Liphello Tsa Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Litabeng Tsa Boitšoaro Lits'ebetsong (2019)

inahaneloang

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha li sa hlola li etsoa ke sehlopha se senyenyane kapa sephiring sa lehae la motho. Ho e-na le hoo, e tletse moetlo oa mehleng ea kajeno, ho akarelletsa le tikoloho ea mosebetsi. Kaha re na le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, re ithuta kamoo ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho amang boitšoaro bo sa lokelanghaleng mosebetsing. Ho sebelisa lintlha tsa lipatlisiso ho tloha sampong e bontšang hore e lekanyelitsoe le sampuli e emelang naha ka palo ea batho, re fumana kopano e ntle pakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boitšoaro bo sa reroang. Re ntan'o tsamaisa liteko ho fana ka bopaki bo bongata. Tlhahlobo e tiisa hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse senyang li etsa hore batho ba se ke ba itšoara hantle. Re fumana hore kamano ena e nahanngoa ka ho eketsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng ho tloha ho tsoa ho batho ba bang ka lebaka la ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho kopantsoe, liphetho tsa rona li bontša hore ho khetha ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho etsa hore batho ba itšoare ka tsela e sa reng letho. Hobane boitšoaro bo sa nepahaleng ba basebetsi bo 'nile ba hokahanngoa le liphello tse ngata tse mpe tsa mokhatlo tse kenyelletsang bolotsana, ho arohana, le mekhoa e meng ea boithati, liphello tsa rona li ama mekhatlo e mengata ea sechaba.

Journal ea Boitšoaro ba Khoebo (2019): 1-18.

Mecham, Nathan W., Melissa F. Lewis-Bophirimela, le David A. Wood.

Keywords: Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Ethics Boits'oaro bo sa lokelang Tšebelisano 

Selelekela

Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro hase ntho e ncha, empa tšebeliso ea tsona e eketsehile haholo lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng (mohlala, Price et al. ). Ka lebaka leo, mosebetsi o kileng oa sebelisoa feela ho bashanyana ba lilemong tsa bocha le karolo e nyane ea batho ba baholo e fetohile sebaka se tloaelehileng esita le libakeng tsa khoebo. Ho hakanyetsoa hore Maamerika a limilione a 40 kamehla etela li-website tsa bootsoa (Ropelato ). Phuputso ea 2018 e fumana hore hoo e batlang e le 60% ea ba arabelitsoeng ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mosebetsing, ka halofo ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khoeli le khoeli le 10% ba e shebella letsatsi le leng le le leng (McDonald ). Ho joalo, 70% ea sephethe-phethe sa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro inthaneteng e etsahala lipakeng tsa hora ea 9 hoseng le hora ea bohlano mantsiboea, nako eo ho ka etsahalang hore batho ba bangata ba sebetsa (Conlin ;; Mahlo a Selekane ). Sehlooho sa morao-rao sa Bloomberg se fihletse hore "ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa liofising ho tloaelehile haholo" (Suddath ). Ntle le lipalo-palo, ho na le mehlala e mengata ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mosebetsing.1 Ka mohlala:

Nakong ea lilemo tse 5 tse fetileng, SEC OIG (Ofisi ea Mohlahlobi Kakaretso) e netefalitse hore basebetsi ba 33 SEC kapa kapa borakonteraka ba tlotse melao le maano a Khomishene, hammoho le Melao ea Boitšoaro ea mmuso ka bophara, ka ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​tse totobetseng ka motabo kapa tsa thobalano litšoantšo tse sebelisang lisebelisoa tsa likhomphutha tsa mmuso le nako ea semmuso (CNN ).

Ka lilemo tse 2, molaoli ea phahameng k'hamphaning ea lichelete ea New England o ne a fihla mosebetsing hoseng ho hong le ho hong, a lumelisa mongoli oa hae, ebe o koala lemati la ofisi ea hae e pharalletseng le e fensetere ka mora hae. Joalo ka nako ea nako, o ile a hula mahlo 'me a sekamisetsa k'homphieutha ea hae ho eena e le hore — ha mang kapa mang a ka kena ka tšohanyetso — ba se ke ba tseba hore na o etsa eng. Bakeng sa hora e latelang ea 6, 'me ka linako tse ling a robeli, o ile a ea Marang-rang bakeng sa libaka tsa thobalano tse mpe ka ho fetesisa tseo a ka li fumanang (Conlin ).

Ho sebelisa Molao oa Tokoloho oa Boitsebiso, sehlopha sa News 4 I-Team se fumane litlaleho tsa lipatlisiso tse tsoang mekhatlong e 'meli ea federal e le ho bokella mehlala ea linyeoe tsa morao tjena tse sebelisoang hampe ke basebetsi. Sampuli e senola bonyane linyeoe tsa 50 tsa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso kapa tsa bokebekoa tse shebelang mekhatlo eo ea 12 ho tloha 2015, ho kenyelletsa le tse 'maloa tseo basebetsi ba ileng ba lumela hore ba qeta matsatsi a mangata mosebetsing ba shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (NBC ).

Pejana selemong sena mohiruoa oa Setsi sa Ts'ireletso ea Tikoloho ea US o ile a ts'oaroa, hoo e ka bang ka nepo, a borikhoe ba hae. Moemeli ea ikhethang oa Ofisi ea Mohlahlobi Kakaretso oa EPA o ile a tla ofising ea mosebeletsi ea maemong a phahameng ho fumana hore na hobaneng a bolokile litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro litsing tsa marang-rang. Moemeli o ile a kena ho moshemane eo — u ile ua nahana joalo — a shebelletse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ha a hatelloa, mohiruoa o ile a lumela hore o ntse a shebile libaka tsa bootsoa bakeng sa 2 ho isa ho 6 h letsatsi le leng le le leng la mosebetsi ho tloha 2010 (Suddath ).

Lipalo-palo tsena le lipale tsa khale li hlakisa hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mosebetsing ke taba e kholo. Le hoja batsamaisi ba lokela ho tšoha hobane nako le thepa e senyehile ka lebaka la litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mosebetsing (le ba bang ba hakanya ho lahleheloa ke lik'hamphani tsa US ho feta $ 16.9 selemo le selemo2), tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka ba bothata le ho feta haeba e ama mekhoa e meng ea boipheliso mosebetsing. Ka ho khetheha, tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e ka ama tšebetso ea basebetsi hore ba itšoare hantle. Ka lebaka leo, re batlisisa kamano e bakoang ke ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang.

Re hlaolela mohlala oa kamoo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li eketsang boitšoaro bo sa nepahalang ho latela lipatlisiso tsa pele. Patlisiso e qalang e fana ka litsela tse peli tse ka 'nang tsa etsoa ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho eketsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Ntlha ea pele, lipatlisiso li fumane hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho eketsa ho lieha ho fokotsa nako ;; Negash et al. ;; Van den Bergh et al. ;; Wilson le Daly ). Batho ba nang le mekhoa e mengata ea ho senya liphello tsa nakong e tlang ba ikemiselitse ho tlohela melemo e kholo ea nakong e tlang bakeng sa melemo e menyenyane ea kapele. Ho lieha ho fokotseha ho theoleloa ho amana le ho fokotsa boits'oaro le ho eketseha ho tsitsitseng, boitšoaro bo khutšoanyane (Fawcett et al. ), e leng ho eketsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang (Lee et al. ). Ka lebaka leo, ho eketsa ho lieha ho fokotsa ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho lebeletsoe ho eketsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang.

Ntlha ea bobeli, lipatlisiso tsa pele li fumanoa hore ho senyeha ha boitšoaro ho eketsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang (mohlala, Detert et al. ;; Gabbiadini et al. ). Bandura's () mohlala oa boitšoaro bo hlephileng oa boitšoaro o akarelletsa mekhoa e robeli3 e leng ho thusang boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Re tsepamisa mohopolo ho e mong oa marang-rang4-A hobane lipatlisiso tsa pele li bontša hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li eketsa matla a ho shebella ba bang (Fagan ;; Peter le Valkenburg ;; Schneider ). Ke hore, haeba litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa li eketsa ho fokolloa ha boitšoaro, joale ts'oaetso e ka 'na ea e-ba mohato. Kahoo, re lebeletse hore litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso ea bootsoa li tla eketsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang haeba li eketsa mekhoa ea basebetsi ba ho khelosa ba bang. Ka kakaretso, re lebeletse hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka amahanngoa hantle le boitšoaro bo sa nepahaleng 'me ka lebaka lena ho bonahala ho tloha keketseho ea ho lieha ho fokotsa, ho silafatsa, kapa ka bobeli.

Ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang, re sebelisa mekhoa e 'meli ea tlatsetso, phuputso le liteko, tse nang le matla a fapaneng a matla le mefokolo. Phuputso e re lumella hore re hlahlobe hore na liphello li teng ka ntle ho setsi sa laboratori. Tlhahlobo e fana ka bopaki bo bongata le bopaki ka mekhoa ea motheo (e leng, ho lieha ho theola le ho fokotsa litšila). Hammoho, liphetho tse tsitsitseng ho latela mekhoa ea litsela li fana ka bopaki bo matla ba hore liphello li bobeli le tse hlakileng.

Taba ea pele, re etsa lipatlisiso ka mohlala o bontšang batho ba naha ea United States ka palo ea batho. Sampong ena ea batho ba baholo ba 1083 ba US, re fumana hore 44% ea tlhahlobo ea tlaleho ea hore ha ba bone litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, 24% e tlaleha hore ha ho joalo ho e shebelang, 22% ka linako tse ling e e sheba, 'me 6% le 4% ba e shebella khafetsa le hangata, ka ho latellana . Re ile ra etsa ntho e ikhethileng e ileng ea botsa barupeluoa hore na ba ka be ba hlekefetse ka tsela e sa tšepahaleng molao oa k'hamphani bakeng sa melemo ea botho (ke hore, ba ka ba leshano hakae bakeng sa phaello ea lichelete). Re fumana kamano ea bohlokoa, e ntseng e eketseha ka bongata pakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boikemisetso ba ho itšoara hampe (ke hore, ho bua leshano bakeng sa phaello ea chelete). Kamano ena e matla ho laola litšoaneleho tse sa tšoaneng tsa batho ba arabelitsoeng.

Ea bobeli, ho fana ka bopaki ba hore liphello tsa rona li kotsi ebile ha li kopane feela le tlhaho le ho hlahloba karolo ea ho lieha ho fokotsa le ho fokotsa ts'ebetsong kamoo ho ka khonehang ho lumellana le mefuta-futa, re tsamaisa liteko. Bakeng sa liteko tsa rona, re sebelisitse barupeluoa ho qeta mosebetsi le ho lekanya haeba ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho susumetsa boikemisetso ba bona ba ho shirk mosebetsing le ho bua leshano ka mosebetsi o entsoeng-mekhoa e 'meli e tloaelehileng ea ho sebetsa mosebetsing (Rodriguez ). Ho sireletsa barupeluoa le ho bokella boitsebiso bo hlokahalang ho hlahloba maikutlo a rona, ha re pepese barupeluoa ka ho toba litšoantšong tsa bootsoa, ​​empa ho e-na le hoo re ile ra botsa barupeluoa boemo bo le bong ba liteko ho hopola le ho hlalosa ka ho qaqileng litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa tsa ho qetela. Sena se entse litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mehopolong ea ba khethang ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro 'me ba lumella ba sa khethang ho e shebella ho qoba ho pepesa ho sa hlokahaleng. Ka mor'a moo re ile ra laela barupeluoa hore mosebetsi oa bona e ne e le ho shebella video eohle ea 10. Video ena e ne e le boima, ka hona ho fa barupeluoa khothatso ea ho tlōla video. Hamorao re ile ra botsa barupeluoa haeba ba shebella video eohle mme ba lekanya hore na ke mang ea neng a bua leshano ka ho ngola hore na ba hlile ba shebile video kapa che.

Liphello tsa teko li bontša hore barupeluoa ba shirk mosebetsing (ka ho se shebella video) mme ba bua leshano ka mosebetsi o entsoeng ka 21% oa nako eo ba hopola phihlelo ea bona ea ho qetela ka litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le 8% feela ea nako eo ba neng ba hopola boemo bo se nang bootsoa . Kahoo, ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ile ha eketseha leshano ka linako tse ling tsa 2.6-e leng tšusumetso e khōlō le ea moruo e khōlō. Ho phaella moo, re leka lits'ebeletso tse peli tse ka khonehang bakeng sa phello ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ka boitšoaro bo sa lokelang-ho lieha ho fokotsa le ho fokotsa ts'oaetso. Liphello tsa lipatlisiso tsa rona tsa phelisano li bonts'etsa feela ho ruruha ha morali e le mokena-lipakeng oa bohlokoa. Tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e eketsa leshano la baetapele ba ba bang, e leng se eketsang boikemisetso ba bashebelli ba ho shirk mosebetsing le ho bua leshano bakeng sa melemo ea botho.

Leqephe lena le tlatsetsa lingoliloeng ka litsela tse 'maloa. Ena ke thuto ea pele, eo re e tsebang, e bontšang liphello tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Ho phaella moo, re ka khetholla bonyane tsela e le 'ngoe eo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bakang boitšoaro bo sa lokelang-ka ho eketsa ts'oaetso ea ba bang. Lipatlisiso tsa pele li bolela hore ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho tla eketsa ts'oaetso, empa ha re tsebe bopaki leha e le bofe bo bontšang sena. Ka hona, liphello tsa rona tsa liteko li tšehetsa khokahanyo e tloaelehileng, empa e sa latellane pakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boqhekelli. Liphetho tsena li boetse li bohlokoa bakeng sa likarolo tse 'maloa tsa ts'ebetso ea mokhatlo. Taba ea pele, Moore le al. () fana ka bopaki bo bontšang hore basebeletsi ba itšireletsa boitšoarong ka mokhoa oa ho tlosa litšila le mekhoa e meng ea ho qhekella e lebisang boitšoarong bo hlophisitsoeng bo hlophisitsoeng bo hlophisitsoeng ho kopanyelletsa le ho eketseha ha tšebetso ea bolotsana le mekhoa e meng e ikhethang ea boithati. Ka ho tšoanang, Welsh le al. () fana ka bopaki ba hore litokisetso tse nyane tsa boitšoaro li beha tsela bakeng sa litlōlo tse kholo tse lebisang ho bolotsana le mekhoa e meng ea liketso tsa khoebo.5 Ka lebaka leo, ho eketseha ha basebetsi ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho ka 'na ha eketsa kotsi ea ho qhekella le ho beha mekhoa e meng ea boithati e finyellang lipakane tsa mokhatlo.

Taba ea bobeli, hobane ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e baka ho hobosa ba bang, ketsahalo ea tlhekefetso ea motabo kapa tikoloho e mabifi ea mosebetsi e kanna ea eketseha ka keketseho ea ts'ebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tsa basebetsi. Sena se kotsi mekhatlong hobane tlhekefetso e beha litšenyehelo tse tobileng ho khamphani (mohlala, ho tloha ho patala ho ea ho US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) le baqosi, litefiso tsa 'muelli) le litšenyehelo tse sa tobang ho latela tlhahiso e lahlehileng le letseno la basebetsi. Tlaleho ea 2016 e fanoeng ke US EEOC e phethela ka hore litšenyehelo tse sa tobang tsa tlhahiso e lahlehileng ea tlhekefetso li namela ho basebetsi bohle, eseng feela ba amehileng ka kotloloho, le hore litšenyehelo tsa eona tsa 'nete li kenyelletsa tlhahiso e lahlehileng, phaello e eketsehileng le tšenyo ea botumo ba feme.

Qetellong, liphello tsa rona ke tsa bohlokoa hobane li fana ka maikutlo a litšenyehelo tse ling tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho phaella boitšoarong bo litšila. Hobane litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li eketsa tšebetso ea basebetsi ho senya ba bang, e ka 'na eaba le eona e baka liphello tse ling tse mpe tse bakoang ke ho silafatsoa ntle le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Ka mohlala, ho nyefoloa ho etsa hore ho be le meeli (Bar-Tal ), e ka bonahalang ha motho kapa sehlopha a abeloa ho ba thibela ho fumana ts'ebetsong; pefo (Greitemeyer le McLatchie ;; Rudman le Mescher ), e ka 'nang ea bontšoa ka ho hlekefetsoa ka mantsoe ke mookameli; le ho se ikemisetse ho thusa ba bang (Andrighetto et al. ;; Cuddy et al. ), e ka bang le liphello tse mpe haholo-holo lihlahisoa tsa sehlopha. Re fumane liphello tse mpe tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo re li fumanang thutong ena le tseo ba bang ba li fumane (Malamuth le Ceniti ;; Willoughby et al. ), ke habohlokoa bakeng sa khoebo, lipolotiki le baeta-pele ba bang ho nahana ka likotsi tse kholo tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse tlisoang ho fihlellong ea liphello tsa mokhatlo le ho arabela ho latela.

Kakaretso ea lingoliloeng

Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ke lentsoe le leholo le akarelletsang likarolo tse ngata tse fapaneng. Ka lebaka la tlhaho ea eona e pharaletseng, re latela Negash et al. () 'me u hlalose litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha u shebella lintho tse hlalosang thobalano.6 Lilemong tse 25 tse fetileng, inthanete e ekelitse phihlello, theko e tlase, le ho se tsejoe ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (Cooper et al. ). Setsebi sa kelello se bolela hore lihlahisoa tsena ke "enjene" e "triple-A" 'me e tseba hore ke eona e susumetsang batho hore ba fetole litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso hobane batho ba ka khona ho fumana litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho tloha lapeng kapa mosebetsing, ka ho se tsejoe, le ka litšenyehelo tse tlaase (kapa ha) (mohlala, Cooper ;; Cooper le Griffin-Shelley ). Ha ho makatse hore ebe tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e eketsehile 'me e ntse e eketseha ka moloko o mong le o mong oa tsoalo (Price et al. ;; Wright ). Litlaleho tse ngata li tlaleha tlaleho e atileng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka mohlala, ho na le tlhahiso ea hore basebelisi ba 30,000 ba shebe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa motsotso o mong le o mong marang-rang (CNBC) ;; Ropelato ) le hore libaka tsa bootsoa li fumana baeti ba bangata ho feta Netflix, Amazon le Twitter tse kopantseng (Huffington Post ;; Negash et al. ). Litekanyo tse ling tse tsitsitseng li bontša hore lipatlisiso tse amanang le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li etsa karolo ea 13% ea sephethephethe sa marang-rang lefatšeng (Ogas le Gaddam ). Le hoja ho le thata ho lekanya ka mekhoa e nepahetseng ea ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​motho a ka kholiseha hore qeto ea hore litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li tloaelehile, 'me tšebeliso ea eona e eketsehile lilemong tsa morao tjena (mohlala, Ogas le Gaddam ;; Price et al. ;; Wright ).

Litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ha li bonahale eka li arohane le sechaba se senyenyane. Patlisiso ea morao tjena e hlahlobang litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e bontša hore bonyane 27% ea Maamerika a pakeng tsa lilemo tsa 18 le 89 ba shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Wright et al. ) 'me tekanyo ea ts'ebetso e sebelisoang e ka ba kholo haholo ho batho ba baholo. Carroll et al. () e tlaleha hore 87% ea banna ba baholo-ba baholo le 31% ea bacha-ba baholo ba basali ba senola mokhoa o mong oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tšebeliso e mpe ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le tekanyo ea keketseho ea tšebeliso ea eona e entse hore ho be le thahasello e kholo ea thuto, ka lipatlisiso tse ngata ho fumana liphello tse mpe tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.7

Le hoja lipatlisiso tsa pele li hlahisa liphello tsa botho ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, libuka li fana ka bopaki bo fokolang mabapi le kamoo litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li susumetsang mekhatlo le sechaba ka ho pharaletseng kateng, ho kenyelletsa le kamoo e susumetsang likhoebo kateng. Ha re tsebe ka patlisiso leha e le efe e tobileng ka ho toba kamoo ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho susumetsang boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Phomolo () e hlalosa boitšoaro bo sa lokelanghaleng joaloka ketso leha e le efe ea mokhatlo e hlokomolohang mekhoa ea boitšoaro e amohelehang ka ho fetisisa. Tlhaloso ena ea boitšoaro bo hlephileng e sebelisitsoe (mme e fumaneha e hlalosang) ka mefuta e fapa-fapaneng (Kaptein ;; Kish-Gephart et al. ;; Treviño et al. ); ka hona, re e sebelisa e le tlhaloso ea rona ea boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Thupong ena, re hlahloba hore na litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ama tšusumetso ea moetsi oa boipheliso joang. Haholo-holo, re hlahloba hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho eketsa tšusumetso ea motho ea ho itšoara hampe, eo re sebetsang ka eona ka litsela tse peli: (1) ka mokhoa o sa tšepahaleng o sebelisang maano a k'hamphani le (2) shirking le leshano ka mosebetsi o entsoeng. Tsena ke mekhoa e sa nepahalang ea sebaka sa mosebetsi mosebetsing; phuputso e entsoeng morao tjena mabapi le boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang sebakeng sa mosebetsi o tlaleha hore litlōlo tse hlano tse tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa li kenyeletsa (1) hampe ea nako ea khamphani, (2) boitšoaro bo hlephileng, (3) bosholu ba basebetsi, (4) leshano, le (5) ho tlōla molao oa inthanete oa k'hamphani ( Rodriguez ).

Re ile ra sheba lipatlisiso tsa pele ho khetholla mekhoa eo (1) e ka 'nang ea e-ba matla ha e ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa,' me (2) e ka 'na ea eketsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Lipatlisiso tsa pele li fana ka bonyane mekhoa e 'meli, e seng e kopanetsoeng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho susumetsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang: e ka' na eaba (1) e khothalletsa ho lieha ho fokotsa le (2) ho matlafatsa batho ba bang (le hona ho eketsa ho fokotsa boitšoaro).8 Pele lipatlisiso li bontša hore mekhoa ena e sebetsa kapa e matlafatsa ha ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​leha ho le joalo, joalokaha ho boletsoe likarolong tse latelang, bopaki bo bontšang phello ea litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka mokhoa o mong le o mong ha bo na thuso. Ho theoleloa ha nakoana le ho fokotsa litšila ho boetse ho amana le liphetoho boitšoarong bo sa lokelang. Kahoo, re hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boitšoaro bo hlephileng le ho hlahloba hore na ho lieha ho theola le ho silafatsa batho ho amana le kamano eo. Likarolong tse latelang, re tšohla e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mekhoa ena ebe re hlahisa maikutlo a rona a tloaelehileng.

Ho fokotsa ho fokotsa chelete

Ho theoleloa ha nakoana ho fokotsa liphello tsa nakong e tlang kapa ho khetholla phello ea kajeno ka liphello tsa bohlokoa haholo nakong e tlang (Moemeli ;; Negash et al. ;; Rachlin le Green ). Batho ba ikemiselitseng ho amohela melemo ea bohlokoa ea nakong e tlang ho ba le meputso e fokolang ea nakoana (ke hore, liphello li felloa ke boleng bo fokolang ha nako e ntse e feta), athe batho ba khethang ho khotsofatsoa kapele bakeng sa melemo e kholo ea nakong e tlang ba hlalosoa ba e-na le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa theko. Ka mohlala, motho ea nang le tekanyo e fokolang ea ho fokotsa tekanyo ea chelete o tla fumana $ 1 hona joale ho feta $ 10 ka beke ho tloha joale, athe motho ea nang le tekanyetso ea ho fokotsa nako e tlaase e tla ema bekeng e le hore a fumane chelete e khōloanyane.

Batho ba nang le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa thekolelo ba hlalosoa e le "ba se nang mamello, ba se nang mamello, ba sa boneng nakoana, kapa ba hlokang boitšoaro" (Fawcett et al. , leq. 128). Litefiso tse phahameng tsa ho lieha ho fokotseha li amahanngoa le mekhoa ea boitšoaro e kang lithethefatsi, ho etsa liqeto tse sa tsitsang, ho sebelisa lithethefatsi hampe, boitšoaro bo bobe ba likamano tsa botona le botšehali, botenya, lithethefatsi, lits'ebeletso tsa tlōlo ea molao le papali ea chelete e feteletseng (Buzzell et al. ;; Chesson et al. ;; Crean le al. ;; Davis et al. ;; Dixon et al. ;; Lee et al. ;; MacKillop ;; Romer et al. ;; Saville et al. ). Ka mantsoe a mang, ho lieha ho theoleloa ke mokhoa o matla oa boitšoaro bo khutšoanyane ho akarelletsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Lee et al. () e boetse e fumana hore keketseho ea tlōlo ea molao e amahanngoa le keketseho ea ho lieha ho fokotsa ho fana ka maikutlo a hore hase feela hore batho ba liehang ho tsoa litsenyehelo ho itšoara hampe empa ho itšoara hampe ho boetse ho eketsa ho lieha ho fokotsa nako. Lipatlisiso li boetse li amana le ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho eketsa ho lieha ho fokotsa ho sebelisa liteko tse peli tsa laboratori le boitsebiso bo bokelitsoeng tšimong (Molaoli ;; Negash et al. ;; Van den Bergh et al. ;; Wilson le Daly ).

Ho hlophisitsoe, lipatlisiso li bontša hore ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho amana le ho lieha ho fokotsa ho fokotsa le ho lieha ho fokotsa ho theoha ho amana le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho tla baka ho eketseha boitšoarong bo litšila hobane ho eketseha ho lieha ho fokotsa. Ho eketseha ha basebeletsi ba basebetsi ho ba le mathata a mangata a nakong e tlang a amanang le melemo ea nako e khutšoanyane ho na le monyetla oa ho susumetsa liqeto tse ngata tse sa nepahaleng tse entsoeng ke basebetsi. Ka mohlala, baqolotsi ba libuka ba etsa qeto ea "ho silila" litekanyetso tsa lichelete tsa lichelete ho shebahala hantle hangata, hangata ho fumana bonase tse phahameng kapa ho eketsa bohlokoa ba matšeliso a thehiloeng ho tsona, ka litšenyehelo tsa boleng ba nako e telele (Bergstresser le Philippon ;; Cohen et al. ;; Graham et al. ;; Holderness et al. ). Hangata batsamaisi ba tlameha ho lekanya melemo ea nako e telele e amanang le ho lumellana le litaelo tse theko e tlaase tsa tikoloho khahlanong le mefokolo ea nakoana e sa lokelang ho latela. Ka ho ts'oanang, batsamaisi ba ka fumana moputso oa nakoana ho tsoa khoebong ea khoebo e fanang ka litšenyehelo tsa nako e telele ho mookameli (esita le setsi). Ka hona, ho eketsa ho lieha ho theoha ho basebetsi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ka baka tšusumetso e mpe ea liqeto tse ngata tsa mokhatlo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa theolelo le ho se tsitsisehe li ka lebisa boitšoarong bo sa nepahaleng ba bareki joaloka ho utsoa mabenkeleng.

Tšebelisano

Boitšoaro bo itekanetseng ke mokhoa o mong oo batho ba o sebelisang ho tiisa hore boitšoaro ba bona bo lumellana le litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro (Bandura ). Leha ho le joalo, mekhoa ea ho itšepa e ka etsoa kapa ea hlokomolohuoa (Bandura ;; Detert et al. ). Ho senya boitšoaro ke lentsoe le sebelisetsoang ho hlalosa ho hlōleha ho etsa (kapa ho iphapanyetsa) boitšoaro bo itekanetseng. Ho se khone ho etsa hore boitšoaro bo itšoare ka tsela ea boitšoaro ho fokotsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang (mohlala, Bandura , ;; Detert et al. ;; Gabbiadini et al. ). Bandura's () mekhoa e robeli e lebisang boitšoarong bo hlephileng ba hore na ke bofe ba tšilafalo.9

Dehumanization ke ts'ebetso ea kelello ea ho sheba le ho tšoara ba bang joalo ka lintho kapa e le mokhoa oa ho fihlela sepheo eseng batho (Papadaki ;; Saule ).10 Likarolo tse phahameng tsa liketso tse nyonyehang li etsahala linthong tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse tummeng haholo (Bridges et al. Klaassen le Peter ;; McKee ) ka hona, hangata ho na le tumelo ea hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li eketsa ho hloka leshano. Ka lebaka lena, re tsepamisa maikutlo ho ts'ebelisano le ts'ebetso ea maruo e le mokhoa o ka ' Ho feta moo, lipatlisiso li bontša hore ts'ebetsong ke "ts'ebetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi" e susumetsoang ke lintlha tsa maemo (Haslam) , 937) 'me ha e hloke sehlopha sa "ka" le "tsoa" empa se ka etsahala e le ntho e ikhethang (Haslam et al. ).

Le hoja ho tloaelehile ho lumela hore liketso tse nyonyehang tsa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li eketsa mokhoa oa bootsoa oa baetsi ba ho silafatsa batho, haholo-holo basali (Fagan) ;; Schneider ), bopaki bo bongata ke feela correlational, eseng e tloaelehileng. Ka mohlala, Peter le Valkenburg () fumana setsoalle pakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho silafatsa basali; Leha ho le joalo, bangoli ba hlokomela hore kamano ena e ka ba teng hobane litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li khothalletsa batho hore ba silafatse kapa hobane bashebelli ba tšoarang basali ka tsela e tlaase ba ka 'na ba ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho kenyelletsa taba ena ka ho eketsehileng ke bopaki bo bong bo fapaneng. McKee () ba fumane hore ha ho na kamano pakeng tsa maikutlo a bareki ba bootsoa mabapi le basali le palo ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro tse jang. Ho sebelisa bopaki ba lipatlisiso, Hald le Malamuth () e tlaleha hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li na le tšusumetso e nepahetseng ho banna ka maikutlo a basali.

Ward () ke sekhetho se sebelisang moqapi oa liteko ho hlahloba kamano ea maiketsetso pakeng tsa li-stereotype tse hlahang mecheng ea mecha ea phatlalatso le ea bacha le maikutlo a bona ka ba hlalositsoeng litabeng tsa mecha ea phatlalatso. O fumana kamano e sa tloaelehang pakeng tsa basali ba nyenyefatsang litaba le basali ba nang le maikutlo a ho lumela hore basali ke lintho tsa thobalano. Ward le Friedman () fumana bopaki bo tšoanang. Liphello liphuputsong tsena ka bobeli li fumanoa mecheng ea litaba eseng ho hlalosoa hore ke litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (mohlala, likarolo tse tsoang litšoantšong tsa thelevisheneng tse kang Metsoalle le Seinfeld), empa motho a ka lebella hore liphello li tla boela li fumanoe bakeng sa liphatlalatso tsa bootsoa le hore kamano e ka 'na ea e-ba matla le ho feta.

Ka kakaretso, le hoja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li atisa ho kenyelletsa liketso tse nyonyehang, bopaki ba likamano tse amanang le litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephileng tsa boitšoaro bo hlephileng bo fapane 'me bopaki ba liteko mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa mecha ea phatlalatso e bontšang maikutlo a tloaelehileng le a ba talimang ka basali ha a hlahlobe litaba tsa bootsoa. Ka hona, ho na le ho se ts'oane ha kae mabapi le hore na litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li eketsa maemo a ts'ebetsong. Ka thuto ena, re na le tšepo ea ho eketsa lingoliloeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka ho fana ka bopaki ba liteko tabeng ea kamano e kotsi pakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le ho silafatsa maruo, hape, ho sa tsotellehe hore na bothata bo bakoang ke ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bo eketsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang.

Ho eketseha ha boitšoaro bo litšila ho tsoa ts'ebetsong ho na le monyetla oa ho bonahatsa maemo a mangata a khoebo. Ka mohlala, tloaelo e eketsehileng ea ho bua leshano e le ho fumana leruo le ho talima ba bang e le mokhoa oa bofelo e ka 'na ea e-ba kotsi haholo bakeng sa katleho ea sehlopha le ts'ebelisano mokhatlong o hlophisitsoeng (Moore et al. ). Tšebelisano le ho tšepahala hohle libakeng tse sebetsang tsa tsebo hangata li hlokahalang ho finyella lipakane tsa bohlokoa tse matla (mohlala, ho hlahisa lihlahisoa tse ncha, ho kena limmarakeng tse ncha, ho khotsofatsa khotsofalo ea bareki). Ka hona, ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha ts'episo le tšebelisano-'moho ho tsoa ts'ebetsong ea basebetsi ba ts'ebetsong ea ba bang ho na le monyetla oa ho senya liphello tsa boemo bo tiileng. Ho phaella moo, lilemong tsa morao tjena mekhatlo e entse lichelete tse kholo mananeong a reretsoeng ho boloka le ho ntlafatsa basali ba nang le bokhoni.11 Lichelete tsena li ka senyeha haholo ha basebetsi, haholo-holo ba liemong tsa boeta-pele, ba ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho amana, ho eketseha ha basebetsi ho tsuba basebetsi-'moho ho ka eketsa ts'oaetso ea ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano kapa libaka tse sebetsang hampe, tseo ka bobeli li ka fokotsang tlhahiso e tiileng le ho lebisa linyeoe tse theko e boima.

Qetellong, ho nyelisoa ho ka boela ha ama kamano ea bareki-e tiileng. Basebeletsi ba tšoarang bareki joaloka lintho ho e-na le ho hlompha bohlokoa ba bona ba motho e mong le e mong e ka 'na eaba ba fokotsa ho boloka batho ba bang' me ba ka ba le tlhokomelo e mpe ea Inthaneteng kapa ea mecha ea litaba. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, bareki ba ka khelosa mekhatlo ka ho sheba e tiileng e le mokhatlo o seng oa motho ho e-na le ho bokella batho. Ka mohlala, moreki ea tsosang bolotsana a ka senya basebetsi ba setsi ka ho nahana hore ba fokotsa phaello ea phaello empa ha ba utloise batho ba bang bohloko. Ka ho sheba e tiileng e le ntho ho e-na le ho bokella batho ba bang, moreki o beha setsi pakeng tsa bona le basebetsi ba khoebo, bao qetellong ba amehang ka boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang ba bareki. Pono ena e fokotsa kamano e haufi le kelello eo moreki a ikutloang ka eona ho ba amehang ke boitšoaro ba bareki mme e ka 'na ea eketsa boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang ba bareki (Jones ).12

Likhopolo-taba

Puisano e fetileng e lebisa tlhokomelo ea rona ea pele mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boitšoaro bo bobe le karolo ea bobeli, khopolo-taba ea bobeli mabapi le mokhoa oo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li bakang boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. E ngotsoe ka molao:

  • H1: Ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho eketsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang.

  • H2a: Ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho eketsa ho lieha ho fokotseha, e leng ho eketsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang.

  • H2b: Ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ho eketsa ts'oaetso, e leng ho eketsang boitšoaro bo sa lokelang.

Figure 1 e bonts'a ho bolela esale pele hore ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho eketsa ho lieha ho fokotsa le ho silafatsa (ho kopanya 1), le hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro-tse bakang ho lieha ho fokotsa le ho fokotsa ts'oaetso ho eketsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang (ho kopanya 2). Palo ena e boetse e bonts'a phello ea khetho e ka hlahang; batho ba ka 'nang ba khelosa ba bang ba boetse ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (link 3). Moqapi oa rona oa liteko o re lumella hore re hlahlobe li-link 1 le 2 ha re ntse re laola khokahano ea 3; ho fana ka kabelo e sa lebelloang ho hlahisa batho ba fokolang boitšoaro bo sa tšoaneng13 maemong a mabeli a liteko, kahoo re lumella ho laola likarohano ho batho ka tloaelo ea ho tlosa liketsahalo tsa nakong e tlang le ho silafatsa ba bang.14

Setšoantšo sa 1

Mohlala oa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Palo ena e bonts'etsa lintho tseo re li bolelang esale pele (li-1 le 2) le phello e ka 'nang ea e-ba teng ha batho ba ka' na ba silafatsa batho ba bang ba ka ba le monyetla oa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (link 3). Moqapi oa rona oa liteko o re lumella hore re hlahlobe li-link 1 le 2 hobane liphetho tsa kabelo e sa lebelloang ho batho ba tlase ba nang le boits'oaro ba emeloang maemong a mabeli a liteko. Ka hona, liphello ha li khone ho ikarabella bakeng sa liphetho tsa rona. Le hoja hokahanya 3 ho thahasellisa, ha re e hlahlobe joalokaha e le ka ntle ho boholo ba lisebelisoa tsa rona. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa phetheho, re e kenyelitse ka mohlala oa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang

Tlhahlobo ea Lipatlisiso le Liphello

Re bokella bopaki ka mekhoa e 'meli e tlatsanang. Ntlha ea pele, re sebelisa phuputso e etselitsoeng ho bonts'a sampula ea moemeli ea sechaba ho fana ka teko ea maiketsetso ea H1 le ho fana ka tiiso e matla ea kantle hore liphello tsa rona li fihlella ho baahi ba bangata. Phuputso e hlahloba haeba kamano e akaretsang pakeng tsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boitšoaro bo hlephileng e bonahala ho baahi. Leha ho le joalo, re utloisisa hore mokhoa ona o fokolitsoe ke hore liphello li ka 'na tsa bakoa ke mefuta e sa lumellaneng e sa lumellaneng kapa ea ho qetella ha khetho ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le khetho ea ho itšoara hantle. Kahoo, re sebelisa mokhoa oa bobeli, tlhahlobo e sa tloaelehang, e sa lumellaneng le mefokolo ena 'me e re lumella ho hlahloba haeba ho lieha ho fokotsa le / kapa ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ho rarolla mefuta e sa tšoaneng. Ka mantsoe a mang, liteko tse entsoeng ka tsela e sa tloaelehang li fana ka tiiso e matla ka hare ho eona mme e tsamaisa liteko tsa ho lumellana ha maikutlo a rona. Liphetho tsa lipatlisiso li hlahisoa karolong e hlahlamang 'me liphetho tsa liteko li latela.

Moqapi oa lipatlisiso

barupeluoa ba

Re lefile Qualtrics ho fumana sehlopha sa batho ba baholo ba 1000-ba khutlisitse likarabo tsa 1083 tse sebetsang. Li-qualtrics li sebelisitse lihlahisoa tsa quota ho hlahisa mohlala o bonahatsang palo ea sechaba sa United States ka palo ea batho.15 Mabapi le palo ea batho, 48.5% ea sampuli e ne e le banna, 'me karolelano ea lilemo e ne e le 47. Hoo e ka bang 43% ea sampuli e na le tekanyo ea bachelor kapa e phahameng, mme 24% e fumane feela tekanyo ea sekolo se phahameng kapa ka tlase. Khetho ea sampuli e haufi le naha e emelang e re lumella hore re fane ka maikutlo a hore liphello tsena li lokela ho tloaeleha ho batho ba baholo ba Amerika.

Mosebetsi le Mehato

Phuputso eo e ile ea qala ho botsa lipotso tsa sehlopha sa barupeluoa 'me barupeluoa ba bala boemo bo latelang:

U sa tsoa reka setulo se theko e boima ka lebenkeleng la moo le nang le leano le thata la ho khutla. Leano la ts'ebetso le u lumella ho khutlisa lisebelisoa haeba ho na le sekoli ho etsa tlhahiso empa ha ho joalo haeba u senya sehlahisoa ka ho se sebelise hampe. Le hoja u tseba hore lebenkele le na le leano le thata, o boetse o tseba hore tsela feela eo ba e sebelisang ka eona ke ho botsa bareki hore na ba sebelisa hampe sehlahisoa kapa che. Ka mor'a hore u tlise molula-setulo lapeng, ue senya ka tsela e se nang thuso e le hore e se e sa sebetse.

Ka mor'a hore ba bale boemo bona, barupeluoa ba bontšitse hore na ba tla be ba le joang ho khutlisa sehlahisoa 'me ba bolela hore se na le sekoli ho etsa hore ba fumane setulo se secha. Likarabo li tlalehiloe ka tekanyo ea 5-ntlha e neng e ke ke ea khutla (1), mohlomong e ne e ke ke ea khutla (2), mohlomong e ne e tla khutla (3), mohlomong e ne e tla khutla (4), mme e tla khutla (5). Joale barupeluoa ba bonts'a hore na ba ne ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata hakae. Re ile ra hlalosetsa barupeluoa boitsebiso ba bootsoa e le "livideo, limakasine, liwebsaete tsa marang-rang, litšoantšo, libuka, joalo-joalo tse hlalosang batho ba kopanelang liphate, bonts'a litšoantšo tse hlakileng tsa botona kapa batho ba kopanelang liphate, kapa ba bontsa filimi kapa molumo o hlalosang batho ba kopanelang liphate." Barupeluoa ba arabelitse ka sekhahla sa 5 se boleloang: ha ho mohla (1), ka seoelo (2), ka linako tse ling (3), hangata (4), kapa hangata (5). Re hlahloba boemo ba bareki hobane, joaloka basebetsi, bareki ke ba amehang ba bohlokoa khoebong (Ferrell ;; Henriques le Sadorsky ).

Phuputso ea Lipatlisiso

Figure 2 le Table 1 hlahisa sephetho sa ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa ba ikemiselitseng ho etsa bonnete ba ho khutlisetsa molula-setulo le ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Likamano tse ntle tse ntle (tse mpe) li fana ka maikutlo a hore tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e amana le keketseho (ea fokotseha) boitšoarong bo sa tšepahaleng. Setšoantšo 2 e bontša kamano e ntle pakeng tsa palo ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Letlapa 1, Panel A e fana ka karolelano ea hore na batho ba tlaleha hangata hakae ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Re fumana hore 44% ea mohlala ha o bone litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, 24% hangata ha e e bone, 22% ka linako tse ling e e sheba, le 6% le 4% hangata mme hangata ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​ka ho latellana.16 Ka hona, 56% ea sampuli e etsoang ka sechaba e bontša bonyane mokhoa o itseng oa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ho feta moo, re bona kamano e ntseng e eketsa monotone pakeng tsa ho itlhalosa ha litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le ho ikemisetsa ho khutlisetsa ntho ho lebenkeleng. AnOVA e sebelisang phapang e bontša lihlopha tse tharo tse fapaneng (liphetho ha lia hlahisoa). Barupeluoa ba sa boneng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha ho bonolo hore ba be le mekhoa e metle ho feta barupeluoa bohle. Barupeluoa ba tlalehang khafetsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke ba bohlokoa ho feta lihlopha tse ling kaofela. Barupeluoa ba atisang ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa hangata, ba atisa ho khutlisetsa ntho eo ho feta barupeluoa ba sa boneng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa empa ha ba khone ho khutlisetsa ntho eo ho feta barupeluoa ba tlaleha ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa khafetsa.

Setšoantšo sa 2

Liphello tsa ho itlhalosa boitsebiso ba bootsoa litabeng tsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang ho sebelisa lintlha tsa lipatlisiso. Palo ena e bonts'a liphello tse nkiloeng ho sesupa sa moemeli oa sechaba (e leng, data ea lipatlisiso). Setšoantšo se bontša ka letsohong le letšehali y-ba khoneha ea ho rekisa thepa e sa tšepahaleng ho ea lebenkeleng le ho eona x- barupeluoa ba nang le boipiletso ba boipiletso ba boitsebiso ba bootsoa. E nepile y-axis le mola o bontša palo ea barupeluoa ba tlalehileng tšebeliso ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa likarolong tsohle

Tafole 1

Tlhahlobo ea lintlha tsa lipatlisiso

Lekhahlelo A: Karolelano ea boikemisetso ba ho khutlisa ntho e sa tšepahaleng ka palo ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

Kakaretso ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

N

%

Ntho ea ho khutlisa e sa tšepahaleng

SD

1-Ha ho mohla

478

44

1.78

1.15

2-Hangata

263

24

2.07

1.15

3-Nako le nako

233

22

2.12

1.13

4-Hangata

63

6

2.16

1.18

5-Hangata haholo

46

4

2.96

1.71

Pale ea B: Phello ea khatello ea molao, boikemisetso bo itekanetseng ba ho khutlisa ntho e sa tšepahaleng e khutlisang

E ka fetoha

Li kopane

SE

moru χ2

p boleng

PornViewing

0.19

0.06

11.70

<0.001

Age

- 0.01

0.00

9.72

0.002

Male

0.04

0.13

0.11

0.738

E rutehile

- 0.05

0.04

1.56

0.212

Khahlano

- 0.30

0.05

33.38

<0.001

N EA-1083-TLP Tlhatlhobo. R2 = 0.092

Tafole ena e fana ka liphello tse nkiloeng ho sampuli e emelang sechaba. Panel A tlaleha lipalo tse tloaelehileng Letsoho la ho Khutlisa ka Tsela e sa Tšepahaleng ka mekhoa e mengata ea ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso, ha Panel B e fana ka litlaleho tsa ts'ebetso ea taolo ea taolo ea molao Letsoho la ho Khutlisa ka Tsela e sa Tšepahaleng ka makhetlo a mangata a ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (PornViewing) le ho laola mefuta e sa tšoaneng. Tlhophiso e laoloang e sebelisoang ka lebaka la khatello ea lits'ebeliso e sebelisoa hobane ts'oaetso e itšetlehileng ka eona e bontša ordinal ho e-na le lintlha tsa nako. Mofuta o tsitsitseng (Letsoho la ho Khutlisa ka Tsela e sa Tšepahaleng) e ne e lekanngoa ka sekhahla sa 5 se neng se ke ke sa khutla (1), mohlomong se ke ke sa khutla (2), mohlomong se ne se tla khutla (3), mohlomong se ne se tla khutla (4), mme se tla khutla (5). Mefuta-futa e hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang: PornViewing ke khafetsa eo motho ka mong a neng ae shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, a lekantsoe ka tekanyo ea 5-point. Age ke Mehla ea motho ka mong ea lekantsoeng ka lilemo. Male ke ho feto-fetoha ho fapaneng ho nka bohlokoa ba 1 haeba motho ka mong e ne e le monna le bohlokoa ba 0 ho seng joalo. E rutehile ke thuto e fapaneng ea thuto e nang le litekanyetso tse fokolang sekolong se phahameng (1), sekolong se phahameng / GED (2), k'holejeng e 'ngoe (3), tekanyo ea k'holejeng ea 2 (4), tekanyo ea lilemo tsa 4 (5) , degree of master (6), doctoral degree (7), le degree ea setsebi (8). Khahlano ke tšobotsi e mabifi e lekantsoeng ho sebelisa foromo e khutšoanyane (lipotso tsa 12) ea Potso ea Buss-Perry ea Khahlano. Litekanyetso tse phahameng li bontša bohale bo eketsehileng

Ka mor'a moo, re hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa barupeluoa ba ikemiselitseng ho se tšepahale ba khutlisetsa molula-setulo le ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro mofuteng oa mefuta e mengata ea ho laola monyetla oa hore liphello tsa rona li bakoe ke mefuta e sa lumellaneng e lumellaneng. Haholo-holo, re kenyelletsa lilemo tsa khale hobane lipatlisiso tse fetileng li bontša hore bacha ba ka 'na ba ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Buzzell ;; Hald ), botona le banna ba atisa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta basali (Buzzell ;; Cooper et al. ;; Hald ), thuto ea batho ba sa rutehang e ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta batho ba rutehileng (Richters et al. , Yang ), le tlhekefetso hobane lipatlisiso tsa pele li bontša hore batho ba mabifi ba ka 'na ba e-ba le monyetla oa ho ja litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Malamuth et al. ). Re tlaleha liphello ho tsoa tlhahlobo ena ho Panel B ea Letlapa 1. Re fumana hore esita le ka mor'a ho laola mefuta ena, litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li amahanngoa le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Re etsa lipatlisiso tse eketsehileng 'me ha re fumane bopaki ba hore mefuta e meng ea taolo e sebelisana le boitsebiso bo ikhethang ba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho etsa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Ka hona, bopaki ba lipatlisiso ba ho hlahloba H1 bo bontša hore ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho amana le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang.

Tlhahlobo ea Liteko le Liphello

Tlhahlobo ea Boiteko

barupeluoa ba

Re hirile bankakarolo ba 200 bakeng sa teko re sebelisa 'marakeng oa basebetsi oa inthaneteng oa Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Ba lekholo le mashome a robong a metso e robong ba phethile mosebetsi ka katleho. Mabapi le palo ea batho, 54% ea sampole e ne e le banna, ka karolelano lilemo li ne li le lilemo li 35, 'me 91% ea sampole e sebelisitsoe kathoko le ho sebeletsa MTurk. Re sebelisitse 'maraka oa basebetsi oa MTurk ka mabaka a' maloa. Taba ea mantlha, e fana ka maemo a lefatše a liteko tsa rona. Barupeluoa ba ile ba hiroa mme ba lefelloa ho phethela mosebetsi oo ba neng ba ka lebelloa hore ba o etse ho MTurk. Taba ea bobeli, leha e se sampole e emelang, bankakarolo ba MTurk ba arabela ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho mehlala e meholo ea barupeluoa ba US litekong tsa setso (Berinsky et al. ;; Paolacci le Chandler ). Ntlha ea boraro, lipatlisiso li bontšitse hore basebelisi ba MTurk ba arabela ka ts'usumetso ea ho qhekella empa ha ba na monyetla oa ho qhekella ho feta liithuti tsa univesithi, 'me ba bua' nete ha ba ikemela ho itlaleha (Goodman et al. ;; Suri et al. ).17

Mosebetsi le Tekanyo

Re ile ra tsebisa barupeluoa hore re ba sebelisa ho nka karolo thuputsong ea hore na hantle-ntle mohopolo o amana joang le maikutlo a mecha ea phatlalatso. Re boletse ka sebete hore barupeluoa ba lefshoa ho shebella video ka kakaretso. Barupeluoa ba ile ba etsa mosebetsi oa ho hopola, o ileng oa ba botsa ho hopola liketsahalo tse peli le ho ba hlalosa ka ho qaqileng. Ketsahalo ea pele ea ho hopola e ile ea kopa barupeluoa bohle ho hlalosa ka ho qaqileng tsoalo ea bona ea ho qetela Ka nako eo barupeluoa ba ne ba abetsoe ho ba boemong ba taolo kapa boemo ba bootsoa. Bakeng sa phihlelo ea bobeli ea ho hopola, ba filoeng boemo ba ho laola ba hlalosa boemo ba bona ba ho qetela ba ho ikoetlisa, ho akarelletsa le liaparo tsa bona, lipapali tsa bona tsa boithabiso, le boemo ba bona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ba kenang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ba ile ba botsoa ho hlalosa phihlelo ea bona ea ho qetela ea ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, ho akarelletsa le lipono tse shebelitsoeng, likahare le bolelele ba nako.

Re ikemiselitse hore re se ke ra pepesa barupeluoa litabeng tsa bootsoa ka mabaka a 'maloa. Ntlha ea pele, re ne re sa batle ho bolella barupeluoa pele thuto e ka ba le boitsebiso ba bootsoa kaha sena se ka baka liphello tsa khetho le / kapa liphello tsa ts'ebetso. Ntlha ea bobeli, haeba re sa bolelle barupeluoa hore thuto e ka ba le lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa e ka be e sa utloahaleng ho qobella barupeluoa hore ba bone lintho tseo ba bang ba li fumanang li sa amohelehe (mme li ka ba tsa etsa hore barupeluoa ba senyehe). Ntlha ea boraro, mokhoa oa rona o lumella litho tsa sehlopha hore li bontše hore ha li sebelise litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le hore li se ke tsa ba ntša kotsi ha li ntse li kenya litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mehopolong ea ba kenang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa. Ka hona, re finyelletse phello e lakatsehang ea ho etsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa mehopolong ea barupeluoa le ho qoba ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse sa rateheng.

Ka mor'a ho hlalosa mehopolo ea bona, re ile ra kopa bohle ba barupeluoa ho shebella filimi ea filimi ea 10 min Blue Ka Derek Jarman. Video ena e na le bokamorao bo boputsoa bo nang le lentsoe la monotone le buang le lihlooho tse tlase bakeng sa metsotso e 10 kaofela. Karolo ena e ne e bora ebile e le telele ho fana ka khothatso ho bankakarolo ho tlola filimi. Kamora ho shebella video, barupeluoa ba hlalositse hakhutšoane karabelo ea bona sekotong sa baesekopo.18

Ka mor'a karolo ea video ea teko, barupeluoa ba ile ba fana ka likarabo ho lekanya ho lieha ho fokotsa ho fokotsa le ho fokotsa ts'ebetso e le hore ba hlahlobe liphello tsa phetisano (taelo ea tekanyo e ne e sa sebetsoe).19 Ho theoleloa ha nakoana ho ile ha hakanngoa ka mokhoa o hlahisoang ke Kirby le Maraković () (sheba "Sehlomathiso 1"Karolo ea lipotso). Barupeluoa ba ile ba hlahisoa ka maemo a fapaneng 'me ba laeloa ho khetha moputso oo ba o khethang, e leng mohlomong moputso o potlakileng kapa moputso o moholo o liehang. Litholoana tsa tekanyo ena li emela tekanyo ea theolelo eo motho ea kenang karolo ho eona a tlohang ho khetholla moputso o potlakileng oa ho khetha moputso o liehang. Tlhōlisano e ne e lekantsoe ho sebelisa mokhoa o sebelisoang Leyens et al. () seo barupeluoa ba nang le sona se bolela ho isa tekanyong eo ba bonang ba bang ba khona ho ba le maikutlo a bobeli (bona "Sehlomathiso 2"Karolo ea lipotso).20 Barupeluoa ba talimang ba bang ba sa khone ho ba le maikutlo a bobeli ba khetholloa ba ba le mekhoa e meholo ea ho silafatsa ba bang.

Qetellong, barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa hore na ba shebeletse filimi eohle. Hobane re khonne ho rekota nako e telele mohoeletsi e mong le e mong a shebile sebapi sa filimi, re khethile batho ba neng ba shebile video eohle le ba sa kang ba e bona. E le ho lekanya leshano, re khethile bao ba neng ba sa shebella video eohle empa ba arabela hore ba na le. Ke hore, re etsa phapang e fapaneng e bontšang hore na barupeluoa ba bua leshano kapa ha baa bua leshano. Ketsahalong leha e le efe morupeluoa o ile a tlōla likarolo tsa filimi ea filimi 'me a tlaleha ka botšepehi hore ha aa ka a shebella eohle ea clip. Ka hona, ha re ntse re leka, ho shirking le ho bua leshano ka mosebetsi o neng o etsoa ho ne ho sebelisoa hang-hang nako le nako ha morupeluoa a ntse a tsitsitse.

Joale barupeluoa ba tlaleha hore na ba ne ba sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso hangata hakae Litlhaloso tsa bootsoa li ile tsa hlalosoa ho litho tsa sehlopha li sebelisa tlhaloso e le 'ngoe joalokaha e sebelisitsoe phuputsong ena. Barupeluoa ba ile ba botsoa lipotso ka botho le bolumeli.

Liphello tsa liteko

Re tlaleha hore liphello li leka liteko tsa rona ho sebelisa teko ea feiga. 3 le Table 2. Setšoantšo 3 e fana ka pono e bontšang liphello 'me e bonts'a hore ba arabelang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa ho hopola boemo bo ile ba tsosoa ebile ba bua leshano ka mosebetsi o entsoeng ho feta ba arabelitsoeng ba hopola lintho tseo ba sa li boneng. Letlapa 2 e bontša hore 21% ea barupeluoa ba ileng ba kōptjoa ho hopola ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha baa ka ba shebella video le ho bua leshano ka mosebetsi oo ba o entseng ha ba bapisoa le 8% feela ea barupeluoa ba neng ba hopola ketsahalo e sa amaneng le litšoantšo. Phapang ena e na le lintlha tse kholo le tse khōlō ho feta kamoo e leng keketseho ea 163% ho shirking / leshano. Ka hona, liphello tsena tsa liteko li tšehetsa liphello tsa lipatlisiso 'me li fana ka bopaki bo matla ba hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho etsa hore batho ba se ke ba itšoara hantle.

Setšoantšo sa 3

Liphello tsa ho hopola litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka boitšoaro bo sa nepahaleng le baemeli ba khonang ho sebelisa lintlha tsa liteko. Setšoantšo sena se bonts'a liphello ho tsoa boitsebisong ba liteko. Palo ena e bonts'a karolo ea palo ea barupeluoa ba neng ba soma le ba bua leshano ka mosebetsi o etsoang ha ba hopola litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. E boetse e bonts'a likarolo tsa lipakeng tse peli tse ka khonehang, ho fokolloa, le ho lieha ho theoha ho pholletsa le maemo a mabeli a liteko

Tafole 2

Tlhahlobo ea lintlha tsa liteko

E ka fetoha

Ha ho Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Hopola

Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Hopola

Liteko tsa ho fapana

E bolelang

SD

E bolelang

SD

Shirk / leshano

0.08

0.28

0.21

0.41

χ2 = 6.08, p = 0.007

Ho theoleloa ha nakoana

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.02

t = 1.10, p = 0.274

Tšebelisano

1.73

0.95

2.45

1.75

t = - 3.64, p <0.001

Barupeluoa ba 199 ba qetile mosebetsi ona. No No Pornography Ho hopola maemo ho ne ho e-na le barupeluoa ba 97 le Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Hopola boemo bo ne bo e-na le barupeluoa ba 102. Litšoantšiso li entsoe pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli: the Ha ho Litšoantšo Tsa Bootsoa Hopola sehlopha ha sea ka sa hopola phihlelo ea bona ea morao-rao e shebe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le Litšoantšo tsa bootsoa Hopola sehlopha se hopola nako ea bona ea morao-rao e shebe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Mefuta-futa e hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang: Shirk / leshano ke ho feto-fetoha ho fapaneng ho nka bohlokoa ba 1 haeba motho ea kenang letsoho a tlōla video (ke hore, shirked mosebetsi) mme a bua leshano ka ho shebella video le 0 ho seng joalo. Ho theoleloa ha nakoana ke lipotso tse thehiloeng ho Kirby le Maraković (). Barupeluoa ba ile ba bontša hore na ba tla nka moputso o potlakileng kapa ba liehe ho fumana maemo a fapaneng a 21. Likarabo li ngotsoe ka nako eo e le hore litekanyetso tse phahameng li bontše ho lieha ho fokotsa nako. Tšebelisano ke tekanyo ea lisebelisoa tse entsoeng ke Leyens et al. (). Re ne re arolelana likarabo tsa 7-scale bakeng sa maikutlo a mane a bobeli le ho li ngolla e le hore e phahameng litekanyetso li bonts'a ho fokolloa ha maruo

Ha re bapisa batlatsi ba khonehang maemong 'ohle, rea hlokomela hore ho fokolloa ha marulelo feela ke ho latela maemo a mabeli (sheba setšoantšo sa feiga. 3 le Table 2).21 Ke hore, sehlopha se neng se hopola litšoantšo tsa bootsoa se ne se ka 'na sa senya ba bang ho feta sehlopha se sa kang sa hopola litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Sehlopha sa ho hopola litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ha sea ka sa hlola se fokotseha.22

E le hore re hlahlobe H2 ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, re etsa tlhahlobo ea lipuisano ho sebelisa Andrew Hayes 'Process Macro bakeng sa SAS. Lethathamong 3, re tlaleha liphello ho tsoa tekong ea mefuta e 'meli e fapaneng' me re fumane mohlala o le mong feela oo re bonang ka oona ts'ebetso e sa tobang ea litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro mosebetsing oa ho thibela le ho bua leshano ke ho silafatsa.23 Ka hona, re etsa qeto ea hore lebaka leo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li eketsang boitšoaro bo sa nepahaleng ke hore ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho etsa hore sethebi se khelose batho ba bang, e leng sona se lebisang ho sebui se ikemiselitse ho shirk mosebetsi le ho bua leshano ho fumana phaello.

Lethathamo 3

Litlhahlobo tsa ho khoneha ho buisana le likamano tsa lits'ebeletso tsa liteko

Le hoja ka linako tse ling re fane ka barupeluoa maemo, ho ka etsahala hore, ka tšohanyetso maemo a fapane ka litekanyo tsa bohlokoa tse ka amang liphello. Ka hona, re hlahloba hore na maemo a rona a fapane le mefuta e fapaneng ea batho kapa mefuta e meng e ka amang liphello. Ka ho khetheha, re ile ra hlahloba hore na maemo a ne a tšoana le a tekano, lilemo, boemo ba lenyalo, thuto, boemo ba mosebetsi (ho sebetsa kapa che), boemo ba chelete, boipheliso ba boits'oaro ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, le boipheliso ba boipiletso. Re fumane hore mokhoa oa ho etsa lintho tse ngata o atlehile kahobane ho ne ho se na phapang pakeng tsa maemo a kantle le ho ba le boipelaetso ba boipheliso-ka ho khetheha, boemo ba ho hopola litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bo ne bo e-na le batho ba bangata ba bolumeli ho feta maemo a ho laola (a lokelang ho ikemela ho fumana liphello; . Ka hona, re tsamaisa ANCOVA ho bapisa hore na liphetho tsa rona li matla hakae ho kenyelletsa tekanyo ea rona ea bolumeli. Re fumana hore liphello li le matla ho kenyeletsoa bolumeling joaloka covariate. Ho phaella moo, re boetse re leka hore na liphello tsa rona li matla hakae ho kenyelletsa mefuta e meng ea batho e le li-covariate (liphello tse sa hlahisoang); re fumana hore liphetho tsa rona li matla.

Qetellong, ho ka khoneha hore barupeluoa ba abetsoeng boemo ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha ba shebe boitsebiso ba bootsoa. Haeba batho ba hanang ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha ba na leshano ha re ntse re nahana, sena se ne se tla ba khahlanong le ho fumana liphello. Leha ho le joalo, re hlahloba litlhaloso tsa barupeluoa kapa litšoantšo tsa bona tsa bootsoa 'me re fumane hore batho ba 18 ba arabelang (17.7% ea sampuli) ba tlaleha hore ha ba bone litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka tlhaloso ea bona, ba arabelang 14 (13.7% ea sampuli) ba tlaleha ka mokhoa o sa boneng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, Batho ba 70 ba arabelang (68.6% ea sampuli) ba hlalositsoe ka ho qaqileng ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa.24 Re khutliselitse lisebelisoa tsa rona ka litsela tse tharo: (1) ntle le ba tlalehang ba sa boneng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro, (2) ntle le ba neng ba tlaleha ha ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ba sa hlokomele, le (3) ntle le ba neng ba tlaleha hore ha ba bone litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro kapa ba sa bone. Lintlheng tsohle tse tharo, liphetho tsa rona li na le boleng bo tšoanang le ba tlaleho.25

Tlhahlobo e Hlalosa e Hlalosa

Re bokella boitsebiso bo itšetlehileng ka boithaopo ba boits'oaro ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho tsoa lipatlisisong tsa rona le boiteko ba rona Karolong ena, re fana ka tlhahlobo e hlalosang ea lintlha tse amanang le ts'ebeliso e kholo ea bootsoa ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Tlhahlobo ena e ka ba molemo ho bafuputsi ba nakong e tlang ba batlang ho utloisisa haholoanyane ka tšebeliso le liphello tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Letlapa 4 e fana ka liphello ka Panel A ho tlaleha liphello tsa ho khutlisetsa ho sebelisa lintlha tsa lipatlisiso le Panel B ho tlaleha liphello tsa ho khutlisetsa ho sebelisa lintlha tsa liteko. Ha rea ​​ka ra botsa lipotso tse ts'oanang le tsa batho ka bobeli boiteko ba ho bokella boitsebiso; ka hona, mefuta e fapaneng e itšetlehile ka ho fumaneha ha data.

Tafole 4

Tlhahlobo ea tlhahlobo ea bootsoa bo ipolelang hore e itlhahisa e sebelisa lipatlisiso le ditshwantsho tsa liteko

E ka fetoha

Li kopane

SE

t boleng

p boleng

Lekala la A: Ho laola mokhoa oa ho boloka boitsebiso bo nang le boitsebiso bo bontšang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

 Male

1.55

0.13

149.93

<0.001

 Age

- 0.04

0.00

98.78

<0.001

 Education

0.06

0.04

2.70

0.100

 Republican

- 0.26

0.15

3.08

0.079

 Democrat

0.07

0.14

0.23

0.633

N EA-1083-TLP Pseudo R2 = 0.191

Pale ea B: Ts'ebetso ea molao e laoloang ka boitsebiso ba liteko, boitsebiso bo itekanetseng bo itšetlehileng ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa

 Male

1.31

0.29

20.50

<0.001

 Age

- 0.02

0.01

1.33

0.249

 nyetse

- 0.47

0.29

2.51

0.113

 Education

- 0.25

0.12

4.31

0.038

 chelete e kenang

0.00

0.00

6.09

0.014

 O sebelisitsoe

0.93

0.48

3.75

0.053

 Bolumeli

- 0.52

0.14

14.89

<0.001

N EA-195-TLP Pseudo R2 = 0.269

Tafole ena e tlaleha liphello ho tsoa ho li-regression tse ngolisitsoeng tse ngolisitsoeng tse sebelisetsoang tlhahlobo ea ho hlahloba. Tlhophiso e laoloang e sebelisoang ka lebaka la khatello ea lits'ebeliso e sebelisoa hobane ts'oaetso e itšetlehileng ka eona e bontša ordinal ho e-na le lintlha tsa nako. Liphetoho li hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang: Age ke lilemo tsa motho ka mong ea lekantsoeng ka lilemo. Male ke ho feto-fetoha ho fapaneng ho nka bohlokoa ba 1 haeba motho ka mong e ne e le monna le bohlokoa ba 0 ho seng joalo. Education ke thuto e fapaneng ea thuto e nang le litekanyetso tse fokolang sekolong se phahameng (1), sekolong se phahameng / GED (2), k'holejeng e 'ngoe (3), tekanyo ea k'holejeng ea 2 (4), tekanyo ea lilemo tsa 4 (5) , degree de master (6), doctoral degree (7), le degree ea Professional (8). Republican ke ho feto-fetoha ho fapaneng ho nka bohlokoa ba 1 haeba motho eo e ne e le oa Party Party Republic le bohlokoa ba 0 ho seng joalo. Democrat ke ho feto-fetoha ho fapaneng ho nka bohlokoa ba 1 haeba motho eo e ne e le oa mokga oa democrat le bohlokoa ba 0 ho seng joalo. nyetse ke ho feto-fetoha ho ts'oanang ha ho nkoa bohlokoa ba 1 haeba motho eo a ne a nyetsoe le bohlokoa ba 0 ho seng joalo. chelete e kenang ke tekanyo e fapaneng ea tekanyo ea boipheliso ea boithati. O sebelisitsoe ke ho feto-fetoha ho fapaneng ho nka bohlokoa ba 1 haeba motho eo a ne a hiriloe le bohlokoa ba 0 ho seng joalo. Bolumeli ke karolelano ea lipotso tse peli: "U ea kerekeng kapa libokeng tse ling tsa bolumeli hangata hakae?" le "U qeta nako hangata liketsong tsa bolumeli, tse kang thapelo, ho nahanisisa, kapa thuto ea Bibele?" Melao e phahameng e bontša ho feta bolumeli

Litholoana tsa lipatlisiso tsa lipatlisiso (Panel A) li bontša hore banna ba atisa ho ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho feta basali, empa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fokotseha ka lilemo 'me baahi ba Republican ha ba khone ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ho feta bao e seng karolo ea lipolotiki tse peli tse kholo (tlhahlobo ea F e boetse e senola hore baahi ba Republican ba sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka makhetlo a fokolang ho feta ba Democrats Litholoana tsa data ea liteko (Panel B) li bontša hore banna, batho ba ruileng, le batho ba hirileng ba ka 'na ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa empa batho ba rutehileng le ba bolumeli ha ba khone ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ha ho makatse hore liphetho tsa rona li lumellane le lithuto tsa khale tse khethollang bacha, batho ba hiriloeng, le banna ba ka 'nang ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (Buzzell ;; Cooper et al. ;; Hald ). Phello ea rona e bontšang hore batho ba ratang bolumeli ha ba khone ho shebella litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso li lumellana le Short et al. (), e bontšang hore batho ba bolumeli ha ba khone ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro kapa hona joale ebile ba lumellana le Baltazar et al. (), e bontšang hore borapeli bo amana le lihora tse seng kae tse qeta ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho banna. Liphello tsa rona li boetse li lumellana le Richters et al. () le Yang () e bontšang hore thuto e amahanngoa le ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsa rona mabapi le chelete ha li lumellane le Buzzell () ba fumaneng hore ho na le kamano e mpe pakeng tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le chelete ea lelapa.26

fihlela qeto e

Thutong ena, re fumana bopaki ba hore ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho ama boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Ha re sebelisa teko, re theha kamano e ntle pakeng tsa ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho eketsa boitšoaro bo sa nepahaleng 'me re bontša hore kamano ena e nahanngoa ke ho silafatsoa. Re sebelisa lipatlisiso, re hlahisa lipatlisiso tsa rona ho sampuli e emelang sechaba 'me re fumana hore kamano pakeng tsa ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le boitšoaro bo sa hlompheheng bo bonahala ho sampuli ea moemeli.

Tlhahlobo e fana ka bopaki bo tiileng ka hare, ha lipatlisiso li eketsa kholiseho ho tiisetso e ntle ea liphello tsa rona. Taba ea hore kamano e ka bonoa boemong ba bobeli ba liteko le boipatlisiso bo bonts'a kamano e matla e ntle pakeng tsa ho sebelisoa ha litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang, bo nang le maikutlo a bohlokoa bakeng sa lefapha la khoebo. Ha tekong e ntse e lekoa, boemo ba ho hopola litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro bo bile teng pele ho bothata le qeto. Sena se bolela hore basebeletsi ba bonang litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso mosebetsing le bao ka nako eo ba tobanang le liqeto tsa boits'oaro ba na le monyetla oa ho sebetsa ka mokhoa o sa lokelang.

Hobane litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li eketsa boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang 'me phello e bakoa ke ho eketseha ho matla ho khelosa batho ba bang, liphello tsa rona li na le liphello bakeng sa liqeto tse ngata tsa khoebo le tsa mokhatlo. Ka mohlala, tloaelo e eketsehileng ea ho bua leshano ho fumana le ho talima ba bang e le mokhoa oa bofelo e ka 'na ea e-ba kotsi haholo ho katleho ea sehlopha le ts'ebelisano. Ho feta moo, ho tšoara bareki joaloka lintho ho e-na le ho ba hlompha ho ka fokotsa khotsofalo ea bareki. Hape, matla a mekhatlo a ho boloka le ho ntlafatsa basali ba nang le bokhoni a ka 'na a fokotseha ha basebetsi, haholo-holo ba leng liofising tsa boeta-pele, ba ja litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ho kopanela ka matla ka boitšoaro bo hlephileng. Qetellong, ts'ebetso ea basebeletsi e eketsehileng ho senya basebetsi-'moho e ka eketsa ts'oaetso ea ho hlekefetsoa ka thobalano kapa libaka tse sebetsang hampe, tseo ka bobeli li ka fokotsang tlhahiso e tiileng le ho isa linyeoe tse theko e boima.

Qetellong, ts'oaetso e 'nile ea amahanngoa le mekhoa e meng e fosahetseng ho phaella boitšoarong bo litšila ho akarelletsa le ho eketseha ho matlafatsa ba bang (Bar-Tal ), ts'oaetso e eketsehileng (Greitemeyer le Mclatchie) ;; Rudman le Mescher ), mme a fokotsa boikemisetso ba ho sebetsa le ba bang ka mokhoa o atlehileng (Andrighetto et al. ;; Cuddy et al. ). Ka hona, boitšoaro bo sa nepahalang e ka 'na ea e-ba e' ngoe ea liphello tse ngata tsa basebetsi ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa; re tloha mosebetsing oa nakong e tlang mosebetsi oa ho hlahloba ka botlalo liphello tsena tse ka 'nang tsa e-ba teng.

Kaha re na le liphello tse mpe tsa ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tseo re li fumanang thutong ena, baeta-pele ba khoebo ba lokela ho etsa eng? Le hoja thuto ena e sa fane ka litlhahiso tse thehiloeng bopaking, re totobatsa liketso tse ngata tse ka khonehang le ho khothalletsa bafuputsi ba nakong e tlang ho fana ka litlhahiso tse thehiloeng bopaking. Lik'hamphani li ka sebelisa mekhoa e mabeli e thibelang ho thibela taba ena (Christ et al. , ). Lithibelo tse thibelang li ka kenyeletsa lintho tse kang li-filters tsa marang-rang le lisebelisoa tse thibelang batho ho kena lihlahisoa tse litšila tse tsosang takatso ka mechine ea khampani kapa ka holim'a khampani ea Wi-Fi. Sena se fokotsa ho fihlella, empa ha se felise ho fihlella ha basebetsi ha ba ntse ba ka sebelisa liselefouno tsa bona ho fumana litšoantšo tse tsosang takatso. Likhamphani li ka sebelisa melao e thibelang ho sebelisa litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro mosebetsing, 'me joale ba nang le litsamaiso tsa boipelaetso ba ka qobella litlhoko tsa koetliso kapa kotlo haeba basebetsi ba fumanoa ba tlōla melao ena. Qetellong, lik'hamphani li ka sheba ho hira basebetsi bao ho seng bonolo hore ba shebe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho feta ba bang.

Rea hlokomela hore thuto ena e na le mefokolo e itseng. Haholo-holo, ha re ntse re leka, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li ne li sa bontšoa ka ho hlaka ho barupeluoa. Re sebetsana le sena ka ho nyenyefatsa barupeluoa ka mekhoa ea bona ea ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang li ka khetha ho sebetsana le sena ka mokhoa o tobileng haholoanyane. Ntho e 'ngoe e lekanyelitsoeng ea teko ea rona ke hore ha re tsebe hantle hore ho ikoetlisa ha ho na phello ho boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Liphello tsa rona li bontša hore litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li ama boitšoaro bo bobe ka ho eketsa ts'oaetso; ha re na lebaka la ho lebella hore ho hopola boikoetliso ho tla ama tšusumetso. Leha ho le joalo, monyetla ona o ntse o le teng. Mabapi le lipatlisiso tsa rona, rea hlokomela hore ho sebelisa sekala se le seng feela ho lekanya boitšoaro bo sa nepahaleng ha bo loketse. Leha ho le joalo, re na le tšepo ea hore lipatlisiso tsena li hlahisoa ka nako e tšoanang le liphello tsa liteko tse fanang ka bopaki bo kholisang mabapi le phello ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Potso e 'ngoe e bulehileng e bulehile ka nako e telele hakae ea phello e sa lokelang ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Re tloha bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang potso e thahasellisang ea ts'ebetso ea ho phehella le bolelele.

Hape rea hlokomela hore tlhaloso ea rona ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e pharaletse haholo. Phuputso e tlang e ka sebetsana le hore na mefuta e tobileng ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa e ama mefuta e fapaneng ea boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Mokhoa o mong o atlehileng oa lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang ke ho hlahloba kamoo litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li susumetsang liketso tse ling tsa mosebetsing tse kang boitšoaro bo mabifi mosebetsing. Hape re khothalletsa lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang ho sebetsana le maemo a ka fokotsang phello e mpe ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Liphuputso tsa nakong e tlang li ka boela tsa sebetsana le phello ea ho shebella litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li na le liqeto tse ling, tse kang ho hlahloba likotsi kapa liqeto tsa lichelete kapa haeba maikutlo a khothatsoang ke mesebetsi e meng, joaloka ho belaella, ho matlafatsa kapa ho thibela kamano pakeng tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le liqeto tse sa lokelang. Ntho e 'ngoe eo re sa khoneng ho e kenya thutong ea rona ke phello ea hore lits'ebetso tsa sebaka sa mosebetsi, tse kang melao ea boitšoaro le boitšoaro ba setso, li na le kamano. Patlisiso e tlang e ka sebetsana le hore na mekhoa ea basebetsi e ama kamano pakeng tsa ho sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang. Qetellong, ha re hlahlobe moelelo o khonehang ho tloha boitšoarong bo fokolang ba ho sheba litšoantšo tse litšila tse tsosang takatso le boitšoaro bo sa tloaelehang ba boitšoaro ha leihlo lena la maikutlo e le ka ntle ho seo re ithutang sona, empa sena e ka ba mokhoa o behang litholoana bakeng sa patlisiso e tlang.

Mongolo o botlaaseng ba leqephe

  1. 1.

    Mehlala eo re e lebisang tlhokomelo ho karolo ea mmuso hobane ho tlōla ha melao-motheo ho atisa ho tsejoa phatlalatsa, athe likhoebo hangata li khona ho pata sechaba mabaka a tobileng a ho felisoa le liketsahalo tse ling tse mpe.

  2. 2.
  3. 3.

    Mekhoa e meng ke litokelo tsa boitšoaro, ho ngolisoa ka tsela e fapaneng, ho bapisa ho molemo, ho falla ha boikarabelo, ho arohana ha boikarabello, ho hlokomoloha liphello, le ho fana ka molato.

  4. 4.

    Tšebelisano ke mokhoa oa kelello oa ho shebella le ho tšoara ba bang joaloka lintho kapa e le mokhoa oa ho fela ho e-na le batho (Papadaki ;; Saule ).

  5. 5.

    Tumellanong le boitšoaro bo sa lokelang ba boipheliso bo amang liphello tsa mokhatlo, 2017 SEC Division of Enforcement Report e bontšitse hore ho feta $ 3.7 likhaello tsa lichelete li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka 2017 le liketsong tsena tsa ts'ebetsong, 73% e ne e ajoa ke batho ba 'maloa feela ka har'a khoebo. Batho ba etsa bolotsana le mekhoa e mebe ea boipelaetso ho eketsa kotsi ea bolotsana (https://www.sec.gov/files/enforcement-annual-report-2017.pdf).

  6. 6.

    Joalokaha ho hlalositsoe hamorao karolong ea mekhoa ea pampiri ea rona, re hlalosa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho barupeluoa e le "Lisebelisoa tsa bootsoa ke livideo, limakasine, liwebosaete tsa inthanete, litšoantšo, libuka, jj. Tse hlalosang batho ba etsang thobalano, ba bonts'a litšoantšo tse hlakileng tsa bofeela kapa batho ba etsang thobalano, kapa bontša baesekopo kapa molumo o hlalosang batho ba etsang thobalano. ”

  7. 7.

    Re bitsa babali ba thahasellang litlhaloso tsa lipatlisiso tsa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa (bona Manning , Owens et al. , le Short et al. ). Lipatlisiso tsa pele li bontša hore ho sebelisa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ho fokotsa boithati (Willoughby et al. ), eketsa maemo a ho tepella maikutlo (Willoughby et al. ), e etsa hore ho be le tebello e sa utloahaleng ea thobalano (McKee ), 'me e eketsa pefo (Malamuth le Ceniti ). Ho feta moo, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa li fokotsa boleng ba kamano le ho eketsa botšepehi (Maddox et al. ) le ho fokotsa boitlhompho ba basali (Stewart le Szymanski) ).

  8. 8.

    Sheba ka mohlala Moemeli (), Negash et al. (), Peter le Valkenburg (), Van den Bergh et al. (), le Wilson le Daly ().

  9. 9.

    Mekhoa e meng e supileng ke mekhoa e nepahetseng ea ho itšoara ka molao, ho ngolisa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng, ho bapisa ho molemo, ho falla ha boikarabello, ho arolelana boikarabello, ho hlokomoloha liphello, le ho fana ka molato.

  10. 10.

    Hangata ho sebelisoa mantsoe a mang a amanang haufi-ufi le tlholeho ea batho ho kenyelletsa khanyetso, tlolo ea molao le khatello (McKee ).

  11. 11.

    Ka mohlala, ho 2015 Google, Intel le Apple ba ne ba khethile $ 500 limilione bakeng sa ho hira mefuta e sa tšoaneng, e akarelletsang ho hira basali (Guynn ). Ho phaella moo, joaloka 2017, lik'hamphani tsa 70 li phatlalalitse phatlalatsa lipeo tseo li nang le tsona bakeng sa ho eketsa palo ea basebetsi ba basali (Huang ).

  12. 12.

    Ho atamela ha kelello ho bolela ho atamela ha motho bakeng sa ntho kapa motho (Trope le Liberman ). In Jones '() mohlala oa boits'oaro ba boitšoaro, ka ho khetheha o bua ka kamano e haufi le boitšoaro bo amohelehang ho ba amehang ke qeto ea boitšoaro. Jones () e bua ka kamano e ntle pakeng tsa kamano e haufi le ea boitšoaro le hore le ha boitšoaro bo ntse bo eketseha, boitšoaro bo tla etsahala hangata. Lipatlisiso tsa pele li bontšitse boteng ba kamano e mpe pakeng tsa kamano e haufi le ea boitšoaro bo sa lokelang (Watley le May ;; Yam le Reynolds ).

  13. 13.

    Le hoja re se na tekanyo ea pele ho phekolo ea boitšoaro, ha re fumane phapang pakeng tsa maemo a mabeli ka lilemo, boemo ba lenyalo, thuto, boemo ba mosebetsi (ho sebetsa kapa che), boemo ba moputso le boitsebiso bo ikhethang ba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ka lebaka leo, ha re na lebaka la ho lumela hore ho etsa lintho ka tsela e sa atleheng ho ne ho sa atlehe ka ho fana ka maikutlo a fokolang ho batho ba lekanang le maemo a mabeli.

  14. 14.

    Le hoja hokahanya 3 ho thahasellisa, ha re e hlahlobe joalokaha e le ka ntle ho boholo ba lisebelisoa tsa rona. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa phetheho, re e kenyelitse mohlaleng oa rona oa boitšoaro bo sa lokelang le ho khothaletsa lipatlisiso tsa nakong e tlang hore re hlahlobe hore khokahano ena e tsoela pele.

  15. 15.

    Sehlopha se phethiloeng sa thuto ena le se seng, thuto e sa amaneng, e tsepamisitseng maikutlo litabeng tsa lipolotiki. Liteko tsa lipolotiki li ile tsa etsoa pele. Re ile ra hlahloba ho se tšoane ha thuto ea rona ho itšetlehile ka mekhoa e sa tšoaneng ea liteko 'me ra fumana hore ha e na phello leha e le efe ea mehato ea rona.

  16. 16.

    Regnerus et al. () litlaleho tsa lipalo tse tšoanang. Hape, ka tlhahlobo e sa hlophisoang re hlahloba lipalo-palo ka tekano le tlaleho ea hore banna ba 44% ba tloaetse ho shebella litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro (ke hore, li shebe ka linako tse ling, hangata kapa hangata haholo). Palo ea basali bakeng sa sampula ea rona ke 20%. Lipalo-karolelano tsa tekano ho Regnerus et al. () li tšoana le lipalo-palo tsa rona (ke hore, 46% ea banna le 16% ea basali kamehla ba sheba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha ba ntse ba ithuta).

  17. 17.

    Rea hlokomela hore re ile ra etsa thuto e le 'ngoe ho MTurk mme ra tlaleha liphetho ho bankakarolo bohle bao re fumaneng lintlha tse felletseng bakeng sa tsona. Barupeluoa ba nkile karolelano ea metsotso e 22.7 ho phethela mosebetsi mme ba lefuoa $ 2.00 bakeng sa ho nka karolo.

  18. 18.

    Rea hlokomela hore mosebetsi ona o atlehile ho lekanyetsa ho etsa liqeto ho latela thuto e 'ngoe (mohlala, sheba Gubler et al. ).

  19. 19.

    Re na le mehato e 'meli bakeng sa phetoho e itšetlehile ka eona, ho sa tsotellehe hore na morupeluoa ea neng a kopanela mosebetsing o shirked mosebetsi (ke hore, o ne a sa shebella video e feletseng) le hore na ba bua leshano ka seo. Re bokella mehato ea ts'ebetso ka mor'a tekanyo ea pele ea mofuthu o itšetlehileng ka eona empa pele ho ea bobeli. Mehato e 'meli ea mofuthu o itšetlehileng ka eona ke 100% e amanang (e bolelang, bohle ba neng ba qeta ho shebella video eo ba boetse ba bua leshano ka ho shebella video). Kahoo, ntlha eo re ileng ra botsa lits'ebetso tsena ka eona ha e bonahale eka ha e na tšusumetso ea boitšoaro ba barupeluoa.

  20. 20.

    Re ile ra bala alpha ea Cronbach bakeng sa maikutlo a mane a bobeli a sebelisetsoang ho lekanyetsa tekanyo ea liphatlalatso 'me e na le palo e "ntle haholo" ea 0.908 (Kline ).

  21. 21.

    Re sebelisa tekanyo ea dehumanization ho tloha Gubler et al. (). Le hoja li sa tlalehoa ha li ntse li ithuta, bangoli ba ile ba re tsebisa hore bohlokoa ba phallo ea Gubler et al. () ke 2.12 e tšoanang le bohlokoa ba bohlokoa thutong ea rona ea 2.10. Le hoja palo e boima ea 2.10 e tlase, ho ne ho e-na le mefuta e sa tšoaneng le e boleloang haholo ho feta tlase ea tekanyo e bontšang phapang ea fatše ha e amehe. Melao e tlaase e bolela hore batho ba bangata ba nahanisisa hore ba bang "ba na le monyetla" oa hore ba se ke ba utloa maikutlo a bobeli. Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ho feta phaello e boleloang ke phetoho ena ke hore ho na le phapang pakeng tsa maemo, e leng se bontšang hore ho sebetsana le rona ho entse hore ho be le keketseho ea ho silafala.

  22. 22.

    Bohloko ba ho lieha ho fokotsa litekanyetso ho emela tekanyo ea theolelo eo barupeluoa ba ileng ba e tlohela ho tloha ha ba khetha moputso o potlakileng ho moputso o liehang (Kirby and Maraković ). Ka hona, litekanyetso tse phahameng li emela takatso ea ho fumana meputso e potlakileng. Rea hlokomela hore tekanyo e fokolang ea theko eo re e tlalehang (0.02) e phahame ho feta tekanyo e tloaelehileng e fumanoang Kirby le Maraković ((0.007). Phapang ena e ka bakoa ke liphapang tsa moloko ha thuto ea rona e ne e etsoa lilemo tse fetang 20 kamora Kirby le Maraković ().

  23. 23.

    Ho latela mohlala o loketseng mokhoa oa ho laola, ho fetotsoe R2 litekanyetso tsa ho khutlisetsoa ho lera ho Hopola Litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ke 0.026, ea ho bua leshano ka ts'ebetsong ke 0.075, le ka ho bua leshano ka ho hopola ho sheba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro le ts'ebetsong ke 0.082.

  24. 24.

    Mehlala ea ba reng ha ba shebelle litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro e kenyelletsa "Ha ke shebe litšoantšo tsa bootsoa" kapa "Ha ke shebelle litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro." Ho e shebella ho khahlanong le seo ke se lumelang. ” Mehlala ea ba shebang litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ha ba bontšoa ke ba bang e kenyelletsa "Ho ne ho na le video ho Facebook e neng e shebahala joalo ka litšoantšo tsa bootsoa. Ke ile ka haroha letsoalo 'me ka se kholoe hore ke litšoantšo tsa bootsoa kahoo ka e tlanya. E ne e le litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse tsoang webosaeteng e tsebahalang e ba bonts'a thobalano. Ke e shebile feela ka metsotsoana e seng mekae hobane ha ke shebelle litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ”kapa“ Lekhetlo la ho qetela leo ke shebileng litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka lona ke ka phoso, ha ke bona litaba tsa bootsoa li manehiloe ho dashboard ya ka. Ke ne ke sa ikemisetsa ho e bona, mme litaba li ne li sa khahle. Ke ile ka e feta ka nakoana. ” Mehlala ea ba hlalositseng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro li kenyelletsa "Matsatsi a 'maloa a fetileng ke ile ka bula foldara ho pc ea ka eo e leng pokello ea linepe tse hlobotseng. Ke fumana ho le bobebe ho sheba li-nudes tsa basali ba shebahalang hantle ba lilemo tse fapaneng. Ke qetile metsotso e ka bang 10 ”kapa“ Ke shebile litšoantšo tsa bootsoa ka nako e ka etsang hora. Ke ile ka sheba thobalano e otlolohileng, thobalano ea litonanahali, tse amang batho ba tummeng ba libaesekopo le ba bong bo tšoanang. E ne e se livideo kapa litšoantšo empa e le metlae inthaneteng. Ke li shebile fonong ea ka. ”

  25. 25.

    Hape re leka hore na barupeluoa ba litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba hopola boemo ba bona ba sa boneng litšoantšo tse manyala tse hlephisang boitšoaro ba ne ba ka 'na ba bua leshano ho feta ba kenang litšoantšong tsa bootsoa. Liphetho li bontša hore ha ho na phapang e khōlō pakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse peli (p boleng> 0.10).

  26. 26.

    Phapang lipakeng tsa rona e bapisoa le Buzzell () malebana le thuto le lekeno li ka susumetsoa ke thuto ea rona re sebelisa data lilemo tse 15 kamora hore data e bokelloang Buzzell ().

Notes

Liteboho

Re leboha Scott Emett, Kip Holderness, le barupeluoa ba lithuto ho Florida Atlantic University bakeng sa litlhaloso le litlhahiso tse thusang.

Tumellanong le Melao-motheo ea Boits'oaro

Khohlano ea thahasello

Bangoli bana ba bararo ba bolela hore ha ba na likhohlano tsa thahasello.

Boemo bo amohelehang

Litekanyetso tsohle tse entsoeng liphuputsong tse amang litho tsa batho li ne li lumellana le litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro tsa komiti le / kapa komiti ea patlisiso ea naha le phatlalatso ea 1964 Helsinki le liphetoho tsa morao-rao kapa litekanyetso tse tšoanang tsa boitšoaro.

Tsebiso e lumelisitsoeng

Tlhaloso e tsebahalang e fumanoe ho bohle ba kenang thupelong.

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