoaetso (Griffith, 2012; Wéry le Billieux, 2017), ho na le tlhoko ea hore ho be le tekanyetso e khutšoanyane le e hlakileng ea tlhahlobo ea kelello e khethollang bokhoba ba thobalano ntle le sebaka, moelelo le sechaba.

Ha ho fanoa ka liphumano tse boletsoeng ka holimo le lipuisano lebaleng, thuto e teng hona joale e ile ea lekola likarolo tsa psychometric tsa tekanyo e ncha ea bokhoba ba thobalano, Bergen-Yale Ho Kopana le Tlatsetso ea Thobalano ka Thobalano (BYSAS), e nang le lintho tse hahiloeng motheong oa litekanyetso tsa mantlha tse netefalitsoeng. ho feta litloaelo tse ngata tsa boits'oaro le tse sebelisang metheo e lemaletseng bokhoba ho totobatsa bonnete ba litaba (Brown, 1993; Griffiths, 2005;; Mokhatlo oa Maiketsetso oa Amerika, 2013; Zhenya et al., 2013). Ho ne ho lebelletsoe hore sesebelisoa se secha se ka kopanngoa haholo le likarolo tse tšoanang (ke hore, tumello ea converter) 'me se lumellane hampe le li-construeness tse sa lumellaneng (ke hore, tumellano ea khethollo; Nunnally le Bernstein, 1994). Ho ile ha hlahlojoa litekanyetso tse tšeletseng. Tsena e ne e le:

Hypothesis 1. BYSAS e na le sebopeho sa ntho e le 'ngoe se nang le lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho kenya (> 0.60) bakeng sa lintho tsohle tsa sekala, le li-index tsohle (motso o bolelang phoso e sekwere ea ho lekanyetsa [RMSEA] <0.06, index e lekanang ea ho lekana [CFI] le index ea Tucker-Lewis [TLI ]> 0.95; Hu le Bentler, 1999) Ho bonts'a data e nepahetseng.
Hypothesis 2. BYSAS e na le botsitso bo phahameng ba kahare (alpha ea Cronbach> 0.80).
Hypothesis 3. BYSAS e hokahana hantle le tekanyo e 'ngoe ea boitšoaro bo bobe ba botona le botšehali (SPQ-S; Christo et al., 2003).
Hypothesis 4. Sekolo sa BYSAS se amana hantle le ho ba monna, ho nyaloa le ho ruteha, hape ho amana le lilemo.
Hypothesis 5. Sekolo sa BYSAS se amana hantle le neuroticism, extrentsion, le ho pepeseha, 'me li amana hampe le letsoalo.
Hypothesis 6. Sekolo sa BYSAS se amana hantle le narcissism ebile e amana hampe le boitšepo.

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Tsamaiso

Lintlha li ile tsa bokelloa ka ho etsa tlhahlobo ea marang-rang e mabapi le boitšoaro bo feteletseng. Tlhahlobo e phatlalalitsoe khatisong ea marang-rang ea likoranta tse hlano tse fapaneng tsa naha ea naha ea Norway nakong ea selemo 2014. Bakeng sa ho nka karolo, ba arabelang ba ile ba laeloa hore ba tobe sehokela sa inthanete. Ba arabelang kaofela ba ne ba tlameha ho ba le bonyane lilemo tsa 16. Tlhahisoleseling mabapi le thuto e fanoe leqepheng la sebaka sa marang-rang. Ba arabileng ba ile ba tsebisoa hore ba tla fumana karabo e hlahisoang ka boiketsetso ho latela lintlha tsa bona le tlhaloso e amanang le sekala se 'maloa ha ho phethoa tlhahlobo. Ha ho ts'ehetso ea lintho tse bonahalang / chelete. Lintlha tsohle li ne li bolokiloe seva e hapiloeng ke k'hamphani e tsamaisang lipatlisiso tse joalo bakeng sa bafuputsi (www.surveyxact.no). Bekeng e le 'ngoe ka mor'a ho qala ho ithuta, lintlha tsohle tse bokelletsoeng li ile tsa fetisetsoa sehlopha sa lipatlisiso.

Ka kakaretso, batho ba 23,533 ba qetile lintho tsohle tsa tlhahlobo (mme li bolokiloe tlhahlobo). Ho nka karolo ho ne ho etsoa ka boithaopo, ho sa tsebahale, lekunutu ebile ho sa nke lehlakore, 'me ho latela litataiso tsa boitšoaro tsa Phatlalatso ea Helsinki le Molao oa Patlisiso ea Bophelo ba Norway. Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, e amohetse thuto.

barupeluoa ba

Boemo ba lilemo tsa bankakarolo (N = 23,533) e bile lilemo tsa 35.8 (SD = 13.3), ho tloha lilemong tse 16 ho isa ho tse 88. Mabapi le lihlopha tsa lilemo tse kenyellelitsoeng, bongata ba bankakarolo ba ne ba le lilemo li 16-30 (40.7%) ba lateloa ke ba lilemo li 31-45 (35%), 46-60 lilemo (19.8%), le ho feta lilemo tse 60 (4.5 %). Mohlala o ne o na le basali ba 15,299 (65%) le banna ba 8,234 35 (15,373%). Mabapi le boemo ba kamano, 65.3 (8,160%) hajoale ba ne ba le kamanong (ke hore, ba nyetse, molekane oa molao, molekane, mohlankana kapa kharebe) le 34.7 (2,350%) e ne e se (ke hore, ba masoha, ba hlalane, ba arohane le mohlolohali , kapa mohlolohali). Mabapi le thuto, 10 e ne e qetile sekolo se qobelloang (5,949%), ba 25.3 ba qetile sekolong se phahameng (3,989%), ba 17 ba qetile sekolo sa mosebetsi oa matsoho (7,630%), ba 32.4 ba na le lengolo la Bachelor (3,343%), 14.2 ba na le lengolo la Master (272%), mme 1.2 ba ne ba na le degree ea PhD (XNUMX%).

Mehato

Boemo ba palo ea batho

Barupeluoa ba phethile mehato e le 'ngoe ea palo ea batho ba bangata (ke hore, lilemo, bong, boemo ba likamano, thuto e phethehileng ka botlalo) ka ho sebelisa sebopeho sa karabelo se koetsoeng.

Bergen-eona e tlohelang litheko tsa thobalano (BYSAS)

BYSAS e ntlafalitsoe ho sebelisoa mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea bokhoba e hatisitsoeng ke Brown (1993), Griffiths (2005), le Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiki (2013) ho akaretsa ho se sebetse hantle, ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo, mamello, matšoao a ho khaotsa, likhohlano le ho khutlela hape / tahlehelo ea taolo. Ho entsoe ntho e le 'ngoe bakeng sa sekala se le seng. Haholo-holo, litekanyetso li kenyelletsa lintho tse amanang le ho hloka seriti / ho lakatsa (ho re, ho nahana ka thobalano / ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali), ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo (joalo ka thobalano. , matšoao a ho khaotsa (ho re, ho fokotsa kapa ho thibela thobalano / ho ipholla litho ho theha ho hloka botsitso le maikutlo a seng monate), likhohlano / mathata (ke hore, thobalano / thobalano e baka likhohlano mme e baka mofuta o mong oa bothata), ebe o khutlela hape / tahlehelo ea taolo (ke hore, khutlela ho old sex / Mekhoa ea ho ipholla litho ka mora nako ea taolo kapa ho ba sieo). Mantsoe a ikhethileng a lintho tseo le mekhoa e meng ea karabo li ne li thehiloe mecheng ea mantsoe le likarabo tse sebelisitsoeng sekaleng ho lekola litekanyetso tse ling tsa boits'oaro (Andreassen et al., 2012b). Lenane la nako le amang selemo se fetileng le sebelisa 5-point Likert reaction form (0 = ka seoelo, 1 = hangata, 2 = Ka linako tse ling, 3 = hangata, le 4 = khafetsa; sheba Sehlomathiso A bakeng sa lethathamo le felletseng la lintho le liforomo tsa karabo bakeng sa BYSAS), ho fana ka lenane la composite la BYSAS ho tloha 0 ho 24 (bona Lethathamo Tafole1) .1). E le ho kenngoa ts'ebetsong e le "lekhoba la thobalano" thutong ea hona joale, matšoao a ne a tlameha ho ba teng ka tekanyo e itseng / boholo bo hlalositsoeng e le ho beha bonyane 3 (hangata) kapa 4 (khafetsa)]. Sena se tsamaellana le tsela eo likhetla li sebelisitsoeng ho eona bakeng sa likala tse ling tse lekolang tšebeliso ea litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro (mohlala, Lemmens et al., 2009; Zhenya et al., 2012b). Ntle le moo, palo e itseng ea lintlha (hangata tse fetang halofo) e ile ea tlameha ho lumelloa (mona hangata "kapa" hangata haholo)) ho ngolloa e le temallo (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Maemong ana bonyane lintho tse 'ne ho tse tšeletseng tsa BYSAS li ne li lumelletsoe ho nka karolo ea karolo e le lekhoba la thobalano. Ho beha 0 lenaneng la composite la BYSAS ho hlalositsoe e le "ha ho temallo ea thobalano" ho bonahala ho utloahala ha barupeluoa ba araba "ha ho mohla" linthong tsohle tse tšeletseng. Palo ea mantlha pakeng tsa 1 le 6 e hlalositsoe e le "kotsi ea tlhekefetso ea thobalano" kaha barupeluoa ba bangata ba ne ba ka fumana lintlha tse holimo ho tse peli ho tse tšeletseng. Ba nang le sekhahla sa 7 kapa kaholimo empa ba sa ka ba etsa mokhoa oa ho lemalla thobalano ba hlalosoa ba le "kotsing ea ho lemalla thobalano". Letlapa lena le bonahala le loketse kaha sena se lekana le sekhahla se phahameng ka holimo ho 1 linthong tsohle tse tšeletseng.

Lethathamo 1

Ho ajoa ha lintlha, ho bolela lintlha le ho kheloha ho tloaelehileng (SD) linthong tse ts'eletseng tsa Bergen-Yale sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) bakeng sa banna ((, n = 8,234), basali (♀, n = 15,299), le sampole e felletseng (=) (N = 23,533).

Items			Khafetsa (%)					E bolelang	SD
Ke hangata hakae selemong se fetileng…			0	1	2	3	4
1.	U qetile nako e ngata u nahana ka thobalano / ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali kapa thobalano e reriloeng? [BYSAS1 ha a le mong - o lakatsa]	♂ ♀ =	20.5 52.6 41.4	19.0 20.1 19.7	31.7 19.4 23.7	20.0 6.1 11.0	8.7 1.7 4.2	1.78 0.84 1.17	1.23 1.05 1.20
2.	Na o bile le takatso ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho ea pele? [BYSAS2 mabapi le mamello]	♂ ♀ =	26.4 58.7 47.4	24.3 19.9 21.4	28.4 15.4 20.0	14.8 4.7 8.3	6.1 1.3 3.0	1.50 0.70 0.98	1.20 0.98 1.13
3.	O sebelisitse thobalano / ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho lebala ka / ho baleha mathata a hau? [BYSAS3 mabapi le phetoho ea maikutlo]	♂ ♀ =	59.3 76.6 70.6	17.5 11.8 13.8	14.4 8.4 10.5	5.7 2.4 3.5	3.1 0.8 1.6	0.76 0.39 0.52	1.09 0.80 0.93
4.	O ile oa leka ho fokotsa ho robala le thobalano ntle le katleho? [BYSAS4 ha o khutla hape — tahlehelo ea taolo]	♂ ♀ =	67.0 92.2 83.4	16.3 5.3 9.2	10.6 1.6 4.7	4.2 0.6 1.8	1.9 0.3 0.9	0.58 0.11 0.28	0.97 0.45 0.71
5.	O ka phomola kapa oa tšoenyeha haeba o thibetsoe ho thobalano? [BYSAS5 ka matšoao a ho tlohela]	♂ ♀ =	53.0 81.5 71.5	21.0 10.1 13.9	16.4 6.0 9.6	6.8 1.8 3.5	2.8 0.6 1.4	0.85 0.29 0.49	1.10 0.71 0.91
6.	Na ho na le thobalano e ngata haholo hoo e bileng le tšusumetso e mpe likamanong tsa hau tse ikemetseng, moruo, bophelo bo botle kapa mosebetsi, lithuto? [BYSAS6 mabapi le likhohlano — mathata]	♂ ♀ =	87.1 96.3 93.0	7.8 2.5 4.4	3.3 0.8 1.7	1.0 0.3 0.5	0.9 0.1 0.4	0.21 0.05 0.11	0.63 0.31 0.46

Bula ka fensetere e fapaneng

Sekala se ne se tloha ho 0- “hangata haholo” ho 4- “khafetsa.” Letšoao la composite la sampole eohle e ne e le 3.54 (SD = 4.14). Meetso ea lintlha tse 'maloa 0-24.

Potso e khutšoane ea PROMIS — thobalano

Potso ea lipotso tse khutšoane ea PROMIS [SPQ; Christo et al., 2003 (Potso ea PROMIS; Lefever, 1988)] ke tekanyetso e nang le ts'ebetso ea kelello ea 16 (lik'hemik'hale le tse seng lik'hemik'hale), ho kenyeletsoa thobalano (mohlala, Haylett et al., 2004; Pallanti et al., 2006; MacLaren le Best, 2010, 2013). Barupeluoa ba phethile subscale ea thobalano ea SPQ ba sebelisa tekanyo ea 6-point wadogo [0 = eseng joalo ka nna ho hang le 5 = haholo joaloka nna; Lintho tsa 10: M = 13.44, SD = 7.14, α = 0.90; ntho ea mohlala: “Nka nka monyetla oa ho etsa thobalano le ha ke sa tsoa ba le eona le motho e mong”(Bona Sehlomathiso B bakeng sa lenane le felletseng la lintho)]. Tlatsetso ea thobalano ea SPQ (kamora moo ho thoeng ke SPQ-S) e hlahloba likarolo tse ling tsa ho batla moputso le ho qobelloa, ho kenyelletsa le mekhoa e meng e ka tlisoang ke boitšoaro le matšoao a tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Leha ho le joalo, e lekola feela tšekamelo ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate / liketso (le ba bang), mme hape e sa kenye litekanyetso tsa mantlha tsa bokhoba. Lintho tsa 10 tsa SPQ-S li ile tsa fetoleloa ho tloha Senyesemaneng ho ea ho Norway ka thoko ke bangoli ba Norway ba boithuto ba hona joale.

Tse hlano tse kholo

Letamo la Mini-International Personality Item Pool (Mini-IPIP; Donnellan et al., 2006) e sebelisitsoe ho lekola botho, 'me ke mohato o mokhuts'oanyane oa kelello le oa bohlokoa oa lintlha tse hlano tse kholo (Costa le McCrae, 1992; Mahlanya, 1996). Barupeluoa ba phethile Mini-IPIP ea 20 ba sebelisa tekanyo ea 5-point (1 = e sa nepahalang haholo le 5 = e nepahetse haholo- - Lintho tse jang tsa e ngoe le e 'ngoe ea mekoloto e latelang: extindowsion (mohlala, "Bua le batho ba bangata ba fapaneng meketjaneng"; M = 14.47, SD = 3.65, α = 0.81), ho lumellanoa (mohlala, "Utloa maikutlo a ba bang"; M = 16.32, SD = 2.95, α = 0.76), letsoalo (mohlala, "Joalo ka taelo"; M = 14.90, SD = 3.22, α = 0.70), neuroticism (mohlala, "Ts'oareha habonolo"; M = 11.81, SD = 3.54, α = 0.73), kelello le monahano (mohlala, "Eba le monahano o hlakileng"; M = 14.26, SD = 3.14, α = 0.69), e qetelle e tšoana le ts'ebetso e bulehileng.

Narcissism

Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 [NPI-16; Ames et al., 2006 (NPI; Raskin le Terry, 1988)] ke tekanyo e sebetsang ea psychometrically narcissism (mohlala, Konrath et al., 2014). Barupeluoa ba qetile NPI-16 ba sebelisa tekanyo ea Likert-5-point Likert (1 = ha e lumellane ka matla le 5 = ka matla lumela; Lintho tsa 16 [mohlala,Ke loketse ho bonts'a ha nka fumana monyetla"]: M = 44.12, SD = 10.11, α = 0.89). Ha boemo bo le holimo, seo se etsa hore a natefeloe haholo. Palo kaofela e kopantsoe haholo le lintlha tsa setsebi tsa lefu la narcissistic botho (Miller le Campbell, 2008).

Boithati

Karolo ea Boitšepo ea Rosenberg (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) ke sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa kelello bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea boitšepo (mohlala, Huang le Dong, 2012). Barupeluoa ba qetile RSES ba sebelisa tekanyo ea 4-point Likert (0 = ka matla lumela le 3 = ha e lumellane ka matla; Lintho tsa 10 [mohlala,Ka kakaretso, ke na le maikutlo a hore ke hloleha","Ke khona ho etsa lintho hammoho le batho ba bang ba bangata"]: M = 29.23, SD = 5.34, α = 0.89). RSES e lekola boitšepo e le moaho o le mong, 'me e etselitsoe ho emela tekanyo ea lefatše ea boitšepo ba bankakarolo. E lekanya maikutlo a matle le a mabe ka uena. Lipolelo tse hlano tse ntle li ntlafalitsoe, ho bolelang hore lintlha tse ngata tse nang le likarolo tse ngata li bonts'a boitšepo bo phahameng.

Tlhahlobo ea lintlha

Botebo ba BYSAS bo ile ba lekoa ka ho kopanya lintho tse hlahlobang (EFA) le netefatso ea ntlha ea tlhaiso (CFA), e etsoang ka thoko karohanong e sa reroang ea sampole e felletseng. Morero oa tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso e ne e le ho leka sebopeho se akaretsang sa lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng, ka sepheo sa ho fumana ho kheloha sebopeho se sa lebelloang se sa lebelloang. Morero oa CFA e ne e le ho lekola molemo oa ho lekana oa mohlala oa tekanyo e sa lekanyetsoang ea BYSAS. Ho EFA, mekhoa ea ho tlosoa ha lintho e ne e le sebopeho se bonolo haholo (VSS) (Revelle le Rocklin, 1979), le Velicer's1976) lipalo-palo tse fokolang tsa bonyane (MAP). Ho potoloha ha bifactor (Jamrich le Bentler, 2011) e sebelisitsoe. Ho potoloha ha bifactor ho thusa ho arohana ha ntho e tloaelehileng le ntlha e le 'ngoe kapa tse ngata. Joalokaha ho boletse Reise et al. (2007), sebopeho sa bifactor se bohlokoa haholo e le mokhoa oa ho bona tlolo ea toka. Moelelong oa liteko tsa tekanyo e sa lekanyetsoang, ho ba teng hoa lintlha tse ikhethang mohlaleng oa bifactor ke sesupo sa ho itšetleha ka lehae kahare ho ntlha. Lintlha tse joalo li kanna tsa khahla haholo, empa li emela tlolo ea ho hloka toka.

Liphetho tse tsoang sampoleng ea EFA li fepiloe tekong ea CFA ea mofuta o sa bonahaleng karohanong ea bobeli ea sampole. Morero oa mantlha oa CFA e ne e le ho lekola mofuta oa litekanyo tse sa lekanyetsoang bakeng sa BYSAS, le ho leka khethollo le tlhaiso-leseling ho tsoa sethaleng sa lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng. Mefuta ea lefatše e lekantsoeng e ile ea hlahlojoa ka tekanyetso e boima ea sekhahla sa Mplus. Motso o bolela phoso e sekwere ea ho lekanyetsa (RMSEA), index ea papiso e lekanang (CFI) le Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) li sebelisitsoe e le lits'oants'o tsa mofuta oa lefatše o loketseng. Bakeng sa ho lekana hantle, litekanyetso tsena li lokela ho ba <0.06,> 0.95, le> 0.95, ka ho latellana (Hu le Bentler, 1999). Re bapisitse mekhahlelo e 'meli ea mehlala ea li-theory (IRT) mekhahlelo e' meli: Mokhoa oa mokoloto o sa reng letho oa Rasch (Masters, 1982), le mohlala oa karabelo e kholo (Samejima, 1997). Ho lekola thepa e lekanang le mofuta oa mokoloto o sa reroang oa Rasch re lekants'a likhetho tsa liaparo le liaparo (Wright and Massa, 1982). Ho latela maemo a tloaelehileng a lipatlisiso tsa tlhahlobo ea lipatlisiso, infit, le liaparo tsa liaparo (MSQ) ka ho khetheha e lokela ho ba maemong a 0.6 ho 1.4 (Wright le Linacre, 1994), empa esita le lipalo tse fapaneng 0.5 ho 1.5 li ka bonoa e le “e behang bakeng sa tekanyo” (Linacre, 2002). Boleng bo ka tlase ho 1 bo bolela hore likarabo tsa ntho li ka boleloa esale pele (ho feta), athe boleng bo fetang 1 bo bolela hore likarabo tsa data li na le tšohanyetso (underfit). MSQ ea infit e na le boima e le hore tlhaiso-leseling e haufi le ntho eo motho a e rerileng kapa e fuoe boima bo eketsehileng.

Ho etsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea maiketsetso, ntho e fapaneng e sebetsang (DIF) ho lihlopha le lilemo li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa o hatelletseng oa ho theoha, joalo ka ha o kenngoa ts'ebetsong ea R mirt (Chalmers, 2012). Ka har'a litlhahlobo tsa DIF lintho li ne li qobelloa ho ba le khethollo e lekanang le likotlo tse lekanang lihlopha tsohle. Mathata a bohlokoa a lipalo a ile a ntšoa ka tatellano, a sebelisa lintho tse setseng e le lintho tsa anchor. Ts'ebetso ena ea tatellano ea mohato oa pele e sebelisitsoe pele ho bong, ho nka banna e le sehlopha sa batšehali, le basali e le sehlopha sa boits'oaro. Ts'ebetso e ts'oanang e ile ea phetoa bakeng sa lihlopha tsa lilemo, ho phekola batho ba baholo ba pele (lilemo tsa 16-39) e le sehlopha sa boits'oaetso le ho ba motho e moholo le ea mahareng (40-88 lilemo joalo ka sehlopha sa pele). Karohano ea sehlopha sa lilemo e entsoe e le tumellano lipakeng tsa lilemo (24 vs 49 lilemo) le palo ea bankakarolo lihlopheng tseo (61.8% vs. 38.2%). Kamora nako, phello ea DIF bakeng sa lintlha tsa tlhahlobo e ile ea hlahlojoa ka ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o fapaneng oa tlhahlobo (DTF) joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke Meade (2010), mme e kenngoe tšebetsong ke Chalmers et al. (2015).

Litlhahlobo tse ling li entsoe ka SPSS, mofuta oa 22. The BYSAS e ile ea hlahlojoa ho ipapisitsoe le botsitso ba kahare (coefficient ea alpha ea Cronbach) le ho lokisa likamano tse felletseng, kamora ho fetola mefuta-futa ka mekhahlelo e le ho qoba sephetho se susumetsoang ke skewness (Greer et al., 2006). Li-coefficients tsa kamano li ile tsa baloa e le ho lekola likamano pakeng tsa lintho tsohle tse ithutoang; r kaholimo ho 0.1, 0.3, le 0.5 li ne li hlalosoa e le boholo bo tlase, bohareng le bo boholo ba phello, ka tatellano (Cohen, 1988). Liphapang tsa lipalo tse bolelang tsa BYSAS lipakeng tsa banna le basali li baliloe; Cohen's d litekanyetso tsa 0.2, 0.5, le 0.8 li hlalositsoe e le litlamorao tse nyane, tse mahareng le tse kholo, ka ho fapana (Cohen, 1988).

Ha ho batloa lintlha tse amanang le bokhoba ba thobalano, tlhahlobo ea khatello ea maikutlo ea linaha tse ngata e ile ea etsoa ho ipapisitsoe le sehlopha sa "no addiction" (lintlha tsa zero) (33.8% ea sampole) joalo ka sets'oants'o. "Kotsi ea ho lemalla thobalano e tlase" (lintlha tsa 1-6) e ne e le karolo ea bobeli (46.3% ea sampole), "kotsi ea ho lemalla thobalano ka mokhoa o itekanetseng" (lintlha tsa 7 kapa kaholimo) e ne e le karolo ea boraro (19.1% ea sampole), le "ho lemalla thobalano" (lintlha tsa 3 kapa 4 bonyane ho tse nne tsa litekanyetso tsa BYSAS) e ne e le sehlopha sa bone (0.7% ea sampole). Mefuta e ikemetseng e ne e kenyelletsa bong, lilemo, boemo ba kamano, boemo ba thuto, liphallelo tse hlano tsa Mini-IPIP, le lintlha ho NPI-16 le RSES. Thuto e ne e ngotsoe ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng e le hore sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa (ke hore, Bachelor's degree) e be sehlopha sa litšupiso. Ha ho hlahlojoa, phapano e ngoe le e ngoe e ikemetseng e kentsoe ka nako e le ngoe. Ha karohano ea 95% ea boits'epo (CI) e sa kenyeletse 1.00, sephetho se nkuoa se le bohlokoa lipalo-palo.

Eya ho:

Results

Morero oa kaho le nts'etsopele

Lethathamo Lethathamo11 e bonts'a lipalo-palo tse hlalosang tsa likarabo linthong tse tšeletseng tsa BYSAS. Moetso oa bohlokoa mohlaleng e ne e le 3.54 ho tsoa 24 (SD = 4.14). Lintho 1 (BYSAS₁: salience / ho lakatsa) le 2 (BYSAS₂: mamello) li ne li lumelloa khafetsa sehlopheng sa maemo a holimo ho feta lintho tse ling. Banna ba fumane lintlha tse phahameng ho feta basali linthong tsohle tse tšeletseng tsa BYSAS, le boholo ba litlamorao (Cohen's d) ea phapang ea ntho e bolela hore lipalo lipakeng tsa banna ba batona e ne e le 0.84 bakeng sa siling / ho lakatsa (e kholo), 0.75 bakeng sa mamello (e kholo), 0.41 bakeng sa phetoho ea maikutlo (mahareng-a manyane), 0.69 bakeng sa ho khutla / tahlehelo ea taolo (mahareng-a maholo), 0.65 ea ho tlosa (e mahareng-e kholo), le 0.36 bakeng sa likhohlano / mathata (mahareng-a manyane).

EFA e khothalelitse ho ntšoa ha ntho e le 'ngoe ho latela tekanyetso ea VSS, empa lintlha tse peli ho latela tekanyetso ea MAP ea Velicer. Ho potoloha ha bifactor ea tharollo ea lintlha tse peli ho senotse ntlha e matla e akaretsang linthong tsohle tse tšeletseng tse nang le li-uploading ho 0.70 (BYSAS₁) ho 0.86 (BYSAS₄ le BYSAS₆) le ntlha e 'ngoe e tsoang ho BYSAS₁ le BYSAS₂. Ntlha e ikhethileng e ka hlalosoa e le ts'ehetso ea lehae lipakeng tsa BYSAS₁ le BYSAS₂, le ho emela tlolo ea ho hloka toka.

Tumellanong le liphumano tse tsoang ho EFA, mohlala oa ntlha e le 'ngoe le mantsoe a phoso a BYSAS¹ le BYSAS² e ile ea lekoa ka CFA moo Mplus e neng e le boima bo boholo ba bonyane litekanyo bakeng sa data ea mekhahlelo. Lintlha tse fokolang tse lekanang lipalo-palo tse tsoang ho Mplus e neng e le boima bo boholo bo lekantsoeng sekwere e bonts'itse RMSEA ea 0.046 [90% CI = 0.041, 0.051], CFI ea 0.998, le TLI ea 0.996, e bonts'a molemo o moholo oa ho lekana lipakeng tsa mohlala oa ntlha e le 'ngoe le tlhaiso-leseling. Setšoantšo Figure11 e bonts'a sepheo sa lintlha tse thehiloeng ho netefatso ea netefatso (n = 11,766).

Faele e kantle e nang le setšoantšo, papiso, joalo-joalo Lebitso la ntho ke fpsyg-09-00144-g0001.jpg

Bula ka fensetere e fapaneng

Setšoantšo sa 1

Sebopeho sa Bergen-Yale Sex Addiction Scale (BYSAS) se bonts'a li-uploading tsa maemo a tšoanang bakeng sa subsella ea CFA (n = 11,766).

Ho nka mohopolo pakeng tsa BYSAS₁ le BYSAS₂ mefuteng ea untimensional IRT, testlet ea kakaretso ea BYSAS₁ le BYSAS₂ e ne e hahiloe. Ha lintho tsa morao-rao li ntse li raloa haholo, likhakanyo tsa theta li ne li thehiloe holima mokhoa oa histogram oa histogram (Woods, 2007). Tafole Lethathamo22 e bonts'a liphokotso tsa bofokoli le seaparo se bolelang mabatooa a marang-rang (MSQ) ho tsoa mokhatlong o itseng oa mokitlane. Makarapa kaofela a bolelang infit a ne a le sebakeng se lakatsehang sa 0.6 ho 1.4 (Wright le Linacre, 1994; Bond le Fox, 2015). MSQ ea liaparo tse bonoang bakeng sa lintho tse tharo e ne e le tlase ho feta 0.6 e boletsoeng ho 1.4 ho lipatlisiso tsa tlhahlobo, empa e ne e ntse e le lenaneong le nkoang e le "e hlahisang ka tekanyo" (Linacre, 2002). Tlhahlobo ea liaparo tse neng li etsoa keMSQ e ne e le 0.46. Litekanyetso tsa moeli oa liaparo tsa MSQ li ka bonts'a ho fokola ha boleng ba litaba ka har'a testout. Ka mantsoe a mang, ho lintlha tse fanoeng, ho na le maemo a tšoanang lipakeng tsa thepa, 'me likarabo li fokolang haholo "tse sa lebelloang". Litekanyetso tsa infit tsa MSQ li ne li le haufi haholo le boleng bo lebelletsoeng ba 1, mme li ne li ka bonts'a hore, leha likarabo li ne li sa lumellane haholo, li ne li sa ikemise ka mohopolo oa Guttman oa tatellano ea likarabo tsa thepa ka kotloloho. Letoto la boleng ba infit le liaparo tsa seaparo li bonts'a hore lintho tsa BYSAS li ne li tsamaellana hantle le tse boletsoeng esale pele ke mofuta oa mokoloto o sa reroang oa Rasch. Leha ho le joalo, mohlala o loketseng o ne o le betere ka monahano o ntlafalitsoeng oa mofuta oa karabelo e amohetsoeng, ha o bapisoa le Rasch karolo e itseng ea mokoloto (Akaikes tlhahlobo ea tlhaiso-leseling PCM = 95155;

Lethathamo 2

Ntho e lekana le lipalo-palo tse tsoang ho Rasch karolo e itseng ea mokoloto.

Item	Fetisa MSQ	z.infit	Liaparo tsa MSQ	z.outfit
BYSAS3	0.937	-3.430	0.696	-6.951
BYSAS4	0.942	-2.326	0.556	-7.082
BYSAS5	0.809	-10.684	0.575	-10.284
BYSAS6	0.916	-2.063	0.502	-6.545
Testlet BYSAS1 le 2	0.647	-26.029	0.459	-34.167

BYSAS, Bergen-Yale Tekanyo ea Tlatsetso ea Thobalano; MSQ, bolele skwere.

Lethathamo Lethathamo33 e bonts'a sephetho sa liteko tsa tšebetso ea ntho e khethollang (DIF), le tšusumetso e lekantsoeng ea DIF ho lintlha tsa thepa le palo e felletseng e lekantsoeng (tlhahlobo ea liteko tse sebetsang; DTF). Kholomo ea pele e bonts'a phetoho sebakeng sa chi-mraba ha ho lokolloa mehopolo ea matsoapo a hlaselang le likhakanyo. Teko ea ho theoha ka tatellano ea ntho e arohaneng e sebetsang ke bong e bonts'a hore BYSAS₃ le BYSAS₄ o sebelitse ka tsela e fapaneng bakeng sa ba batona le ba batšehali, ka ho theoha ho hoholo ha chi-mraba ha a lokolla mathata a ho hlaselang a kenang [BYSAS₃: Chi-mraba (5) = 314.08, p <0.001; BYSAS₄: Chi-mraba (5) = 228.36, p <0.001]. DIF ka sehlopha sa lilemo e khethiloe BYSAS₃ le BYSAS₄ e le lintho tse sebetsang ka tsela e fapaneng ka lihlopha tsa lilemo [BYSAS₃: Chi-mraba (5) = 67.28; BYSAS₄: Chi-mraba (5) = 54.33]. Bakeng sa lintho tse ling, mathata a mohlala a ne a se bohlokoa, ho bontša hore monahano oa ho hlaseloa ha lintho tsena o ne o tsamaisana le data. Kahoo, BYSAS e khotsofalitse maikutlo a ho lekana ho lekanang ka bong le lilemo.

Lethathamo 3

Teko ea ntho e khethollang e sebetsang le tlhahlobo ea teko e sebetsang.

	LRT DIF	df	SIDS / STDS	ESSD / ETSSD
Gender (LIPOTSO TSA BOTSI.)
BYSAS3	314.083	5	-0.281	-0.360
BYSAS4	228.358	5	0.193	0.335
Liphetho tsa kakaretso e amehang			-0.088	-0.022
SEKOLO SA BORA (BANA BA BABAKA BA BAHALA REF.)
BYSAS3	67.289	5	0.022	0.04
BYSAS4	54.334	5	-0.018	-0.05
Liphetho tsa kakaretso e amehang			0.004	0.001

LRT, tlhahlobo ea monyetla oa; DIF, ntho e khethollang e sebetsang; SIDS, ntho e saenneng ea sampole; STDS, phapang e saennoeng ea liteko mohlaleng; ESSD, lintlha tse lebelletsoeng tse lebelletsoeng; ETSSD, tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo e lebelletsoeng.

Karolo ea boraro le ea bone ea Tafole Lethathamo33 e bontša boholo ba phello ea DIF le DTF bakeng sa BYSAS₃ le BYSAS₄, e khutsufalitsoe ka phapang ea ntho e saenneng sampole (SIDS / STDS) le phapano e lebelletsoeng ea maemo a emeng (ESSD / ETSSD). Boemong bo lekanang ba tšobotsi, phapang e tloaelehileng ea unit pakeng tsa ba batona le ba batšehali e ne e le −0.36 bakeng sa BYSAS₃ le 0.335 ea BYSAS₄. Boemong ba tlhahlobo, litla-morao tsena li ile tsa hlakola tse ling, ka tlhahlobo e sa tsotelleng ea tlhahlobo e sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa kakaretso e bokelletsoeng ka kakaretso. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho DIF ke sehlopha sa lilemo, litlamorao tsa BYSAS₃ le BYSAS₄ li ne li le ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng, li hlakola phello e felletseng. Bacha ba banyenyane ba fumane likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa 0.04 li le holimo ho BYSAS₃, le likonteraka tse tloaelehileng tsa 0.05 li tlase ho BYSAS₄ bapisoa le sehlopha sa batho ba baholo ba mahareng / ba morao. Boemong ba liteko, kameho ea DIF e ne e le likarolo tsa maemo a 0.0001 feela, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore DIF e hlokometsoeng ke BYSAS₃ le BYSAS₄ ha e na tšusumetso ho boemo bohle ba lintlha. Ho akaretsa, leha DIF e ne e bonoe bakeng sa lintho tse peli, ts'usumetso maemong a liteko (DTF) e ne e le nyane haholo kapa e sa tsebe letho. Leseli la tlhahlobo ea ba batona le ba batšehali le bonts'itsoe ho setšoantšo Figure2.2. Palo ena e bonts'a hore BYSAS e ne e na le tlhaiso-leseling e ngata maemong a phahameng haholo a bokhoba ba thobalano (theta) ho ba batona le ba batšehali, empa tlhahisoleseling e fokolang haholo litekanyetsong tsa thobalano.

Setšoantšo sa 2

Tlhahisoleseling ea tlhahlobo e lekantsoe ho tsoa tekong ea mohlala oa karabelo ea Bergen-Yale Ho Kopanela Litaba tsa Thobalanon = 11,766).

Ho tshepahala le ho tsitsinyeha kahare ho BYSAS

Alfa ea Cronbach bakeng sa BYSAS e ne e le 0.83, 'me li-coefficients tse kopantsoeng tsa kakaretso ea thepa bakeng sa Lintho 1 ho isa ho 6 e ne e le 0.69 (BYSAS₁: salience / ho lakatsa), 0.74 (BYSAS₂: mamello), 0.62 (BYSAS₃: modform modation), 0.57 (BYSAS₄: khutlela morao / tahlehelo ea taolo), 0.66 (BYSAS₅: matšoao a ho tlohela), le 0.42 (BYSAS₆: likhohlano / mathata), ka ho latellana.

Ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo le khethollo

Sekhahla se kopaneng lipakeng tsa lintlha tse kopaneng tsa BYSAS le subscale ea thobalano ea SPQ e ne e le 0.52. Tafole Lethathamo44 e bonts'a hore likala ka bobeli li bonts'itse mekhoa e ts'oanang ea ho hokahana le mefuta e meng e hlahlojoang thutong. Li-coefficients tsa zero-order tsa khokahano pakeng tsa mefuta e fapakaneng ea thuto li tloha ho −0.53 (lipakeng tsa boitšepo le neuroticism) ho 0.52 (lipakeng tsa BYSAS le SPQ-S).

Lethathamo 4

Li-coefficients tsa Zero-Order tsa khokahano (khokahano ea sehlahisoa sa Pearson, khokahano ea ntlha-bisement, phi-coeffnty) lipakeng tsa tse fapaneng.

	Mefuta-futa	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
1	BYSAS	-
2	SPQ-S	0.519
3	bong _{(1 = ♂, 2 = ♀)}	-0.377	-0.252
4	Age	-0.190	-0.086	0.031
5	Kamano ea^a	0.090	0.078	-0.065	-0.218
6	Sekolo sa mathomo	0.046	0.014	-0.028	-0.205	0.149
7	Sekolo se phahameng	0.036	0.027	0.015	-0.197	0.094	-0.194
8	Sekolo sa mosebetsi oa matsoho	0.028	0.028	-0.123	0.138	-0.049	-0.150	-0.263
9	lengolo la likharata	-0.051	-0.032	0.095	0.118	-0.081	-0.231	-0.403	-0.313
10	Lengolo la thuto e phahameng ea masters	-0.040	-0.029	0.015	0.097	-0.073	-0.136	-0.237	-0.184	-0.282
11	PhD degree	-0.014	-0.010	-0.018	0.057	-0.035	-0.036	-0.063	-0.049	-0.075	-0.044
12	Extroversion	0.014	0.091	0.088	0.013	-0.064	-0.050	-0.019	-0.021	0.049	0.024	-0.001
13	agreeableness	-0.151	-0.147	0.343	0.048	-0.048	-0.049	-0.017	-0.060	0.073	0.031	0.001	0.296
14	Ho ba hlokolosi	-0.208	-0.155	0.143	0.200	-0.130	-0.085	-0.052	0.052	0.033	0.041	-0.010	0.093	0.131
15	Neuroticism	0.086	0.025	0.234	-0.116	-0.005	0.059	0.041	-0.021	-0.024	-0.041	-0.022	-0.098	0.093	-0.157
16	Bohlale / monahano	0.093	0.075	-0.105	-0.036	0.043	-0.045	-0.042	-0.066	0.026	0.109	0.062	0.163	0.116	-0.116	-0.003
17	Narcissism	0.213	0.213	-0.219	-0.125	-0.003	-0.023	-0.039	-0.049	0.034	0.067	0.009	0.370	-0.075	0.026	-0.150	0.196
18	Boithati	-0.092	-0.016	-0.140	0.154	-0.125	-0.124	-0.104	0.017	0.072	0.109	0.037	0.315	0.055	0.296	-0.530	0.113	0.416

Bula ka fensetere e fapaneng

N = 23,533. BYSAS, Bergen-Yale Tekanyo ea Tlhakollo ea Thobalano; SPQ-S, Potso e khuts'oane ea PROMIS — Tekanyo ea thobalano.

^a1 = kamanong, 2 = eseng kamanong.

−0.012 ≤ r ≤ 0.012 — ns, −0.016 ≤ r ≤ −0.013 kapa 0.13 ≤ r ≤ 0.016 — p <0.05, −0.017 ≥ r kapa r ≥ 0.017 — p <0.01.

Kamano le demographics, great tano, narcissism, le boitšepo

Mefuta e ikemetseng e hlalositse 23.0% (Cox-Snell formula) ea phapanyetsano ea kotsi ea ho lemalla thobalano (26.0% ho latela formula ea Nagelkerke; bona Lethathamo Tafole5) .5). Menyetla ea ho ba "kotsing ea ho lemalla thobalano e tlase", "kotsi ea ho lemalla thobalano" le "mekhahlelo ea ho lemalla thobalano" e ne e phahame ho banna ho feta basali. Lilemo li ne li amana hampe le sehlopha sa bokhoba ba thobalano. Ho se be kamanong ho ekelitse menyetla ea ho ba karolo ea "kotsi ea ho lemalla thobalano" ka mokhoa o itekanetseng. Thuto ea sekolo sa mathomo e theotse menyetla ea ho ba "kotsing ea ho lemalla thobalano" le "mekhahlelo e itekanetseng ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate". Ho ba le degree ea Master ho theotse menyetla ea ho ba karolo ea "kotsi ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate ka mokhoa o itekanetseng" ha o ntse o e-na le degree ea PhD e ekelitse menyetla ea ho ba karolo ea "bokhoba ba thobalano". Ho tsitlella maikutlong ho ekelitse menyetla ea ho ba karolo ea likarolo tse tharo tse holimo tsa ho lemalla thobalano, athe ho ba le letsoalo ho theotse mathata a tšoanang. Ho amoheloa habonolo ho theotse menyetla ea ho ba karolo ea "bokhoba ba thobalano". Neuroticism e ekelitse menyetla ea ho ba karolo ea "kotsi ea ho lemalla thobalano" le "mekhahlelo ea thobalano". Bohlale / monahano o ne o amahanngoa hantle le ho ba "kotsing ea ho lemalla thobalano e tlase" le "mekhahlelo e itekanetseng ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate". Boitšepo bo ne bo amana hampe le mekhahlelo ea bokhoba ba thobalano. Kamora nako, narcissism e ne e amahanngoa le ho ba karolo ea mekhahlelo e meraro e kaholimo ea bokhoba ba thobalano.

Lethathamo 5

Multinomial logistic regression ea bokhoba ba thobalano (sehlopha sa litšupiso: lintlha tsa BYSAS tsa 0; OR = 1.00; n = 7,962).

	Kotsi e fokolang ea ho lemalla thobalano (BYSAS lintlha tsa 1-6; n = 10,907)	Kotsi ea ho lemalla thobalano ka tekano (≥ 7 / <4 litekanyetso li phethahetse; n = 4,490)	Ho ipeha kotsing ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate (Ho phethahatsa mekhoa ea 4-6; n = 174)
E ikemetseng e fapaneng	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
bong _{(1 = ♂, 2 = ♀)}	0.272 (0.250 - 0.295)	0.081 (0.073 - 0.090)	0.035 (0.023 - 0.051)
Age	0.982 (0.980 - 0.985)	0.968 (0.965 - 0.972)	0.956 (0.941 - 0.972)
Kamano ea _{(1 = in, 2 = ha e eo)}	1.045 (0.977 - 1.118)	1.105 (1.010 - 1.210)	1.030 (0.738 - 1.437)
Education _{(referense = Bachelor's degree)}
Sekolo sa mathomo	0.752 (0.669 - 0.845)	0.694 (0.595 - 0.809)	1.238 (0.740 - 2.071)
Sekolo se phahameng	0.984 (0.906 - 1.069)	0.964 (0.860 - 1.080)	1.083 (0.680 - 1.727)
Sekolo sa Koetliso	1.034 (0.942 - 1.136)	1.066 (0.940 - 1.210)	1.299 (0.782 - 2.158)
Lengolo la thuto e phahameng ea masters	0.953 (0.867 - 1.047)	0.848 (0.740 - 0.971)	1.022 (0.554 - 1.884)
PhD degree	0.777 (0.587 - 1.030)	0.737 (0.493 - 1.102)	3.229 (1.071 - 9.734)
Extroversion	1.030 (1.020 - 1.040)	1.045 (1.031 - 1.059)	1.059 (1.010 - 1.111)
agreeableness	1.008 (0.995 - 1.020)	0.988 (0.973 - 1.004)	0.946 (0.900 - 0.995)
Ho ba hlokolosi	0.958 (0.948 - 0.969)	0.915 (0.903 - 0.928)	0.886 (0.844 - 0.930)
Neuroticism	1.010 (0.999 - 1.021)	1.097 (1.081 - 1.113)	1.249 (1.183 - 1.319)
Bohlale / monahano	1.015 (1.004 - 1.025)	1.025 (1.010 - 1.039)	1.002 (0.951 - 1.055)
Boithati	0.976 (0.968 - 0.984)	0.928 (0.918 - 0.939)	0.858 (0.829 - 0.888)
Narcissism	1.027 (1.023 - 1.030)	1.059 (1.054 - 1.065)	1.091 (1.072 - 1.111)

Bula ka fensetere e fapaneng

Liphetho tsa bohlokoa ka sebete. KAPA, karo-karolelano ea karolelano; CI, nako ea ho itšepa; BYSAS, Bergen-Yale Ho Kopanela Liphatlalatso Tsa Thobalano.

Eya ho:

Puisano

Le ha boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano bo phehisanoa ka mokhoa oa ho emela bokhoba ba ho lemalla, lithulusi tsa tlhahlobo ea ts'ebetso ea ho hlahloba bothata bona ha li kenyelelitse mekhoa ea mantlha ea ho lemalla. Ka lebaka leo, BYSAS e ile ea ntlafatsoa molemong oa ho hlola phallo ena mme thepa ea eona ea psychometric ea hlahlojoa sampole e kholo ea naha. Ho netefatsa bonnete ba litaba, ts'ebetso ea kaho e ne e ipapisitse le likarolo tse bonts'ang likarolo tsohle tsa tlhabollo. Bohlahlobisisi bo matla bo bontšitse hore BYSAS e na le li-psychometric tse ntle, mme ho buisanoa ka tsona ka tlase.

Moetso oa ntlha e le 'ngoe e amanang le khokahano e khethehileng pakeng tsa salience (BYSAS₁) le mamello (BYSAS₂) mantsoe a phoso a fumane molemo o moholo oa ho lekana le data e hlokometsoeng. Ho latela mohlala ona, keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali e eketsa menyetla ea ho buella tšobotsi e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea bohlokoa ea ho lemalla. Ha e ntse e fana ka maikutlo a ntlha e 'ngoe e ka sehloohong, ts'ehetso ea lehae lipakeng tsa ho thella le ho mamellana e etsa hore motho a tsotelloe. Ha ho nahanoa ka se kahare ho lintho tsena tse peli, khokahano e setseng ha e bue ka ho ts'oana ha maemo, empa e ka bonts'a phetisetso e itseng, ka hore bohlasoa bo ka kenya letsoho ho matlafatsong ea thobalano. Maemong a tsamaiso ea boholo bo sebetsang, ho itšetleha ka lehae ha ho na bohlokoa joalo, hobane kakaretso ea lintho ha e le hantle e supa sekhahla se le seng. Molemo o mongata oa ho lekana mohlala oa ntlha e le 'ngoe le thepa e tšoanang e phahameng o bontšitse hore BYSAS e bonts'a mohaho o le mong. Ka lebaka leo, Hypothesis 1 le 2 li ile tsa tšehetsoa ke sephetho sa tlhahlobo ea data. Ho latela lipatlisiso tsa DIF, tse tona li fumane lintlha tse phahameng ho feta tsa basali ka BYSAS₄ le tlase ho BYSAS₃ athe bacha ba baholo (lilemo tsa 16-39) ba hloaile holimo ka BYSAS₃ le tlase ho BYSAS₄ bapisoa le batho ba baholo ba baholo (40 ho lilemo tsa 88). Boemong ba tlhahlobo, litla-morao tsena li ile tsa hlakoloa ka ho tšoana, ka hona, ts'usumetso e neng e le maemong a tlhahlobo e ne e sa tsejoe.

Ho ne ho e-na le khokahano ea bohlokoa le e ntle ea khokahano (0.52) lipakeng tsa lintlha ho BYSAS le SPQ-S (Christo et al., 2003). Tšebelisano ena e phahameng e bonts'a bonnete ba phetoho ea BYSAS mme e fana ka ts'ehetso bakeng sa Hypothesis 3. Liphetho li boetse li bonts'a hore BYSAS le SPQ-S li bonts'a likamano tse ts'oanang le mefuta e meng e hlahlojoang thutong ea hajoale. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse ling tse hlahlobang bonnete ba convergent le ts'epahalo ea tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea BYSAS lia hlokahala. Kabo ea lipalo tsa BYSAS e ile ea ts'oaroa ka matla ho le letšehali (ke hore, lintlha tse tlase), joalo ka ha ho lebelletsoe hobane BYSAS e lekolitse matšoao a bokhoba ba thobalano ka sampole e kholo e sa khethiloeng ea baahi. Ho ba le tjantjello / takatso le mamello li ne li lumelloa khafetsa sehlopheng sa maemo a holimo ho feta lintho tse ling, 'me lintho tsena li ne li na le lintlha tse phahameng haholo. Sena se bonahala se utloahala kaha tsena li bontša matšoao a fokolang haholo (mohlala, potso mabapi le khatello ea maikutlo: batho ba fumana lintlha tse holimo ha ba ikutloa ba sithabetse maikutlo, ebe ba rera ho ipolaea). Sena se kanna sa bontša phapano lipakeng tsa boitlamo le bokhoba ba tahi (hangata bo bonoang lebaleng la tahi ea papali) - moo lintho li fang tlhahisoleseling mabapi le botsitso, takatso, mamello le ho fetoloa ha maikutlo ho tsekoang hore li bonts'a boitlamo, athe lintho tse tlatsang ho khaotsa, ho khutla hape le khohlano haholoanyane ho lemalla. Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka ba hore boikhohomoso, takatso le mamello li kanna tsa sebetsa ebile li hlahella litlamong tsa boitšoaro ho fapana le ho ikhula le ho khutlela morao.

Mabapi le demographic, liphetho tse tsoang ho multivariate li sekaseka concur le se fumanoeng lithutong tse fetileng (Kafka, 2010; Karila et al., 2014; Campbell le Stein, 2015; Wéry et al., 2016a; Wéry le Billieux, 2017), hape e tšehelitsoe Hypothesis 4. Ho ba le lintlha tse phahameng ho BYSAS ho ne ho amahanngoa le ho ba banna le banna ba hloahloa ho feta basali linthong tsohle tse tšeletseng tsa BYSAS, tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore banna ba kotsing e fetang ea basali ea ho eketsa bokhoba ba thobalano. Sena se tsamaisana le taba ea hore boholo ba batho ba batlang thuso ea litsebi bakeng sa boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali ke banna (Kafka, 2010; Griffiths le Dhuffar, 2014; Campbell le Stein, 2015). Ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, sena se ka supa hore basali ka tekanyo e nyane ba tla ka lebaka la sekhobo se tebileng sechabeng le lihlong tsa kahare ho feta banna (Gilliland et al., 2011; Dhuffar le Griffiths, 2014, 2015). Age e ne e amana haholo le bokhoba ba thobalano, 'me e ts'oana le bopaki bo bonts'ang hore motho o sa le monyane ke ntho e ka fokolisang motho ho etseng le ho boloka bokhoba ka kakaretso (Chambers et al., 2003). Ntle le moo, kaha ho ka thoe mefuta e meng ea thobalano e fetelletseng e ka ba boima 'meleng le hore libido tsa thobalano li batla li fokotseha ha batho ba ntse ba tsofala, ho ka etsahala hore ebe ha ho makatse hore tšebeliso ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali e amana le botsofali.

Ho se be kamanong ho ne ho boetse ho kopantsoe le bokhoba ba thobalano, mohlomong hobane batho ba se nang balekane ba susumetsoa haholo ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tsa thobalano tse sa ts'oanang ho feta ba kamanong e tsitsitseng (Ballester-Arnal et al., 2014; Letsatsi et al., 2014). Tlhaloso e 'ngoe e ka ba hore "bokhoba ba thobalano" bo na le mathata a ho theha le ho boloka likamano (mohlala, ho sithabela maikutlo ha bongoana, ho ikamahanya le maemo, joalo joalo ;; Dhuffar le Griffiths, 2015; Weinstein et al., 2015). Liphetho tsa hajoale li bonts'itse hore, ha ho bapisoa le sehlopha sa litšupiso (ho ba le lengolo la Bachelor), ba nang le thuto e phahameng (ke hore, ho ba le PhD) ba na le monyetla oa ho ba le lintlha tse phahameng tsa BYSAS. Kaha thuto e amana le maemo a phahameng sechabeng, e kanna eaba batho ba joalo ba fumana menyetla e mengata ea thobalano, haholo ho banna (Buss, 1998). Leha ho le joalo, re ile ra hlahloba litlamorao tsa tšebelisano (Gender x PhD), tseo ho seng letho la eona le ileng la fetoha la bohlokoa (Banana x Bachelor ha ho bapisoa; litholoana tse sa bonts'ang). Le ha ho le joalo, lithuto tsa nako e tlang li lokela ho lekola tšebelisano ea Gender x malebana le bokhoba ba thobalano.

Lintlha tse ngata tsa BYSAS li ne li e-na le likamano tse ntle le neuroticism, extroversion, le kelello / monahano, le likamano tse mpe tse lumellanang le letsoalo. Ka kakaretso, liphetho tsa litlhahlobo tsa multivariate li ne li lebelletsoe, mme li tšehetsa bonnete ba khethollo ea BYSAS (Hypothesis 5). Kamano e ntle le ho qhekella e ka bonts'a tloaelo ea ho batla ho hlasimoloha har'a batho ba bang, le ho ameha ha bona ka polelo ea motho ka mong le ntlafatso ea botle ba hae (Costa le Widiger, 2002). Tloaelo ea bona ea bophelo le eona e ka eketsa menyetla ea menyetla ea thobalano (mohlala, ho thabela botsoalle meketjaneng, meketjaneng ea boithabiso, jj.). Kamano e ntle le neuroticism e boetse e tiisa liphumano ho tsoa lithuto tse fetileng (Pinto et al., 2013; Rettenberger et al., 2016; Walton et al., 2017), mme e amana le monahano oa hore thobalano e na le phello e tšoenyang (Coleman, 1992), Mme ho nka karolo liketsong tsa thobalano ho ka sebetsa e le ho baleha maikutlo a bohloko (O'Brien le DeLongis, 1996; Dhuffar et al., 2015; Wéry et al., 2016b). Mahlale a kelello le monahano o bile le likamano tse ntle le boitšoaro bo bobe ba thobalano. Sena se ka bonts'a 'nete ea hore batho ba hloloheloang haholo mokhoeng ona ba batla ho iphelisa ka ho batla boiphihlelo bo tebileng, bo sa tloaelehang, kapa / kapa bo nyakallo, joalo ka boits'oaro bo itseng ba thobalano-le ho ts'oara ha bona mokhoa oa tumelo o lokolohileng (Costa le Widiger, 2002). Ho ba le letsoalo le ho amoheleha ho ne ho amana ka mokhoa o fapaneng le bokhoba ba thobalano, bo ka hlalosoang ke taba ea hore litsobotsi tsena li bonts'a likarolo tse kang boits'oaro le bokhoni ba ho hanela liteko, le ho beha lithahasello tse ling pele ho tsa hau, le ho ba le kutloelo-bohloko le boits'oaro bo botle. Ha li kopantsoe hammoho, liphuputso tsa hajoale li tšehetsa mohopolo oa hore ho lumellana le ho ba le letsoalo (ka kakaretso) ho sireletsa khahlanong le lithethefatsi, athe ho qhekella le neuroticism (Ke ba fokolang et al., 2014) ba tsamaise - lintho tse fumanoeng tse tlalehiloeng hosele (mohlala, Hill et al., 2000; Kotov et al., 2010; Maclaren et al., 2011; Zhenya et al., 2013; Walton et al., 2017).

Boithuto ba hona joale bo fumane tlhekefetso ea thobalano e amana hantle le narcissism, hape e amana hampe le boitšepo, e ts'ehetsa Hypothesis 6 le lithuto tse fetileng (Kafka, 2010; Kor et al., 2014; Kasper et al., 2015; Doornwaard et al., 2016). Liphumano tsena li bonts'a hore boitšoaro ba thobalano e ka ba mokhoa oa ho loants'a boitšepo bo tlase le ho ntlafatsa boitšepo bo phahameng (mohlala, litlamorao tse amanang le ho ba le thobalano ho kenyelletsa maikutlo a ho tuma, ho amohela litlatsetso, maikutlo a ho hlonepha ha motho a etsa thobalano, ho fuoa tlhokomelo nakong ya thobalano, jj.), ho baleha maikutlo a tlase a ho itšepa, kapa thobalano e lemalloang e fokotsa boitšepo. Litloaelo tsa narcissistic le tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi tsa thobalano li fetohile li sa tšoane lithutong tse fetileng (Black et al., 1997; Raymond et al., 2003;; Kafka, 2010; MacLaren le Best, 2013; Kasper et al., 2015), hape e ka supa hore boitšoaro ba thobalano ke sesupo sa mekhoa e metle (mohlala, takatso ea ho tsotelloa, ho hlolloa, le matla, tlatlapo le maikutlo a ho fumana melemo, jj.). Monyetla o mong ke hore boitšoaro bo fetelletseng ba ho ba le thobalano bo hlohlelletsa mekhoa e metle hara ba nang le palo e phahameng ea balekane ba thobalano.

Meeli le matla a thuto ea joale

Phuputso e teng hona joale e haelloa ke mefokolo eohle e tloaelehileng ea tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhaiso-leseling (mohlala, khetho ea ho ikhethela, tekanyo ea karabelo e sa tsejoeng, le tlhaiso ea tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le batho ba sa arabeng). Ha lintlha ho BYSAS li ne li tsamaisoa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, kotsi ea litlamorao e neng e susumetsa sephetho (mohlala, likamano tse tlase pakeng tsa li-constructs) e ne e le teng. Leha ho le joalo, lenane le felletseng la lintlha tsohle le hlahisitsoe ho data, e leng ho matlafatsang bonnete ba kamano e lekantsoeng pakeng tsa li-construisher tse entsoeng lipatlisiso. Hape ho lokela ho hopoloa hore hoo e ka bang kotara ea ho fapana ha tlhahlobo ea maikutlo ea machaba e hlalositsoe ke mefuta e ikemetseng. Ho thehwa ha mekhahlelo e mene ea litekanyetso tsa bokhoba ba thobalano tse entsoeng thutong ea hona joale ho lokela ho nkuoa e le ntho e bohlokoa hobane ha ho litheko tse hlakileng kapa tse lumellanoeng ka mekhoa ea tlhahlobo. Sena se boetse se re sitisitse ho sebelisa tlhahlobo ea tšebeliso ea li-receiver function moo ho ka hlahlojoang lintlha tse mabapi le maikutlo le ho khetholoha khahlano le "standard standard" ea moralo oa lipatlisiso. khethollo, ka hona, ea theha likamano tse futsanehileng lipakeng tsa lintho tse fetohileng boithuto bo teng hona joale (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Ntle le moo, ka lebaka la boholo ba sampole bo fanang ka matla ho bohlahlobisiso, ho ka etsahala hore lihokelo tse nyane tse ngata li amana hantle. Leha tse ling tsa liphumano tsa bohlokoa li ka bonts'a likamano tse sa reng letho ka lebaka la sampole e kholo, boholo bo bong ba litlhahlobisong tsa tlhatlhobo bo ne bo lekane ho fihlela bo boholo bo fana ka maikutlo a kamano e matla le e nang le sepheo lipakeng tsa mefuta ea thuto (Cohen, 1988).

Leha tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo e ne e sa tsejoe, ho tlaleha boits'oaro bo bobe ba thobalano bo ka amahanngoa le lihlong le taboo (Dhuffar le Griffiths, 2014), mme e kanna ea baka likarabo tse lakatsehang sechabeng. Hape, ho araba ka boithatelo sengoliloeng sa koranta ea inthanete se mabapi le boits'oaro bo fetelletseng ho kanna ha hohela mefuta e itseng ea batho (mohlala, ba neng ba sebelisa marang-rang ka mokhoa o fetelletseng, bacha). Leha ho le joalo, ho hohela batho ba joalo ho kanna ha ba molemo hape hobane ho ba le batho sampoleng ba nang le mathata a lemalloang ho kanna ha matlafatsa matla a sekala sa ho sebelisoa maemong a bongaka. Ho hlokahala lithuto tse ling ho etsa liteko tsa thepa ea BYSAS, haholoholo mabapi le ts'epahalo ea tlhahlobo ea liteko le ho ikamahanya le maemo moetlong.

Ho khethoa ha mehato ho kanna ha fokotsa le thuto ea hona joale, hobane likala tse ling tse sebetsang tsa kelello tse neng li lekola thobalano e nang le mathata li ne li sa sebelisoe ha li bapisoa le BYSAS. Mohlala, leqephe la lipotso tsa Hypersexual Disorder (HDQ; Reid et al., 2012) ke tekanyetso e felletseng ea tlhahlobo ho kenyelletsoa le lintlha tsa tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea lefu la hypersexual (Kafka, 2010). Leha ho le joalo, se hlahisitsoeng DSM-5 Mekhoa ha e bonts'e ka botlalo likarolo tsa tlatsetso tsa tlhekefetso tse kang ho mamella, ho tlosoa le ho feto-fetoha ha maikutlo. Kahoo, ho ile ha nkuoa ho loketseng haholoanyane ho bapisa BYSAS le tekanyo e ntlafalitsoeng e sebelisang khopolo le litekanyetso tsa ho lemalla.

Boholo ba sampole e kholo haholo thutong ea hona joale ke e 'ngoe ea matla a bohlokoa a ho fana ka matla a phahameng a lipalo mabapi le tlhahlobo eohle e entsoeng. Liphumano li tlatsana le lithuto tse ngata tse fetileng tsa batho ba fokolang tšimong le lithutong. Matla a mang a boithuto ba hona joale ke ho kenyelletsoa ha litekanyetso tse tobileng le tse ka sehlohlolong molemong oa kaho le nts'etsopele ea sekhahla le tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng le lisebelisoa tse netefalitsoeng tšebetsong ea netefatso. Hape, BYSAS e nka mohopolo oa ho lakatsa (ho batla / ho lakatsa naha), eo joale e eketsoeng ho DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) joalo ka sesupo sa ho lemalla. Ntle le moo, BYSAS ke sesebelisoa sa ho lemalla tlhekefetso ea thobalano ka bong, hobane ha e tsepamise maikutlo ho lihlopha tse itseng tsa batho (mohlala, monna, bong) kapa bohareng (mohlala, thobalano e fumanehang marang-rang). Ka lebaka leo, BYSAS e ka sebelisoa ho lekola liketso tsa thobalano tse fumanehang marang-rang le tse fumanehang kantle ho naha mme e loketse ho lekola boits'oaro ba mehleng ena ba thobalano. Matla a mang a mantlha e ne e le hore thuto e phatlalalitsoe naheng ka bophara eseng sebakeng sa heno (khatisong ea naha). Mochine oa khatiso oa naha oa Norway o tsebahala ka ho ba le bamameli ba bangata ka palo ha o bapisoa le khatiso ea lehae. Ka hona, mohlala o kanna oa ba moemeli oa baahi ba Norway haholo 'me o eme hantle ho feta lithuto tse ling tse sebelisitsoeng molemong oa hae. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea lithuto tse fokolang lefapheng lena tse shebaneng le bongata ka kakaretso, hape e na le karolo e kholo ea basali le bona. Ntle le moo, bophahamo ba sekhahla sena se secha bo etsa hore e tšoanelehe ho kenyelletsoa lipatlisong tse sa lekanyetsoang tsa sebaka.

Nahanisisa

Thutong ea hona joale ho thehiloe tekanyo e ncha ea ho lekola boitšoaro bo bobe ba botona le botšehali, BYSAS. Ho tšepahala le ho BYSAS ho thehiloe ka sampole ea naha ea 23,533 ea batho ba baholo ba Norway. Sebopeho se nkoang e le 'ngoe se tiisitsoe ke EFA le CFA,' me ho tsitsipana ha kahare ho ne ho phahame. Ka ho kenyelletsa lintho tse koahelang matšoao ohle a ho lemalla, ho nepahala ha litaba ho netefalitsoe. BYSAS e ne e netefalitsoe khahlanong le tekanyo e ngoe ea bokhoba ba thobalano le litekanyetso tsa palo ea batho, botho le boitšepo; 'me ho etsoe tlhahiso ea hore ho tla khaoloa lintlha tse seng kotsi. Ka kakaretso, BYSAS ke sesebelisoa se sebetsang sa kelello le se sebetsang sa ho lekanya tšebeliso ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali, e ka sebelisoang ka bolokolohi ke bafuputsi le litsebi lithutong tsa mafu a amanang le mafu le litlhophiso tsa kalafo.

Menehelo ea Mongoli

CA: E kentse letsoho molemong oa mohopolo le moralo oa mosebetsi, ho fumana, ho sekaseka, le phetolelo ea tlhaiso-leseling; TT: E kentse letsoho tlhahlobisong; SP, MG, TT, le RS: E kentse letsoho phetolelong ea data bakeng sa mosebetsi; CA: O hlophisitsoe mosebetsi; Bangoli bohle ba ile ba ntlafatsa mosebetsi ka mokhoa o hlakileng ho latela litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa mahlale; Bangoli bohle ba amohetse mofuta oa ho qetela mme ba ikarabella bakeng sa likarolo tsohle tsa mosebetsi ho latela bonnete ba hore lipotso tse amanang le ho nepahala kapa botsitso ba karolo efe kapa efe ea mosebetsi li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka nepo le ho rarolloa.

Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello

Bangoli ba bolela hore lipatlisiso li ne li etsoa ka ho se be le likamano leha e le life tsa khoebo kapa tsa lichelete tse ka nkoang e le khohlano e ka 'nang ea e-ba le thahasello.

Sehlomathiso A

Bergen-ile tekanyo ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate

Mona ka tlase ho na le lipotso tse mabapi le kamano ea hau le thobalano. (NB! Ka thobalano ho bolela mona mehopolo e fapaneng ea thobalano, likhothaletso le boits'oaro bo joalo ka ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa tsa botšehali, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, liketso tsa thobalano le batho ba baholo ba lumelang, cybersex, thobalano ea mohala, lihlopha tsa metsero, joalo joalo. Khetha mofuta o mong oa karabo bakeng sa potso ka 'ngoe e u hlalosang hantle.

	Selemong se fetileng u bile le hangata hakae...	Ka seoelo	Hangata	Ka linako tse ling	Hangata	Hangata haholo
1.	U qetile nako e ngata u nahana ka thobalano / ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali kapa thobalano e reriloeng?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
2.	Na o bile le takatso ea ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho ea pele?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
3.	O sebelisitse thobalano / ho ipholla litho tsa botona kapa botšehali ho lebala ka / ho baleha mathata a hau?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
4.	O ile oa leka ho fokotsa ho robala le thobalano ntle le katleho?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
5.	O ka phomola kapa oa tšoenyeha haeba o thibetsoe ho thobalano?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
6.	Na o bile le thobalano e ngata haholo hoo e bileng le tšusumetso e mpe likamanong tsa hau tse ikemetseng, moruo, bophelo bo botle le / kapa mosebetsi / lithuto?	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑

Lintho tsohle li pakiloe hammoho ka bongata: 0 = Ka seoelo, 1 = Khafetsa, 2 = Ka linako tse ling, 3 = Hangata, 4 = Khafetsa

Eya ho:

Sehlomathiso B

Potso e khutšoanyane ea PROMIS-subscale ea thobalano

Ka tlase ke lipotso tse ling mabapi le kamano ea hau le thobalano. Khetha mofuta o mong oa karabo bakeng sa potso ka 'ngoe e u hlalosang hantle^a

Likarabo li lokela ho fanoa bakeng sa tšebeliso ea nako ea bophelo bohle ho fapana le tšebeliso ea morao-rao feela, na u kile…		Eseng joalo ka nna					Ba bangata ba joaloka nna
		0	1	2	3	4	5
1.	Ke fumana ho le thata ho fetisetsa monyetla oa ho itlosa bolutu ka thobalano kapa tlhekefetso	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
2.	Ba bang ba bontšitse ho tšoenyeha ho hoholo ka boitšoaro ba ka ba thobalano	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
3.	Ke ithorisa ka lebelo leo ka lona nka etsang thobalano le motho mme ka fumana hore ho robala le motho eo u sa mo tsebeng ho ea thabisa	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
4.	Nka nka monyetla oa ho etsa thobalano le ha ke sa tsoa ba le eona le motho e mong	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
5.	Ke fumana ho etsa thobalano le motho ea etsang thobalano ho etsa hore ke tlohele ho khahloa ke molekane eo mme ho etsa hore ke qale ho batla e mong	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
6.	Ke tloaetse ho netefatsa hore ke etsa thobalano ea mefuta e fapaneng ho fapana le ho emela hore molekane oa ka oa kamehla a be teng hape kamora ho kula kapa ho ba sieo	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
7.	Ke bile le litaba tse phetoang le ha ke ne ke e-na le kamano e tloaelehileng	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
8.	Ke bile le baratuoa ba bararo kapa ho feta ba tloaelo ea ho kopanela liphate ka nako e le 'ngoe	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
9.	Ke kopanetse thobalano le motho eo ke sa mo rateng ka boithaopo	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑
10.	Ke tloaetse ho fetola balekane haeba thobalano e fetoha pheta-pheto	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑	❑

Bula ka fensetere e fapaneng

Mohloli: Ho tloha Mokhoa oa ho Khetholla Litloaelo tse Tlatsetsang ka R. Lefever, 1988, London, UK: PROMIS Publishing. [Sena ke mohloli oa lethathamo la lipotso tsa PROMIS, tseo ho neng ho nkuoe lintho tsa tšehetso ea thobalano ho tsona.]. Tokelo ea bongoli ke Clinics ea PROMIS. E hatisitsoe ka tumello e mosa e tsoang ho R. Lefever (puisano ea botho, Hlakubele 14, 2017).

^aMantsoe a sebelisang ho sebelisoa thupelong ea hajoale, eseng ho tsoa ho SPQ.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

¹Sethla sa litekanyetso (O tsepamisitse maikutlo, o lihlong, oa Phekola, o utloisa ba bang bohloko, o sa laoloe, o utloile bohloko) o thehiloe ho PATHOS, eo ma-Gerike a e sebelisang bakeng sa "mahlomola".

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Ntšetso-pele le ho tiisoa ha Bergen-Yale ea ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate ka ho kopanela liphate ka sekhahla se seholo sa naha (2018)

inahaneloang

Selelekela

Lisebelisoa le mekhoa

Tsamaiso

barupeluoa ba

Mehato

Boemo ba palo ea batho

Bergen-eona e tlohelang litheko tsa thobalano (BYSAS)

Lethathamo 1

Potso e khutšoane ea PROMIS — thobalano

Tse hlano tse kholo

Narcissism

Boithati

Tlhahlobo ea lintlha

Results

Morero oa kaho le nts'etsopele

Lethathamo 2

Lethathamo 3

Ho tshepahala le ho tsitsinyeha kahare ho BYSAS

Ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo le khethollo

Lethathamo 4

Kamano le demographics, great tano, narcissism, le boitšepo

Lethathamo 5

Puisano

Meeli le matla a thuto ea joale

Nahanisisa

Menehelo ea Mongoli

Khohlano ea polelo ea thahasello

Sehlomathiso A

Bergen-ile tekanyo ea bokhoba ba ho lemalla ho kopanela liphate

Sehlomathiso B

Potso e khutšoanyane ea PROMIS-subscale ea thobalano

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

References

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